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1
Hristakieva, P., M. Oblakova, M. Lalev, and N. Mincheva. "Heterosis effect in hybrid laying hens." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 30, no. 2 (2014): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1402303h.
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The new original egg laying lines T, P and N selected at the Institute of Agriculture - Stara Zagora were used. Hybrid ?? ? ??, ?? ? ?? crosses were obtained and used for paternal line. Thereafter, the following breeding schedule of paternal and maternal lines was applied: Group I - (?????)? ?N?; group ?? - (?????)? ?N?; group ??? - ???N?; and group ?V - ???N?. The production traits of original and hybrid birds were recorded: live weight at the age of 8 and 18 weeks, age of sexual maturity in days, 150 days egg production, average egg weight - at 2-week intervals until end of lay; livability, heterosis effect. The live weights of hybrids at 8 and 18 weeks of age were statistically significantly lower compared to original lines. The values of heterosis for this parameter were negative for all four hybrid combinations. The earliest beginning of egg lay occurred in (?????) ? ?N? (162.08 days of age) and ???N? (163.11 days of age). The relative (%) heterosis for age of sexual maturity of studied hybrid combinations had moderate to low negative values. Average egg weights of hybrids were higher and the values of heterosis - positive for all four groups varying from 0.97% to 1.63%. The average 150 days egg production was lower in purebred lines compared to hybrids. The highest average 150 days egg production was determined in ???N? hybrids - 142 eggs. The heterosis effect for egg production in hybrids was significant.
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Kibalnik, O. P. "HYBRID VIGOUR EFFECT IN SORGHUM SELECTION." Bulletin of NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), no. 2 (July 23, 2019): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2072-6724-2019-51-2-15-24.
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The authors see application of hybrid vigour in the hybrids obtained on the basis of mother lines with cytoplasmic male sterility as a promising way of sorghum selection. The selection is aimed at increasing sorghum productivity. Hybrid vigour is observed in the first generation of hybrids which was caused by interaction among genes (dominance and epistasis) and additive effect of dominant genes. Its effect is weakened in further generations. The paper explores the effect of heterosis of F1 hybrids obtained on the basis of CMC lines with A1, A2, A3, A4, M-35-1A, 9E types of sterility and productive pollinator varieties which are resistant to biotic and abiotic factors in the region. The experiment was carried out on the pilot plots of Research and Technological Institute of Sorghum and Corn “Rossorgo” in 2015-2016. The area of the plot was7.7 m2; frequency observed was three times; landfill location was random. The density of new hybrids, standards and parental forms was 100 thousand plants pro a hectare. The frequency of pure (superior to the superior parental form), hypothetical (superior to the average value of parental forms) and competitive (excess of the sign of hybrid F1 over the released hybrid) heterosis in terms of: plant height, inflorescence length, grain mass per panicle and 1000 grains, yield. Heterosis was more frequent in terms of plant height, inflorescence length, weight of 1000 grains, and less frequently (mainly in 2016) in terms of yield and weight of grain from a panicle. The authors indicate the prospective combinations of crosses with low effect of competitive heterosis in plant height and the highest yield as: A1 O-Yang 1/Avance, A1 O-Yang 1/Topaz, A3 Feterita 14/Mercury, A4 KP 70/Volzhskoe 4. These hybrids form the grain yield of 4.09-9.15 t/ha (2015-2016) and are characterized by the effect of competitive heterosis in2016 interms of grain yield from 2.1 to 71.4%. Hybrids A1 O-Yang 1/Volzhskoe 4 and A2 KVV 114/Avance differ in competitive heterosis by weight of 1000 grains (51.7-60.0%) and grains from one panicle (5.8-52.9%). The hybrids outlined are expected to be relevant for further tests.
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Rajpurohit, Ashok, Sébastien Joannès, Vicky Singery, Philippe Sanial, and Lucien Laiarinandrasana. "Hybrid Effect in In-Plane Loading of Carbon/Glass Fibre Based Inter- and Intraply Hybrid Composites." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 1 (January 5, 2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs4010006.
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Experimental studies are presented on quasi-static tensile and compressive loading of composites hybridised at two levels: intraply and interply. Consistent reinforcements in the form of novel unidirectional fabrics were developed using T700SC carbon and E-CR glass fibres. Composites were manufactured using Resin Transfer Moulding process with epoxy resin and characterised to ensure consistency and comparability, further enabling easier understanding and confirmation of hybrid effect in a reliable way. Failure strain in tension for interply hybrid revealed a positive hybrid effect of +7.4%, while interply hybrid showed a negative hybrid effect of −6.4% in compression. Intraply hybrid with three carbon and three glass tows blocked together demonstrated the best mechanical performance among all hybrids; synergistic effects of +17.8% and +39.6% in tensile and compressive strength, respectively, was observed for this hybrid configuration. The results show that different hybridisation strategies can be exploited to balance cost and performance of composites for structural and lightweight applications.
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Haščík, Peter, Miroslava Kačániová, Marek Bobko, Jaroslav Pochop, Michal Mihok, and Henrieta Arpášová. "Effect of probiotic preparation for chemical composition of meat cocks different combinations of hybrid chicks." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 5 (2011): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159050083.
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In the experiment were verified the application of probiotic preparation through a water supply for feeding of cock’s hybrids Ross 308, Hubbard JV and Cobb 500 in the chemical composition of the most valuable parts of the carcass. Probiotic was based on the strain Lactobacillus fermentum with containing of 1.109 cfu.g−1 and potentially components of maltodextrin and oligofructose in 1% concentration. Length of feeding period was 42 days. Cocks were fed an ad libitum with the same starter mixture HYD-01 to 21th day and from 22nd to 42nd day of feeding with mixture HYD-02 in powdery form. The average of protein content of breast muscle was highest in Hubbard JV hybrid (23.93 g.100 g−1), lower in Cobb 500 hybrid (23.90 g.100 g−1) and lowest in Ross 308 hybrid (23.73 g.100 g−1), without significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) between hybrids and hybrids groups. Effect of probiotics had increased the protein content (P ≥ 0.05) in breast muscle of Ross 308 and Cobb 500 cocks and at the Hubbard JV only lower doses application during the feeding. The average of fat content in 100 g of breast muscle was lowest in Cobb 500 hybrid (1.09 g), higher in Hubbard JV hybrid (1.28 g) and highest in Ross 308 hybrid (1.35 g). Effect of probiotic to reduce fat content in breast muscle of cocks was at Ross 308 hybrid (1.33 and 1.23 g.100 g−1), Cobb 500 hybrid (0.98 and 1.02 g.100 g−1) and in second experimental group at Hubbard JV hybrid (1.03 g.100 g−1) statistically significant (P ≥ 0.05) in compared with control group, but significantly (P ≤ 0.05) between hybrids Cobb 500 and Hubbard JV in the first test groups. The average of energy value in 100 g of breast muscle was highest in Hubbard JV hybrid (449.24 kJ), lower in Ross 308 hybrid (448.40 kJ) and lowest in Cobb 500 hybrid (441.45 kJ), without significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) between hybrids and hybrids groups. The average of protein content of the femur was highest in Ross 308 hybrid (18.56 g.100 g−1), lower in Cobb 500 hybrid (18.42 g.100 g−1) and lowest in Hubbard JV (17.54 g.100 g−1) without statistical significance (P ≥ 0.05). Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) of the femur were found at lower dose of probiotics between cock’s hybrids Hubbard JV (16.95 g.100 g−1) and Ross 308 (18.48 g.100 g−1) in the protein content. The average of fat content in the femur was highest in Ross 308 hybrid (10.58 g.100 g−1), lower in Hubbard JV hybrid (10.51 g.100 g−1) and lowest in Cobb 500 hybrid (10.29 g.100 g−1) without significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) between hybrids and hybrids groups. The higher fat and protein content in 100 g of the femur in Ross 308 hybrid was ensured the highest energy value (710.88 kJ), lower in Cobb 500 hybrid (696.40 kJ) and lowest in Hubbard JV hybrid (689.77 kJ) without significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) between hybrids and hybrids groups. The verified probiotic preparation in the final analysis had not negative effect on the chemical composition of the most valuable parts of the carcase cock’s hybrids Ross 308, Hubbard JV and Cobb 500.
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K. Satyabalan. "XENIA EFFECT AND HYBRID VIGOUR IN COCONUTS." CORD 11, no. 01 (June 1, 1995): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v11i01.291.
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In coconut the dried endosperin known os the copra is the most important econontic product os it is from the copra, oil is extracted by crushing. To increase the copra content in coconut Haldane (1958) had suggested that it should be possible to compare the size, oil content and other characteristics of the nut borne on the same tree after using pollen from two different pollen parents. The also indicated that the hybrid vigour may possibly show in nuts derivedfrom cross pollination since hybrid vigour in some species is largely due to increased seed weight. If so, it is possible that a mixed plantation may produce a better crop than either of the two breeds when grown alone. Studies on the nut and copra characteristics of Tall x Dwarf hybrids and their reciprocals with their parents in coconut have indicated the importance of selection of pollen parents for producing proinising hybrids which will give better yields and also nuts of better quality and quantity of copra. Hence in copra improvement progrannne by hybridization, selection of parents is of great importance for the production of hybrids which will not only give high yield of nuts and also yield higher outturn of good quality copra. Attempts have been made to identify the best combinersfor the production of high yielding hybrids. Restilts obtained are discussed in this paper.
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Aziz, N. A. Nik, M. I. N. Isa, and S. Hasiah. "Electrical and Hall Effect Study of Hybrid Solar Cell." Journal of Clean Energy Technologies 2, no. 4 (2014): 322–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/jocet.2014.v2.148.
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Vancetovic, Jelena, Ljupcho Jankuloski, Sofija Bozinovic, and Dejan Dodig. "The effects of cytoplasmic male sterility and xenia on the chemical composition of maize grain." Genetika 41, no. 1 (2009): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr0901095v.
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Sterile hybrids often outyield their fertile counterparts, especially if pollinated by a genetically unrelated pollinator. The combined effect of cms and xenia is referred to as the Plus-hybrid effect. The objective of this study was to determine the individual, as well as, combining effect of cms and xenia on the maize grain chemical composition. The percent of oil, protein and starch in the grain was also observed. Two sterile hybrids, their fertile counterparts and five fertile pollinator-hybrids were selected for the studies. The three-replicate trial set up according to the split-plot experimental design was performed at Zemun Polje in 2008. The obtained results show that the effects of cms on the oil percent was not significant in the studied hybrid ZP 341, while it increased at the significance level of P = 0.1 in the second observed hybrid ZP 360. The effect of this factor on the protein and starch percent was also significant (P = 0.01) in some hybrid combinations. Xenia effects on all three chemical parameters were significant (P = 0.01) in some hybrid combinations. The gained results indicate that the identification of a good combination of two hybrids, in which one would be a sterile female component, and the other a pollinator, would end up not only in the increased yield, but also in the improved maize grain quality.
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Bozinovic, Sofija, Jelena Vancetovic, Milosav Babic, Milomir Filipovic, and Nenad Delic. "The plus-hybrid effect on the grain yield of two ZP maize hybrids." Genetika 42, no. 3 (2010): 475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1003475b.
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The combined effect of cytoplasmic male sterility and xenia on maize hybrid traits is referred to as the plus-hybrid effect. Two studied ZP hybrids differently responded to this effect for grain yield. All plus-hybrid combinations of the firstly observed hybrid had a higher yield than their fertile counterparts, but not significantly, while only one combination of the second hybrid positively responded, also without statistical significance. It seems that the observed effect mostly depended on the genotype of the female component.
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Walcott, JJ. "The effect of the Triticum timopheevi nucleo-cytoplasmic system on the performance of an F1 hybrid wheat." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 36, no. 4 (1985): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9850553.
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Hybrid performance may be affected by the T. timopheevi nucleo-cytoplasmic system for producing hybrid wheat. Its effects were investigated in three experiments which compared the same hybrid genotype produced either in T. aestivum cytoplasm or in T. timopheevi cytoplasm. Few consistent differences were found between the two hybrids. The only significant difference in grain yield was associated with a significantly reduced seed set in the T. timopheevi hybrid, and suggested a likely effect of location on the degree of fertility restoration achieved. The T. timopheevi nucleo-cytoplasmic system appeared to reduce plant stand and test weight, but to improve flour colour and flour protein content relative to the T. aestivum hybrid.
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Johnson, Mark, Brian R. Bennett, M. J. Yang, M. M. Miller, and B. V. Shanabrook. "Hybrid Hall effect device." Applied Physics Letters 71, no. 7 (August 18, 1997): 974–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.119704.
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Riungu, Teresio C., and Peter B. E. McVetty. "Comparison of the effect of mur and nap cytoplasms on the performance of intercultivar summer rape hybrids." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 731–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p02-163.
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The performance of six isogenic pairs of male fertility restored, hand-crossed, summer rape (Brassica napus L.) hybrids, in the mur and nap cytoplasms, were investigated in four Manitoba environments. Hybrids in both cytoplasms exhibited high-parent heterosis for seed yield, total dry matter (TDM) and, to a lesser degree, harvest index (HI). Negative high parent heterosis for days to flowering, days to maturity, oil concentration and protein concentration was observed. Combined over hybrids within cytoplasms, the mur and nap cytoplasmic hybrid groups differed in oil concentration in all environments, and in protein concentration in one of four environments. Similarly, the mur hybrid group was lower-yielding and had lower TDM, HI and oil concentration, but higher protein concentration than the nap hybrid group. Even though there are some biological costs associated with the mur cytoplasm, especially for oil concentration, it appears that the mur cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) system has good potential for use in summer rape hybrid cultivar breeding and commercial hybrid seed production, since hybrids in the mur cytoplasm display heterosis for many traits in absolute terms. Key words: Biological cost, Brassica napus L., cytoplasmic male sterility, heterosis, hybrid
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Baek, Miri, and Soo-Jin Choi. "Effect of Orally Administered Glutathione-Montmorillonite Hybrid Systems on Tissue Distribution." Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/469372.
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An ubiquitous tripeptide, glutathione (GSH), is assigned a role in detoxification, activation of immune system, intermediary metabolism, transport, and protection of cells against free radicals or reactive oxygen species. However, instability of orally administered GSH in gastrointestinal (GI) tract leads to low absorption and low bioavailability in tissues. In this study, we attempted to synthesize GSH-montmorillonite (MMT) hybrid systems by intercalating GSH into the interlayers of a cationic clay delivery carrier, MMT, to improve GSH bioavailability at the systemic level. Polymer coating of the hybrid with polyvinylacetal diethylaminoacetate (AEA) was further performed to obtain better stability. Synthetic condition of both GSH-MMT and AEA-GSH-MMT hybrids was optimized, and then GSH-delivery efficiency was evaluated in various organs after oral administration in normal as well as GSH-deficient mice. The present GSH-MMT hybrids remarkably enhanced GSH concentration in the plasma, heart, kidney, and liver, especially when AEA-GSH-MMT hybrid was administered under GSH-deficient condition. Moreover, both hybrids did not induce acute oral toxicity up to 2000 mg/kg, suggesting their great potential for pharmaceutical application.
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Swolfs, Yentl, Ignaas Verpoest, and Larissa Gorbatikh. "Maximising the hybrid effect in unidirectional hybrid composites." Materials & Design 93 (March 2016): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.12.137.
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Monte Vidal, Dielly Cavalcanti da Silva, Heitor L. Ornaghi, Felipe Gustavo Ornaghi, Francisco Maciel Monticeli, Herman Jacobus Cornelis Voorwald, and Maria Odila Hilário Cioffi. "Effect of different stacking sequences on hybrid carbon/glass/epoxy composites laminate: Thermal, dynamic mechanical and long-term behavior." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 6 (August 6, 2019): 731–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319868512.
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In the present study, different stacking sequences on hybrid carbon/glass/epoxy composites laminate were examined in relation to thermal, dynamic mechanical and long-term behavior. A positive hybrid effect was found for both hybrid composites (interleaved-Hybrid 1 and in block-Hybrid 2) showing that in some cases hybrid composites can properly replace carbon or glass composites. The composite containing all glass fiber in the middle (Hybrid 2) presented similar thermal behavior when compared to glass fiber composite. All hybrid composites presented higher storage modulus when compared to glass composite. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that both hybrids can satisfactorily perform the requirement in a wide temperature range. The long-term prediction was successfully applied for all composites, showing to be highly temperature-dependent. Hence, depending on the application requirement, both hybrids can be used, saving weight and cost.
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Umarov, S. H., A. Batirova, A. Ruziev, S. Oserbaeva, and M. Zikirova. "Effect of external environmental factors on the technological and physical-mechanical properties of silkworm." E3S Web of Conferences 244 (2021): 02032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124402032.
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In this article, we have studied the extent to which the technological performance of mulberry silkworms on the industrial hybrids “Musaffo Tola 1” and “Musaffo Tola 2” changes during the hot summer days and these hybrids retain their potential even in adverse stress conditions. Import varieties of “Jingsong x Hoayou” and “Hoayou x Jingsong” hybrid combinations were selected as control hybrids. This Chinese hybrid is the most imported hybrid in Uzbekistan. The purpose of our experiments is to assess the resistance of domestic and import varieties of hybrids to high temperatures on the basis of technological indicators. Changes in the biological performance of import varieties of and domestic hybrids under stress conditions, in particular, a decrease in the viability of worms, an increase in the percentage of deaf and black cocoons, and changes in technological properties were studied.
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Li, Zhikang, Shannon R. M. Pinson, Andrew H. Paterson, William D. Park, and James W. Stansel. "Genetics of Hybrid Sterility and Hybrid Breakdown in an Intersubspecific Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Population." Genetics 145, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 1139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/145.4.1139.
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F1 hybrid sterility and “hybrid breakdown” of F2 and later generations in rice (Oryza sativa L.) are common and genetically complicated. We used a restriction fragment length polymorphism linkage map and F4 progeny testing to investigate hybrid sterility and hybrid breakdown in a cross between “widely compatible” O. sativa ssp. japonica cultivar Lemont from the Southern U.S. and ssp. indica cultivar Teqing from China. Our results implicate different genetic mechanisms in hybrid sterility and hybrid breakdown, respectively. Hybrid sterility appeared to be due to recombination within a number of putative differentiated “supergenes” in the rice genome, which may reflect cryptic structural rearrangements. The cytoplasmic genome had a large effect on fertility of both male and female gametes in the F1 hybrids. There appeared to be a pair of complementary genes that behaved like “wide compatibility” genes. This pair of genes and the “gamete eliminator” (S1) or “egg killer” (S-5) may influence the phenotypic effects of presumed supergenes in hybrids. Hybrid breakdown appeared to be largely due to incompatibilities between indica and japonica alleles at many unlinked epistatic loci in the genome. These proposed mechanisms may partly account for the complicated nature of postreproductive barriers in rice.
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Wang, Shi-Ying, William H. Carlson, and Royal D. Heins. "Effect of Photoperiod on Stem Elongation and Flowering of 10 Hanging-basket Crops." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 465G—466. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.465g.
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Argeranthemum frutescens `Butterfly' and `Sugar Baby', Brachycome hybrid `Ultra', Helichrysum bracteatum `Golden Beauty', Scaevola aemula `New Wonder',Supertunia axillaris hybrids `Kilkenny Bells' and `Pink Victory', Sutera cordata `Mauve Mist' and `Snowflake', and Verbena hybrid `Blue' were grown in a glass greenhouse maintained at 20°C under seven different photoperiods (10-, 12-, 13-, 14-, 16-, 24-hr, and 4-hr night interruption). Black cloth was pulled at 1700 and opened at 0800 HR; incandescent lamps provided 2 μmol·m–2·s–1 to extend light hours to the designed photoperiods. Seedlings were pinched 3 days after transplant. Responses to photoperiod were clearly species-dependent. The tested species can be classified into three groups: 1) stem elongation and flowering were promoted in the long-day treatment (A. frutescens and S. axillaris hybrids), 2) only stem elongation was promoted in the long-day treatment (S. aemula, H. bracteatum, and B. hybrid), and 3) neither flowering nor stem elongation were affected by photoperiod (S. cordata and V. hybrid).
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Medeiros, Artur Mendes, Rosana Rodrigues, Leandro Simões Azeredo Gonçalves, Cláudia Pombo Sudré, Hérica Santos de Oliveira, and Marilene Hilma dos Santos. "Gene effect and heterosis in Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum." Ciência Rural 44, no. 6 (June 2014): 1031–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782014000600013.
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Heterosis has been exploited in Capsicum annuum commercial hybrids; however, the use of heterosis in C. baccatum still remains to be explored, and studies related to the genetics and breeding of this species are scarce. The present study aimed to estimate the combining ability of five parents of C. baccatum var. pendulum , representatives of two distinct types of fruits (namely, lady's finger and cambuci), to calculate heterosis and to evaluate the agronomic potential of the hybrids for yield and fruit quality. The hybrids were produced from a complete diallel without reciprocals. The parents and hybrids were evaluated under field conditions in a randomized block design with three replications, and the following traits were assessed: number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, yield per plant, fruit length, fruit diameter and soluble solids. All traits were significant for general and specific combining ability, indicating that additive and non-additive effects are involved in the genetic control of these traits. The hybrid combinations between the types lady's finger and cambuci provided elongated fruits with smaller diameters and greater weight compared with the parents of the cambuci type. However, these factors did not lead to a significant increase in the yield per plant due to the decreased number of fruits except in hybrid UENF 1616 x UENF 1732. Considering only the parents and hybrids within each type of fruit, the genitor UENF 1624 (lady's finger) and the hybrid UENF 1639 x UENF 1732 (cambuci x cambuci) stood out for achieving a high yield per plant.
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BIERNE, NICOLAS, THOMAS LENORMAND, FRANÇOIS BONHOMME, and PATRICE DAVID. "Deleterious mutations in a hybrid zone: can mutational load decrease the barrier to gene flow?" Genetical Research 80, no. 3 (December 2002): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001667230200592x.
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The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of deleterious mutations in a hybrid zone maintained by selection against hybrids. In such zones, linkage disequilibria among hybrid depression loci, resulting from a balance between migration and selection, are crucial in maintaining the barrier because they allow each locus, in addition to its own selection coefficient, to cumulate indirect selective effects from other loci. Deleterious alleles produce heterosis and increase by this means the effective migration rate in structured populations. In a hybrid zone, they therefore contribute to decrease linkage disequilibria as well as the barrier to gene flow imposed by hybrid depression. However, deleterious mutations have no effect: (i) when selection against hybrids is weak, because linkage disequilibria are small even without heterosis in this case, or (ii) when selection against hybrids is so strong that it overwhelms heterosis. On the other hand, with moderate selection against hybrids, the decrease in the strength of the barrier due to heterosis may reach detectable levels, although it requires relatively small population sizes and/or migration rates. The effect is expected to be small and only within small genomes where loci are tightly linked can it become strong. Nevertheless, neglecting mutational load may to some extent obscure the estimations of selective parameters based either on artificial F1 crosses or on cline characteristics.
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Pinnisch, R., and P. B. E. McVetty. "The effect of varying levels of hybridity on the performance of three pol CMS summer rape hybrid cultivars (Brassica napus L.)." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, no. 3 (July 1, 1994): 437–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-081.
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The Polima (pol) cytoplasmic male sterility system (CMS) has been developed to facilitate the commercial production of hybrid summer rape cultivars. Polima A-lines usually produce small quantities of viable pollen, and further, they suffer from high-temperature-induced male-fertility reversion at temperatures of 30 °C or higher. This pollen production can result in selfing and sibing of the pol A-lines, substantially reducing the hybridity of the field-produced hybrid seed lots. The effects of 5, 15, 25 and 35% A-line contamination on seed yield, oil content and protein content for three different pol CMS summer rape hybrids grown in seven environments over 3 yr were found to be minimal in this study. It is concluded that in cases where the effect of pol A-line contamination on the oil content and (or) protein content of contaminated hybrids is significant, these effects can be predicted from a comparison of the relative oil and protein contents of the pure pol A-line and the pure hybrid. It is also concluded that the current 75% hybridity standard, set by the Canadian Seed Growers Association for the CMS hybrid summer rape seed lots is a reasonable initial minimum standard. Key words: Polima cytoplasmic male sterility, hybrid seed production
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Uddin, MN, FW Ellison, L. O'Brien, and BDH Latter. "The effect of plot type on the estimation of heterosis in bread wheat (T. aestivum)." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, no. 7 (1992): 1471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9921471.
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The demonstration of an economically sustainable level of heterosis for grain yield is a key factor which determines the commercial viability of hybrid wheat production. Identification of sufficient hybrid advantage involves testing hundreds, possibly thousands of hybrid combinations each year. The design of an effective hybrid evaluation program depends on the characterization of genotypexplant density interaction effects. These were examined at Narrabri, N.S.W., using six hybrids and their parents and two commercial hybrids planted in four replicate, randomized complete block design experiments using three different plot types, viz. hill plots, space planted plots and multi-row plots. The level of heterosis for grain yield varied depending upon the plot type, with least heterosis being observed in multi-row plots. While the genotypexplot type interaction was significant for grain yield, it was non-significant for yield heterosis. The relative rankings of hybrids did not alter across plot type. Highly significant phenotypic and genotypic correlations between plot types for yield indicated that each plot type provided comparable information on relative genotype performance. The lesser seed requirement and ease of planting points to hill plots being the preferred plot type for preliminary evaluation of hybrid performance. The modulation of heterosis level by plot type suggests that while hill plots will provide an efficient first evaluation, performance would need to be substantiated in multi-row plots.
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KHAN, I. A., G. HASSAN, N. MALIK, R. KHAN, H. KHAN, and S. A. KHAN. "Effect of Herbicides on Yield and Yield Components of Hybrid Maize (Zea mays)." Planta Daninha 34, no. 4 (December 2016): 729–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582016340400013.
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ABSTRACT Maize crop (Zea mays) is facing lots of problems from different pests throughout Asia, including Pakistan. Weed infestation is one of the serious pests that remarkably decrease the grain yield in maize. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, the trend of maize hybrid cultivation is gaining the attention of the farmers due to its higher production. Therefore, in this research we tested herbicides (Stomp 330 E, Dual gold 960 EC, 2,4-D, ester) in maize hybrids (P-3025, P-32T78, P-3203). The experiment was done in RCB design with split plots arrangement, where maize hybrids were kept in main plots, while herbicides were assigned to the subplots. Each treatment was repeated three times at the New Developmental Farm (NDF), at the Peshawar University of Agriculture, Pakistan. Results revealed that both hybrids and herbicides significantly increased plant height, biological yield and grain yield. However, the lowest weed density (142.50 m-2) was observed in Dual Gold 960 EC treated plots. Similarly, plant height (247.188 cm) and grain yield (2.253 ton ha-1) was maximum in maize hybrid P-3025 and Dual gold treated plots. From the instant experiment, it is concluded that the Dual gold 960 EC herbicide is declared as the best herbicide for weed suppression in maize, while maize hybrid P-3025 was the best hybrid giving maximum yield in the study.
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Sala, Fernando Cesar, Cyro Paulino da Costa, Márcia de Moraes Echer, Marise Cagnin Martins, and Sally Ferreira Blat. "Phosphite effect on hot and sweet pepper reaction to Phytophthora capsici." Scientia Agricola 61, no. 5 (October 2004): 492–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162004000500005.
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Phosphite has been recommended to enhance plant resistance against Phytophthora. This work evaluated the response of hot and sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) to Phytophthora capsici from juvenile up to the adult stage following treatment with phosphite. Sweet pepper hybrids considered to be resistant to P. capsici, like Reinger, Nathalie and Athenas, were evaluated. The susceptible checks were hybrid Magali R and cvs. Myr 10 and Ikeda. Hot pepper Criollo de Morelos 328, CM 334, BGH 3756, BGH 5122, CNPH 294 and Locorte were used as referential resistant lines. Phosphite did not have an effect on the hot pepper resistant lines because of their genetic homozygozity, while no protection was observed for the Athenas hybrid claimed to be resistant. Heterozygous hybrids recognized as resistant, like Reinger and Nathalie, showed higher survival following phosphite treatment, and their reaction was equivalent to the resistant cvs. CM 328 and CM 334, except for the fruiting stage. Depending of the hybrid heterozygous genotype, phosphite possibly acts through indirect phytoalexin induction through the inhibited pathogen.
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GÉRARD, PIERRE R., and DAVEN C. PRESGRAVES. "Abundant genetic variability in Drosophila simulans for hybrid female lethality in interspecific crosses to Drosophila melanogaster." Genetics Research 94, no. 1 (February 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672312000031.
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SummaryIntrinsic postzygotic reproductive isolation is thought to result from the substitution of multiple harmless or beneficial genetic differences between species that are incidentally deleterious when combined in species hybrids, causing hybrid sterility or inviability. Genetic variability for hybrid sterility or inviability phenotypes is, however, rarely assessed in natural populations. Here, we assess variation for Drosophila simulans-encoded maternal factor(s) that cause lethality in D. simulans–Drosophila melanogaster F1 hybrid females. First, we survey genetic variability in the strength of D. simulans-mediated maternal effect hybrid lethality among 37 geographic and laboratory isolates. We find abundant variability in the strength of maternal effect hybrid lethality, ranging from complete lethality to none. Second, we assess maternal effect hybrid lethality for a subset of wild isolates made heterozygous with two so-called hybrid rescue strains. The results suggest that the D. simulans maternal effect hybrid lethality involves a diversity of alleles and/or multiple loci.
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Akroot, Abdulrazzak. "Effect of Operating Temperatures on the Performance of a SOFCGT Hybrid System." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-3 (April 30, 2019): 1512–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd23412.
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Thyla, P. R., N. Tiruvenkadam, and M. Senthil Kumar. "Effect of Environmental Conditions for New Hybrid Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites Wear." Journal of Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Science 1, no. 2 (October 8, 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18831/james.in/2015021001.
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Khashdahilova, Shumaysat Murtazalievna, Magomed Rasulovich Musaev, Magomednur Burganudinovich Khalilov, and Aminat Akhmedovna Magomedova. "Effect of growth stimulants on yield and quality of grain corn grown in Piedmont subprovince of Dagestan." RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries 16, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-797x-2021-16-1-54-65.
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Field experiments were carried out on chestnut soils of Piedmont Dagestan in 2018-2020. Hybrids of grain corn treated with different growth stimulants were the object of еру research. The experiments showed that the harvesting ripeness of hybrids ROSS 299 MV and Mashuk 355 MV occurred 2...5 days earlier after treatment with growth stimulants compared to the control. The growth stimulants used in the experiment did not have a significant effect on seed germination rate. Among the studied hybrids, the highest seed germination were observed in Mashuk 355 MV hybrid. The highest values of leaf area and net productivity of crops were in hybrid Mashuk 355 MB. Plants treated with growth regulators had higher leaf surface by 4.4% and 5.5%; 6.0 % and 8.4%, respectively. Approximately the same dynamics was recorded for photosynthesis net productivity and accumulation of dry matter. Mashuk 355 MV hybrid showed the best yield, which was 30.5; 31.5 and 32.5% higher respectively, compared to the standard. Productivity of corn hybrids treated with growth regulators increased significantly. The highest data were observed on plants treated with Megamiks N10 growth regulator, which were higher than the control data by 30.0 and 32.5%, respectively. Aminokat 30% growth regulator increased corn productivity by 23.7 and 24.7%, respectively. Sufficiently high indicators of yield structure were 10 recorded in Mashuk 355 MV hybrid in the variant with the Megamiks N10 growth stimulator.
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Martinez-Pacheco, Mauro Manuel, Alberto Flores-Garcia, Eulalio Venegas-Gonzalez, and Mario Alberto Cepeda-Villegas. "Effect of citric acid on the proteolytic activity of Zea mays L." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 35, no. 5 (October 2011): 908–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542011000500007.
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Hybrids of Zea mays L. (Buffalo, Falcon, H360 y HV313) were treated with citric acid (2000 ppm). Grain yield, soluble protein and proteolytic activity were monitored when the crop reached physiological maturity. Citric acid was applied before the appearance of the flag leaf, and induced an increase in the grain yield from 4222 to 5780 kg/ha, in the soluble protein from 6.34 to 7.91 mg/mg and into the proteolytic activity from 14.3 to 65.7 µU mg prot-1. This is an increase of 2 to 12 times in the Falcon, H360 and HV313 hybrids, while the Buffalo hybrid responded with less intensity to the treatment with citric acid. In the H360 hybrid treated with citric acid, an increase in the proteolytic activity of aspartyl serine proteases was observed. The results indicate that citric acid differentially induces proteolytic activity and vigor in the corn hybrids analyzed.
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Gasparotto, Francielli, Ricardo Ribeiro de Oliveira, Marcelo Paes Penharbel, Dauri José Tessmann, Jefferson Fernandes do Nascimento, and João Batista Vida. "Effect of grafting on the control of gummy stem blight in muskmelons." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 37, no. 5 (October 26, 2016): 2859. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n5p2859.
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Gummy stem blight, caused by Didymella bryoniae, is the most important fungal diseases of muskmelons cultivated in protected environments in Brazil. Fungicides are used to control this disease, and little is known about the effectiveness of alternative control methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of grafting on the control of gummy stem blight in four muskmelon hybrids. The hybrids Bonus II, Sunrise, Louis and Prince hakusho were grafted onto the squash hybrid Shelper, which is immune to D. bryoniae. Two experiments were conducted, one in greenhouse with artificial inoculation of the pathogen and the other in protected environment using crop residues and soil infected with the pathogen. Under greenhouse conditions, mycelial discs of the pathogen were inoculated onto the hypocotyl or at the union graft/rootstock region of the grafted plants and onto ungrafted plants of each hybrid. By growing these four melon hybrids in a protected environment, the effect of grafting on the control of gummy stem blight could be studied. When these melons were grown in the greenhouse or in a protected environment, grafting significantly reduced the growth of gummy stem blight in all four melon hybrids. For grafted hybrid plants inoculated at the hypocotyl, the disease severity decreased by 34.1%, 33.8%, 51.1% and 48.0% for Sunrise, Bonus II, Louis and Prince hakusho, respectively, compared to ungrafted plants. For grafted plants inoculated at the union graft/rootstock region, the disease severity decreased by 54.3%, 57.3%, 54.1% and 44.6%, respectively. For melons grown in protected environments, grafting reduced the severity of gummy stem blight in the four melon hybrids by 34.3%, 34.8%, 45.8% and 49.6%, respectively. Thus, grafting onto immune rootstocks significantly reduced the severity of D. bryoniae in the four muskmelon hybrids grown under greenhouse and protected environment conditions.
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Criado, Maria, Isabel Sobrados, and Jesus Sanz. "Polysiloxane Hybrids via Sol-Gel Process: Effect of Temperature on Network Formation." Coatings 10, no. 7 (July 15, 2020): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10070677.
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The effect of temperature on the network formation of polysiloxane hybrids was evaluated since this type of material is currently in high demand. In the last decades, the deposition of these coatings on different substrates, mostly metals, has demonstrated anticorrosion properties. Sol-gel hybrids were prepared by mixing 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTS) and tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS) with a molar ratio of 1. The formation, thickness and composition of these hybrid materials were evaluated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The results showed that the temperature plays an important role in the network formation, the total condensation degree and the total dimensionality of the hybrid materials. At room temperature, the polysiloxane hybrids presented total condensation degrees lower than 75% and a total dimensionality (dtotal) = 2.5, while those obtained at 65 °C presented total condensation degrees higher than 80% and a dtotal = 2.8. The ideal conditions to prepare polysiloxane hybrids are 65 °C for 4 h, where this shows a higher atomic percentage of Si and a greater thickness.
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Baranovskiy, A. V., T. M. Kosogova, and A. S. Sadovoy. "EFFECT OF WEATHER CONDITIONS DURING THE VEGETATION PERIOD ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF GRAIN SORGHUM." VESTNIK OF THE BASHKIR STATE AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY 55, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31563/1684-7628-2020-55-3-8-16.
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Global warming is currently having a measurable effect on Earth, so the process is bringing about significant changes in weather conditions during the vegetation period of the main field crops. This is true for the arid steppe conditions of the Donbass territory. The authors conducted a field experiment to evaluate climatic factors' effect on the productivity of various early maturing grain sorghum hybrids on ordinary chernozem in Luhansk National Agrarian university's experimental field 2015–2019. The study obtained the strongest direct correlation between the yield of hybrids and the amount of precipitation for April – September (r = 0,84–0,99) or only correlated with precipitation for August (r = 0,75–0,98). A moderate and high correlation was found between the yield of hybrids and the hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) for April – September (r = 0,53–0,89) and a high correlation with the HTC for August (r = 0,67–0,99). The average monthly air temperature in summer did not show a significant correlation with the sorghum yield. The crop yield had an average (r = 0,52–0,66) and strong (r = 0,90) direct correlation with the mass of 1000 grains, a strong correlation (r = 0,92) with the height of plants, and a strong correlation (r = 0,76–0,99) with the duration of the vegetational season of sorghum. The early-maturing hybrid Yankee and the medium-early maturing hybrid Puma Star showed the closest correlation between the sorghum crop and the amount of precipitation for August (r = 0,91–0,98) and the Selyaninov HTC for August (r = 0,87–0,99). In 2015–2019, the Puma Star hybrid demonstrated the highest grain yield, significantly higher than other hybrids (56,5–77,6 C/ha), due to the higher grain weight obtained from the panicle (42,5–49,8 g) and the weight of 1000 grains (21,8–28,2 g). The Puma Star hybrid showed an extreme dependence of the yield on the mass of 1000 grains (r = 0,96 ± 0,01).
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Cholakova-Bimbalova, Rositsa, and Andon Vassilev. "EFFECT OF CHILLING STRESS ON THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PERFORMANCE OF YOUNG PLANTS FROM TWO MAIZE (ZEA MAYS) HYBRIDS." CBU International Conference Proceedings 5 (September 24, 2017): 1118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v5.1081.
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: In the climate conditions of Bulgaria, early stages of maize plants development often go under suboptimal temperatures. Chilling stress is known to cause different physiological disturbances in young maize plants during the transition period from heterotrophic to autotrophic nutrition. However, the effect of chilling may differ among maize hybrids. Photosynthetic performance could be a good indicator for the hybrid tolerance to chilling. The aim of our study was to evaluate the tolerance of young maize plants from two hybrids – the new Bulgarian hybrid - Kneza 307 and the hybrid P9528 using as criteria the changes in their photosynthetic performance.Plants at the third leaf stage were exposed for seven days to chilling stress. At the end of the experimental period, growth, leaf lipid peroxidation, and several photosynthetic parameters were measured. We found that chilling stress reduced the fresh mass accumulation, increased lipid peroxidation, diminished net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content, and enhanced non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. Although the responses of both hybrids were similar, some specificity were observed and discussed.
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Fromme, Dan D., Todd A. Spivey, and W. James Grichar. "Agronomic Response of Corn (Zea maysL.) Hybrids to Plant Populations." International Journal of Agronomy 2019 (January 2, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3589768.
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Field studies were conducted in 2016 and 2017 under rain-fed conditions in south-central Louisiana, (a) to determine the effects of plant density levels on plant height, ear height, stalk diameter, lodging, corn grain yield, test weight, and photosynthetically active radiation with modern corn hybrids in central Louisiana and (b) to test the hypothesis that the response of grain yield to plant population density would depend on the reproductive plasticity (flex, semiflex, or fixed ear) of the hybrids evaluated. Rainfall was above average while air temperatures were below average during the growing season in both years. Grain yield showed a hybrid response in one of two years (fixed ear greater than semiflex ear) while yields increased as plant populations increased. Test weights were less with the fixed ear hybrid and the effect of plant populations was inconsistent with increased populations resulting in greater test weight in one of two years. Lodging increased as plant populations increased with the fixed ear hybrid resulting in greater lodging in one of two years. There was a hybrid by plant population interaction for ear height and seed weight. The effect of plant populations is an important factor for corn yield; however, yield gains associated with higher plant populations may be dependent on the genetic predisposition of corn hybrids (regardless of the reproductive plasticity) to tolerate various environmental conditions and stresses associated with higher populations.
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de Oliveira, Agda Aline Rocha, R. L. Oréfice, Herman S. Mansur, and Marivalda Pereira. "Effect of Increasing Polyvinyl Alcohol Content on the Porous Structure and Mechanical Properties of Sol-Gel Derived Hybrids Foams." Key Engineering Materials 361-363 (November 2007): 555–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.361-363.555.
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Bioactive glass/polymer hybrids are promising materials for biomedical applications because they combine the bioactivity of these bioceramics with the flexibility of polymers. In previous work hybrid foams with 80% bioactive glass and 20% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were prepared by the sol-gel process for application as scaffold for bone tissue engineering. In this work it was evaluated the effect of increasing the PVA content of the hybrids on structural characteristics and mechanical properties of hybrid foams produced by this method. The hybrids were prepared with inorganic phase composition of 70%SiO2-30%CaO and PVA fractions of 20 to 60% by the sol-gel method. The structural and mechanical characterization of the obtained foams was done by FTIR, SEM, Helium Picnometry, and compression tests. To reduce the acidic character of the hybrids due to the catalysts added, different neutralization solutions were tested. The immersion of hybrids in a calcium acetate solution was the most adequate neutralization method, avoiding calcium loss while maintaining pH nearly 7,0 and low PVA loss. The foams presented porosity of 60-85% and pore diameters of 100-500μm with interconnected structure. The pore structure varied with the polymer content in the hybrid. The compression tests showed that an increase of PVA fraction in the hybrids improved their mechanical properties.
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Nguyen, Anh Vu, Karine Charlet, Belhassen Chedli Bouzgarrou, Ky Nam Pham, Trong Dai Vu, and Alexis Béakou. "Hybrid Effect on Hybrid Composite Reinforced Carbon Fibers and Flax Fibers." Key Engineering Materials 801 (May 2019): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.801.101.
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In this paper, hybrid composite made of carbon woven fibers and flax woven fibers is studied. This hybrid composite structure takes advantages of high resistance, high stiffness of carbon fibers and high damping and low density of flax fibers. Different structures of flax woven composites, carbon woven composites and hybrid composites were fabricated and tested experimentally. With aim of predicting the properties of the hybrid composite, a homogenization model of the composite is established. The homogenization model is based on the rule-of-mixture and iso-strain assumption. The results of the analytical homogenization model (AHM) are then compared with the results of experimental tests. The results show a good agreement between the AHM and the experimental results at the homogenization level of the woven composite. However, at the hybrid composite homogenization level, the experimental results present considerably higher stiffness than analytical results that is explained by hybrid effect on the hybrid composite.
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Campbell, L. G., and K. L. Klotz. "Characterizing sugarbeet varieties for postharvest storage losses is complicated by environmental effects and genotype × environment interactions." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 87, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p06-085.
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Each year millions of tons of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) roots are stored in large exposed piles prior to processing. During postharvest storage, respiration and invert sugar formation consume sucrose and even a small reduction in these losses would have substantial economic impact. This study investigated the relative importance of hybrid, environment, and hybrid × environment interactions and examined their implications in characterizing hybrids for sucrose loss during storage or developing hybrids with improved storage properties. Glucose, fructose, and extractable sucrose concentrations and respiration rate were measured 30 and 120 d after harvest (DAH) on five hybrids produced in six environments. Environment effects were significant on both dates for all traits except fructose 30 DAH. Significant hybrid × environment interactions were observed for respiration rate 30 and 120 DAH, for extractable sucrose 120 DAH, and for glucose concentration 30 DAH. The only trait with a significant hybrid main effect was extractable sucrose 30 DAH. For the 90 d between measurements, extractable sucrose losses for individual hybrid-environment combinations ranged from 1 to 63% of the sucrose available 30 DAH. It appeared that large environmental impacts and hybrid × environment interactions, compared to the relatively small hybrid influences, would complicate selecting parental lines with all or most of the storage traits desired. Furthermore, a comprehensive evaluation of commercial hybrids or breeding lines for storage traits would require considerable resources. Efforts to understand the impact of production practices and growing season environment on storage properties would probably be more productive than attempting to produce commercial hybrids with improved storage characteristics. Key words: Beta vulgaris L., respiration, glucose, fructose, extractable sucrose
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Singh, Shamsher Bahadur, Himanshu Chawla, and Ranjitha B. "Hybrid effect of functionally graded hybrid composites of glass–carbon fibers." Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures 26, no. 14 (February 8, 2018): 1195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2018.1432792.
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Jirari, H., R. M�lin, and N. Stefanakis. "Proximity effect in multiterminal hybrid structures." European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2003-00016-8.
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Reijniers, J., and F. M. Peeters. "Hybrid ferromagnetic/semiconductor Hall effect device." Applied Physics Letters 73, no. 3 (July 20, 1998): 357–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121833.
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Chen, Yu-Chieh, Jen-Yu Fang, Chung-Hao Tien, and Han-Ping D. Shieh. "High-transmission hybrid-effect-assisted nanoaperture." Optics Letters 31, no. 5 (March 1, 2006): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.31.000655.
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Diaz, F. J., Guangyuan Li, C. Martijn de Sterke, B. T. Kuhlmey, and S. Palomba. "Kerr effect in hybrid plasmonic waveguides." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 33, no. 5 (April 22, 2016): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.33.000957.
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Barbash, Daniel A., John Roote, and Michael Ashburner. "The Drosophila melanogaster Hybrid male rescue Gene Causes Inviability in Male and Female Species Hybrids." Genetics 154, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 1747–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/154.4.1747.
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Abstract The Drosophila melanogaster mutation Hmr rescues inviable hybrid sons from the cross of D. melanogaster females to males of its sibling species D. mauritiana, D. simulans, and D. sechellia. We have extended previous observations that hybrid daughters from this cross are poorly viable at high temperatures and have shown that this female lethality is suppressed by Hmr and the rescue mutations In(1)AB and D. simulans Lhr. Deficiencies defined here as Hmr− also suppressed lethality, demonstrating that reducing Hmr+ activity can rescue otherwise inviable hybrids. An Hmr+ duplication had the opposite effect of reducing the viability of female and sibling X-male hybrid progeny. Similar dose-dependent viability effects of Hmr were observed in the reciprocal cross of D. simulans females to D. melanogaster males. Finally, Lhr and Hmr+ were shown to have mutually antagonistic effects on hybrid viability. These data suggest a model where the interaction of sibling species Lhr+ and D. melanogaster Hmr+ causes lethality in both sexes of species hybrids and in both directions of crossing. Our results further suggest that a twofold difference in Hmr+ dosage accounts in part for the differential viability of male and female hybrid progeny, but also that additional, unidentified genes must be invoked to account for the invariant lethality of hybrid sons of D. melanogaster mothers. Implications of our findings for understanding Haldane's rule—the observation that hybrid breakdown is often specific to the heterogametic sex—are also discussed.
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Brignoni, Alcindo Sousa, Higor Ferreira Silva, Jardélcio Damião Carvalho Ervilha, Fabiano Guimarães Silva, Liliane Santos Camargos, and Lucas Anjos Souza. "Biomass sorghum hybrids differ in growth and nitrogen use under low bases saturation in sandy soil." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 9 (August 27, 2020): e488996289. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i9.6289.
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Sorghum plants are well cultivated in central region of Brazil, which is originalmente low fertility and rich in aluminum content. These features demand studies to know better hybrids for such environment, mainly regarding the use of nutrients like nitrogen (N). This nutrient is the most limiting to plant growth, development, production and for this reason it is of great concern to understand the effects of low bases saturation on N use in biomass dedicated sorghum plants, that is hybrids used for bioenergy purpouses. With the aim to assess the effect of increasing liming rates on nitrogen use in biomass sorghum hybrids we set a greenhouse quantitative research as a completely randomized factorial experiment by using two sorghum hybrids (PA 5L60 and PA 5D61) under five different bases saturation (V%) – 15, 35, 40, 50 and 60. This experimental design allowed us to study five different concentrations of aluminum in this soil. The growth of both sorghum hybrid was impaired only under at V% 15. Nitrogen concentration, content and the N use efficiency indicators were affected at V% 15 for both sorghum hybrids; however, the hybrid PA 5D61 showed to be less sensitive than PA 5L60 under the studied conditions. The PCA analysis showed that the hybrid PA 5D61 showed to be more tolerant to aluminum and uses N more efficiently than the hybrid PA 5L60 and, therefore, we can argue that this hybrid should be used in marginal, low fertility lands as a feedstock producer for bioenergy.
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Orr, H. Allen, and Shannon Irving. "Complex Epistasis and the Genetic Basis of Hybrid Sterility in the Drosophila pseudoobscura Bogota-USA Hybridization." Genetics 158, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 1089–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/158.3.1089.
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Abstract We analyzed the genetic basis of postzygotic isolation between the Bogota and USA subspecies of Drosophila pseudoobscura. These subspecies diverged very recently (perhaps as recently as 155,000 to 230,000 years ago) and are partially reproductively isolated: Bogota and USA show very little prezygotic isolation but form sterile F1 males in one direction of the hybridization. We dissected the basis of this hybrid sterility and reached four main conclusions. First, postzygotic isolation appears to involve a modest number of genes: we found large chromosome regions that have no effect on hybrid fertility. Second, although apparently few in number, the factors causing hybrid sterility show a remarkably complex pattern of epistatic interaction. Hybrids suffer no hybrid sterility until they carry the “right” allele (Bogota vs. USA) at at least four loci. We describe the complete pattern of interactions between all chromosome regions known to affect hybrid fertility. Third, hybrid sterility is caused mainly by X-autosomal incompatibilities. Fourth, hybrid sterility does not involve a maternal effect, despite earlier claims to the contrary. In general, our results suggest that fewer genes are required for the appearance of hybrid sterility than implied by previous studies of older pairs of Drosophila species. Indeed, a maximum likelihood analysis suggests that roughly 15 hybrid male steriles separate the Bogota and USA subspecies. Only a subset of these would act in F1 hybrids.
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Moreira, Joserlan N., Paulo Sérgio L. Silva, Kathia MB Silva, Jeferson LD Dombroski, and Renato S. Castro. "Effect of detasseling on baby corn, green ear and grain yield of two maize hybrids." Horticultura Brasileira 28, no. 4 (December 2010): 406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362010000400005.
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Three experiments (E1, E2, and E3) were carried out in Mossoró, Brazil, to evaluate baby corn yield, green ear yield, and grain yield, respectively, of two corn hybrids (AG 1051 and BRS 2020), in response to detasseling (with or without tassel). A randomized split-plot block design (with hybrids defined as plots) and ten replicates was used. The three experiments were planted on the same day and in neighboring areas. In the three experiments, the hybrids did not differ from each other on the dry matter mass and number of tassel branches. In E1 (baby corn production at 180 thousand plants ha-1), for both hybrids, the following effects were observed due to detasseling: a) an increase in ear total number, in ear total weight, in marketable unhusked ears number and in marketable unhusked ears weight; b) no change was observed in the number and weight of marketable husked ears. Hybrid AG 1051 was superior to BRS 2020 for weight of marketable husked ears, but the two hybrids did not differ in other traits utilized to evaluate baby corn yield. In E2 (green ear yield at 50 thousand plants ha-1), detasseling did not change the following traits in both hybrids: total number and weight of ears; number and weight of marketable unhusked ears and marketable husked ear weight. Detasseling reduced the number of marketable husked ears in cultivar AG 1051, but not in BRS 2020. The two hybrids did not differ in total number of ears and number of marketable unhusked ears. Hybrid AG 1051 was superior to BRS 2020 in regard to the total ears weight, marketable unhusked ears weight and number and weight of marketable husked ears. In E3 (grain yield at 50 thousand plants ha-1), detasseling did not affect grain yield (RG) and hybrid AG 1051 was superior to BRS 2020 for grain yield.
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Kovács, Péter. "The effect of and interaction between the biological bases and the agrotechnical factors on maize yield." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 74 (June 30, 2018): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/74/1669.
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The effect of and interaction between the biological bases and the agrotechnical factors on maize yield In our research, we examined the effect of the hybrid, the nutrient supply, the number of plants and the abiotic factors (temperature, amount of precipitation) on the yield, crop quality and yield stability of maize. We devoted special attention to the natural nutrient utilization ability and fertilizer reaction of maize. The experiment took place in Hajdúszoboszló on chernozem soil, on a nearly 8 ha field. The size of one plot was 206 m2; therefore, this experiment was half-industrial. We tested six hybrids with different genetic characteristics and growing seasons.
We analysed the correlation between the nutrient supply and the yield of maize hybrids with a control treatment (treatment without fertilization) and with N 80, P2O5 60, K2O 70 kg ha-1 and N 160, P2O5 120, K2O 140 kg ha-1 fertilizer treatments. The yield increasing effect of the fertilizer also depended on the number of plants per hectare to a great extent. The number of plants of the six tested hybrids was 60, 70, and 80 thousand plants ha-1.
In 2015, the highest yield was produced by hybrid P9241 with N80+PK and 70 thousand plants per hectare. With the N160+PK fertilizer dosage, the same hybrid responded the best, followed by hybrids P9486 and DKC4717. Using the same fertilizer treatment, the 80 thousand plants per hectare population density resulted in decrease in the yield with most of the examined hybrids. In 2016, with the increase in the number of plants per hectare, even with non-fertilised treatment (control treatment), the yield could be increased in the case of each hybrid.
Averaged over the different hybrids and fertilizer treatments, applying 80 thousand plants ha-1 instead of 60 thousand resulted in 1.0 ha-1 yield increase. In 2017, the number of plants had a slighter effect. With N160+PK treatment, in most cases no significant difference can be observed. The value of LSD5%: plant number: 0.20 t ha-1, hybrid: 0.28 t ha-1, interaction: 0.48 t ha-1. With N160+PK treatment, the hybrids produced yields between 10.07 and 12.45 t ha-1. When examining the three years in the average of the number of plants, with treatment without fertilisation, the average yield of hybrids reached 7.53 t ha-1. With N80+PK treatment, this value was 9.71 t ha-1 and with doubling the fertilizer dosage, this value increased to 10.42 t ha-1. No economic profit was gained as a result of applying double dosage of fertilizer; therefore, the N80+PK dosage can be considered ideal.
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Samir, Mendil, and Aguili Taoufik. "Analysis the effect of Diffraction Phenomena by Complex Shapes with Hybrid MOM-GTD Method." International Journal of Engineering Education 1, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijee.1.2.67-73.
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This article deals with a hybrid method combining the method of moments (MOM) with the general theory of diffraction (GTD). This hybrid approach is used to analyze antennas located near perfectly Bodies of arbitrary curved shape. Some examples, e.g. an antenna mounted near a perfect conductor cylinder with two plates, demonstrates that the hybrid approach is the most suitable technique for modeling large-scale objects and arbitrary shapes. This approach allows us to resolve the problem, that the other methods can’t solve it alone. Generally, random radiation locates on or near an arbitrary form, can be solved using this technique hence the strong advantages of our method.
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Lin, Zechuan, Peng Qin, Xuanwen Zhang, Chenjian Fu, Hanchao Deng, Xingxue Fu, Zhen Huang, et al. "Divergent selection and genetic introgression shape the genome landscape of heterosis in hybrid rice." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 9 (February 18, 2020): 4623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1919086117.
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The successful application of heterosis in hybrid rice has dramatically improved rice productivity, but the genetic mechanism for heterosis in the hybrid rice remains unclear. In this study, we generated two populations of rice F1hybrids with present-day commercial hybrid parents, genotyped the parents with 50k SNP chip and genome resequencing, and recorded the phenotype of ∼2,000 hybrids at three field trials. By integrating these data with the collected genotypes of ∼4,200 rice landraces and improved varieties that were reported previously, we found that the male and female parents have different levels of genome introgressions from other rice subpopulations, includingindica,aus, andjaponica, therefore shaping heterotic loci in the hybrids. Among the introgressed exogenous genome, we found that heterotic loci, includingGhd8/DTH8,Gn1a, andIPA1existed in wild rice, but were significantly divergently selected among the rice subpopulations, suggesting these loci were subject to environmental adaptation. During modern rice hybrid breeding, heterotic loci were further selected by removing loci with negative effect and fixing loci with positive effect and pyramid breeding. Our results provide insight into the genetic basis underlying the heterosis of elite hybrid rice varieties, which could facilitate a better understanding of heterosis and rice hybrid breeding.
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Gvozdenovic, Sandra, Jovan Joksimovic, and Dragan Skoric. "Gene effect and combining abilities for plant height and head diameter in sunflower." Genetika 37, no. 1 (2005): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr0501057g.
Full textAbstract:
Plant height and head diameter are important parameters which effect on a yield in sunflower. Six restorer Rf lines, three tester A lines and their 18 Fl hybrids were studied, using line x tester method. Significant differences were found between restorer lines and testers and their Fl hybrids for plant height and head diameter. Regarding the inheritance of examined characteristic, super dominance and dominance of better parent occurred, and the intermediary too. Tester line HA-48A (188.25 cm) and Fl hybrid HA-48A x RHA-SELEUS (245.10 cm) had the highest mean value for plant height, and the lowest value had line RHA-BRE-1 (105.35 cm) and hybrid L-19A x RHA-BRE-1 (147.9 cm). For head diameter, the highest mean value had line L-19A (19.02 cm) and Fl hybrids HA-48A x RHA-TR-20 and L-19A x RHA-TR-20 (24.55 cm), and the lowest line RHA-BRE-1 (13.10 cm) and hybrid HA-26A x RHA-M-72 (20.25 cm). Based on the results, the following conclusion is that lines RHA-BRE-1 for plant height and RHA-SELEUS for head diameter have the best GCA, and the best SCA have hybrids L-19A x RHA-BRE-1 for plant height and HA-26A x RHA-SELEUS for head diameter. Analyzing components of genetic variance, the nonadditive component played the main role in the inheritance of plant height and the additive of head diameter. The largest average contribution in the expression of plant height had the tester A-lines (83.17%) and for head diameter Rf lines had the greatest influence (58.13%).
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Weiland, R. T. "Cross-pollination effects on maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid yields." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps92-004.
Full textAbstract:
Recent studies have shown that pollen from a long-season maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid increased yield of a short-season hybrid by lengthening the effective grain-filling period, while the reciprocal cross did not alter this period or yield. This effect (metaxenia) was evaluated further in the studies reported here with hybrids of more diverse maturity and under both high and low N fertility. In the first year of this study (1989), sib- and cross-pollinations were made among B73Ht × Mo17 (B × 7) and two early-silking hybrids, LH59 × LH146 (L × 6) and Pioneer 3732 (3732) under N-sufficient (275 kg ha−1) and two lower N regimes (17 and 67 kg ha−1). Only a few significant effects were observed and these were noted at high N with one exception. With 3732 pollen, grain yield of B × 7 was decreased at 275 kg N ha−1, and physiological maturity occurred 3 d earlier. Yield of 3732 was increased by L × 6 pollen in comparison with B × 7 pollen. Kernel number and average kernel weight were not altered by pollen source. Pollen type did not affect yields under low N fertility, except for a reduction when B × 7 was pollinated by L × 6 at the 67-kg N ha−1 rate. In 1990, under N-sufficient fertility, B73Ht × LH156 (B × 6), a late-silking hybrid, and LH146 × LH82 (L × 2), an earlier hybrid, were sib- and cross-pollinated with B × 7 and 3732. The only significant effect observed was that L × 2 pollen increased B × 6 yield. Thus with the hybrids used, yields of early-season types were not altered by cross-pollination with long-season types. Previous results showing increased yields when 3732 was pollinated by B × 7 were not duplicated in either year, suggesting metaxenia effects are highly dependent upon environment.Key words: Metaxenia, xenia, cross-pollination, maize, yield, N levels