Relevant bibliographies by topics / HVASCR

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'HVASCR'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "HVASCR"

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Bloch, Dorete, and Bjarni Mikkelsen. "Catch history and distribution of white- sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) of the Faroe Islands / Veiðisøga og útbreiðsla av skjórutum springara (Lagenorhynchus acutus) í Føroyum." Fróðskaparrit - Faroese Scientific Journal 57 (February 26, 2017): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.18602/fsj.v57i0.82.

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<p><strong>Ú</strong><strong>r</strong><strong>t</strong><strong>ak: </strong>Síðan 1872 siga veiðihagtølini frá, at uml. 9.435 skjórutir springarar hava lagt beinini í 158 grindum, og tað gevur eitt árligt miðaltal á 68.4 hvalir og 1.1 flokkur. Fyri tey árini, har ið dráp var, er talið 168 hvalir og 2.8 flokkar. Tað, ið árliga hevur verið dripið, hevur ligið um 0-774 hvalir á 1-10 flokkar. Støddin á flokkunum hevur ligið um 1-544 (í miðal 60 hvalir) við 74% &lt; 50 hvalir/flokk. Flestir skjórutir springarar vórðu sæddir sunnan fyri Suðuroynna, og 37% av springarunum úr 20 flokkum eru hildnir til í Vági og Hvalba. Raksturin er í hæddini í september, og eingin hevur verið í mars og desember. Úti á havinum hava hvalir verið sæddir alt árið. Ein mislittur hvalur kom fyri í tveimum drápum.</p><p><strong>A</strong><strong>bstract: </strong>Since 1872, the catch data informs about 9,435 white- sided dolphins taken in 158 drives, an annual average of 68.4 whales and 1.1 pod, and 168 whales and 2.8 pods for only the years containing a catch. The annual catch has ranged 0-774 whales in 1-10 pods. The pod size has ranged 1-544 (avg. 60 whales) with 74% &lt; 50 whales/pod. Most white-sided dolphins were observed south off Suðuroy and 37% dolphins from 20 pods has been killed in Vágur and Hvalba. The drives peak in September and none has occurred in March and December. Offshore the whale has been reported all year round. A discoloured whale occurred in two catches.</p>
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Jurkovičová-Tarabová, Bohumila, Désirée Griesemer, Antonella Pirone, Martina J. Sinnegger-Brauns, Jörg Striessnig, and Eckhard Friauf. "Repertoire of high voltage-activated Ca2+ channels in the lateral superior olive: functional analysis in wild-type, Cav1.3−/−, and Cav1.2DHP−/− mice." Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no. 2 (July 15, 2012): 365–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00948.2011.

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Voltage-gated Ca2+ (Cav)1.3 α-subunits of high voltage-activated Ca2+ channels (HVACCs) are essential for Ca2+ influx and transmitter release in cochlear inner hair cells and therefore for signal transmission into the central auditory pathway. Their absence leads to deafness and to striking structural changes in the auditory brain stem, particularly in the lateral superior olive (LSO). Here, we analyzed the contribution of various types of HVACCs to the total Ca2+ current ( ICa) in developing mouse LSO neurons to address several questions: do LSO neurons express functional Cav1.3 channels? What other types of HVACCs are expressed? Are there developmental changes? Do LSO neurons of Cav1.3−/− mice show any compensatory responses, namely, upregulation of other HVACCs? Our electrophysiological and pharmacological results showed the presence of functional Cav1.3 and Cav1.2 channels at both postnatal days 4 and 12. Aside from these L-type channels, LSO neurons also expressed functional P/Q-type, N-type, and, most likely, R-type channels. The relative contribution of the four different subtypes to ICa appeared to be 45%, 29%, 22%, and 4% at postnatal day 12, respectively. The physiological results were flanked and extended by quantitative RT-PCR data. Altogether, LSO neurons displayed a broad repertoire of HVACC subtypes. Genetic ablation of Cav1.3 resulted in functional reorganization of some other HVACCs but did not restore normal ICa properties. Together, our results suggest that several types of HVACCs are of functional relevance for the developing LSO. Whether on-site loss of Cav1.3, i.e., in LSO neurons, contributes to the recently described malformation of the LSO needs to be determined by using tissue-specific Cav1.3−/− animals.
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Sung, Wen Pei, Tzai Tang Tsai, Hsien Jung Wang, and Ming Der Chen. "Improved Energy Performance of Air-Conditioning System Using Variable Primary Flow Chilled Water Systems in an Office Building." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 1973–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.1973.

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The main objective of this on-site study is to use a full-scale HVAC (Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning) system installed in an office building in Taiwan for comparing the power consumption, energy-saving, and CO2reduction by variable primary flow (VPF) chilled water systems for controlling the HVAC. The on-site experimental results indicate that average power consumptions are 44,935 kWh for the constant volume (CV) chilled water systems, and 39,025 kWh for the VPF system. Approximately 19% of the maximum energy-saving rate can be achieved if the HVAC system is operated as a VPF system. Additionally, the reduced quantity of accumulated CO2emission varies from 0 to 44,186 kg with 0.623 kg-CO2kwh-1emission factor during the office hours of 08:00 (a.m.) to 20:00 (p.m.). The results demonstrate that switching the operation of an office building HVAC system from CV to VPF will significantly enhance energy savings and CO2reduction. This study is will offer useful information for evaluating an indoor environmental policy with respect to energy savings and CO2emission reduction for office HVACs used in subtropical regions.
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Swaminathan, Siva, Ximan Wang, Bingyu Zhou, and Simone Baldi. "A University Building Test Case for Occupancy-Based Building Automation." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 14, 2018): 3145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113145.

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Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) units in buildings form a system-of-subsystems entity that must be accurately integrated and controlled by the building automation system to ensure the occupants’ comfort with reduced energy consumption. As control of HVACs involves a standardized hierarchy of high-level set-point control and low-level Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controls, there is a need for overcoming current control fragmentation without disrupting the standard hierarchy. In this work, we propose a model-based approach to achieve these goals. In particular: the set-point control is based on a predictive HVAC thermal model, and aims at optimizing thermal comfort with reduced energy consumption; the standard low-level PID controllers are auto-tuned based on simulations of the HVAC thermal model, and aims at good tracking of the set points. One benefit of such control structure is that the PID dynamics are included in the predictive optimization: in this way, we are able to account for tracking transients, which are particularly useful if the HVAC is switched on and off depending on occupancy patterns. Experimental and simulation validation via a three-room test case at the Delft University of Technology shows the potential for a high degree of comfort while also reducing energy consumption.
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Yang, Jeong-Jik, and Dong-Ju Lee. "Identification of Noise Source of the HVAC Using Complex Acoustic Intensity Method." Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering 20, no. 11 (November 20, 2010): 1089–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5050/ksnve.2010.20.11.1089.

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Andersen, Karin. "A note on the variation in sealworm (Pseudoterranova decipiens) infection in shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius) with host age and size at two locations in Norwegian inshore waters." NAMMCO Scientific Publications 3 (November 24, 2001): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/3.2957.

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A total of 540 shorthorn sculpins were collected between 1991 and 1996 from Hvaler and Vega in Norway. The sculpins were caught in traps or by gillnets near seal haul-out sites in both areas. Size, age and intensity of P. decipiens infection were recorded for most fish sampled. Stomach contents of a subsample from each area were examined and the frequencies of occurrence of prey items were determined. Sealworm abundance (mean number of worms in all fish examined) increased significantly with host age and length within given age groups of sculpins from both areas. Sealwormabundance and mean intensity (mean number of worms per infected fish) in sculpins from Vega were lower than those found in the more rapidly growing fish from Hvaler. Abundance of sealworm peaked in 6 year old fish from Vega and in 4 year old fish from Hvaler. Fish and amphipods were the prey items found most frequently in the stomach of fish from Hvaler, while fish and decapods were found most frequently at Vega.
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Ahmed, Jashim Uddin, Anisur R. Faroque, Asma Ahmed, Farzana Haque Anika, and Hasan A. Mamun. "Hvalur hf: Commercial Hunter of Whales!" Journal of Operations and Strategic Planning 3, no. 1 (June 2020): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516600x20927510.

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This case study is based on the only Icelandic commercial whaling (whale hunting) company, Hvalur hf. The majority of the meat from whale hunting is exported to Japan because consumption of whale meat is insignificant amongst the locals in Iceland. This case reflects on the challenges and controversies of Hvalur hf. It further focuses on the personality of Kristján Loftsson, CEO of Hvalur hf. Commercial whaling has been a major concern against Iceland. European Union has offered union membership to Iceland in order to stop the cruelty caused by whaling. The tourism sector of Iceland is hence at risk as whaling and whale watching coexists. Both of these are deemed to be major contributors to the economy of Iceland.
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Hu, Pingsha, Yan Meng, and Roger P. Wise. "Functional Contribution of Chorismate Synthase, Anthranilate Synthase, and Chorismate Mutase to Penetration Resistance in Barley–Powdery Mildew Interactions." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 22, no. 3 (March 2009): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-22-3-0311.

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Plant processes resulting from primary or secondary metabolism have been hypothesized to contribute to defense against microbial attack. Barley chorismate synthase (HvCS), anthranilate synthase α subunit 2 (HvASa2), and chorismate mutase 1 (HvCM1) occupy pivotal branch points downstream of the shikimate pathway leading to the synthesis of aromatic amino acids. Here, we provide functional evidence that these genes contribute to penetration resistance to Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, the causal agent of powdery mildew disease. Single-cell transient-induced gene silencing of HvCS and HvCM1 in mildew resistance locus a (Mla) compromised cells resulted in increased susceptibility. Correspondingly, overexpression of HvCS, HvASa2, and HvCM1 in lines carrying mildew resistance locus o (Mlo), a negative regulator of penetration resistance, significantly decreased susceptibility. Barley stripe mosaic virus–induced gene silencing of HvCS, HvASa2, and HvCM1 significantly increased B. graminis f. sp. hordei penetration into epidermal cells, followed by formation of haustoria and secondary hyphae. However, sporulation of B. graminis f. sp. hordei was not detected on the silenced host plants up to 3 weeks after inoculation. Taken together, these results establish a previously unrecognized role for the influence of HvCS, HvASa2, and HvCM1 on penetration resistance and on the rate of B. graminis f. sp. hordei development in Mla-mediated, barley–powdery mildew interactions.
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Yamane, Miyo, Mihoko Takenoya, Shunsuke Yajima, and Masayuki Sue. "Crystal structure of barley agmatine coumaroyltransferase, an N-acyltransferase from the BAHD superfamily." Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology Communications 76, no. 12 (November 25, 2020): 590–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053230x20014880.

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The enzymes of the BAHD superfamily, a large group of acyl-CoA-dependent acyltransferases in plants, are involved in the biosynthesis of diverse secondary metabolites. While the structures of several O-acyltransferases from the BAHD superfamily, such as hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase, have been elucidated, no structural information on N-acyltransferases is available. Hordeum vulgare agmatine coumaroyltransferase (HvACT) is an N-acyltransferase from the BAHD superfamily and is one of the most important enzymes in the secondary metabolism of barley. Here, an apo-form structure of HvACT is reported as the first structure of an N-acyltransferase from the BAHD superfamily. HvACT crystals diffracted to 1.8 Å resolution and belonged to the monoclinic space group P21, with unit-cell parameters a = 57.6, b = 59.5, c = 73.6 Å, α = 90, β = 91.3 , γ = 90°. Like other known BAHD superfamily structures, HvACT contains two domains that adopt a two-layer αβ-sandwich architecture and a solvent-exposed channel that penetrates the enzyme core.
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Šalamun, Tomaž, and Christopher Merrill. "Hvar." Grand Street, no. 68 (1999): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25008480.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "HVASCR"

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Běťák, Petr. "Modelování a návrh ESD ochran v integrovaných obvodech." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233447.

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The thesis introduces new semiconductor structures that are used as protections against Electrostatic Discharge occuring in integrated circuits. The fundamental structure for modeling and simulation has been lateral Silicon Controlled Rectifier. This SCR structure has been modificated to enable tuning of the triggering and holding voltages by changing geometrical mask dimensions. On the base of modeling and simulation the new proposed structures have been published. Also several protection structures have been designed to be manufactured and measured on a testchip. The final electrical behavior has been verified by measurement. Finally, the focus has been aided to protection circuit with bipolar transistor. This approach has been also simulated and verified by measurement. Advantages and disadvantages of the proposed protection structures are commented in the thesis.
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Qi, Lin. "Mechanical Behavior of Copper Multi-Channel Tube for HVACR Systems." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1381328798.

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Alvsvåg, Øyvind. "HVAC-systems : Modeling, simulation and control of HVAC-systems." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for teknisk kybernetikk, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-13821.

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It is of interest for companies to keep the annual operating cost of their buildings as low as possible. A substantial share of the annual operating costs are due to the large amount of energy needed for heating of the ventilated air and heating of the rooms inside the buildings. Also much of the electrical energy in the world today is created using fossil fuel or charcoal. This has an environmental aspect and the consumers of energy becomes more and more aware of this. Thus reducing the energy used by a buildings HVAC system can save the users for considerable expenditures and also has an environmental aspect.To find an estimate of the energy consumption a mathematical model representing a building and its HVAC system have been made. This model has been made up of several smaller models representing each component present in the building. These models have then been implemented in verb|Simulink| and the response of the system has been simulated for different scenarios. From these simulations the energy consumption has been extracted and compared to each other. Thus the amount of energy saved for each scenario has been found. The models include two type of controllers to see whether or not the choice of controller design affects the energy efficiency of the system. These two controller designs are the PID controller and the MPC control scheme. Also a discretized and simplified model of the building to be used together with the MPC controller has been found using system identification. In addition to this a Kalman filter that estimates unknown states and filter out disturbances are included in the MPC control scheme.The results from the simulations using a PID controller indicates a possible annual saving of substantial amounts. Thus this report shows that the annual energy consumption in a building can be greatly reduced by introducing simple and relatively cheap modifications to the HVAC system. The results from the simulations using the MPC scheme indicates that even more energy can be saved using this advanced control scheme. However, in order to verify this the MPC controller needs to be fine tuned and several more experiments needs to be reviewed.
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Jung, Wooyoung. "Decentralized HVAC Operations: Novel Sensing Technologies and Control for Human-Aware HVAC Operations." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/97600.

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Advances in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) paved the way for decentralized Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) HVAC operations. It has been envisioned that development of personal thermal comfort profiles leads to accurate predictions of each occupant's thermal comfort state and such information is employed in context-aware HVAC operations for energy efficiency. This dissertation has three key contributions in realizing this envisioned HVAC operation. First, it presents a systematic review of research trends and developments in context-aware HVAC operations. Second, it contributes to expanding the feasibility of the envisioned HVAC operation by introducing novel sensing technologies. Third, it contributes to shedding light on viability and potentials of comfort-aware operations (i.e., integrating personal thermal comfort models into HVAC control logic) through a comprehensive assessment of energy efficiency implications. In the first contribution, by developing a taxonomy, two major modalities – occupancy-driven and comfort-aware operations – in Human-In-The-Loop (HITL) HVAC operations were identified and reviewed quantitatively and qualitatively. The synthesis of previous studies has indicated that field evaluations of occupancy-driven operations showed lower potentials in energy saving, compared to the ones with comfort-aware operations. However, the results in comfort-aware operations could be biased given the small number of explorations. Moreover, required data representation schema have been presented to foster constructive performance assessments across different research efforts. In the end, the current state of research and future directions of HITL HVAC operations were discussed to shed light on future research need. As the second contribution, moving toward expanding the feasibility of comfort-aware operations, novel and smart sensing solutions have been introduced. It has been noted that, in order to have high accuracy in predicting individual's thermal comfort state (≥90%), user physiological response data play a key part. However, the limited number of applicable sensing technologies (e.g., infrared cameras) has impeded the potentials of implementation. After defining required characteristics in physiological sensing solutions in context of comfort-aware operations (applicability, sensitivity, ubiquity, and non-intrusiveness), the potentials of RGB cameras, Doppler radar sensors, and heat flux sensors were evaluated. RGB cameras, available in many smart computing devices, could be a ubiquitous solution in quantifying thermoregulation states. Leveraging the mechanism of skin blood perfusion, two thermoregulation state quantification methods have been developed. Then, applicability and sensitivity were checked with two experimental studies. In the first experimental study aiming to see applicability (distinguishing between 20 and 30C with fully acclimated human bodies), for 16 out of 18 human subjects, an increase in their blood perfusion was observed. In the second experimental study aiming to evaluate sensitivity (distinguishing responses to a continuous variation of air temperature from 20 to 30C), 10 out of 15 subjects showed a positive correlation between blood perfusion and thermal sensations. Also, the superiority of heat flux data, compared to skin temperature data, has been demonstrated in predicting personal thermal comfort states through the developments of machine-learning-based prediction models with feature engineering. Specifically, with random forest classifier, the median value of prediction accuracy was improved by 3.8%. Lastly, Doppler radar sensors were evaluated for their capability of quantifying user thermoregulation states leveraging the periodic movement of the chest/abdomen area induced by respiration. In an experimental study, the results showed that, with sufficient acclimation time, the DRS-based approach could show distinction between respiration states for two distinct air temperatures (20 and 30C). On the other hand, in a transient temperature without acclimation time, it was shown that, some of the human subjects (38.9%) used respiration as an active means of heat exchange for thermoregulation. Lastly, a comprehensive evaluation of comfort-aware operations' performance was carried out with a diverse set of contextual and operational factors. First, a novel comfort-aware operation strategy was introduced to leverage personal sensitivity to thermal comfort (i.e., different responses to temperature changes; e.g., sensitive to being cold) in optimization. By developing an agent-based simulation framework and thorough diverse scenarios with different numbers and combinations of occupants (i.e., human agents in the simulation), it was shown that this approach is superior in generating collectively satisfying environments against other approaches focusing on individual preferred temperatures in selection of optimized setpoints. The energy implications of comfort-aware operations were also evaluated to understand the impact from a wide range of factors (e.g., human and building factors) and their combinatorial effect given the uncertainty of multioccupancy scenarios. The results demonstrated that characteristics of occupants' thermal comfort profiles are dominant in impacting the energy use patterns, followed by the number of occupants, and the operational strategies. In addition, when it comes to energy efficiency, more occupants in a thermal zone/building result in reducing the efficacy of comfort-driven operation (i.e., the integration of personal thermal comfort profiles). Hence, this study provided a better understanding of true viability of comfort-driven HVAC operations and provided the probabilistic bounds of energy saving potentials. These series of studies have been presented as seven journal articles and they are included in this dissertation.
Doctor of Philosophy
With vision of a smart built environment, capable of understanding the contextual dynamics of built environment and adaptively adjusting its operation, this dissertation contributes to context-aware/decentralized HVAC operations. Three key contributions in realization of this goal include: (1) a systematic review of research trends and developments in the last decade, (2) enhancing the feasibility of quantifying personal thermal comfort by presenting novel sensing solutions, and (3) a comprehensive assessment of energy efficiency implications from comfort-aware HVAC operations with the use of personal comfort models. Starting from identifying two major modalities of context-aware HVAC operations, occupancy-driven and comfort-aware, the first part of this dissertation presents a quantitative and qualitative review and synthesis of the developments, trends, and remaining research questions in each modality. Field evaluation studies using occupancy-driven operations have shown median energy savings between 6% and 15% depending on the control approach. On the other hand, the comfort-aware HVAC operations have shown 20% energy savings, which were mainly derived from small-scale test beds in similar climate regions. From a qualitative technology development standpoint, the maturity of occupancy-driven technologies for field deployment could be interpreted to be higher than comfort-aware technologies while the latter has shown higher potentials. Moreover, by learning from the need for comparing different methods of operations, required data schemas have been proposed to foster better benchmarking and effective performance assessment across studies. The second part of this dissertation contributes to the cornerstone of comfort-aware operations by introducing novel physiological sensing solutions. Previous studies demonstrated that, in predicting individual's thermal comfort states, using physiological data in model development plays a key role in increasing accuracy (>90%). However, available sensing technologies in this context have been limited. Hence, after identifying essential characteristics for sensing solutions (applicability, sensitivity, ubiquity, and non-intrusiveness), the potentials of RGB cameras, heat flux sensors, and Doppler radar sensors were evaluated. RGB cameras, available in many smart devices, could be programmed to measure the level of blood flow to skin, regulated by the human thermoregulation mechanism. Accordingly, two thermoregulation states' quantification methods by using RGB video images have been developed and assessed under two experimental studies: (i) capturing subjects' facial videos in two opposite temperatures with sufficient acclimation time (20 and 30C), and (ii) capturing facial videos when subjects changed their thermal sensations in a continuous variation of air temperature from 20 to 30C. Promising results were observed in both situations. The first study had subjects and 16 of them showed an increasing trend in blood flow to skin. In the second study, posing more challenges due to insufficient acclimation time, 10 subjects had a positive correlation between the level of blood flow to skin with thermal sensation. With the assumption that heat flux sensing will be a better reflection of thermoregulation sates, a machine learning framework was developed and tested. The use of heat flux sensing showed an accuracy of 97% with an almost 4% improvement compared to skin temperature. Lastly, Doppler radar sensors were evaluated for their capability of quantifying thermoregulation states by detecting changes in breathing patterns. In an experimental study, the results showed that, with sufficient acclimation time, the DRS-based approach could show distinction between respiration states for two distinct air temperatures (20 and 30C). However, using a transient temperature was proven to be more challenging. It was noted that for some of the human subjects (38.9%), respiration was detected as an active means of heat exchange. It was concluded that specialized artifact removal algorithms might help improve the detection rate. The third component of the dissertation contributed by studying the performance of comfort-driven operations (i.e., using personal comfort preferences for HVAC operations) under a diverse set of contextual and operational factors. Diverse scenarios for interaction between occupants and building systems were evaluated by using different numbers and combinations of occupants, and it was demonstrated that an approach of addressing individual's thermal comfort sensitivity (personal thermal-comfort-related responses to temperature changes) outperforms other approaches solely focusing on individual preferred temperatures. The energy efficiency implications of comfort-driven operations were then evaluated by accounting for the impact of human and building factors (e.g., number of thermal zones) and their combinations. The results showed that characteristics of occupants' thermal comfort profiles are dominant in driving the energy use patterns, followed by the number of occupants, and operational strategies. As one of the main outcomes of this study, the energy saving and efficiency (energy use for comfort improvement) potentials and probabilistic bounds of comfort-driven operations were identified. It was shown that keeping the number of occupants low (under 6) in a thermal zone/building, boosts the energy saving potentials of comfort-driven operations. These series of studies have been presented as seven journal articles, included in this dissertation.
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Dil, Anton J. "Markov modelling of HVAC systems." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1993. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7301.

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Dynamic simulations have been successfully applied to the modelling of building heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) plant operation. These simulations are generally driven using time-series data as input. Whilst time-series simulations are effective, they tend to be expensive in terms of computer execution time. A possible method for reducing simulation time is to develop a probabilistic picture of the model, by characterising the model as being in one of several states. By determining the probability for being in each model state, predictions of long-term values of quantities of interest can then be obtained using ensemble averages. This study aims to investigate the applicability of the Markov modelling method for the above stated purpose in the simulation of HVAC systems. In addition, the questions of the degree of accuracy which can be expected, and the amount of time-savings which are possible are investigated. The investigation has found that the Markov modelling technique can be successfully applied to simulations of HVAC systems, but that assumptions commonly made concerning the independence of driving variables may often not be appropriate. An alternative approach to implementing the Markov method, taking into Z): account dependencies between driving variables is suggested, but requires further development to be fully effective. The accuracy of results has been found to be related to the sizes of the partial derivatives of the calculated quantity with respect to each of the variables on which it depends, the sizes of the variables' ranges, and the number of states assigned to each variable in developing the probabilistic picture of the model's state. A deterministic error bound for results from Markov simulations is also developed, based on these findings.
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Raine, Andrew. "Improved HVAC energy throughput system." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2015. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/29624/.

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Currently heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are difficult and costly to monitor for energy efficiency performance and reliability. As buildings evolve, they will require higher levels of insulation and air tightness which will require ventilation systems to provide the minimum number of air changes and reduced energy usage by recovering heat from the air before it is expelled. This will necessitate the need for monitoring of the operating performance of these systems so that air quality or building energy efficiency is not detrimentally affected. A typical duct airflow monitoring device uses a pressure differential method to determine the airflow rate but they are fragile, expensive and create an additional pressure loss. The monitoring of airflow rates can indicate problems in the design, installation and operation of a HVAC system. One of the possible alternatives to using pressure differential type devices such as Pitot tube/arrays, orifice plates and Venturis is to use an ultrasonic flow rate sensor, but historically their high cost has restricted their use in HVAC systems. This project has looked at improving on existing measuring systems by developing an ultrasonic in-duct flowmeter system to measure the mean airflow, temperature and humidity of a ventilation duct so that a comparative energy level can be accurately deduced. A proof of concept in-duct ultrasonic airflow monitoring device has been developed and has obtained results within ±3.5% RMS of a Venturi airflow measuring device. Matlab code for a Monte Carlo acoustic ray/particle tracing ultrasonic flowmeter simulation has been developed to study the effects of non-ideal installation scenarios. The fully developed centreline computational fluid dynamics (CFD) mean flow velocity to duct total mean flow velocity error can be up to 13%. Analysis of the CFD data for various duct scenarios has shown that this could be reduced to below 5% by using a transducer offset of approximately ±0.25 duct diameters or widths from the centreline at distances as close as one duct hydraulic diameter from an upstream disturbance, such as caused by a bend.
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Abedi, Milad. "Directional Airflow for HVAC Systems." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/88524.

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Directional airflow has been utilized to enable targeted air conditioning in cars and airplanes for many years, where the occupants could adjust the direction of flow. In the building sector however, HVAC systems are usually equipped with stationary diffusors that can only supply the air either in the form of diffusion or with fixed direction to the room in which they have been installed. In the present thesis, the possibility of adopting directional airflow in lieu of the conventional uniform diffusors has been investigated. The potential benefits of such a modification in control capabilities of the HVAC system in terms of improvements in the overall occupant thermal comfort and energy consumption of the HVAC system have been investigated via a simulation study and an experimental study. In the simulation study, an average of 59% per cycle reduction was achieved in the energy consumption. The reduction in the required duration of airflow (proportional to energy consumption) in the experimental study was 64% per cycle. The feasibility of autonomous control of the directional airflow, has been studied in a simulation experiment by utilizing the Reinforcement Learning algorithm which is an artificial intelligence approach that facilitates autonomous control in unknown environments. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of enabling the existing HVAC systems to control the direction of airflow, a device (called active diffusor) was designed and prototyped. The active diffusor successfully replaced the existing uniform diffusor and was able to effectively target the occupant positions by accurately directing the airflow jet to the desired positions.
M.S.
The notion of adjustable direction of airflow has been used in the car industry and airplanes for decades, enabling the users to manually adjust the direction of airflow to their satisfaction. However, in the building the introduction of the incoming airflow to the environment of the room is achieved either by non-adjustable uniform diffusors, aiming to condition the air in the environment in a homogeneous manner. In the present thesis, the possibility of adopting directional airflow in place of the conventional uniform diffusors has been investigated. The potential benefits of such a modification in control capabilities of the HVAC system in terms of improvements in the overall occupant thermal comfort and energy consumption of the HVAC system have been investigated via a simulation study and an experimental study. In the simulation study, an average of 59% per cycle reduction was achieved in the energy consumption. The reduction in the required duration of airflow (proportional to energy consumption) in the experimental study was 64% per cycle on average. The feasibility of autonomous control of the directional airflow, has been studied in a simulation experiment by utilizing the Reinforcement Learning algorithm which is an artificial intelligence approach that facilitates autonomous control in unknown environments. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of enabling the existing HVAC systems to control the direction of airflow, a device (called active diffusor) was designed and prototyped. The active diffusor successfully replaced the existing uniform diffusor and was able to effectively target the occupant positions by accurately directing the airflow jet to the desired positions.
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Johnsson, Joel. "Skärmförluster i HVAC-Kabel : En utredning om kabelkonstruktionens inverkan på skärmförlusterna i trefas HVAC-kablar." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för fysik och elektroteknik (IFE), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-76151.

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Rapporten behandlar simuleringar, beräkningar och mätningar av HVAC-kablar. En genomgång presenteras av kabelteori samt de olika magnetiska och elektriska effekterna som påverkar skärmströmmarnas storlek.
This report comprises simulations, calculations and measurements of HVAC cables. An introduction to cable theory and a review of the different magnetic and electric effects that has an impact on the amplitude of the screen currents in these cables.
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Petersson, Fredrik, and Martin Karlsson. "Kondenserat Vatten : HVAC-systemets outnyttjade resurs." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Sjöfartshögskolan, SJÖ, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-19040.

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Det är sedan tidigare allmänt känt att när temperaturen sänks på luft med en hög luftfuktighet så fälls det ut kondenserat vatten som en restprodukt. Ombord på stora kryssningsfartyg med många passagerare så är behovet av att kyla luften stort på grund av att passagerarna vill ha en behaglig inomhusmiljö, vilket leder till att det i fartygens stora luftkonditioneringsanläggningar bildas mycket vatten när luft kyls. Den här studien syftar till att undersöka om det går att ta tillvara på det vatten som bildas som en restprodukt i luftkonditioneringsanläggningarna. För att ta reda på om kvalitén och kvantiteten var tillräcklig för att det skulle gå att använda vattnet ur en luftkonditioneringsanläggning så togs ett vattenprov från en luftavfuktare. Detta vattenprov analyserades av ett utav Livsmedelverket ackrediterat laboratorium. För att undersöka hur mycket vatten som bildas, kontaktades en stor leverantör av luftkonditioneringsanläggningar för beräkningsunderlag på ett stort kryssningsfartyg. Övrig information har inhämtats genom litteraturstudier och intervjuer. Studien visar på att det är möjligt att använda kondenserat vatten ifrån luftkonditioneringsanläggningar till dricksvatten och tekniskt vatten. I vissa fall motsvarade vattenproduktionen 10-15 % av det totala vattenbehovet ombord på ett stort kryssningsfartyg. Dock visar också studien på att vattnet måste genomgå olika behandlingar innan det går att använda som dricksvatten alternativt tekniskt vatten.
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Scotton, Francesco. "Modeling and Identification for HVAC Systems." Thesis, KTH, Reglerteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-101439.

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Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems consist of all the equipment that control the conditions and distribution of indoor air. Indoor air must be confortable and healthy for the occupants to maximize their productivity. Moreover, HVAC energy consumption is between 20% and 40% of the total energy consumption in developed countries and accounts around 33% of the global CO 2emissions. So the study of HVAC systems plays an important role in building science. The aim of this project is to identify mathematical models that will be employed by intelligent control algorithms which guarantee human comfort indoors, energy saving and less CO 2emissions at the same time. Three models, based on first-principle physical knowledge, are proposed for CO 2concentration, temperature and humidity, respectively, for a room in the Q-building at KTH. Thermodynamic equations and an original estimation of the number of the occupiers of the room are employed. Validation shows that models have really good performances, even with a short training dataset. Discussions on the obtained results are given and some ideas for future work are proposed.
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Books on the topic "HVASCR"

1

Hohman, John. HVACR 301. Clifton Park, NY: Cengage Learning, 2009.

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Air Conditioning Contractors of America., PHCC Educational Foundation, and Refrigeration Service Engineers Society, eds. HVACR 101. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning, 2009.

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David, Skaves, ed. Fundamentals of HVACR. 2nd ed. Columbus, Ohio: Prentice Hall, 2013.

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Dow, Lesley. Hvaler. [Copenhagen?]: Klematis, 1993.

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Jazwin, Richard. Troubleshooting & servicing HVACR electrical systems. Mount Prospect, Ill: Esco, 2001.

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Jazwin, Richard. Troubleshooting & servicing HVACR electrical systems. Mount Prospect, Ill: Esco, 2001.

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Hvaler: En samtidshistorie, 1945-2000. Oslo: Aschehoug, 2010.

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Lewis, Clark C. Thermal energy storage: A guide for commercial HVACR contractors. Arlington, VA: ACCA, 2005.

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Tomczyk, John. Refrigerant transition and recovery certification: Program manual for HVACR technicians. 5th ed. Albany, NY: Delmar/Thomson Learning, 2001.

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Sugarman, Samuel C. HVAC fundementals. 2nd ed. Lilburn, GA: Fairmont Press, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "HVASCR"

1

Hess-Kosa, Kathleen. "HVAC Systems." In Indoor Air Quality, 291–310. Third edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, 2019.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315098180-17.

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Khazaii, Javad. "HVAC Systems." In Energy-Efficient HVAC Design, 61–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11047-9_8.

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Brackney, Larry, Andrew Parker, Daniel Macumber, and Kyle Benne. "Advanced HVAC Topics." In Building Energy Modeling with OpenStudio, 127–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77809-9_5.

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Petrecca, Giovanni. "Facilities—HVAC Systems." In Industrial Energy Management: Principles and Applications, 271–94. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3160-9_13.

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Beausoleil-Morrison, Ian. "HVAC distribution systems." In Fundamentals of Building Performance Simulation, 281–304. New York : Routledge, 2020. I Includes bibliographical references and index.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003055273-21.

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Petrecca, Giovanni. "Facilities-HVAC Systems." In Energy Conversion and Management, 221–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06560-1_13.

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Falk, Howard. "HVAC Design Packages." In Microcomputer Software for Civil Engineers, 1–22. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6584-6_1.

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"Hvar Channel (Hvar Strait, Hvar Kanal)." In The Adriatic Sea Encyclopedia, 160. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50032-0_236.

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"Hvar Island (Hvar Otok)." In The Adriatic Sea Encyclopedia, 160. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50032-0_237.

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"Hvar." In The Adriatic Sea Encyclopedia, 159. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50032-0_235.

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Conference papers on the topic "HVASCR"

1

Legner, H., E. Lo, M. Miller, and W. Reinecke. "HVASC - HyperVelocity AeroStructural Code." In 36th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1998-582.

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Ciconkov, Risto. "Climate Change and HVACR Systems." In 50th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition. SMEITS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/kghk.019.50.1.245.

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Indicators at a global level are presented: population in the world today and forecasts for developed and developing countries. The following diagrams are presented: world total primary energy consumption, global CO2 emissions from combustion since 1971, as well as cumulative CO2 emissions by regions since 1750. Facts for climate change are included (according to WMO and IPCC): increase in GHG concentrations, increase in air temperature, rise in sea level, etc. The consequences of global warming are listed: extreme rainfall and floods; high temperatures – heat waves, droughts, wildfires; huge damage to agriculture; harmful impacts on the environment, etc. The IPCC provides several scenarios for a global rise of air temperature up to 2100, for a global rise of sea level etc. The activities of the international community on climate change are organized through: IPCC, UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement and continuous negotiations. The European Union (EU) is probably the most advanced in the battle against climate change. Some important strategies are outlined: by 2020, by 2030, and by 2050. Heating, air-conditioning and refrigeration systems (HVACR) are connected with energy consumption, which means they are a source of GHG emissions. The situation with HVACR systems is such that even in EU countries, the fossil fuels are dominant in the heating systems. Future solutions for HVACR systems are described. The first step is to increase the energy efficiency of buildings and HVACR equipment. The concept of "nearly zero-energy buildings" should be worked on. HVACR systems should be based on renewable energy sources (RES). The considered solutions include heat pumps, solar panels, thermal storage, district heating, combined heat and power, condensing boilers, reversible air conditioners, the concept of "smart" buildings, automation of HVACR systems with digital technology, etc. The political, economic and social aspects of climate change are analyzed. Capitalism society, market economy, profit, is the main reason for today's climate change situation. On the end, there is a discussion highlighting the need for urgent and major investment in RES and energy efficiency. For rich countries, this is really achievable. But developing countries, representing 83% of the world's population, need financial assistance, and this needs to be regulated through the Paris Agreement. Obstacles of a political nature are also possible (US and Paris Agreement).
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Baskin, Evelyn. "Field Evaluation of Hotel/Motel Through-the-Wall HVAC Systems Supervisory Controller." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33340.

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Several potential energy-savings devices are available for through-the-wall HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning) systems but independent test data quantifying their savings are sparse. This field evaluation and demonstration study quantifies the potential energy savings and assesses the impacts on occupants and staff of using a supervisory HVAC controller in the lodging industry. The supervisory controller operates according to the occupancy status of each room in a hotel or motel. The controller is a plug-in device installed between a wall outlet and the room HVAC unit. Preliminary tests in laboratory simulated environmental conditions suggest that energy savings ranging from 50% to 80% are possible in unoccupied lodging rooms employing the controller (Fisher, 1999). The field study objective was to quantify and verify these estimates and to identify impacts on occupant comfort. The controller was developed as a tool for reducing energy consumption and lowering operating costs in the lodging industry. This paper describes results from a field evaluation of the performance of a supervisory HVAC controller. During the test period, the uncontrolled rooms HVAC energy consumption averaged 2632.2 kWh monthly while the controlled rooms HVACs consume an averaged 1684.6 kWh, which equates to the uncontrolled rooms HVAC consuming an averaged of 947.6 kWh (56.3%) more energy than the units in the controlled room monthly. Due to intermittent inoperability of the controllers and other energy loads (controllers controlled approximately 50% of the hotel’s conditioned space), comparison analysis of the energy cost over a three-year period for the entire hotel does not reveal any discrete savings during the test period over prior years.
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Mehendale, Sunil. "The Impact of Fin Deformation on Condensation Heat Transfer Coefficients in Internally Grooved Tubes." In ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2013-17111.

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In HVACR equipment, internally enhanced round tube (microfin) designs such as axial, cross-grooved, helical, and herringbone are commonly used to enhance the boiling and condensing performance of evaporators, condensers, and heat pumps. Typically, such tubes are mechanically expanded by a mandrel into a fin pack to create an interference fit between the tube outside surface and the fin collar to minimize the thermal contact resistance between tube and fin. However, during this expansion process, the internal enhancements undergo varying amounts of deformation, which degrades the in-tube thermal performance. Extensive data on condensing heat transfer coefficients in microfin tubes have been reported in the open literature. However, researchers have seldom used expanded tubes to acquire and report such data. Hence, it is always questionable to use such pristine tube data for designing heat exchangers and HVACR systems. Furthermore, the HVACR industry has been experiencing steeply rising copper costs, and this trend is expected to continue in coming years. So, many equipment manufacturers and suppliers are actively converting tubes from copper to aluminum. However, because of appreciable differences between the material properties of aluminum and copper, as well as other manufacturing variables, such as mandrel dimensions, lubricant used, etc., tube expansion typically deforms aluminum fins more than copper fins. Based on an analysis of the surface area changes arising from tube expansion, and an assessment of the best extant in-tube condensation heat transfer correlations, this work proposes a method of estimating the impact of tube expansion on in-tube condensation heat transfer. The analysis leads to certain interesting and useful findings correlating fin geometry and in-tube condensation thermal resistance. This method can then be applied to more realistically design HVACR heat exchangers and systems.
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Tabunshchikov, Iurii, and Marianna Brodach. "Green Standard for Evaluating Football Stadiums for the 2018 FIFA World Cup." In 48th International HVAC&R Congress. Union of Mechanical and Electrotechnical Engineers and Technicians of Serbia (SMEITS), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/kghk.017.48.1.11.

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Kaced, Yazid, Stéphane Le Masson, David Nörtershäuser, and Patic Glouannec. "Experimental and Numerical Study of Indirect Free Cooling in an Exothermic Building." In 48th International HVAC&R Congress. Union of Mechanical and Electrotechnical Engineers and Technicians of Serbia (SMEITS), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/kghk.017.48.1.133.

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Bajc, Tamara, and Maja Todorović. "Thermal Comfort in University Buildings – Differences Between Measured Values and Occupants’ Subjective Evaluation." In 48th International HVAC&R Congress. Union of Mechanical and Electrotechnical Engineers and Technicians of Serbia (SMEITS), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/kghk.017.48.1.217.

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Komarov, Aleksandar, Nikola Jovanović, and Dušica Dragojlović. "Fan Coil Energy Efficiency Improvement and Noise Level Reduction." In 48th International HVAC&R Congress. Union of Mechanical and Electrotechnical Engineers and Technicians of Serbia (SMEITS), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/kghk.017.48.1.247.

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Harmathy, Norbert, and Zoltan Magyar. "Energy Performance Simulation for a Residential Building." In 48th International HVAC&R Congress. Union of Mechanical and Electrotechnical Engineers and Technicians of Serbia (SMEITS), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/kghk.017.48.1.255.

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Miloradović, Nenad. "About the Optimal Orientation of the Building." In 48th International HVAC&R Congress. Union of Mechanical and Electrotechnical Engineers and Technicians of Serbia (SMEITS), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/kghk.017.48.1.281.

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Reports on the topic "HVASCR"

1

Flynn, Charles Joseph. Higher Efficiency HVAC Motors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1420309.

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Maranville, Clay. Ford Thermoelectric HVAC Project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1607865.

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Poerschke, Andrew. Multizone Residential HVAC Modeling. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1726031.

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Burdick, Arlan. Strategy Guideline: HVAC Equipment Sizing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1036047.

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Burdick, Arlan. Strategy Guideline. HVAC Equipment Sizing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1219527.

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Wang, Shixiao, Herman Wiegman, Wilson Wu, John Down, Luana Iorio, Asha Devarajan, Jing Wang, et al. VARIABLE SPEED INTEGRATED INTELLIGENT HVAC BLOWER. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/793307.

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Whalen, Scott A., and Charles D. Corbin. Advanced HVAC System for Smart Grid. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1373021.

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Herman Wiegman, Charlie Stephens, Xiaoyue Liu, Ralph Carl, Sunny Zhuang, Paul Szczesny, and Kamron Wright. VARIABLE SPEED INTEGRATED INTELLIGENT HVAC BLOWER. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/835010.

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Stormshak, F., and J. Thompson. Joint HVAC transmission EMF environmental study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7278523.

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M.M. Ansari. SURFACE INDUSTRIAL HVAC SYSTEM DESCRIPTION DOCUMENT. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/861924.

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