Academic literature on the topic 'Hybrid CLT'
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Journal articles on the topic "Hybrid CLT"
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MARKÓ, Gábor, László BEJÓ, and Péter TAKÁTS. "The applicability of I-214 hybrid poplar as Cross-Laminated Timber raw material." Wood Science = Faipar 63, no. 2 (2015): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14602/woodsci.2015.2.42.
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<p class="p1">A többrétegű keresztirányú ragasztott tömörfa szerkezeti panel (CLT) a könnyűszerkezetes építés viszonylag új alapanyaga, mely hazánkban még nem elterjedt. Elterjedését segítené, ha ezt az építőelemet hazai alapanyagokból is gyártani lehetne. Kutatásunk célja a CLT elemek hazai nemesnyár alapanyagból való gyárthatóságának vizsgálata volt. Ennek érdekében egy háromrétegű panel gyártására és hajlítóvizsgálatára került sor, olasz nyár alapanyagból, poliuretán ragasztóanyaggal. A vizsgálati eredmények azt mutatják, hogy az olasz nyár CLT szilárdsági tulajdonságai megfelelőek az alacsonyabb szilárdsági kategóriájú fenyő faanyagnak, azonban a rugalmassági modulusz értékei elmaradnak a kívánalmaktól. A nyár alapanyag alkalmas lehet CLT gyártásra, de csak a lamellák előzetes roncsolásmentes minősítésével, és a jobb anyagok kiválogatásával, vagy másodlagos nyersanyagként a fenyő faanyag mellett.</p>
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Lu, Weidong, Jiahui Gu, and Bibo Wang. "Study on Flexural Behavior of Cross-Laminated Timber Based on Different Tree Species." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (October 13, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1728258.
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The flexural behavior of CLT panels was experimentally studied. The effects of number of layers, thickness and wood combination on the failure modes, ultimate bearing capacity, stiffness, and ductility of the specimen were analyzed. The test results showed that the flexural strength of the hybrid CLT specimens was basically unchanged, but the stiffness increased by 8% to 22% compared with the CLT specimens of all poplar wood. Compared with the CLT of the whole Douglas fir, the failure mode of the hybrid specimens changes from brittle shear failure to ductile bending failure. Furthermore, the calculation formula of the bending bearing capacity under various failure modes was proposed. The analytical results agreed well with the test results.
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Bezabeh, Matiyas A., Solomon Tesfamariam, Siegfried F. Stiemer, Marjan Popovski, and Erol Karacabeyli. "Direct Displacement-Based Design of a Novel Hybrid Structure: Steel Moment-Resisting Frames with Cross-Laminated Timber Infill Walls." Earthquake Spectra 32, no. 3 (2016): 1565–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/101514eqs159m.
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This study proposes an iterative direct displacement based design method for a novel steel-timber hybrid structure. The hybrid structure incorporates cross-laminated timber (CLT) shear panels as an infill in steel moment-resisting frames. The proposed design method is applied to design three-, six-, and nine-story hybrid buildings, each with three bays and a CLT-infilled middle bay. Nonlinear time history analysis, using 20 earthquake ground motion records, is carried out to validate the performance of the design method. The results indicate that the proposed method effectively controls the displacements due to seismic excitation of the hybrid structure.
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Rahman, MD Tanvir, Mahmud Ashraf, Kazem Ghabraie, and Mahbube Subhani. "Evaluating Timoshenko Method for Analyzing CLT under Out-of-Plane Loading." Buildings 10, no. 10 (2020): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10100184.
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Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is an engineered wood product made up of layers of structurally graded timber, where subsequent layers are oriented orthogonally to each other. In CLT, the layers oriented in transverse direction, generally termed as cross-layer, are subjected to shear in radial–tangential plane, which is commonly known as rolling shear. As the shear modulus of cross-layers is significantly lower than that in other planes, CLT exhibits higher shear deformation under out-of-plane loading in contrast to other engineered wood products such as laminated veneer lumber (LVL) and glue laminated timber (GLT). Several analytical methods such as Timoshenko, modified gamma and shear analogy methods were proposed to account for this excessive shear deformation in CLT. This paper focuses on the effectiveness of Timoshenko method in hybrid CLT, in which hardwood cross-layers are used due to their higher rolling shear modulus. A comprehensive numerical study was conducted and obtained results were carefully analyzed for a range of hybrid combinations. It was observed that Timoshenko method could not accurately predict the shear response of CLTs with hardwood cross layers. Comprehensive parametric analysis was conducted to generate reliable numerical results, which were subsequently used to propose modified design equations for hybrid CLTs.
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Vogiatzis, Tzanetis, Themistoklis Tsalkatidis, and Aris Avdelas. "Steel framed structures with cross laminated timber infill shear walls and semi-rigid connections." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 8, no. 4 (2019): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v8i4.29742.
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In recent years, hybrid steel-timber structures are seeing an increasing use in modern building construction at a competitive price. Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a prefabricated multi-layer engineered panel wood product, manufactured by gluing layers of solid-sawn lumber at perpendicular angles. Their orientation results in excellent structural rigidity in both orthogonal directions. CLT construction materials are used not only for flooring systems and roof assemblies, but CLT infill shear walls are also gaining a lot of interest as a promising alternative for sustainable primary lateral load resistance systems. This paper extends the current research background on hybrid steel-timber structures. To achieve that, this work is conducted in such way as to explore the potentiality of incorporating CLT infill shear walls within steel framed structures with semi-rigid connections (STSW). In particular, a three-dimensional finite element model using the general-purpose finite ele-ment program ANSYS is generated herein to study the mechanical behaviour of a single-bay, two storey STSW system with semi-rigid connections. Analytical results show that the presence of CLT infill shear walls can significantly improve the performance of moment-resisting frame systems, for multi-storey buildings. Moreover, it is observed from the extended parametrical study that the STSW systems show better performance when an appropriate plastic moment ratio index is defined.
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Rajčić, Vlatka, Nikola Perković, Chiara Bedon, Jure Barbalić, and Roko Žarnić. "Thermal and Energy-Efficiency Assessment of Hybrid CLT–glass Façade Elements." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9 (2020): 3071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093071.
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Façade elements are a building component that satisfies multiple performance parameters. Among other things, “advanced façades” take advantage of hybrid solutions, such as assembling laminated materials. In addition to the enhanced mechanical properties that are typical of optimally composed hybrid structural components, these systems are energy-efficient, durable, and offer lighting comfort and optimal thermal performance, an example of which is the structural solution developed in collaboration with the University of Zagreb and the University of Ljubljana within the Croatian Science Foundation VETROLIGNUM project. The design concept involves the mechanical interaction of timber and glass load-bearing members without sealing or bonding the glass-to-timber surfaces. Following earlier research efforts devoted to the structural analysis and optimization of thus-assembled hybrid Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)-glass façade elements, in this paper, special focus is given to a thermal and energy performance investigation under ordinary operational conditions. A simplified numerical model representative of a full-size building is first presented by taking advantage of continuous ambient records from a Live-Lab mock-up facility in Zagreb. Afterwards, a more detailed Finite Element (FE) numerical analysis is carried out at the component level to further explore the potential of CLT–glass façade elements. The collected numerical results show that CLT–glass composite panels can offer stable and promising thermal performance for façades similar to national and European standard requirements.
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Roncari, Andrea, Filippo Gobbi, and Cristiano Loss. "Nonlinear Static Seismic Response of a Building Equipped with Hybrid Cross-Laminated Timber Floor Diaphragms and Concentric X-Braced Steel Frames." Buildings 11, no. 1 (2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11010009.
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Simplified seismic design procedures mostly recommend the adoption of rigid floor diaphragms when forming a building’s lateral force-resisting structural system. While rigid behavior is compatible with many reinforced concrete or composite steel-concrete floor systems, the intrinsic stiffness properties of wood and ductile timber connections of timber floor slabs typically make reaching a such comparable in-plane response difficult. Codes or standards in North America widely cover wood-frame construction, with provisions given for both rigid and flexible floor diaphragms designs. Instead, research is ongoing for emerging cross-laminated-timber (CLT) and hybrid CLT-based technologies, with seismic design codification still currently limited. This paper deals with a steel-CLT-based hybrid structure built by assembling braced steel frames with CLT-steel composite floors. Preliminary investigation on the performance of a 3-story building under seismic loads is presented, with particular attention to the influence of in-plane timber diaphragms flexibility on the force distribution and lateral deformation at each story. The building complies with the Italian Building Code damage limit state and ultimate limit state design requirements by considering a moderate seismic hazard scenario. Nonlinear static analyses are performed adopting a finite-element model calibrated based on experimental data. The CLT-steel composite floor in-plane deformability shows mitigated effects on the load distribution into the bracing systems compared to the ideal rigid behavior. On the other hand, the lateral deformation always rises at least 17% and 21% on average, independently of the story and load distribution along the building’s height.
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Li, Qiao, Zhiqiang Wang, Zhijun Liang, Long Li, Meng Gong, and Jianhui Zhou. "Shear properties of hybrid CLT fabricated with lumber and OSB." Construction and Building Materials 261 (November 2020): 120504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120504.
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Hematabadi, Hojat, Mehrab Madhoushi, Abolghasem Khazaeian, and Ghanbar Ebrahimi. "Structural performance of hybrid Poplar-Beech cross-laminated-timber (CLT)." Journal of Building Engineering 44 (December 2021): 102959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102959.
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Khajehpour, Mehdi, Yuxin Pan, and Thomas Tannert. "Seismic Analysis of Hybrid Steel Moment Frame CLT Shear Walls Structures." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 35, no. 5 (2021): 04021059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0001633.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Hybrid CLT"
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Harmachova, Karolina. "Vibration performance of hybrid steel-CLT floors." Thesis, KTH, Byggnadsmaterial, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-192475.
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In the light of today’s effort to achieve sustainable future of the planet, timber as building material makes a comeback on the construction market. Since the requirements on the buildings and the internal comfort increase, there is a need for finding new solutions and products; one of them is cross-laminated timber (CLT), which has the potential to be used for high-rise buildings due to its mechanical properties. The aim of this work was to study the vibration performance of CLT floors as it is often the governing factor in design of CLT structures unlike for other common building materials. The orthotropic mechanical properties of CLT were determined by the shear analogy method and verified with a finite element (FE) model of a simply supported beam compared to hand calculations of shear forces, bending moments and deflections. The properties based on Timoshenko’s approach were evaluated as less precise regarding the deflection. The non-composite structural behaviour of a steel-CLT hybrid floor structure was predicted for FE dynamic analysis based on a comparison between modelling exercise and hand calculations. Two different methods, the Concrete Society (SC) and Steel Construction Institution (SCI) methods, both seemed to be applicable for determination of the response factor first since the mechanical properties are not used as input in the calculations. These two methods differ in certain aspects, and based on FE analysis of simply supported slab even the resulting response factor for the CLT differs significantly. Moreover, the hand calculation results were similar to those of the FE analysis for the CS method, but in less agreement for the SCI method. Nevertheless, it is not recommended to reject the latter method based on this study and further studies should be performed on real structures with response factor known from on-site measurements. A part of the first floor of Canary Wharf College was modelled and analysed, and previous measurements of the frequency and response factors enabled a validation of some assumptions. The SCI approach showed to be inadequate for this type of structure and therefore only the CS method was applied further. Analysis of the floor structures supported by walls demonstrated similar results from both the measurements and the dynamic analysis. However, if the floor slab was supported by beams, the response factor was significantly overestimated although on the conservative side. This difference suggests that the modelling of such conditions are not satisfactory. The CS method appears to assess correctly the magnitude of the response factor for CLT floors supported by walls but overestimates it in case of beam supports. The first finding shall be confirmed through analysis of other structures and a more extensive research should focus on the latter one to determine more exact behaviour of the model under different conditions.
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Rara, Angela Dominique Sarmiento. "Rolling Shear Strength and Modulus for Various Southeastern US Wood Species using the Two-Plate Shear Test." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104017.
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Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is an engineered wood product made by laminating dimensional or structural composite lumber in alternating orthogonal layers. Compared to Canada and Europe, CLT is a novel product to the US. With the additions included in the 2021 International Building Code (IBC), CLT material properties, especially rolling shear, would need to be explored. The increasing demand for softwood lumber, along with the increase of demand of CLT panel production, could place a burden and surpass the domestic softwood supply. Rolling shear is a phenomenon that occurs when the wood fibers in the cross-layers roll over each other because of the shearing forces acting upon a CLT panel when it is loaded out-of-plane. This study used the two-plate shear test from ASTM D2718 to measure the rolling shear properties of various southeastern US wood species: southern pine, yellow-poplar, and soft maple. A secondary study was conducted, using the same two-plate shear test, to measure the rolling shear properties of re-manufactured southern pine for CLT cross-layer application. The soft maple had the greatest average rolling shear strength at 5.93 N/mm2 and southern pine had the lowest average rolling shear strength at 2.51 N/mm2. Using a single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), the rolling shear strength values from soft maple were significantly greater than yellow-poplar, which was significantly greater than the southern pine. For the rolling shear modulus, the southern pine and soft maple were of equal statistically significant difference, and both were greater statistically significant different compared to the yellow-poplar. The most common failure found from testing was rolling shear.<br>Master of Science<br>Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is an engineered wood panel product, similar to plywood, constructed with solid-sawn or structural composite lumber in alternating perpendicular layers. The additions included in the incoming 2021 International Building Code (IBC) has placed an importance in expanding the research related to the mechanical and material properties of CLT. Also, with the increasing demand for softwood lumber and CLT panel production, the demand for the domestic softwood lumber could place a burden and surpass the domestic softwood supply. Rolling shear is a failure type that occurs when the wood fibers in the cross-layers roll over each other because of the shearing forces acting upon a CLT panel. This study used the two-plate shear test to measure the rolling shear properties of various southeastern US wood species: southern pine, yellow-poplar, and soft maple. A secondary study was conducted, using the same two-plate shear test, to measure the rolling shear properties of re-manufactured southern pine for CLT cross-layer application. The soft maple had the greatest average rolling shear strength at 5.93 N/mm2 and southern pine had the lowest average rolling shear strength at 2.51 N/mm2. Using a single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), the rolling shear strength values from soft maple were significantly greater than yellow-poplar, which was significantly greater than the southern pine. For the rolling shear modulus, the southern pine and soft maple were of equal statistically significant difference, and both were greater statistically significant different compared to the yellow-poplar. The most common failure found from testing was rolling shear.
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Dickof, Carla. "Clt infill panels in steel moment resisting frames as a hybrid seismic force resisting system." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44209.
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This paper examines CLT-steel hybrid systems at three, six, and nine storey heights to increase seismic force resistance compared to a plain wood system. CLT panels are used as infill in a steel moment frame combining the ductility of a steel moment frame system with a stiffness and light weight of CLT panels. This system allows for the combination of high strength and ductility of steel with high stiffness and light weight of timber. This thesis examines the seismic response of this type of hybrid seismic force resisting system (SFRS) in regions with moderate to high seismic hazard indices. A detailed non-linear model of a 2D infilled frame system and compared to the behavior of a similar plain steel frame at each height.
Parametric analysis was performed determining the effect of the panels and the connection configuration, steel frame design, and panel configuration in a multi-bay system. Static pushover loading was applied alongside semi-static cyclic loading to allow a basis of comparison to future experimental tests. Dynamic analysis using ten ground motions linearly scaled to the uniform hazard spectra for Vancouver, Canada with a return period of 2% in 50 years as, 10% in 50 years, and 50% in 50 years to examine the effect of infill panels on the interstorey drift of the three, six, and nine storey. The ultimate and yield strength and drift capacity are determined and used to determine the overstrength and ductility factors as described in the National Building Code of Canada 2010.
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Persson, Richard, and Jacob Thaning. "En teknisk jämförelseanalys mellan prefabricerade KL-trä och träbaserat hybrid stomsystem - fukt, brand och ljud." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177899.
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Genom en jämförelseanalys mellan KL-träkonstruktion och träbaserad hybridkonstruktion har för och nackdelar identifieras gällande fukt- brand- och ljudegenskaper. En undersökning sker utifrån möjligheten att uppnå högre ljudklasser än minimikrav för BBR samt en utformning för att klara brandteknisk klass REI60. Rapportens teori baseras på en litteraturstudie. De källor som lagt grunden för litteraturstudien utgörs av vetenskapliga artiklar, rapporter, facklitteratur och examensarbeten. Den träbaserade hybridkonstruktionen är utformad med gjuten betong på en KL-träskiva i bjälklag vilande på bärande KL-träväggar. KL-träkonstruktionen är utformad helt i KL-trä både bärande väggar och bjälklag. Båda konstruktionerna är relativt känsliga för fukt då betong och trä är porösa material. Vid utformning av hybridkonstruktionen finns risker för fuktbetingade rörelser som kan resultera i sprickor och springor som försämrar bland annat akustiska egenskaper. Trä är ett organiskt material som kan bli angripet av röt- och mögelsvampar, detta kan både försämra träkonstruktionens bärförmåga och vara farligt för människan sett ur en hälsoaspekt. Hybridkonstruktionen har bättre brandegenskaper än KL-trä. KL-trä är ett antändligt material, till skillnad mot betong men trots detta är brandegenskaperna förutsägbara. Detta innebär att KL-trä kan användas som material i stora konstruktioner. Betong och trä i en samverkan fungerar på ett effektivt sätt under brand och materialens enskilda egenskaper utnyttjas till dess fördelar som resulterar i höga brandkrav. Gällande ljudegenskaper hos KL-träkonstruktioner finns det vissa svårigheter som behöver beaktas för att uppnå uppsatta ljudkrav. KL-träkonstruktioner behöver någon form av ljudisolering för att uppnå ställda minimikrav, speciellt för stegljudsisolering. Även för hybridkonstruktionen behövs ljudisolering i viss mån för att uppnå minimikraven.<br><p>Examensarbetet är utfört vid Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap (ITN) vid Tekniska fakulteten, Linköpings universitet</p>
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Gustafsson, Nathalie, and Ida Mattsson. "KL-trä som stommaterial : En analys av utvecklingsmöjligheter i projekteringsskedet för en ökad användning av KL-trä." Thesis, Jönköping University, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-53996.
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Syfte: Att bygga i ett högt tempo med hänsyn till Sveriges klimatmål är en utmaning och det krävs åtgärder i byggsektorn för att uppnå målen. Material som stål och betong har en energikrävande tillverkningsprocess och släpper ut en stor del av de totala växthusgaser som byggsektorn orsakar. Enligt forskning har tillverkningsprocessen för KL-trä en betydligt mindre påverkan på klimatet och anses som ett hållbart material i jämförelse med stål och betong. Rapporten syftar till att undersöka möjligheterna för en ökad användning av korslimmat trä (KL-trä) som stommaterial i Sverige. Metod: För att uppnå studiens mål har en kvalitativ fallstudie genomförts. Metoder som har använts är en litteraturstudie för att kartlägga forskningsfronten inom området, vilket bidrar till datainsamling. Semistrukturerade intervjuer bidrar till primärdata, där respondenternas erfarenheter, värderingar, kunskap och tillvägagångssätt inom området beaktas för att besvara studiens frågeställningar. Resultat: KL-trä har i jämförelse med Prefabricerad betong ett 34–86 procent mindre koldioxidutsläpp under hela sin livscykelanalys (LCA). Materialkostnaderna skiljer inte mellan stommaterialen, däremot blir riskpåslaget större för KL-trä vid kalkylering och anbud på grund av bristande erfarenhet och kunskap. Kompetens om KL-trä behöver utvecklas inom företag genom utbildningar samt genom samarbete och nära dialog med olika aktörer under hela processen, där beställare behöver sätta tydliga mål och krav. Kunskapen behöver öka för att förbättra processer, planering och kostnad under projekteringsskedet, där hjälpmedel behöver utvecklas för att underlätta stomval.För att skapa lönsamhet och konkurrensfördel bör företag ligga i framkant i utvecklingen av klimatfrågan där kunskapen om KL-träs förutsättningar kan bidra till komplexa projekt med hybridlösningar där materials förutsättningar utnyttjas. Konsekvenser: För att öka användandet av KL-trä som stommaterial kan utbildningar om KL-trä införas för medarbetare, vilket ökar den interna kompetensen gällande materialet. För att möjliggöra ökad användning av KL-trä kan en alternativ kalkyl och LCA presenteras för kund. Det kan även uppnås genom utveckling av hjälpmedel för att underlätta val av stomme. Byggföretag måste våga satsa på KL-trä för att skapa referenser och kompetens, vilket kan ske genom att implementera KL-trä i små steg genom hybridlösningar. Begränsningar: Studien fokuserar på den svenska byggsektorn, där aspekterna klimatpåverkan och kostnad studeras mellan KL-trä, platsgjuten betong och prefabricerad betong. Resultatet är generellt giltigt.<br>Purpose: To build at a high pace with regards to Sweden’s climate goals is a challenge and actions are required in the construction sector to achieve the goal. Materials such as steel and concrete have an energy-intense manufacturing process and emit a large part of the total greenhouse gases caused by the construction sector. According to research, the manufacturing process for CLT has a significantly small impact on the climate and is considered a more sustainable material compared to steel and concrete. This report aims to explore the possibilities of an increased use of cross laminated wood (CLT) asload-bearing material in buildings in Sweden a frame material in Sweden. Method: To achieve the goals of the study, a qualitative case study has been conducted. Methods that have been used are a literature study to map the research front which contributes with data. Semi-structured interviews contribute with primary data where the respondents’ experiences, values, knowledge and approaches are analysed to answer the research questions of the study. Findings: CLT has a 34-86 percent lower climate impact compared to prefabricated concrete during the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). The material cost does not differ between the load-bearing frame materials. However, the risk premium is higher for CLT due to the lack of experience and knowledge. The competence needs to be developed within the companies through educations and close collaboration and discussions with actors during the whole process where customers need to set clear goals and requirements. The knowledge needs to increase in order to improve processes, planning, costs and tools to facilitate the choice of load-bearingframe material. To achieve profitability and a competitive advantage, companies need to be at the forefront of the development of the climate issue, where knowledge of CLT contribute to complex projects with hybrid solutions where material conditions are utilized. Implications: To increase the use of CLT as a load-bearing frame material, educations can be introduced about CLT for employees. To enable increased use of CLT, an alternative calculation and LCA can be presented to the costumer. It can also be achieved by developing tools to facilitate the choice of load-bearing frame materials. Construction companies needs to invest in CLT to create new references and more competence. Companies can achieve it by implementing CLT in small steps and use hybrid solutions. Limitations: The study focuses on the Swedish construction sector where the aspects of climate impact and cost are studied between CLT, cast-in-place concrete and prefabricated concrete. The result is generally valid.
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Wang, Ying. "Identification of a protein that interacts with Caenorhadbitis elegans CLK-2 in a yeast two-hybrid assay." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19733.
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The gene clk-2 of C. elegans is required in both the germline and the soma, for subsequent embryonic viability, and for developmental and behavioural rates, respectively, clk-2 encodes a protein that is homologous to Tel2p in yeast, which is required for the telomere length regulation. It has been demonstrated that clk-2 affects telomere length also in worms and human cells. By now the exact biochemical function of CLK-2 is unknown. In order to shed light onto the function of the gene clk-2, a two-hybrid screen was carried out to identify the interactors of the protein CLK-2. A potential interactor of CLK-2, Y105C5B.19, was identified in the screen. Y105C5B.19 is a novel gene and does not have homologues in other species. Y105C5B.19 contains an MSP (major sperm protein) domain, therefore it is possible that it could be involved in the processes that regulate oocyte maturation, gonadal sheath contractions, or sperm mobility. Interestingly, given that clk-2 is required for subsequent embryogenesis at some point during a narrow time between the end of oocyte maturation and the 2-cell stage, it is tempting to speculate that the interaction between CLK-2 and Y105C5B.19 might be functionally relevant. The lethality of clk-2(qm37) mutants might result from delayed consequences of defects in ovulation and/or fertilization, and perhaps such defects could result from the disruption of the interaction between CLK-2 and Y105C5B.19. The amino acid substitution C772Y resulting from the clk-2(qm37) mutation was found to disrupt the interaction between CLK-2 and Y105C5B.19 in a two-hybrid assay, lending support to the idea that the interaction between CLK-2 and Y105C5B.19 takes place in vivo.
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Huang, Kun. "Architectures hybrides pour le traitement quantique de l'information." Thesis, Paris, Ecole normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSU0007/document.
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Cette thèse s’intéresse à une approche dite hybride de l’information quantique. Deux approches traditionnellement séparées, variables discrètes et variables continues, sont combinées dans une même expérience nécessitant à la fois comptage de photons (nombre de photons) et détection homodyne (quadratures). Cette architecture hybride a d’abord été utilisée pour générer des états non-gaussiens de la lumière de grande fidélité, par exemple état de Fock et chat de Schrödinger optique,qui correspondent à deux types d’encodages utilisés en information quantique. L’utilisation de détecteurs supraconducteurs à forte efficacité a permis d’obtenir un taux de préparation sans précédent, ce qui facilite l’utilisation ultérieure de ces états. Ces deux types d’état sont ensuite été combinés pour réaliser pour la première fois une intrication hybride entre qubits optiques de nature différente. Son extension à des qutrits a également été obtenue.Ces nouvelles ressources ouvrent la voie à la mise en oeuvre de réseau quantique hétérogène où les opérations et les techniques propres aux variables discrètes et continues peuvent être efficacement combinées.Ce travail de thèse a également été consacré à la mise en oeuvre d’un système de conversion de fréquence à haute efficacité et faible bruit, basé sur deux lasers à fibres synchronisés.Ce convertisseur de fréquence quantique permet non seulement d’étendre les états quantiques à des longueurs d’onde difficilement accessibles avec la technologie actuelle, mais constitue également un détecteur de photons à haute performance, surtout dans le régime infrarouge.Basé sur ce système, plusieurs applications ont ensuite été démontrées, comme la détection infrarouge résolue en nombre de photons et l’imagerie infrarouge ultra-sensible<br>The thesis focuses on the experimental investigation of the optical hybrid approach forquantum information processing. Specifically, two traditionally separated approaches, i.e.the discrete and the continuous-variable ones, are combined in the same experiment with twodistinct quantum measurements based on photon counting (photon number) and homodynedetection (quadrature components).The optical hybrid approach is first applied to generate high-fidelity non-Gaussian states,e.g. Fock states and Schrödinger cat states, which correspond to two types of qubit encodingsused in optical quantum information. The use of high-efficiency superconducting nanowiresingle-photon detectors leads to an unprecedented preparation rate, which facilitates thesubsequent use of these states. For instance, the two types of states are combined to generatefor the first time a hybrid entanglement between particle-like and wave-like optical qubits, aswell as the extension to hybrid qutrit entanglement. These novel resources may pave the wayto implement heterogeneous networks where discrete and continuous-variable operations andtechniques can be efficiently combined. Additionally, we also experimentally demonstratefor the first time the so-called squeezing-induced micro-macro entangled states.During this PhD, efforts have also been dedicated to implement a high-efficiency andlow-noise frequency up-conversion system based on two synchronized fiber lasers. Suchquantum frequency converter not only permits to extend the spectra of quantum statesto difficultly accessible wavelengths with current technology, but also constitutes a highperformancephoton detector especially in the infrared regime. Based on the conversionsystem, several applications are demonstrated, such as infrared photon-number-resolvingdetection, and few-photon-level infrared imaging
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Bouillard, Martin. "Développement de cavités synchrones et d'une mémoire quantique : des outils pour l'ingénierie quantique hybride." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLO012/document.
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Ce travail porte sur le développement d'outils pour l'ingénierie quantique d'états non-classiques de la lumière. Trois axes différents sont étudiés qui, combinés ensembles, permettent d'obtenir un protocole efficace et polyvalent pour la génération d'états quantiques Ces états sont générés en tirant profit des avantages distincts des deux descriptions possibles de la lumière grâce à l'utilisation conjointe des variables discrètes et continues.Le premier axe repose sur la réalisation de superpositions arbitraires d’états de Fock à zéro et deux photons à partir de deux états à un photon indiscernables. Cette expérience permet, entre autre, de créer des superpositions d'états cohérents appelés états chats de Schrödinger optiques. Afin d'augmenter l'amplitude des états produits, une itération du procédé est possible.Pour pouvoir rendre possible cette itération, nous augmentons dans un premier temps le taux de production de notre ressource de base: le photon unique. Pour cela, nous installons deux cavités optiques synchrones qui permettent d'accroître la puissance crête des impulsions du laser, exaltant ainsi les effets non-linéaires à l'origine de la production des photons.Le dernier axe, consiste à réduire les problèmes liés à la création probabiliste des photons. Pour cela, une mémoire quantique a été implémentée, permettant de stocker puis d'extraire un photon sur demande. Le stockage d’états contenant un et deux photons a été réalisé. Ce dispositif permettra à terme, en synchronisant l'état stocké avec l'arrivée d'un autre photon, de créer des états chats à l'intérieur même de la cavité<br>This work is focused on the development of tools for quantum state engineering of non-classical state of light. Three different directions are studied, which when combined, lead to efficient and versatile protocols towards the generation of quantum states. Those states are produced by taking advantage of both descriptions of the light: the discrete and continuous variables of the light.The first direction consists in the réalisation of arbitrary superpositions of zero and two-photon Fock states with two indistinguishable single-photon states. This protocol permits, among others, to create superpositions of coherent states called Schrödinger cat states. An iteration of the protocol could allow the growth of the amplitude of the state.To realize such iteration, we increase the production rate of our basic resource, namely, the single photon.To do so, we implement two synchronous cavities allowing the increase of the peak power of the laser pulses, which ultimately enhanced the non-linear effect at the origin of the photon creation.The last direction aims to solve the problems related to the probabilistic nature of the photon creation. In order to store and extract the single photons on demand, a quantum memory is implemented. The storage of single and two-photon states has been experimentally realized. This setup could allow in the near future, by synchronizing the state stored in the cavity with the income of another photon, to create a cat state inside the cavity itself
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Tosenberger, Alen. "La modélisation des écoulements sanguins et les applications à la coagulation du sang et l'athérosclérose." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10021.
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La thèse est consacrée à la modélisation discrète et continue des écoulements sanguins et des phénomènes connexes tels que la coagulation du sang et l'athérosclérose. Ce travail comprend l'élaboration des modèles mathématiques et numériques de la coagulation du sang, des simulations numériques et l'analyse mathématique d'un modèle d'inflammation chronique au cours d'athérosclérose. Une partie importante de la thèse est liée à la programmation, la mise en œuvre et l'optimisation des codes numériques. La partie principale de la thèse concerne la modélisation de la coagulation du sang in vivo tenant compte des écoulements sanguins, les réactions biochimiques dans le plasma et l'agrégation de plaquettes. La nouveauté principale de ce travail est l'élaboration d'un modèle hybride (discret-continu) de la coagulation du sang et de la formation de caillot sanguin dans le flux. La partie théorique de la thèse est consacrée à l'analyse mathématique d'un modèle d'inflammation chronique liée à l'athérosclérose. Les simulations numériques réalisées dans le cadre de cette thèse impliquent l'élaboration des algorithmes numériques pour les modèles mathématiques et le d´développement des logiciels. Vu le fait que les simulations numériques ont été coûteuse en temps de calcul, des efforts considérables ont été consacrés à la parallélisation des logiciels et à leur optimisation<br>The thesis is devoted to discrete and continuous modelling of blood flows and related phenomena such as blood coagulation and atherosclerosis. It includes the development of mathematical and numerical models of blood coagulation, numerical simulations and the mathematical analysis of a model problem of chronic inflammation during atherosclerosis. The main part of the thesis concerns modelling of blood coagulation in vivo which takes into account blood flows, biochemical reactions in plasma and platelet aggregation. The main novelty of this work is the development of a hybrid (discrete-continuous) model of blood coagulation and clot formation in flow. The model is used to study several aspects of blood coagulation in flow : platelet aggregation and its interaction with coagulation pathways, influence of the flow speed on the clot development, a possible mechanism by which clot stops growing. The theoretical part of the thesis is devoted to the mathematical analysis of a model of chronic inflammation related to atherosclerosis. In this thesis we study a model problem which describes the propagation of a reaction-diffusion wave in the 2D case with non-linear boundary conditions. For that we use the Leray-Schauder method and a priori estimates of solutions in order to prove the existence of waves in the bistable case. Numerical simulations carried out in the framework of this thesis were based on the numerical implementation of the corresponding models and on the software development. Since the numerical simulations were computationally expensive, a substantial effort was directed to software parallelization and optimization
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Cavaillès, Adrien. "Tests de non-localité et protocoles de communication quantique utilisant l'intrication hybride optique." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS055.
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Cette thèse est centrée sur la réalisation de protocoles d'information quantique utilisant conjointement les approches à variables discrètes et à variables continues de l'information quantique optique. Nous détaillons tout d'abord les protocoles utilisés pour la génération d'états hautement non classiques tels que les photons uniques, les chats de Schrödinger optiques et enfin l'intrication hybride entre variables discrètes et continues. Nous évaluons le potentiel de cette ressource innovante en détaillant son utilisation dans un certain nombre de protocoles. Nous commençons par envisager la réalisation de tests de Bell utilisant l'intrication hybride et rapportons l'observation expérimentale d'une violation d'inégalité de Steering, pour la première fois dans un contexte hybride. Enfin, nous détaillons l'état d'avancement de l'installation d'une nouvelle expérience de téléportation quantique entre variables discrètes et variables continues. Nos résultats prouvent l'intérêt de suivre une approche hybride et ouvrent la possibilité de réaliser des réseaux d'information quantique hybrides liant des systèmes de différentes natures<br>There are two traditionally-separated approaches to optical quantum information: the continuous- and discrete-variable strategies respectively linked to the wave-like and particle-like nature of light. This thesis work is focused on the novel hybrid approach aiming to join the capabilities of both strategies into single systems. Using hybrid methods, we report on the use of optical parametric oscillators and superconducting-nanowire single-photon detectors to generate highly non-classical non-Gaussian states such as high-purity single-photons, Schr\"odinger cat states and finally hybrid entanglement of light between continuous- and discrete-variable encoding. The potential of this resource is studied in a number of protocols. We first consider non-locality tests with hybrid entanglement such as Bell inequality violation and experimentally demonstrate the violation of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering inequalities. We finally report on the progress made towards the implementation of a new setup for the demonstration of hybrid quantum teleportation between continuous and discrete-variable encodings. Our demonstrations prove the versatility of this hybrid resource and open the possibility of implementing scalable quantum networks linking systems of dissimilar nature
Books on the topic "Hybrid CLT"
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Kaufmann, Philipp A., and Oliver Gaemperli. Hybrid Cardiac Imaging. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0028.
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Assessment of both coronary anatomy and myocardial perfusion are equally important for the appropriate treatment of patients with stable coronary artery disease. Cardiac hybrid imaging allows integration of coronary anatomy and perfusion in one all-in-one image, thereby avoiding mental integration of findings. In selected subgroups of patients, cardiac hybrid imaging has demonstrated superior diagnostic accuracy compared to single modalities. The combination of coronary anatomy and function provides incremental prognostic information and improves risk stratification of patients with suspected or known CAD. Aside from CT coronary angiography, coronary artery calcium score (CACS) scans obtained from native ECG-triggered CT are used for hybrid imaging. They are used either for attenuation correction, or can be combined with radionuclide information to improve CAD detection and risk stratification. A large number of integrated hybrid scanners are commercially available and offer advantages for cardiac hybrid imaging. However, these devices are not mandatory, and hybrid imaging is perfectly feasible from two separate datasets using appropriate image fusion software. Cardiac magnetic resonance has entered the arena of hybrid imaging and several integrated PET/MRI devices are already commercially available. Its advantages include the lack of ionizing radiation and a high spatial resolution, particularly for soft tissue structures. In research, hybrid imaging moves beyond its conventional borders of perfusion imaging to target specific molecular or biological pathways that underlie cardiac disease, a concept known as molecular imaging. The combination of radionuclide imaging with CT or MRI offers attractive features to co-localize biological signals from radiolabeled targeted compounds with microanatomical structures.
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Cunningham, Charles Duane. Jungle Cat Hybrid: A Whole New Breed of Cat. Black Panther Publishing, 2002.
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Hong, S., Y. K. Kwon, J. S. Ha, N. K. Lee, B. Kim, and M. Sung. Self-assembly strategy of nanomanufacturing of hybrid devices. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533060.013.10.
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This article considers the nanomanufacturing of hybrid devices using the self-assembly strategy. Hybrid devices utilize nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, organic molecules, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and nanowires. Examples include CNT-based circuits and molecular electronics. However, a major stumbling block holding back the practical applications of hybrid systems can be a lack of a mass-production method for such devices. This article first describes the direct patterning of nanostructures by means of dip-pen nanolithography and microcontact printing before discussing the fabrication of nanostructures using directed assembly. It also examines the mechanism of various assembly processes ofnanostructures and concludes with an overview of the characteristics of self-assembled hybrid nanodevices.
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Buechel, Ronny R., and Aju P. Pazhenkottil. Basic principles and technological state of the art: hybrid imaging. Edited by Philipp Kaufmann. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0121.
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The core principle of hybrid imaging is based on the fact that it provides information beyond that achievable with either data set alone. This is attained through the combination and fusion of two datasets by which both modalities synergistically contribute to image information. Hybrid imaging is, thus, more powerful than the sum of its parts, yielding improved sensitivity and specificity. While datasets for integration may be obtained by a variety of imaging modalities, its merits are intuitively best exploited when combining anatomical and functional imaging, particularly in the setting of evaluation of coronary artery disease (CAD) as this combination allows a comprehensive assessment with regard to presence or absence of coronary atherosclerosis, the extent and severity of coronary plaques, and the haemodynamic relevance of stenosis. In clinical practice, the combination of CT coronary angiography (CCTA) with myocardial perfusion studies obtained by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and by positron emission tomography (PET) has been well established. Recent literature also reports on the feasibility of combining CCTA with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Finally, recent advances in CCTA and SPECT imaging have led to a substantial reduction of radiation exposure, now allowing for comprehensive morphological and functional diagnostic work-up by cardiac hybrid SPECT/CCTA imaging at low radiation dose exposures ranging below 5 mSv.
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Zamorano, Jose Luis, Jeroen Bax, Juhani Knuuti, et al., eds. The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Imaging. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198849353.001.0001.
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The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Imaging third edition provides extensive coverage of all cardiovascular imaging modalities. Produced in collaboration with the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging with contributions from specialists across the globe and edited by a distinguished team of experts, it is a ‘state of the art’ clinically orientated imaging reference. The textbook contains information on cutting-edge technical developments in echocardiography, computed tomography (CT), cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), and hybrid imaging and well imaging’s current role in cardiac interventions, such as identifying cardiac structures, helping to guide procedures, and exclude possible complications. The application of imaging modalities in conditions such as valvular and coronary heart disease, heart failure, cardiomyopathies, peri-myocardial disease, adult congenital heart disease and aortic disease, is also extensively considered. From discussion on improved imaging techniques and advances in technology, to guidance and explanation of key practices and theories, this new edition is the ideal reference guide for cardiologists and radiologists alike.
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Zamorano, Jose Luis, Jeroen Bax, Juhani Knuuti, Udo Sechtem, Patrizio Lancellotti, and Luigi Badano, eds. The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Imaging. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198703341.001.0001.
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Now fully revised and updated with the latest imaging techniques and technology and covering even more conditions than before, this new edition of The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Imaging provides extensive coverage of all cardiovascular imaging modalities, and is produced in collaboration with the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging with contributions from specialists across the globe and edited by a distinguished team of experts. It not only discusses the principles of individual modalities but also clearly demonstrates the added value each technique can bring to the treatment of all cardiac diseases. Richly illustrated with colour figures, images, and tables and using a wealth of newly available evidence to link theory to practice, it demonstrates how these techniques can be used in the diagnosis of a range of cardiovascular diseases. Learning how to apply them in practice is made easy with videos and imaging loops online, and it contains information on cutting-edge technical developments in echocardiography, CT, CMR and hybrid imaging, as well as imaging's current role in cardiac interventions, such as identifying cardiac structures, helping to guide procedures and exclude possible complications. The application of imaging modalities in conditions such as valvular and coronary heart disease, heart failure, cardiomyopathies, peri-myocardial disease, adult congenital heart disease and aortic disease, is also extensively considered.
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Zaret, Barry L. Nuclear Cardiology. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0001.
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Nuclear cardiology is generally considered a clinical phenomenon of the past four decades. However, the field has its roots in earlier times. This chapter focuses on these historical roots as they have evolved into the present era. The initial application of radioisotopes to cardiac studies occurred in the mid-1920s. Ventricular function was evaluated in the 1960s and 1970s by first pass and equilibrium techniques. Myocardial stress perfusion imaging was first performed using potassium-43 and exercise in 1973. Stress imaging rapidly evolved thereafter with new tracers (thallium-201 and technetium-labeled agents) and from planar to SPECT approaches. Perfusion imaging rapidly proved its value diagnostically and in assessing prognosis. Infarct imaging reached its peak use in the 1970s but is now no longer employed. Advances in hybrid imaging, combining CT with radionuclide imaging has recently allowed attenuation correction as well as providing the combination of anatomic and physiologic data. PET myocardial perfusion studies have recently become a standard approach for evaluating perfusion, absolute coronary blood flow and coronary reserve. PET FDG studies of cardiac sarcoidosis have recently been established as a new approach for defining myocardial inflammation. New SPECT systems provide high sensitivity, high resolution studies, allowing for radiation dose reduction and high quality imaging studies.
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Morrison, Alan R., Joseph C. Wu, and Mehran M. Sadeghi. Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0029.
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Cardiovascular molecular imaging is a relatively young but rapidly expanding discipline that consists of a biologically-targeted approach to the assessment of physiologic and pathologic processes in vivo. This novel approach to imaging involves the integration of multiple disciplines such as cell and molecular biology, chemistry, and imaging sciences. The ultimate goal is quantitative assessment of cardiovascular processes at the cellular and molecular level, moving beyond traditional diagnostic information, in order to guide individually tailored therapy. In fact, it is likely that specific approaches to molecular imaging will be developed in tandem with the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Recent advances in probe development and imaging systems have contributed to evolution of molecular imaging toward clinical translational. These include technological progress in traditional imaging platforms; along with the emergence of newer imaging modalities such as photoacoustic imaging. In addition, hybrid imaging (e.g. nuclear imaging with CT or MRI) has the potential for improved spatial localization, and more accurate quantification by coupling anatomic and biological information. In addition to potential clinical applications that address existing diagnostic gaps in cardiovascular medicine, molecular imaging allows for unique approaches to studying pathophysiology. This chapter is intended to provide an overview of the state of the art in cardiovascular molecular imaging, highlighting how it may improve the management of major cardiovascular diseases.
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Daguerre, Blandine. Passage et écriture de l’entre-deux dans El Pasajero de Cristóbal Suárez de Figueroa. Presses Universitaires de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46608/primaluna3.9782353111220.
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Espagne, premier quart du XVIIe siècle : quatre hommes se rencontrent au cours d’un voyage entre Madrid et Barcelone où ils doivent partir pour l’Italie pour y tenter leur chance. Pour lutter contre la pénibilité de leur périple et éviter l’ennui, ils décident de converser. S’ensuit un échange de plus de 200 pages autour de leur destination, de leur parcours personnel respectif, de la société de l’époque au sein duquel viennent s’intercaler des récits à vocation plus ludique. Telle est l’intrigue de El Pasajero, advertencias utilísimas a la vida humana, œuvre citée par bon nombre de spécialistes du Siècle d’Or qui s’attachent tous à saluer ses qualités littéraires et à laquelle aucune étude littéraire de fond n’a été consacrée. Comment expliquer un tel paradoxe? El Pasajero propose un caléidoscope de la société de l’époque, d’où l’orientation sociologique de la plupart des études réalisées sur ce texte. La mauvaise presse de son auteur connu pour son tempérament peu amène et pour son opposition à Cervantès, a pu y contribuer également de manière plus tangentielle. Enfin et surtout, la richesse textuelle, littéraire et idéologique de El Pasajero peut avoir freiné certaines ambitions analytiques. Le texte de Figueroa est d’une nature profondément hybride, il se caractérise par un oscillement perpétuel entre inspiration italienne, accents décaméroniens, emprunts transtextuels et substrat folklorique hispanique. Il joue sur la porosité des frontières entre réalité et fiction pour élaborer un texte dont tous les éléments semblent dialoguer et entre lesquels le lecteur passe comme sur les pierres d’un gué. En fin de compte, El Pasajero est un véritable laboratoire d’expérimentation littéraire où affleurent traditions littéraires ancrées et propositions d’écriture plus innovantes. Ce dialogue perpétuel est décisif dans l’œuvre : au-delà d’un premier dialogue évident entre les personnages, le texte en propose d’autres en filigrane, entre les formes et les genres littéraires. Ils fonctionnent comme autant d’éléments structurants au sein de cette œuvre pensée comme un lieu de passage où se mêlent expérimentations littéraires et réflexions sociétales. El Pasajero peut parfois laisser le lecteur perplexe, c’est un fait. Il fait, néanmoins, partie de ces textes qui fascinent et qui n’ont pas encore révélé tous leurs secrets. Une chose est certaine : El Pasajero ne laisse pas indifférent et mérite qu’on lui consacre une étude de fond. C’est ce que se propose de faire cet ouvrage…
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Skiba, Grzegorz. Fizjologiczne, żywieniowe i genetyczne uwarunkowania właściwości kości rosnących świń. The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22358/mono_gs_2020.
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Bones are multifunctional passive organs of movement that supports soft tissue and directly attached muscles. They also protect internal organs and are a reserve of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Each bone is covered with periosteum, and the adjacent bone surfaces are covered by articular cartilage. Histologically, the bone is an organ composed of many different tissues. The main component is bone tissue (cortical and spongy) composed of a set of bone cells and intercellular substance (mineral and organic), it also contains fat, hematopoietic (bone marrow) and cartilaginous tissue. Bones are a tissue that even in adult life retains the ability to change shape and structure depending on changes in their mechanical and hormonal environment, as well as self-renewal and repair capabilities. This process is called bone turnover. The basic processes of bone turnover are: • bone modeling (incessantly changes in bone shape during individual growth) following resorption and tissue formation at various locations (e.g. bone marrow formation) to increase mass and skeletal morphology. This process occurs in the bones of growing individuals and stops after reaching puberty • bone remodeling (processes involve in maintaining bone tissue by resorbing and replacing old bone tissue with new tissue in the same place, e.g. repairing micro fractures). It is a process involving the removal and internal remodeling of existing bone and is responsible for maintaining tissue mass and architecture of mature bones. Bone turnover is regulated by two types of transformation: • osteoclastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone resorption • osteoblastogenesis, i.e. formation of cells responsible for bone formation (bone matrix synthesis and mineralization) Bone maturity can be defined as the completion of basic structural development and mineralization leading to maximum mass and optimal mechanical strength. The highest rate of increase in pig bone mass is observed in the first twelve weeks after birth. This period of growth is considered crucial for optimizing the growth of the skeleton of pigs, because the degree of bone mineralization in later life stages (adulthood) depends largely on the amount of bone minerals accumulated in the early stages of their growth. The development of the technique allows to determine the condition of the skeletal system (or individual bones) in living animals by methods used in human medicine, or after their slaughter. For in vivo determination of bone properties, Abstract 10 double energy X-ray absorptiometry or computed tomography scanning techniques are used. Both methods allow the quantification of mineral content and bone mineral density. The most important property from a practical point of view is the bone’s bending strength, which is directly determined by the maximum bending force. The most important factors affecting bone strength are: • age (growth period), • gender and the associated hormonal balance, • genotype and modification of genes responsible for bone growth • chemical composition of the body (protein and fat content, and the proportion between these components), • physical activity and related bone load, • nutritional factors: – protein intake influencing synthesis of organic matrix of bone, – content of minerals in the feed (CA, P, Zn, Ca/P, Mg, Mn, Na, Cl, K, Cu ratio) influencing synthesis of the inorganic matrix of bone, – mineral/protein ratio in the diet (Ca/protein, P/protein, Zn/protein) – feed energy concentration, – energy source (content of saturated fatty acids - SFA, content of polyun saturated fatty acids - PUFA, in particular ALA, EPA, DPA, DHA), – feed additives, in particular: enzymes (e.g. phytase releasing of minerals bounded in phytin complexes), probiotics and prebiotics (e.g. inulin improving the function of the digestive tract by increasing absorption of nutrients), – vitamin content that regulate metabolism and biochemical changes occurring in bone tissue (e.g. vitamin D3, B6, C and K). This study was based on the results of research experiments from available literature, and studies on growing pigs carried out at the Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences. The tests were performed in total on 300 pigs of Duroc, Pietrain, Puławska breeds, line 990 and hybrids (Great White × Duroc, Great White × Landrace), PIC pigs, slaughtered at different body weight during the growth period from 15 to 130 kg. Bones for biomechanical tests were collected after slaughter from each pig. Their length, mass and volume were determined. Based on these measurements, the specific weight (density, g/cm3) was calculated. Then each bone was cut in the middle of the shaft and the outer and inner diameters were measured both horizontally and vertically. Based on these measurements, the following indicators were calculated: • cortical thickness, • cortical surface, • cortical index. Abstract 11 Bone strength was tested by a three-point bending test. The obtained data enabled the determination of: • bending force (the magnitude of the maximum force at which disintegration and disruption of bone structure occurs), • strength (the amount of maximum force needed to break/crack of bone), • stiffness (quotient of the force acting on the bone and the amount of displacement occurring under the influence of this force). Investigation of changes in physical and biomechanical features of bones during growth was performed on pigs of the synthetic 990 line growing from 15 to 130 kg body weight. The animals were slaughtered successively at a body weight of 15, 30, 40, 50, 70, 90, 110 and 130 kg. After slaughter, the following bones were separated from the right half-carcass: humerus, 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone, femur, tibia and fibula as well as 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone. The features of bones were determined using methods described in the methodology. Describing bone growth with the Gompertz equation, it was found that the earliest slowdown of bone growth curve was observed for metacarpal and metatarsal bones. This means that these bones matured the most quickly. The established data also indicate that the rib is the slowest maturing bone. The femur, humerus, tibia and fibula were between the values of these features for the metatarsal, metacarpal and rib bones. The rate of increase in bone mass and length differed significantly between the examined bones, but in all cases it was lower (coefficient b <1) than the growth rate of the whole body of the animal. The fastest growth rate was estimated for the rib mass (coefficient b = 0.93). Among the long bones, the humerus (coefficient b = 0.81) was characterized by the fastest rate of weight gain, however femur the smallest (coefficient b = 0.71). The lowest rate of bone mass increase was observed in the foot bones, with the metacarpal bones having a slightly higher value of coefficient b than the metatarsal bones (0.67 vs 0.62). The third bone had a lower growth rate than the fourth bone, regardless of whether they were metatarsal or metacarpal. The value of the bending force increased as the animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. The rate of change in the value of this indicator increased at a similar rate as the body weight changes of the animals in the case of the fibula and the fourth metacarpal bone (b value = 0.98), and more slowly in the case of the metatarsal bone, the third metacarpal bone, and the tibia bone (values of the b ratio 0.81–0.85), and the slowest femur, humerus and rib (value of b = 0.60–0.66). Bone stiffness increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, the highest values were observed for the humerus, tibia and femur, smaller for the metatarsal and metacarpal bone, and the lowest for the fibula and rib. Abstract 12 The rate of change in the value of this indicator changed at a faster rate than the increase in weight of pigs in the case of metacarpal and metatarsal bones (coefficient b = 1.01–1.22), slightly slower in the case of fibula (coefficient b = 0.92), definitely slower in the case of the tibia (b = 0.73), ribs (b = 0.66), femur (b = 0.59) and humerus (b = 0.50). Bone strength increased as animals grew. Regardless of the growth point tested, bone strength was as follows femur > tibia > humerus > 4 metacarpal> 3 metacarpal> 3 metatarsal > 4 metatarsal > rib> fibula. The rate of increase in strength of all examined bones was greater than the rate of weight gain of pigs (value of the coefficient b = 2.04–3.26). As the animals grew, the bone density increased. However, the growth rate of this indicator for the majority of bones was slower than the rate of weight gain (the value of the coefficient b ranged from 0.37 – humerus to 0.84 – fibula). The exception was the rib, whose density increased at a similar pace increasing the body weight of animals (value of the coefficient b = 0.97). The study on the influence of the breed and the feeding intensity on bone characteristics (physical and biomechanical) was performed on pigs of the breeds Duroc, Pietrain, and synthetic 990 during a growth period of 15 to 70 kg body weight. Animals were fed ad libitum or dosed system. After slaughter at a body weight of 70 kg, three bones were taken from the right half-carcass: femur, three metatarsal, and three metacarpal and subjected to the determinations described in the methodology. The weight of bones of animals fed aa libitum was significantly lower than in pigs fed restrictively All bones of Duroc breed were significantly heavier and longer than Pietrain and 990 pig bones. The average values of bending force for the examined bones took the following order: III metatarsal bone (63.5 kg) <III metacarpal bone (77.9 kg) <femur (271.5 kg). The feeding system and breed of pigs had no significant effect on the value of this indicator. The average values of the bones strength took the following order: III metatarsal bone (92.6 kg) <III metacarpal (107.2 kg) <femur (353.1 kg). Feeding intensity and breed of animals had no significant effect on the value of this feature of the bones tested. The average bone density took the following order: femur (1.23 g/cm3) <III metatarsal bone (1.26 g/cm3) <III metacarpal bone (1.34 g / cm3). The density of bones of animals fed aa libitum was higher (P<0.01) than in animals fed with a dosing system. The density of examined bones within the breeds took the following order: Pietrain race> line 990> Duroc race. The differences between the “extreme” breeds were: 7.2% (III metatarsal bone), 8.3% (III metacarpal bone), 8.4% (femur). Abstract 13 The average bone stiffness took the following order: III metatarsal bone (35.1 kg/mm) <III metacarpus (41.5 kg/mm) <femur (60.5 kg/mm). This indicator did not differ between the groups of pigs fed at different intensity, except for the metacarpal bone, which was more stiffer in pigs fed aa libitum (P<0.05). The femur of animals fed ad libitum showed a tendency (P<0.09) to be more stiffer and a force of 4.5 kg required for its displacement by 1 mm. Breed differences in stiffness were found for the femur (P <0.05) and III metacarpal bone (P <0.05). For femur, the highest value of this indicator was found in Pietrain pigs (64.5 kg/mm), lower in pigs of 990 line (61.6 kg/mm) and the lowest in Duroc pigs (55.3 kg/mm). In turn, the 3rd metacarpal bone of Duroc and Pietrain pigs had similar stiffness (39.0 and 40.0 kg/mm respectively) and was smaller than that of line 990 pigs (45.4 kg/mm). The thickness of the cortical bone layer took the following order: III metatarsal bone (2.25 mm) <III metacarpal bone (2.41 mm) <femur (5.12 mm). The feeding system did not affect this indicator. Breed differences (P <0.05) for this trait were found only for the femur bone: Duroc (5.42 mm)> line 990 (5.13 mm)> Pietrain (4.81 mm). The cross sectional area of the examined bones was arranged in the following order: III metatarsal bone (84 mm2) <III metacarpal bone (90 mm2) <femur (286 mm2). The feeding system had no effect on the value of this bone trait, with the exception of the femur, which in animals fed the dosing system was 4.7% higher (P<0.05) than in pigs fed ad libitum. Breed differences (P<0.01) in the coross sectional area were found only in femur and III metatarsal bone. The value of this indicator was the highest in Duroc pigs, lower in 990 animals and the lowest in Pietrain pigs. The cortical index of individual bones was in the following order: III metatarsal bone (31.86) <III metacarpal bone (33.86) <femur (44.75). However, its value did not significantly depend on the intensity of feeding or the breed of pigs.
Book chapters on the topic "Hybrid CLT"
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Gaemperli, O., and P. A. Kaufmann. "Hybrid Imaging." In Cardiac CT. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41883-9_23.
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Heine, Bernd, and Christa König. "Grammatical Hybrids." In Morphology and its demarcations. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.264.06hei.
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van Riemsdijk, Henk. "Hybrid Categories and the CIT." In Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90710-9_8.
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Banda, Gourinath, and John P. Gallagher. "Analysis of Linear Hybrid Systems in CLP." In Logic-Based Program Synthesis and Transformation. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00515-2_5.
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Patton, James A. "History and Principles of Hybrid Imaging." In Hybrid PET/CT and SPECT/CT Imaging. Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92820-3_1.
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Dehdashti, Farrokh, and Barry A. Siegel. "Gynecological Tumors." In Hybrid PET/CT and SPECT/CT Imaging. Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92820-3_10.
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Klein, Martine, and Marina Orevi. "Hybrid Imaging in Malignancies of the Urinary Tract, Prostate, and Testicular Cancers." In Hybrid PET/CT and SPECT/CT Imaging. Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92820-3_11.
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Jacene, Heather A., Sibyll Goetze, and Richard L. Wahl. "Thyroid Cancer." In Hybrid PET/CT and SPECT/CT Imaging. Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92820-3_12.
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Krausz, Yodphat. "Endocrine Tumors." In Hybrid PET/CT and SPECT/CT Imaging. Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92820-3_13.
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Weiler-Sagie, Michal, and Ora Israel. "Lymphoma." In Hybrid PET/CT and SPECT/CT Imaging. Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-92820-3_14.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Hybrid CLT"
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Loss, Cristiano, and Thomas Tannert. "Hybrid CLT-Based Modular Construction Systems for Prefabricated Buildings." In IABSE Symposium, Nantes 2018: Tomorrow’s Megastructures. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/nantes.2018.s32-1.
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Neve, Oliver. "Modular CLT – Time to swallow the offsite pill." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0641.
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<p>The threatening title of the United Kingdom’s 2016 Farmer Review ‘Modernise or Die’ was a stark prognosis for the construction industry likened to a sick or dying patient. The review recommended a shift towards pre- manufacture approaches and away from the traditional methods that we seem so reluctant to divert from. The paper recommends that Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA) is to be explored as the potential medicine required to cure the symptoms of a deteriorating industry.</p> <p>The antidote comes in the form of modular cross laminated timber (CLT). Originally, CLT was associated with in-situ construction techniques, which are reliant on-site operations. The industry has since progressed to a hybrid state of using both in-situ techniques with some pre-fabrication. Modular CLT is the next step in the evolution of mass timber which looks to solve the housing crisis affecting multiple global cities in terms of sustainability, cost and speed.</p> <p>The paper will look at:</p> <ul> <li>The advantages and opportunities for modular CLT</li> <li>The engineering challenges that need to be overcome</li> <li>Digitalisation techniques employed in the design of modular CLT</li> <li>A case study of the Watts Grove project in London, UK</li> </ul>
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Schulz, Michael, and Christian Gregor. "Assessment of State of Residual Stress of Hybrid Pressure Vessels." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77993.
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For fully carbon fibre wrapped pressure vessels with load sharing metallic liner (Type III), it was recognized that the state of residual stress given after the autofrettage process can change even if the vessel is stored without pressure. This change is influenced by temperature and time and has a direct effect on the residual lifetime of the vessel. To study the influence of the temperature on the state of residual stress an analytical model was applied which is based on the Classical Laminate Theory (CLT). According to the model, the critical conditions leading to a decrease in lifetime were identified. To confirm the results of the model temperature cycle tests were carried out. The results of the tests are compared with the analytical model and a finite element model. To investigate the influence of time on the state of residual stress, tests on vessels were performed. The tested vessels were aged without any pressure for a longer period of time after the autofrettage process. During these tests, the strain of the vessels was monitored.
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Yu, Ying, Manabu Nomura, and Hiroyuki Hamada. "Prediction of Elastic Modulus of Glass Short Fiber/Wood Powder/Polypropylene Hybrid Composites." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-66679.
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Recent years, thermoplastics incorporated with particulate fillers have been gained high interests. To improve the mechanical properties of the natural particle reinforced polymer plastics, hybrid structure has been applied on the composite combining natural particle with stronger synthetic fibers. However, the reinforcing mechanism of the hybrid composite is quite complicated. Experiments on it may become time consuming and cost prohibitive. Therefore, researchers are interested in studying variable models to predict the elastic properties of the composites. In this study, glass short fiber/wood particle/pp hybrid composites were prepared by injection molding process at a fixed reinforcement to matrix ratio of 51:49. 4 kinds of hybrid specimens with glass fiber/wood particle ratios of 41:10, 31:20, 21:30 and 11:40 were fabricated. The effect of hybridization content on the mechanical properties of the composites was evaluated based on tensile test. Theoretically, the elastic modulus of hybrid composites was predicted by using the rule of hybrid mixtures (RoHM) equation and classical lamination theory (CLT) and the accuracy of the two estimation models has been discussed. Results showed that it can be considered the hybridization of wood powder into glass/PP composite could contribute to a similar high elastic modulus with high green degree. On the other hand, the fiber orientation factor, fiber length distribution factor, powder dispersion factor were very important factors and need to be considered in the prediction model.
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Oppenheimer, Nat. "Mass Timber: Looking Back to Effectively Look Forward." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0650.
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<p>The use of mass timber as a structural element is not a new phenomenon. For example, within almost every major city in the world, there are upscale enclaves centered around the adaptive reuse of factories and warehouses from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These former industrial structures are almost always constructed from masonry and mass timber.</p><p>Within the past decade, the building industry has seen a renewed interest in mass timber structures. This resurgence has been fueled by several trends, including the mass production of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) and a growing awareness of mass timber’s sustainable advantages. A number of high-profile heavy timber structures have found commercial success in the United States and abroad. Leading architectural practices such as Skidmore Owings &amp; Merrill (SOM) have used research initiatives like the Timber Tower Research Project to jump-start a fertile debate within the design industry. On the demand side, building owners have pushed the design community to find innovative ways to incorporate mass timber into their projects.</p><p>This interest has often driven designers and builders to aggressively distinguish their projects from predecessors, pushing for pure mass timber structures while giving less consideration to hybrid structures (mass timber and masonry/concrete structures). This bias towards material purity risks ignoring important lessons from the past and may in some cases lead to inefficient structural choices and structures with less durability and sustainability than their hypothetical hybrid counterparts.</p><p>This paper posits that some of the energy generated by a resurgence in mass timber construction would be well spent on understanding, celebrating, and rediscovering the elegance and importance of hybrid structures.</p>
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Nakahara, Hiroyuki, and Shinya Tokuda. "Shearing Behavior of Circular CFT Short Columns." In 10th International Conference on Advances in Steel Concrete Composite and Hybrid Structures. Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-2615-7_144.
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Rafati, Jacob, Mohsen Asghari, and Sachin Goyal. "Effects of DNA Encapsulation on Buckling Instability of Carbon Nanotube Based on Nonlocal Elasticity Theory." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34430.
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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are capable to absorb and encapsulate some molecules to create new hybrid nano-structures providing a variety of functionally useful properties. CNTs functionalized by encapsulaitng single-stranded deoxy-ribonucleic acid (ssDNA) promise great potentials for applications in nanotechnology and nano-biotechnology. In this paper, buckling instability of ssDNA@CNT i.e. hybrid nano-structure composed of ssDNA encapsulated inside CNT has been investigated using the nonlocal elasticity theory. The nonlocal elasticity theory is capable to capture the small scale effects due to the discontinuity of nano-structures at atomic scales. The nonlocal elastic rod and shell equations are derived for modeling ssDNA and CNT respectively. Providing numerical examples, it is predicted that, ssDNA@(10,10) CNT is more resistant than the pristine (10,10) CNT against the buckling instability under radial pressure due to the inter-atomic van der Waals interactions between DNA and CNT. Furthermore, nonlocal elasticity theory predicts lower critical buckling pressure than does the local elasticity theory.
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Ko, Heejung, Hakeun Lee, and Jiho Moon. "Flexural Behavior of Composite Bridge with CFT Girders." In 10th International Conference on Advances in Steel Concrete Composite and Hybrid Structures. Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-2615-7_197.
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Shimizu, Nobutaka, Ryoichi Kanno, and Tomoki Kobashi. "Strength of CFT Connections with T-shaped Interior Diaphragms." In 10th International Conference on Advances in Steel Concrete Composite and Hybrid Structures. Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-2615-7_176.
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Han, Zenghu, Bao Yang, S. H. Kim, and M. R. Zachariah. "Nanofluids Containing Hybrid Sphere/Carbon Nanotube Particles." In 2007 First International Conference on Integration and Commercialization of Micro and Nanosystems. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnc2007-21331.
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Previous studies on nanofluids have focused on spherical or long-fiber particles. In this work, a new type of complex nanoparticles—hybrid sphere/carbon nanotube (CNT) particle, consisting of numerous CNTs attached to an alumina/iron oxide sphere—is proposed for applications in nanofluids. In such hybrid nanoparticles, heat is expected to transport rapidly from one CNT to another through the center sphere and thus leading to less thermal-contact-resistance between CNTs when compared to simple CNTs dispersed in fluids. CNTs have an extremely high thermal conductivity, but thermal resistance between the CNTs and the fluid has limited their performance in the nanofluids. The proposed hybrid sphere/CNT particles are synthesized by a spray pyrolysis followed by catalytic growth of CNTs. The spheres are about 70 nm in diameter in average, and the attached CNTs have a length up to 2μm. These hybrid nanoparticles are dispersed to poly-alpha-olefin with sonication and a small amount of surfactants to form stable nanofluids. The thermal conductivity of the fluids has been measured by a 3ω-wire method over a temperature range 10–90°C. The results indicate that the effective thermal conductivity of the fluids is increased by about 21% at room temperature for particle volume fractions of 0.2%.
Reports on the topic "Hybrid CLT"
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Mudge, Christopher, Bradley Sartain, Kurt Getsinger, and Michael Netherland. Efficacy of florpyrauxifen-benzyl on dioecious hydrilla and hybrid water milfoil - concentration and exposure time requirements. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42062.
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This study conducted small-scale trials under various concentration and exposure time (CET) scenarios to determine florpyrauxifen-benzyl activity on dioecious hydrilla and hybrid watermilfoil and determine impact on water stargrass and elodea. Hydrilla treated with 12, 24, or 36 μg active ingredient (a.i.) L⁻¹ florpyrauxifen-benzyl and exposed for 12, 24, or 48 hr under outdoor mesocosm conditions was reduced in biomass by 30-75% at 8 weeks after treatment (WAT). An additional hydrilla trial at the same herbicide concentrations, but under longer exposures (24, 72, or 168 hr), resulted in 33–85% plant control. Under indoor conditions, hybrid watermilfoil dry weight decreased 98–100% with subsurface applications of florpyrauxifen-benzyl under CET scenarios of 3–12 μg a.i. L⁻¹ at 3–24 hr exposure times in a growth chamber trial. Under shorter exposure periods (0.5–4 hr) in a follow-up trial, low doses (3–9 μg a.i. L⁻¹) achieved 50–100% control of hybrid watermilfoil. In the same trial, the nontarget species water stargrass and elodea proved relatively tolerant to the florpyrauxifen-benzyl at doses up to 6 μg a.i. L⁻¹ (4 hr exposure) and 9 μg a.i. L⁻¹ (1 hr exposure). These small-scale trials demonstrate florpyrauxifen-benzyl’s potential to selectively manage invasive species.
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Tolsted, David, and Edward Hansen. Age of Hybrid Poplar Stools At First Cut Influences Third-Year Cutting Production. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nc-rn-357.
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Collins, GW. A multi-institution collaboration to study copper wire hybrid and laser-cut foil X-pinches. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1786282.
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Madhav, Priti. Development and Optimization of a Dedicated, Hybrid Dual-Modality SPECT-CmT System for Improved Breast Lesion Diagnosis. Defense Technical Information Center, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada502836.
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Madhav, Priti. Development and Optimization of a Dedicated, Hybrid Dual-Modality SPECT-CmT System for Improved Breast Lesion Diagnosis. Defense Technical Information Center, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada525839.
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Carpenter, John, Atish Kataria, Ofei Mante, and Pradeepkumar Sharma. Breakthrough Hybrid CTL Process Integrating Advanced Technologies for Coal Gasification, Natural Gas Partial Oxidation, Warm Syngas Cleanup and Syngas-to-Jet Fuel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1570973.
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Blackburn, Jeffrey L. Improvement in Power Output for CNT Polymer Hybrid Film and Accompanying Thermoelectric Generator: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-15-596. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1603941.
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