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1
Usoro, P. B., I. C. Schick, and S. Negahdaripour. "An Innovation-Based Methodology for HVAC System Fault Detection." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 107, no. 4 (December 1, 1985): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3140737.
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Although Energy Management and Control Systems (EMCS) have since the early 1970’s contributed significantly to the reduction (20-40 percent) of energy use in buildings without sacrificing occupants’ comfort, their full capabilities have not been completely realized. This is in part due to their inability to quickly detect and compensate for failures in the Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system. In fact, no matter how good the control scheme for the HVAC system might be, the presence of undetected faults can completely offset any expected savings. This paper presents a methodology for detecting faults in an HVAC system using a nonlinear mathematical model and an extended Kalman filter. The technique was implemented in a computer program and successfully used to detect “planted” faults in simulations of the air handler unit of an HVAC system. Test results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology.
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Cheng, Chin-Chi, and Dasheng Lee. "Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Control and the Unmet Demand for Sensors: Part 1. Problem Formulation and the Hypothesis." Sensors 19, no. 5 (March 6, 2019): 1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051131.
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In this study, information pertaining to the development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology for improving the performance of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems was collected. Among the 18 AI tools developed for HVAC control during the past 20 years, only three functions, including weather forecasting, optimization, and predictive controls, have become mainstream. Based on the presented data, the energy savings of HVAC systems that have AI functionality is less than those equipped with traditional energy management system (EMS) controlling techniques. This is because the existing sensors cannot meet the required demand for AI functionality. The errors of most of the existing sensors are less than 5%. However, most of the prediction errors of AI tools are larger than 7%, except for the weather forecast. The normalized Harris index (NHI) is able to evaluate the energy saving percentages and the maximum saving rations of different kinds of HVAC controls. Based on the NHI, the estimated average energy savings percentage and the maximum saving rations of AI-assisted HVAC control are 14.4% and 44.04%, respectively. Data regarding the hypothesis of AI forecasting or prediction tools having less accuracy forms Part 1 of this series of research.
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Gálvez, Antonio, Dammika Seneviratne, and Diego Galar. "Hybrid Model Development for HVAC System in Transportation." Technologies 9, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies9010018.
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Hybrid models combine physics-based models and data-driven models. This combination is a useful technique to detect fault and predict the current degradation of equipment. This paper proposes a physics-based model, which will be part of a hybrid model, for a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system installed in the passenger vehicle of a train. The physics-based model is divided into four main parts: heating subsystems, cooling subsystems, ventilation subsystems, and cabin thermal networking subsystems. These subsystems are developed when considering the sensors that are located in the real system, so the model can be linked via the acquired sensor data and virtual sensor data to improve the detectability of failure modes. Thus, the physics-based model can be synchronized with the real system to provide better simulation results. The paper also considers diagnostics and prognostics performance. First, it looks at the current situation of the maintenance strategy for the heating, ventilation, air conditioning system, and the number of failure modes that the maintenance team can detect. Second, it determines the expected improvement using hybrid modelling to maintain the system. This improvement is based on the capabilities of detecting new failure modes. The paper concludes by suggesting the future capabilities of hybrid models.
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Zhao, Jing, and Yu Shan. "A Fuzzy Control Strategy Using the Load Forecast for Air Conditioning System." Energies 13, no. 3 (January 21, 2020): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030530.
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The energy consumption of air-conditioning systems is a major part of energy consumption in buildings. Optimal control strategies have been increasingly developed in building heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. In this paper, a load forecast fuzzy (LFF) control strategy was proposed. The predictive load based on the SVM method was used as the input parameter of the fuzzy controller to perform feedforward fuzzy control on the HVAC system. This control method was considered as an effective way to reduce energy consumption while ensuring indoor comfort, which can solve the problem of hysteresis and inaccuracy in building HVAC systems by controlling the HVAC system in advance. The case study was conducted on a ground source heat pump system in Tianjin University to validate the proposed control strategy. In addition, the advantages of the LFF control strategy were verified by comparing with two feedback control strategies, which are the supply water temperature (SWT) control strategy and the room temperature fuzzy (RTF) control strategy. Results show that the proposed LFF control strategy is capable not only to ensure the minimum indoor temperature fluctuations but also decrease the total energy consumption.
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Nie, Zelin, Feng Gao, and Chao-Bo Yan. "A Multi-Timescale Bilinear Model for Optimization and Control of HVAC Systems with Consistency." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020400.
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Reducing the energy consumption of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems while ensuring users’ comfort is of both academic and practical significance. However, the-state-of-the-art of the optimization model of the HVAC system is that either the thermal dynamic model is simplified as a linear model, or the optimization model of the HVAC system is single-timescale, which leads to heavy computation burden. To balance the practicality and the overhead of computation, in this paper, a multi-timescale bilinear model of HVAC systems is proposed. To guarantee the consistency of models in different timescales, the fast timescale model is built first with a bilinear form, and then the slow timescale model is induced from the fast one, specifically, with a bilinear-like form. After a simplified replacement made for the bilinear-like part, this problem can be solved by a convexification method. Extensive numerical experiments have been conducted to validate the effectiveness of this model.
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Baumeister, Joachim, Jörg Weise, Sebastian Myslicki, Esther Kieseritzky, and Götz Lindenberg. "PCM-Based Energy Storage System with High Power Output Using Open Porous Aluminum Foams." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 25, 2020): 6198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236198.
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Thermal comfort (heating, ventilation and air conditioning, HVAC) and the energy consumption involved with it can put a strain on the driving range of fully electric vehicles (FEV), especially in certain times of the year as midsummer or winter. In order to reduce the energy consumption of HVAC, improved thermal management and adapted means of energy storage are needed. One part of the solution can be the use of phase change materials (PCM) for storing waste heat. For the specific application, however, a high loading/unloading power rate is required, which is challenging as the PCMs exhibit low heat conductivities. In the presented work, a storage demonstrator system was investigated which is part of an HVAC system of a specific fully electric vehicle. The profile of requirements of the system (power, stored capacity and allowed volume) make a new design of the storage necessary. Two demonstrator units, in which the PCM was combined with aluminum foam, were manufactured and their power output in dependency on the fluid flow of the coolant system was compared. An adapted squeeze casting process with polymer placeholders was used for the production of the aluminium foam. This process results in foams with a specific pore structure and allows the in-situ integration of the heat transfer fluid (HTF) pipes. Both newly developed PCM storage systems satisfy the HVAC system requirements.
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Gulan, Martin, Michal Salaj, and Boris Rohal’-Ilkiv. "Application of adaptive multivariable Generalized Predictive Control to a HVAC system in real time." Archives of Control Sciences 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acsc-2014-0005.
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Abstract This paper presents the application of a Multivariable Generalized Predictive Controller (MGPC) for simultaneous temperature and humidity control in a Heating, Ventilating and Air- Conditioning (HVAC) system. The multivariable controlled process dynamics is modeled using a set of MISO models on-line identified from measured input-output process data. The controller synthesis is based on direct optimization of selected quadratic cost function with respect to amplitude and rate input constraints. Efficacy of the proposed adaptive MGPC algorithm is experimentally demonstrated on a laboratory-scale model of HVAC system. To control the airconditioning part of system the designed multivariable predictive controller is considered in a cascade dual-rate control scheme with PID auxiliary controllers.
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Pokorný, Jan, Barbora Kopečková, Jan Fišer, and Miroslav JÍcha. "Simulator with integrated HW and SW for prediction of thermal comfort to provide feedback to the climate control system." EPJ Web of Conferences 180 (2018): 02085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818002085.
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The aim of the paper is to assemble a simulator for evaluation of thermal comfort in car cabins in order to give a feedback to the HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) system. The HW (hardware) part of simulator is formed by thermal manikin Newton and RH (relative humidity), velocity and temperature probes. The SW (software) part consists of the Thermal Comfort Analyser (using ISO 14505-2) and Virtual Testing Stand of Car Cabin defining the heat loads of car cabin. Simulator can provide recommendation for the climate control how to improve thermal comfort in cabin by distribution and directing of air flow, and also by amount of ventilation power to keep optimal temperature inside a cabin. The methods of evaluation of thermal comfort were verified by tests with 10 test subjects for summer (summer clothing, ambient air temperature 30 °C, HVAC setup: +24 °C auto) and winter conditions (winter clothing, ambient air temperature -5 °C, HVAC setup: +18 °C auto). The tests confirmed the validity of the thermal comfort evaluation using the thermal manikin and ISO 14505-2.
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Wu, Yan Peng, and Hai Shan Xia. "Comparison and Selection of HVAC Schemes for Weihai Baidu City." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 681–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.681.
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The second phase of Weihai Baidu City project plans to become a three-star certificated program which is labled by China’s enviromental building evaluation. Heating and ventilated air conditioning program is one of the most important aspects in evaluation of energy saving. Feasibility study on GSHP, GWHP, air-source heat pump, seawater source heat pump were carried out, it’s confirmed that the most energy-saving and reliable way is that using municipal pipe networks for heating in winter and using split air conditioning or multi-connected air-conditioning system in summer. Summer air-conditioning adopts the new idea “part of time, part of space", representative the latest concept of energy efficiency in buildings in China.
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Ivanova, Viliya, Igor Ivanov, and Igor Kiselev. "Developing an automated control system using the IEC 61131-3 programming language." Energy Safety and Energy Economy, 6 (December 2020): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18635/2071-2219-2020-6-44-49.
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This paper presents a novel HVAC automated control system built on a programmable logic controller. The system was designed using one of the IEC 61131 programming languages being used for programming PLCs. It means a significantly wider range of control options compared to conventional systems. Also we propose an upgrade option for an air supply unit with water heating, the key idea of which is implementing qualitative control instead of quantitative one. The mixing part including a three-way valve and recirculating pump provides control of heater water temperature lowering possibility of occurring frost under low temperatures.
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Nawaz, Hamid, and Yan Sheng Yuan. "Thermal Comfort Analysis of a Ship Air-Conditioning System Using Solidworks Flow Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 773 (September 2013): 883–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.773.883.
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The focus of this work is to simulate and optimize thermal comfort in a ship air-conditioning system by evaluating the performance of different types of air supply outlets. Thermal comfort analyses were performed in Solidworks Flow Simulation software by changing the number, type and position of air supply outlets and the comfort was optimized by evaluating the values of temperature, velocity, PMV (Predicted mean vote) & PPD (Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied). It was concluded from the results obtained from different analyses that air supply outlet is a vital part in any type of HVAC (Heating ventilation & air conditioning) system design, as its number, type and position has significant effect on the air distribution and thermal comfort in a subject space. It was also deduced that improper selection of air supply outlet can result in room air stagnation, unacceptable temperature gradients, and undesirable velocities in the occupied zone that may lead to occupant discomfort. Through this work the importance and effectiveness of CFD (computational fluid dynamics) design tools, in the design & optimization of HVAC systems has been evaluated and it was concluded that CFD design software like Solidworks flow simulation provide an excellent provision to validate different aspects of HVAC design before actual construction.
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Mebarki, Brahim, Belkacem Draoui, Boumediène Allaou, Lakhdar Rahmani, and Elhadj Benachour. "Impact of the Air-Conditioning System on the Power Consumption of an Electric Vehicle Powered by Lithium-Ion Battery." Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/935784.
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The car occupies the daily universe of our society; however, noise pollution, global warming gas emissions, and increased fuel consumption are constantly increasing. The electric vehicle is one of the recommended solutions by the raison of its zero emission. Heating and air-conditioning (HVAC) system is a part of the power system of the vehicle when the purpose is to provide complete thermal comfort for its occupants, however it requires far more energy than any other car accessory. Electric vehicles have a low-energy storage capacity, and HVAC may consume a substantial amount of the total energy stored, considerably reducing the vehicle range, which is one of the most important parameters for EV acceptability. The basic goal of this paper is to simulate the air-conditioning system impact on the power energy source of an electric vehicle powered by a lithium-ion battery.
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Talei, Hanaa, Driss Benhaddou, Carlos Gamarra, Houda Benbrahim, and Mohamed Essaaidi. "Smart Building Energy Inefficiencies Detection through Time Series Analysis and Unsupervised Machine Learning." Energies 14, no. 19 (September 23, 2021): 6042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196042.
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The climate of Houston, classified as a humid subtropical climate with tropical influences, makes the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems the largest electricity consumers in buildings. HVAC systems in commercial buildings are usually operated by a centralized control system and/or an energy management system based on a fixed schedule and scheduled control of a zone setpoint, which is not appropriate for many buildings with changing occupancy rates. Lately, as part of energy efficiency analysis, attention has focused on collecting and analyzing smart meters and building-related data, as well as applying supervised learning techniques, to propose new strategies to operate HVAC systems and reduce energy consumption. On the other hand, unsupervised learning techniques have been used to study the consumption information and profile characterization of different buildings after cluster analysis is performed. This paper adopts a different approach by revealing the power of unsupervised learning to cluster data and unveiling hidden patterns. In this study, we also identify energy inefficiencies after exploring the cluster results of a single building’s HVAC consumption data and building usage data as part of the energy efficiency analysis. Time series analysis and the K-means clustering algorithm are successfully applied to identify new energy-saving opportunities in a highly efficient office building located in the Houston area (TX, USA). The paper uses 1-year data from a highly efficient Leadership in Energy and Environment Design (LEED)-, Energy Star-, and Net Zero-certified building, showing a potential energy savings of 6% using the K-means algorithm. The results show that clustering is instrumental in helping building managers identify potential additional energy savings.
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Aridi, Rima, Jalal Faraj, Samer Ali, Mostafa Gad El-Rab, Thierry Lemenand, and Mahmoud Khaled. "Energy Recovery in Air Conditioning Systems: Comprehensive Review, Classifications, Critical Analysis, and Potential Recommendations." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 16, 2021): 5869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185869.
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Energy has become the backbone of humanities daily activities. Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems (HVAC), which consume around 39% of energy in the residential sector, have turned into an essential constituent for providing fresh air, especially after COVD-19, not only in hospitals but also in any simple construction. Thus, decreasing this percentage or recovering part of the energy lost is an essential issue in today’s energy management scenarios. In this context, the present manuscript suggests a comprehensive review, classifications, critical analysis, and potential recommendations for energy recovery in air conditioning systems. It classifies energy recovery into two main categories: using lost energy for external uses, such as heating domestic water, or with other devices; and using lost energy for internal uses, such as the hot airflow which can be reused again for increasing efficiency of HVAC. In addition, this paper presents a summary of previous research and undertakes a review of the devices used for recovering energy. Furthermore, this review identifies superior devices in terms of climate and weather conditions. These objectives are accomplished by investigating around 190 published papers to conclude that energy recovery devices show a considerable effect on energy consumption in HVAC, mainly the heat pipe, fixed plate, and rotary wheel devices.
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Moreno Santamaria, Belen, Fernando del Ama Gonzalo, Danielle Pinette, Roberto-Alonso Gonzalez-Lezcano, Benito Lauret Aguirregabiria, and Juan A. Hernandez Ramos. "Application and Validation of a Dynamic Energy Simulation Tool: A Case Study with Water Flow Glazing Envelope." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 19, 2020): 3203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123203.
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The transparent materials used in building envelopes significantly contribute to heating and cooling loads of a building. The use of transparent materials requires to solve issues regarding heat gain, heat loss, and daylight. Water flow glazing (WFG), a disruptive technology, includes glazing as part of the Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system. Water is transparent to visible wavelengths, but it captures most of the infrared solar radiation. As an alternative to fossil fuel-based HVAC systems, the absorbed energy can be transferred to the ground through borehole heat exchangers and dissipated as a means of free-cooling. Researchers of the Polytechnic University of Madrid have developed a software tool to calculate the energy balance while incorporating the dynamic properties of WFG. This article has studied the mathematical model of that tool and validated its ability to predict energy savings in buildings, taking spectral and thermal parameters of glazing catalogs, commercial software, and inputs from the measurements of the prototypes. The results found in this article showed that it is possible to predict the thermal behavior of WFG and the energy savings by comparing the thermal parameters of two prototypes. The energy absorbed by the water depends on the mass flow rate and the inlet and outlet temperatures.
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Prasetyadi, Andreas, and Atit Koonsrisuk. "Type and quality of energy and water in a tropical hospital." E3S Web of Conferences 67 (2018): 04020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186704020.
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A hospital is considered an energy gobbler and a water consumer. The energy and water go for many activities in hospital system. HVAC that includes wet cooling tower is the main energy and water consumer in a hospital due to its continuous operation. Conservation of both resources partially depends on the way nexus is managed at the end user. Mapping the energy and water in term of type and quality is proposed as the starting point in managing both as nexus. This article focuses on that part in purpose of integrating energy and water system in a hospital. SUTH, a 120 beds hospital located in tropical area in Thailand that operates daily with 146 m3 water and 1.5 MW of electricity becomes the case of the study. The input and output of energy and water of each subsystem are exposed in addition to subsystems that are described in some different methods. The results show flows of energy and water as by-product that can be used for other systems. Radiology and HVAC release very low enthalpy heat that could not be managed for other utilization, but hemodialysis releases very low heat that is used for its own process. Autoclaves can releases heat that be used for laundry and its own pre-heating. HVAC release brine and distilled water through blow down system and condensation respectively. Electricity is very dominant energy supply of the hospital.
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Fisher, G., B. Ligman, T. Brennan, R. Shaughnessy, B. H. Turk, and B. Snead. "Radon Mitigation in Schools Utilising Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Systems." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 56, no. 1-4 (December 1, 1994): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a082421.
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Abstract As part of a continuing radon in schools technology development effort, EPA's School Evaluation Team has performed radon mitigation in schools by the method of ventilation/pressurisation control technology. Ventilation rates were increased, at a minimum, to meet the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) standard Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (ASHRAE 62-1989). This paper presents the results and the preliminary evaluations which led to the team's decision to implement this technology. Factors considered include energy penalties, comfort, indoor air quality (IAQ), building shell tightness, and equipment costs. Cost benefit of heat recovery ventilation was also considered. Earlier results of the SEP team's efforts have indicated a severe ventilation problem within the schools of the United States. An integrated approach to radon mitigation in schools and other large buildings which control radon as well as improve overall IAQ should be the goal of radon remediation where practical. Two case studies are presented where HVAC technology was implemented for controlling radon concentrations. One involved the installation of a heat recovery ventilator to depressurise a crawl space and provide ventilation to the classrooms which previously had no mechanical ventilation. The other involved the restoration of a variable air volume system in a two-storey building. The HVAC system's controls were restored and modified to provide a constant building pressure differential to control the entry of radon. Pre-mitigation and post-mitigation indoor air pollutant measurements were taken, including radon, carbon dioxide (CO2), particulates, and bio-aerosols. Long-term monitoring of radon, CO2 building pressure differentials, and indoor/outdoor temperature and relative humidity is presented.
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Franco, Alessandro, Lorenzo Miserocchi, and Daniele Testi. "Energy Intensity Reduction in Large-Scale Non-Residential Buildings by Dynamic Control of HVAC with Heat Pumps." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 28, 2021): 3878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133878.
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One of the main elements for increasing energy efficiency in large-scale buildings is identified in the correct management and control of the Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems, particularly those with Heat Pumps (HPs). The present study aimed to evaluate the perspective of energy savings achievable with the implementation of an optimal control of the HVAC with HPs. The proposed measures involve the use of a variable air volume system, demand-controlled ventilation, an energy-aware control of the heat recovery equipment, and an improved control of the heat pump and chiller supply water temperature. The analysis has been applied to an academic building located in Pisa and is carried out by means of dynamic simulation. The achieved energy saving can approach values of more than 80% if compared with actual plants based on fossil fuel technologies. A major part of this energy saving is linked to the use of heat pumps as thermal generators as well as to the implementation of an energy efficient ventilation, emphasizing the importance of such straightforward measures in reducing the energy intensity of large-scale buildings.
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Cheng, Chin-Chi, and Dasheng Lee. "Artificial Intelligence Assisted Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Control and the Unmet Demand for Sensors: Part 2. Prior Information Notice (PIN) Sensor Design and Simulation Results." Sensors 19, no. 15 (August 6, 2019): 3440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19153440.
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The study continues the theoretical derivation from Part 1, and the experiment is carried out at a bus station equipped with six water-cooled chillers. Between 2012 and 2017, historical data collected from temperature and humidity sensors, as well as the energy consumption data, were used to build artificial intelligence (AI) assisted heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) control models. The AI control system, in conjunction with a specifically designed prior information notice (PIN) sensor, was used to improve the prediction accuracy. This data collected between 2012 and 2016 was used for AI training and PIN sensor testing. During the hottest week of 2017 in Taiwan, the PIN sensor was used to conduct temperature and humidity data predictions. A model-based predictive control was developed to obtain air conditioning energy consumption data. The comparative results between the predictive and actual data showed that the temperature and humidity prediction accuracies were between 95.5 and 96.6%, respectively. Additionally, energy savings amounting to 39.8% were achieved compared to the theoretical estimates of 44.6%, a difference of less than 5%. These results show that the experimental model supports the theoretical estimations. In the future, a PIN sensor will be installed in a chiller to further verify the energy savings of the AI assisted HVAC control.
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Piselli, Cristina, Jessica Romanelli, Matteo Di Grazia, Augusto Gavagni, Elisa Moretti, Andrea Nicolini, Franco Cotana, Francesco Strangis, Henk J. L. Witte, and Anna Laura Pisello. "An Integrated HBIM Simulation Approach for Energy Retrofit of Historical Buildings Implemented in a Case Study of a Medieval Fortress in Italy." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 20, 2020): 2601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102601.
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The Italian building stock consists of buildings mainly constructed until the mid-20th century using pre-industrial construction techniques. These buildings require energy refurbishment that takes into account the preservation of their architectural heritage. In this view, this work studies an innovative integrated modelling and simulation framework consisting of the implementation of Historical Building Information Modeling (HBIM) for the energy retrofit of historical buildings with renewable geothermal HVAC system. To this aim, the field case study is part of a medieval complex in Central Italy (Perugia), as representative ancient rural offshore architecture in the European countryside. The system involves of a ground source heat pump, a water tank for thermal-energy storage connected to a low-temperature radiant system, and an air-handling unit. The building heating energy performance, typically influenced by thermal inertia in historical buildings, when coupled to the novel HVAC system, is comparatively assessed against a traditional scenario implementing a natural-gas boiler, and made inter-operative within the HBIM ad hoc platform. Results show that the innovative renewable energy system provides relevant benefits while preserving minor visual and architectural impact within the historical complex, and also in terms of both energy saving, CO2 emissions offset, and operation costs compared to the traditional existing system. The integrated HBIM approach may effectively drive the path toward regeneration and re-functioning of heritage in Europe.
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Schmid, Michal. "Windshield Defrost Simplified CFD Model." Production Engineering Archives 25, no. 25 (December 1, 2019): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30657/pea.2019.25.02.
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Abstract The windshield defrost system, in general, is a vehicle safety feature. Thus, its restricted by variety of directives. However, the OMEs’ benchmark targets could be even more demanding as the deicing process is in addition also part of passengers comfort. From vehicle design point of view the wind-shield defrost system is typically connected to HVAC unit (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning). In the technical solution the windshield is heated via hot air convection. Nevertheless, other methods are becoming more and more popular, like directly heated glass by hot wire ohmic heating (heated glasses). The defrost CFD model should predict the ice layer thickness in time and space and in environmental conditions defined according to appropriate directives and technical solution. The accurate and fast modelling technique is essential part of a vehicle development, especially nowadays, where the optimization techniques area widely used and requires hundreds of simulations runs. Modelling requests are even increasing with modern pure electric vehicles (EVs), were the thermal and energy management is more demanding compared to the classical internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. The aim of the work is to verify possibility to model the ice layer thickness with simplified approach, which could be beneficial from computational time burden.
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Conti, Paolo, Carlo Bartoli, Alessandro Franco, and Daniele Testi. "Experimental Analysis of an Air Heat Pump for Heating Service Using a “Hardware-In-The-Loop” System." Energies 13, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 4498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174498.
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Estimating and optimizing the dynamic performance of a heat pump system coupled to a building is a paramount yet complex task, especially under intermittent conditions. This paper presents the “hardware-in-the-loop” experimental campaign of an air-source heat pump serving a typical dwelling in Pisa (Italy). The experimental apparatus uses real pieces of equipment, together with a thermal load emulator controlled by a full energy dynamic simulation of the considered building. Real weather data are continuously collected and used to run the simulation. The experimental campaign was performed from November 2019 to February 2020, measuring the system performances under real climate and load dynamics. With a water set point equal to 40 °C, the average heat pump coefficient of performance was about 3, while the overall building-plant performance was around 2. The deviation between the two performance indexes can be ascribed to the continuous on-off signals given by the zone thermostat due to the oversized capacity of the heat emission system. The overall performance raised to 2.5 thanks to a smoother operation obtained with reduced supply temperature (35 °C) and fan coil speed. The paper demonstrates the relevance of a dynamic analysis of the building-HVAC system and the potential of the “hardware-in-the-loop” approach in assessing actual part-load heat pump performances with respect to the standard stationary methodology.
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Warthmann, Alexander, Daniel Wölki, Henning Metzmacher, and Christoph van Treeck. "Personal Climatization Systems—A Review on Existing and Upcoming Concepts." Applied Sciences 9, no. 1 (December 22, 2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9010035.
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To accomplish the current climate goals of the federal republic of Germany, energy efficiency within the building and automotive sector must improve considerably. One possible way to reduce the high amount of energy required for heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) is the introduction of personal climatization systems in combination with the extension of the standardized room air temperature range. Personal systems allow improvements of climatic conditions (heating, cooling, and air quality) within sub-areas of the room instead of conditioning an entire room air volume. In this regard, personal systems are perfectly suitable for locations with local air-conditioning focal points, such as open-plan offices and vehicle cabins, where they substantially improve the energy efficiency of the entire system. This work aims to summarize previously conducted research in the area of personal climatization systems. The investigated local thermal actuators comprise fans for the generation of air movement, ventilators for the improvement of the air quality within the respiratory area of persons, water-conditioned panels for the climatization of persons via longwave radiation and conduction, radiant heaters, and combinations of the systems. Personal systems are superior to mixing ventilation regarding the improvement of the perceived air quality and thermal comfort. Furthermore, the introduced overview shows that personal climatization systems are generally more energy-efficient than conventional air-conditioning and facilitates the extension of the indoor air temperature corridor of the HVAC. Table fans and climatized seats are highly effective in connection with the improvement of personal thermal comfort. The performance of the overwhelming majority of applied personal environmental control systems is user-controlled or depends on a predefined load profile, which is generally defined person independent. Single studies reveal that effectively controlled automated systems have a similar thermal impact on a user’s thermal comfort as user-controlled ones. The implementation of an automated control system is feasible by using novel approaches such as the so-called human-centered closed loop control-platform (HCCLC-platform). The latter contains a central data server which allows asynchronous, bi-directional communication between multi-modal sensor data, user feedback systems, thermal actuators and numerical calculation models used to assess the individual thermal comfort of a person. This enables a continuous and holistic reflection of the thermal situation inside a room and the estimation of the corresponding impact on an individual’s thermal comfort. Considering the measured and simulated thermal state of a single person, the described system is capable of determining body-part-specific energy requirements that are needed to keep the overall thermal comfort level of an individual person on a high level.
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Raymond, Matthew, Sarah Hews, and Christina Cianfrani. "SIMULATING THE IMPACTS OF INDOOR VERTICAL FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS ON HVAC PERFORMANCE USING eQUEST AT HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE'S R. W. KERN CENTER." Journal of Green Building 13, no. 2 (March 2018): 121–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.13.2.121.
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INTRODUCTION Hampshire College, in Amherst, Massachusetts, is taking part in the green building movement with the construction of the R. W. Kern Center, which opened in the spring of 2016. The building was certified to meet the Living Building Challenge in spring 2018 and has satisfied building standards such as Net Zero energy and water. To meet these standards, the design of the building employs solar photovoltaic panels, a rain water catchment and purification system, a greywater treatment system, storm water infiltration rain gardens, composting toilets, and control monitoring systems to make the building more efficient and decrease its harmful impacts on the environment. The greywater treatment system utilizes both indoor vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCW) and an outdoor horizontal flow constructed wetland (HFCW) to filter greywater effluent from sinks and a coffee bar, meeting the requirement to treat and handle all wastewater generated on site. Although the VFCW system performance has been shown to be effective in exterior environments (Sklarz et al., 2009), its use inside a building requires scrutiny to verify that the adoption of this system does not affect the operation of essential building systems. The green systems that the Kern Center and others like it are employing may have impacts on the building's environment, construction and operation. These modifications must be monitored, and their effects quantified. The alteration of the thermal and air quality characteristics of the interior building has a significant effect on occupant health and the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) energy on consumption. Several studies have investigated the benefits of indoor plants for air filtration or for exterior greywater filtration.
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Romanska-Zapala, Anna, and Mark Bomberg. "Can artificial neuron networks be used for control of HVAC in environmental quality management systems?" MATEC Web of Conferences 282 (2019): 02068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928202068.
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The concept of environmental quality management has been described in papers [1 - 4] that looked at the next generation of low energy buildings from the point of view of the occupant. Optimizing energy use is difficult for a few reasons: presence of dramatic changes in the manner we design and operate buildings, change in the role of an architect who must be a leader of interacting team, often quality management is biased towards the design more than on performance of the finished product and finally the need for integrated monitoring and modeling in the occupancy stage. Effectively, we are integrating heating/cooling and ventilation with the structure at the same time as we verify the appropriateness of the new methods to evaluate performance of these systems. In this process we require double controls, one by the occupant and the other by the computerized (smart) control system. The traditional approaches to modify human behavior generally failed because occupants were not given enough control over their environment. Thus, a major part of the trend to a low-carbon, climate resilient future will be focused on methodology to include path from a complex field testing of building performance to simplified testing that combined with simple monitoring and data from utilities would allow assessment of the energy and carbon emission in a district of a city. Our experience shows that preliminary design must be optimized during the period of service for all more complex buildings such as large residential, office or commercial buildings. In this context the artificial neural network approach appears to have significant advantages. Yet, traditionally ANN requires large data set to establish functional relations during the learning stage and therefore the first question is how precise can the control of temperature be when the heat exchanger is subjected to different climatic conditions.
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Hohne, Percy Andrew, Kanzumba Kusakana, and Bubele Papy Numbi. "Improving Energy Efficiency of Thermal Processes in Healthcare Institutions: A Review on the Latest Sustainable Energy Management Strategies." Energies 13, no. 3 (January 24, 2020): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030569.
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Healthcare institutions consume large amounts of energy, ranking the second highest energy-intensive buildings in the commercial sector. Within developed countries, the energy consumption of healthcare institutions may account for up to 18% of the overall energy usage in commercial sectors. Within developing countries, such as South Africa, the energy consumption of healthcare institutions is observed to be a close second to the food service sector. Energy consumption of healthcare institutions per bed typically range from 43–92 kWh per day. In this paper, the largest energy consumers in South African healthcare institutions are identified and appropriate energy-efficiency (EE) initiatives are proposed, in terms of performance, operation, equipment and technology efficiency (POET). Two main thermal energy consumers are identified as heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) and water-heating systems. These systems are critical to patient health and may be classified as non-deferrable loads. Therefore, several initiatives are suggested to improve the energy efficiency and demand-side management capability of these systems. These initiatives are subdivided into different levels: the conceptual level, active level, technical and further improvement level, as defined in the POET framework. At each level, energy-efficiency initiatives are introduced based on potential energy savings and the effort required to achieve these savings. In addition, model predictive control (MPC) approaches are discussed and reviewed as part of the further improvement section. Average possible energy savings ranged from 50%–70% at the conceptual level, while energy savings of 15%–30% may be expected for energy-efficiency initiatives at the active level. EE activities at the technical level and the further improvement level may result in savings of 50%–70% and 5%–10%, respectively.
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Franco, Alessandro. "Balancing User Comfort and Energy Efficiency in Public Buildings through Social Interaction by ICT Systems." Systems 8, no. 3 (August 28, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems8030029.
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Energy efficiency, indoor environmental quality, and comfort in public buildings has received increasing attention in recent years as it can contribute to maintaining safety conditions and to the reduction of conventional fuels consumption, energy costs for building owners, and greenhouse gas emissions. People are an integral part of any building energetic ecosystem as, according to some estimates, they spend a great part of their life in indoor spaces. On one side, occupants are responsible for the energy consumption of the building and for this reason the “psychology of energy saving” has received attention since the 70s up to recent results. On the other hand, strategies for energy efficiency should not jeopardize occupants’ health and quality of life. While general awareness of the value of environmental variables has increased in the last few years, this interest has recently been further exacerbated by the spreading of the well-known COVID-19 pandemic. In fact, as most countries have started planning post-lock-down activities, there is a growing concern regarding how social distancing measures can be enforced in shared buildings and strict indoor air quality control can prevent airborne virus transmission in crowded spaces. The paper discusses the perspectives of increasing the level of social interaction of building users through the systematic use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), and in particular, some specific platforms. The ICT system, taking information from the occupants in a concerted way, can be an important instrument to collect data, coming both from physical sensors and from people to develop a multi-objective control strategy for the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Cooling (HVAC) systems in order to obtain energy savings whilst balancing user comfort and healthy conditions.
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Munonye, Charles, and Yingchun Ji. "Evaluating the perception of thermal environment in naturally ventilated schools in a warm and humid climate in Nigeria." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 42, no. 1 (April 16, 2020): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624420911148.
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Field study was conducted in naturally ventilated primary school buildings in a warm and humid environment in Imo State, Nigeria to determine the thermal comfort perception of young children (aged 7–12 years) and to understand the thermal conditions in the classrooms. The comfort temperature was investigated in two types of classroom buildings during the rainy and dry seasons from October 2017 to May 2018. Approximately 7050 completed valid questionnaires were collected from 330 young children repeatedly surveyed twice a day. The children answered comfort questions at the same time the indoor and outdoor thermal variables were being measured. Results indicated that the combined ‘open-space’ classrooms produced a neutral temperature of 28.8°C with comfort range, 25.2–32.3°C. The neutral temperature of the combined ‘enclosed-plan’ classrooms is 28.1°C with 25.8–30.5°C as the comfort range. The differences in the comfort perceptions may be attributed to the differences in the architectural characteristics of both categories of classroom buildings. High temperature tolerance was shown by the participating children in the study area. This article, therefore, suggests that installing air conditioning in primary schools in the warm humid environment in Nigeria may not be necessary as it could lead to unnecessary energy consumption and carbon emission. Practical application: This work is part of the main research work that pioneers research on thermal comfort in public primary school classrooms in Nigeria. The findings from this study on the acceptable indoor temperatures in naturally ventilated classrooms in the warm and humid climate in Nigeria are important information for building services engineers and architects. The young children in these classrooms can accept high indoor temperatures. The intention of this information is to discourage high energy usage in heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system in primary school buildings in the study area, while maintaining the acceptable thermal comfort levels.
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Viegas, Carla, Magdalena Twarużek, Raquel Lourenço, Marta Dias, Beatriz Almeida, Liliana Aranha Caetano, Elisabete Carolino, et al. "Bioburden Assessment by Passive Methods on a Clinical Pathology Service in One Central Hospital from Lisbon: What Can it Tell Us Regarding Patients and Staff Exposure?" Atmosphere 11, no. 4 (April 3, 2020): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040351.
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The assessment and control of microbial contamination in health care facilities is presently a mandatory and vital part of strategies to prevent and control hospital-acquired infections. This study aims to assess the bioburden with two passive sampling methods (30 ventilations grids swabs and 16 electrostatic dust collectors (EDCs)) at Clinical Pathology Services. The fungal burden was characterized through molecular tools, antifungal resistance, and the mycotoxins and cytotoxicity profile. Total bacteria presented the highest prevalence in both matrixes, whereas Gram-bacteria presented the lowest. Swabs presented a higher prevalence (27.6%) for fungal burden. Chrysonilia sitophila presented the highest prevalence in swabs, whereas for EDCs, C. sitophila and Mucor sp. were the most prevalent. Concerning Aspergillus genera on swabs, section Flavi was the one with the highest prevalence (58.02%), whereas, for EDCs, section Versicolores was the only section observed (100%). Aspergillus section Fumigati was detected in 10 swabs and 7 EDC samples and Aspergillus section Versicolores was detected in one EDC sample. Fungal growth on azole-supplemented media was observed in eight EDC samples. No mycotoxins were detected in any of the samples. A low cytotoxic effect was observed in two sites upon incubation of collected samples with A549 and SK cells and in two other sites upon incubation of collected samples with SK cells only. A medium cytotoxic effect was observed with one EDC sample upon incubation with A549 cells. This study reinforces the need of determination of the azole resistance profile for fungal species and allowed a preliminary risk characterization regarding the cytotoxicity. An intervention including the use of a ultraviolet with wavelength between 200 nm and 280 nm (UVC)—emitting device and an increased maintenance and cleaning of the central heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems should be ensured to promote the reduction of microbial contamination.
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Lim, Taek-Kyu, Kunal Sandip Garud, Jae-Hyeong Seo, Moo-Yeon Lee, and Dong-Yeon Lee. "Experimental Study on Heating Performances of Integrated Battery and HVAC System with Serial and Parallel Circuits for Electric Vehicle." Symmetry 13, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13010093.
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The objective of the present study is to conduct experiments for investigating heating performances of integrated system with serial and parallel circuits for battery and heating ventilation and air conditioning system (HVAC) of electric vehicles under various operating conditions. In addition, the artificial neural network (ANN) model is proposed to accurately predict the heating performances of integrated system with serial and parallel circuits for battery and HVAC. A test bench of integrated system with serial and parallel circuits has been developed for establishing the trade-off between battery heating and HVAC heating. The heating performances namely, battery out temperature, battery temperature rise rate, battery heating capacity, HVAC heating capacity and total heating capacity are evaluated experimentally for the integrated system with serial and parallel circuits. The behavior of various heating performances is evaluated under influence of flow rate and heater power. Battery out temperature reaches 40 °C within 10 min with rise rate of 2.17 °C/min for the integrated system with serial circuit and that within 20 min with rise rate of 1.22 °C/min for the integrated system with parallel circuit. Integrated system with serial circuit shows higher HVAC heating capacity than integrated system with parallel circuit which are 5726.33 W and 3869.15 W, respectively. ANN model with back-propagation algorithm, Levenberg-Marquardt training variant, Tan-sigmoidal transfer function and 20 hidden neurons presents the accurate prediction of heating performances of the integrated system with serial and parallel circuits for battery and HVAC.
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Lim, Taek-Kyu, Kunal Sandip Garud, Jae-Hyeong Seo, Moo-Yeon Lee, and Dong-Yeon Lee. "Experimental Study on Heating Performances of Integrated Battery and HVAC System with Serial and Parallel Circuits for Electric Vehicle." Symmetry 13, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13010093.
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The objective of the present study is to conduct experiments for investigating heating performances of integrated system with serial and parallel circuits for battery and heating ventilation and air conditioning system (HVAC) of electric vehicles under various operating conditions. In addition, the artificial neural network (ANN) model is proposed to accurately predict the heating performances of integrated system with serial and parallel circuits for battery and HVAC. A test bench of integrated system with serial and parallel circuits has been developed for establishing the trade-off between battery heating and HVAC heating. The heating performances namely, battery out temperature, battery temperature rise rate, battery heating capacity, HVAC heating capacity and total heating capacity are evaluated experimentally for the integrated system with serial and parallel circuits. The behavior of various heating performances is evaluated under influence of flow rate and heater power. Battery out temperature reaches 40 °C within 10 min with rise rate of 2.17 °C/min for the integrated system with serial circuit and that within 20 min with rise rate of 1.22 °C/min for the integrated system with parallel circuit. Integrated system with serial circuit shows higher HVAC heating capacity than integrated system with parallel circuit which are 5726.33 W and 3869.15 W, respectively. ANN model with back-propagation algorithm, Levenberg-Marquardt training variant, Tan-sigmoidal transfer function and 20 hidden neurons presents the accurate prediction of heating performances of the integrated system with serial and parallel circuits for battery and HVAC.
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Xue, Guiyuan, Chen Wu, Wenjuan Niu, Xun Dou, Shizhen Wang, and Yadie Fu. "Flexible Control Strategy for Intelligent Building Air Conditioning System." E3S Web of Conferences 252 (2021): 01039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125201039.
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An improved optimization adjustment strategy for building heating ventilation and air conditioning (Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning, HVAC) is proposed. The energy consumption model of building heating/refrigeration is established by using the instantaneous energy balance of heat, and then the optimal operation strategy of building HVAC energy based on weather forecast data is constructed in the range of user temperature comfort. Finally, the MATLAB and TRNSYS simulation techniques are used to verify the example. Simulation results show that the optimal operation strategy of building HVAC energy based on weather forecast data can not only significantly reduce the cost of energy use, but also effectively improve the absorption capacity of renewable energy on the building side.
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Shukla, Shubham, Rajeev Arya, and Nilesh Diwakar. "A Review on Industrial Cooling System." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJOSCIENCE 6, no. 7 (July 21, 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijoscience.v6i7.303.
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The modeling of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is a prominent topic because of its relationship with energy savings and environmental, economic, and technological issues. The modeling of the HVAC system is concerned with the indoor thermal sensation, which is related to the modeling of building, air handling unit (AHU) equipment’s, and indoor thermal processes. This paper shows the HVAC model and the Winter Air Conditioning System, Summer Air Conditioning System. Until now, many HVAC system modeling approaches are made available, and the techniques have become quite mature.
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Chang, Tong-Bou, Jer-Jia Sheu, and Jhong-Wei Huang. "High-Efficiency HVAC System with Defog/Dehumidification Function for Electric Vehicles." Energies 14, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010046.
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Electric vehicles (EVs) generally use an electric heating system to provide heat. However, the heating system consumes a large amount of energy, and therefore reduces the mileage of the vehicle. The energy consumption can be reduced by replacing the electric heating system with a heat pump air conditioning system. Such systems achieve an effective heating of the vehicle interior, but do not provide a defog or dehumidification function. Consequently, the inside surface of the windshield tends to fog in cold weather; leading to poor driver visibility and an impaired road safety. Accordingly, the present study proposes a novel high-efficiency heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system with both heating and defog/dehumidification functions for electric vehicles. The effectiveness of the proposed system is investigated experimentally using a simulated cabin placed in a temperature and humidity-controlled test chamber. The experimental results confirm that the HVAC system achieves the required cooling, heating and defog/dehumidification functions and meets the corresponding standards. Moreover, the application of HVAC in EVs could lead to significant electrical power saving effect.
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Dhepe, Nimish, and Raahul Krishna. "A Review of the Advancements in Geothermal Heating and Cooling System." Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 9, no. 1 (May 5, 2017): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2017/15874.
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The increasing demand for energy and the depleting fossil fuels have fuelled explorations in new frontiers of Renewable Energy Technology. Geothermal Heating and Cooling is a new advancement in HVAC industry of India. It uses earth’s heat for space heating and cooling with the use of Heat Pump systems, saving up to 51% electricity consumption in HVAC, and reduced CO2 emissions. The main prospects of Geothermal Energy are longer equipment life and lower operating costs. This paper reviews the recent advancements in Geothermal Heating and Cooling System.
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Lin, Chang-Ming, Hsin-Yu Liu, Ko-Ying Tseng, and Sheng-Fuu Lin. "Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning System Optimization Control Strategy Involving Fan Coil Unit Temperature Control." Applied Sciences 9, no. 11 (June 11, 2019): 2391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9112391.
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The objective of this study was to develop a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system optimization control strategy involving fan coil unit (FCU) temperature control for energy conservation in chilled water systems to enhance the operating efficiency of HVAC systems. The proposed control strategy involves three techniques, which are described as follows. The first technique is an algorithm for dynamic FCU temperature setting, which enables the FCU temperature to be set in accordance with changes in the outdoor temperature to satisfy the indoor thermal comfort for occupants. The second technique is an approach for determining the indoor cold air demand, which collects the set FCU temperature and converts it to the refrigeration ton required for the chilled water system; this serves as the control target for ensuring optimal HVAC operation. The third technique is a genetic algorithm for calculating the minimum energy consumption for an HVAC system. The genetic algorithm determines the pump operating frequency associated with minimum energy consumption per refrigeration ton to control energy conservation. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed HVAC system optimization control strategy combining FCU temperature control, this study conducted a field experiment. The results revealed that the proposed strategy enabled an HVAC system to achieve 39.71% energy conservation compared with an HVAC system operating at full load.
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Kaushik, Shailendra, Kuo-huey Chen, Taeyoung Han, and Bahram Khalighi. "Micro-Cooling/Heating Strategy for Energy Efficient HVAC System." SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing 4, no. 1 (April 12, 2011): 853–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-0644.
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Do, Huyen, and Kristen S. Cetin. "Data-Driven Evaluation of Residential HVAC System Efficiency Using Energy and Environmental Data." Energies 12, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12010188.
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In the U.S., the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is generally the largest electricity-consuming end-use in a residential building. However, homeowners are less likely to have their HVAC system serviced regularly, thus inefficiencies in operation are also more likely to occur. To address this challenge, this research works towards a non-intrusive data-driven assessment method using building assessors’ data, HVAC electricity demand data, and outdoor environmental data. Building assessors’ data is first used to estimate the HVAC system size, then estimate the electricity demand curve of the HVAC system. A comparison of the proposed electricity demand curve development method demonstrates strong agreement with physics-based HVAC model results. An HVAC efficiency rating is then proposed, which compares the model-predicted and actual performance data to define whether an HVAC system is operating as expected. As a case study, detailed data for 39 occupied, conditioned residential buildings in Austin, Texas, was used demonstrating the identification of the presence of potential HVAC inefficiencies. The results prove beneficial for utilities to help target residential HVAC systems in need of service or energy efficiency upgrades, as well as for homeowners as a continuous assessment tool for HVAC performance.
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Goel, Swati, and R. Manikandan. "Validating the performance of the HVAC system for commercial buildings." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.8 (March 19, 2018): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.8.10491.
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Commercial Buildings consumes a large amount of world’s energy. Energy components comprises of Lighting, Heating, Cooling, Ventilation, water heating etc. To make the building energy efficient, we need to maintain, monitor and apply thermal optimization. Numerous researchers over the world are chipping away at vitality demonstrating and control with a specific end goal to create techniques which will bring about general decrease of vitality utilization. This paper presentstheworkflow of the energy modelling HVAC (heating, ventilation and cooling)systemwhich proved to be the complete solution for low energy buildings.Also the estimation of the thermal load which helps in validation of architectural design for energy efficient buildings.
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Cvok, Ivan, Igor Ratković, and Joško Deur. "Multi-Objective Optimisation-Based Design of an Electric Vehicle Cabin Heating Control System for Improved Thermal Comfort and Driving Range." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041203.
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Modern electric vehicle heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems operate in more efficient heat pump mode, thus, improving the driving range under cold ambient conditions. Coupling those HVAC systems with novel heating technologies such as infrared heating panels (IRP) results in a complex system with multiple actuators, which needs to be optimally coordinated to maximise the efficiency and comfort. The paper presents a multi-objective genetic algorithm-based control input allocation method, which relies on a multi-physical HVAC model and a CFD-evaluated cabin airflow distribution model implemented in Dymola. The considered control inputs include the cabin inlet air temperature, blower and radiator fan air mass flows, secondary coolant loop pump speeds, and IRP control settings. The optimisation objective is to minimise total electric power consumption and thermal comfort described by predictive mean vote (PMV) index. Optimisation results indicate that HVAC and IRP controls are effectively decoupled, and that a significant reduction of power consumption (typically from 20% to 30%) can be achieved using IRPs while maintaining the same level of thermal comfort. The previously proposed hierarchical HVAC control strategy is parameterised and extended with a PMV-based controller acting via IRP control inputs. The performance is verified through simulations in a heat-up scenario, and the power consumption reduction potential is analysed for different cabin air temperature setpoints.
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Ruan, Xiaolong, and Yisong Yin. "Analysis of Common Problems of Noise and Vibration in Building Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning Design." E3S Web of Conferences 283 (2021): 01051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128301051.
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With the continuous growth of my country's economy and the continuous improvement of the people's economic level, the demand for the design of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems has also increased. The HVAC system is very important in the building environment. When optimizing the relevant design, it is necessary to always consider the design details of the HVAC system and adjust the integrity of the design, especially to take preventive measures in areas where noise and vibration may occur to avoid heating serious problems caused by noise and general vibration when the communication system is running. This article outlines how to avoid and control common noise and vibration problems when designing HVAC projects.
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JUN, LU, DING HAO, ZHANG HONG, and GAO DIAN CE. "COOLING FLOOR AC SYSTEMS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, no. 01n03 (January 30, 2005): 511–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205028931.
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The present HVAC equipments for the residential buildings in the Hot-summer-and-Cold-winter climate region are still at a high energy consuming level. So that the high efficiency HVAC system is an urgently need for achieving the preset government energy saving goal. With its advantage of highly sanitary, highly comfortable and uniform of temperature field, the hot-water resource floor radiation heating system has been widely accepted. This paper has put forward a new way in air-conditioning, which combines the fresh-air supply unit and such floor radiation system for the dehumidification and cooling in summer or heating in winter. By analyze its advantages and limitations, we found that this so called Cooling/ Heating Floor AC System can improve the IAQ of residential building while keep high efficiency quality. We also recommend a methodology for the HVAC system designing, which will ensure the reduction of energy cost of users.
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Liu, Zhonghui, and Gongyi Jiang. "Optimization of intelligent heating ventilation air conditioning system in urban building based on BIM and artificial intelligence technology." Computer Science and Information Systems, no. 00 (2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis200901027l.
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The study aims to effectively reduce building energy consumption, improve the utilization efficiency of building resources, reduce the emission of pollutants and greenhouse gases, and protect the ecological environment. A prediction model of heating ventilation air conditioning (HVAC) energy consumption is established by using back propagation neural network (BPNN) and adapted boosting (Adaboost) algorithm. Then, the HVAC system is optimized by building information modeling (BIM). Finally, the effectiveness of the urban intelligent HVAC optimization prediction model based on BIM and artificial intelligence (AI) is further verified by simulation experiments. The research shows that the error of the prediction model is reduced, the accuracy is higher after the Adaboost algorithm is added to BPNN, and the average prediction accuracy is 86%. When the BIM is combined with the prediction model, the HVAC programme of hybrid cooling beam + variable air volume reheating is taken as the optimal programme of HVAC system. The power consumption and gas consumption of the programme are the least, and the CO2 emission is also the lowest. Programme 1 is compared with programme 3, and the cost is saved by 37% and 15%, respectively. Through the combination of BIM technology and AI technology, the energy consumption of HVAC is effectively reduced, and the resource utilization rate is significantly improved, which can provide theoretical basis for the research of energy-saving equipment.
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Goel, Supriya, Michael Rosenberg, Juan Gonzalez, and Jérémy Lerond. "Total System Performance Ratio—A Systems Based Approach for Evaluating HVAC System Efficiency." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 19, 2021): 5108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165108.
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The prescriptive path is the most widely used approach for commercial code compliance in the United States. Though easy to implement, prescriptive approaches do not typically discriminate between minimally compliant, high-performing and poorly performing HVAC system configurations. Hence, to meet aggressive energy and carbon reduction goals, it is clear that energy codes will need to transition from prescriptive to performance-based approaches, a transition that is riddled with several challenges. This paper discusses a new HVAC system-based performance approach (HVAC System Performance) which provides a simpler solution to HVAV system evaluation compared to whole building performance, while keeping tradeoffs limited to specific building systems. The Total System Performance Ratio (TSPR) is a metric for evaluation of overall system efficiency instead of individual component efficiency, a solution which could also eventually facilitate the transition to a 100% performance-based code structure. TSPR is a ratio that compares the annual heating and cooling load of a building to the annual energy consumed by the building’s HVAC system. A calculation software tool has been developed for determining a building’s TSPR. Already incorporated into the 2018 Washington State Energy Code, this approach is also being evaluated by ASHRAE Standard 90.l Project Committee and has the potential to provide a comprehensive performance-based approach for HVAC system evaluation and analysis.
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Pop, Octavian G., Ancuta C. Abrudan, Dan S. Adace, Adrian G. Pocola, and Mugur C. Balan. "Potential of HVAC and solar technologies for hospital retrofit to reduce heating energy consumption." E3S Web of Conferences 32 (2018): 01016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183201016.
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The study presents a combination of several energy efficient technologies together with their potential to reduce the energy consumption and to increase the comfort through the retrofit of a hospital building. The existing situation is characterized by an old and inefficient heating system, by the complete missing of any ventilation and by no cooling. The retrofit proposal includes thermal insulation and a distributed HVAC system consisting of several units that includes air to air heat exchangers and air to air heat pumps. A condensing boiler was also considered for heating. A solar thermal system for preparing domestic hot water and a solar photovoltaic system to assist the HVAC units are also proposed. Heat transfer principles are used for modelling the thermal response of the building to the environmental parameters and thermodynamic principles are used for modelling the behaviour of HVAC, solar thermal system and photovoltaic system. All the components of the heating loads were determined for one year period. The study reveals the capacity of the proposed systems to provide ventilation and thermal comfort with a global reduction of energy consumption of 71.6 %.
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Jang, Hyeonwoo, Byeongkwan Kang, Keonhee Cho, Kyu hee Jang, and Sehyun Park. "Design and Implementation of IoT-based HVAC and Lighting System for Energy Saving." MATEC Web of Conferences 260 (2019): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926002012.
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Building Energy Management System(BEMS) technology is under study as one of the various solutions to environmental problems such as depletion of energy resources, global warming, and climate change. Solving the energy problems of the future BEMS is not the only goal. Occupants must be guaranteed a comfortable environment. HVAC systems and lighting systems are a large part of building energy consumption, which also means that it is an important part of energy conservation. In this paper, we propose IoT-based HVAC and Lighting(I-HVAC&L) system for HVAC system and lighting system management. With I-HVAC&L System, you can save energy efficiency without compromising the convenience of residents’.
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Colangelo, Gianpiero, Brenda Raho, Marco Milanese, and Arturo de Risi. "Numerical Evaluation of a HVAC System Based on a High-Performance Heat Transfer Fluid." Energies 14, no. 11 (June 4, 2021): 3298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113298.
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Nanofluids have great potential to improve the heat transfer properties of liquids, as demonstrated by recent studies. This paper presents a novel idea of utilizing nanofluid. It analyzes the performance of a HVAC (Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning) system using a high-performance heat transfer fluid (water-glycol nanofluid with nanoparticles of Al2O3), in the university campus of Lecce, Italy. The work describes the dynamic model of the building and its heating and cooling system, realized through the simulation software TRNSYS 17. The use of heat transfer fluid inseminated by nanoparticles in a real HVAC system is an innovative application that is difficult to find in the scientific literature so far. This work focuses on comparing the efficiency of the system working with a traditional water-glycol mixture with the same system that uses Al2O3-nanofluid. The results obtained by means of the dynamic simulations have confirmed what theoretically assumed, indicating the working conditions of the HVAC system that lead to lower operating costs and higher COP and EER, guaranteeing the optimal conditions of thermo-hygrometric comfort inside the building. Finally, the results showed that the use of a nanofluid based on water-glycol mixture and alumina increases the efficiency about 10% and at the same time reduces the electrical energy consumption of the HVAC system.
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Sun, Jian Min, and Chun Dong Zhang. "Development and Analysis on Energy Conservation Equipment and Control Technology of HVAC." Advanced Materials Research 424-425 (January 2012): 852–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.424-425.852.
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In building, the energy consumption of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) is the largest, which accounts for forty to sixty percent of the total building consumption. So it is a key research to reduce the energy consumption of the HVAC system for saving building energy. This article describes a variety of energy conservation equipment of HVAC, and describes in detail the principles of each type of equipment. This article also analyzes the growing advanced control technologies for the HVAC system. In conclusion, HVAC equipment is developing in the direction of clean energy and energy efficient; intelligent control technology is more applicable to the varying parameters of complex system such as air conditioning, is more energy conservation and will become the leading direction of research and application
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Jung, Dae Kyo, Dong Hwan Lee, Joo Ho Shin, Byung Hun Song, and Seung Hee Park. "Optimization of Energy Consumption Using BIM-Based Building Energy Performance Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 281 (January 2013): 649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.281.649.
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Recently, the interest in increasing energy efficiency of building energy management system (BEMS) has become a high-priority and thus the related studies also increased. In particular, since the energy consumption in terms of heating and cooling system takes a large portion of the energy consumed in buildings, it is strongly required to enhance the energy efficiency through intelligent operation and/or management of HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) system. To tackle this issue, this study deals with the BIM (Building Information Modeling)-based energy performance analysis implemented in Energyplus. The BIM model constructed at Revit is updated at Design Builder, adding HVAC models and converted compatibly with the Energyplus environment. And then, the HVAC models are modified throughout the comparison between the energy consumption patterns and the real-time monitoring in-field data. In order to maximize the building energy performance, a genetic algorithm (GA)-based optimization technique is applied to the modified HVAC models. Throughout the proposed building energy simulation, finally, the best optimized HVAC control schedule for the target building can be obtained in the form of “supply air temperature schedule”.
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Ardi, Syahril, and Setyowati Setyowati. "DESAIN SISTEM KENDALI MESIN PENGUJI KEBOCORAN UDARA MENGGUNAKAN SISTEM KENDALI PLC OMRON CJ2M DI HVAC (HEATING, VENTILATING, AND AIR CONDITIONING)." Jurnal Teknik Mesin 5, no. 4 (March 15, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/jtm.v5i4.1219.
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Pada proses produksi pembuatan komponen HVAC (Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning) dari perusahaan manufaktur di Indonesia, memerlukan proses pengecekan kebocoran pada bagian HVAC. Proses pengecekan ini dilakukan untuk memastikan tidak ada komponen HVAC yang bocor sebelum dikirim ke pihak pelanggan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk membuat system dan alat air leak test.Mesin air leak test ini menggunakan prinsip kerja differential pressure air leak test, yaitumetode yang membandingkanantaratekananudara yang diberikankeprodukdan master produk. Padapenelitian ini, kami membuat disain mesin air leak test menggunakan system kendali berupa air leak tester, PLC, dan HMI.Berdasarkankondisidengankapasitasproduksi yang meningkat karena bertambahnya permintaan dari customer, dapat ditanggulangi dengan adanya share loading produksi dari HVAC line 4 ke line baru, yaitu HVAC line 6. Hasil yang didapat dari pengujian deteksi kebocoran produk,didapat nilai parameter kebocoran produk sebesar 2.23 ml/min.