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Journal articles on the topic 'Hybrid electric cars'
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1
Lyashuk, Oleg, Uliana Plekan, Oleg Tson, and Bogdan Gevko. "Development Technologies of Cars Hybrid Power Plants." Central Ukrainian Scientific Bulletin. Technical Sciences 1, no. 8(39) (2023): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32515/2664-262x.2023.8(39).1.139-146.
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Innovations and trends in the field of power plants of hybrid cars were covered in the article. The essence of the car's power plant was analyzed. The special transmission of hybrid cars was described. The modes of operation of the power plant in a hybrid car were outlined. Modern technologies of power plants of cars were given. The issue of increasing the efficiency of propulsion system of cars, increasing fuel efficiency and reducing toxic gas emissions in modern automotive industry was considered. It was emphasized that the practical use of combined power plants allows to significantly reduce the cost of transporting goods and passengers by vehicle, as well as to improve energy and environmental characteristics. The main modes of operation of the power plant in a hybrid car were listed by the authors, in particular: electric mode, hybrid mode, charge mode. Trends in the development of electric cars, which use electric propulsion systems instead of internal combustion engines, have been outlined. The trend of recent years in the development of electric cars included: an increase in the range of travel, fast charging and improvement of power electronic systems. The modern development of hybrid cars was analyzed in the article, in particular: Plug-in hybrid cars, use of a 48-volt network, an improvement of control modes in hybrid cars and energy recovery systems. Special attention was paid to changes in driving modes of hybrid cars. In general, the technologies of power plants of cars are developing rapidly, are aimed at reducing fuel consumption. A combination of internal combustion and electric motors in hybrid cars makes it possible to achieve an optimal balance between fuel efficiency and environmental friendliness, and ensures convenience and performance when driving on the road.
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Armashova-Telnik, G. S., and T. A. Bobovich. "Features of designing scenarios for the development of hybrid technologies in the Russian and foreign automotive industry." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 84, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2022-3-296-302.
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The relevance of the development of hybrid electric vehicle technology in the automotive industry lies in its diversity. Various degrees of hybridization allow you to get bonuses for both conventional cars with an internal combustion engine and pure electric vehicles, while controlling the level of electrification of your cars, from soft hybrids close to cars with only an internal combustion engine to plug-in hybrids more similar to pure electric vehicles. Depending on the policy of the automaker and the requirements of the market, it is possible to use various designs, including those based on existing developments. The article analyzes the modern automotive market in Russia and the share of cars with hybrid technology in it. A comparison of the development of hybrid technology in modern automotive construction of Russian and foreign automakers is made. The specificity of designing scenarios for the development of hybrid technologies in the Russian and foreign automotive industries is reflected in the very process of using hybrid technology in the models of foreign automakers. Thus, the use of mild hybrid technology is mainly used by automakers with the aim of a smooth transition to more electrified versions, the design and implementation of mild hybrid technology is used by automakers to improve the environmental parameters of their cars while maintaining dynamic performance or to increase the latter. Full hybridization technology can also be used as a transitional for full electrification of models, however, it is mainly used in electric vehicles aimed at a hybrid device. Sequential hybridization technology has not been widely used in passenger cars.
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SABATA, GIACOMO de. "Whither electric cars?" Environmental Conservation 24, no. 1 (March 1997): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892997000027.
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In a previous report I tried to show that the widespread use of electric cars, both battery-powered and so-called ‘hybrid’ types (i.e. vehicles utilizing an electric motor powered by a battery in town, and a combustion engine on open highways), would not reduce, but rather increase, air pollution, because the electricity required to run them would have to be generated by a large number of additional fossil-fuel burning power plants, with a lower total energy efficiency (de Sabata 1995).
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Jung, Frank. "Developing Quiet Hybrid and Electric Cars." ATZ worldwide 124, no. 7-8 (July 2022): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38311-022-0848-1.
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Yan, Shi Tong. "Hybrid Base and Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle Control Strategy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 599-601 (August 2014): 956–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.599-601.956.
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Automotive hybrid technology development and mechanical, electrical,engine,energy technology is closely related with the development of these areas of technology, the development of hybrid technology also will be extensive. How to optimize the control strategy is the key to achieve hybrid cars low fuel consumption, low emissions targets . In the automotive power and meet other basic technical performance,and cost requirements of the premise,characteristics and operating conditions for the car's various components , control strategies to achieve a reasonable distribution of energy in the motor between the engine and effective,so that the vehicle the highest system efficiency,access to the largest vehicle fuel economy,low emissions and smooth driving performance.
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Zhang, Xin Qiang. "Research on the Automotive Hybrid Control System Applications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 450–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.450.
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With the rise of international oil prices and the increasingly scarce of oil energy, the fuel consumption of cars has received more and more attention of the community. In recent years, the number of cars has sharply soared, and its resulting resource consumption and environment are more and more problems, the most direct solution is the production of pure electric vehicles or oil electric hybrid cars, due to pure electric vehicles technology is not yet mature, hybrid cars have become the best choice to solve the energy and environmental problems. This paper first expatiates the characteristics of three kinds of hybrid power system, and introduces the working principle and way of working of the hybrid electric vehicle system; the second part establishes the mathematical model of automobile hybrid, to give the expression form of resistance coefficient, air resistance, rolling resistance and acceleration resistance under the hybrid driven; for the three forms of separate control power system, the third uses MATLAB/ADVISOR control software to carry out simulation, to provide a theoretical reference for the design and application of automobile hybrid power control system.
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Menes, Maciej. "Two decades of hybrid electric vehicle market." Journal of Civil Engineering and Transport 3, no. 1 (May 4, 2022): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/tren.2021.003.
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The article presents a cross-sectional view of the development of the HEV car market over the last two decades. Hybrid cars are currently the widest group of cars equipped with alternative to classic drive systems. They are also the most numerous group among electric vehicles. The historical meanders of HEV development were described, as well as the current level of development of this market and the real prospects for the popularization of HEV cars. The level of world production of this category of motor vehicles in the twenty-year period 2001-2020 was also characterized. The article attempts to estimate the real size of the world\'s HEV fleet. The level of sales of this category of vehicles by individual countries and their changing percentage share in the passenger car market were also presented. Sales of electric hybrids even in the crisis year 2020 increased from 3.2 million to approx. 4 million vehicles, despite a decrease in sales of new passenger cars from 64 to 54 million units. The above fact also proves the market attractiveness of this type of vehicles and the constantly growing interest in them.
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Machedon-Pisu, Mihai, and Paul Nicolae Borza. "Is the Transition to Electric Passenger Cars Sustainable? A Life Cycle Perspective." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 2614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032614.
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Compared to conventional passenger cars, the hybrid and electric alternatives include electric motors and large batteries; the use of clean energy, reduced operation emissions, and decreasing purchase prices can represent solid reasons for their market adoption. The feasibility of the transition to electric cars is analyzed herein in terms of the costs, main pollutants, and energy consumption of compact to large-sized cars. In this regard, the proposed life cycle assessment methodology evaluates the pollution and energetic impacts of the current passenger car models with a weight varying from 1.6 to 1.8 tons, depending on the car type, for a complete life cycle. The life cycle emissions and energy consumption are also determined through simulation in order to validate the estimated values for the considered powertrains. This study has shown that a transition to current full-electric passenger cars, based on a European and United States energy mix, is not currently sustainable in terms of energy consumption. The complete life cycle values are similar for the tested conventional and full-electric passenger cars, ranging from 5 to 5.2 MJ/km. By comparison, the hybrid alternatives and full-electric cars based solely on renewable energy present lower energy consumption, ranging from 3.32 to 4.62 MJ/km. At the same time, the hybrid alternatives and conventional cars provide relevant benefits in life cycle costs: 20–25% lower than full-electric cars. In terms of life cycle emissions, the tested full-electric cars based on renewables show a noticeable reduction in greenhouse gases and in other relevant pollutants: 37% and 62%, respectively, lower than that of conventional cars.
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Pääkkönen, R., and L. Korpinen. "LOW FREQUENCY MAGNETIC FIELDS INSIDE CARS." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 187, no. 2 (November 7, 2019): 268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncz248.
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Abstract Magnetic fields were compared inside passenger seats of electric, petrol and hybrid cars. While driving about 5 km in an urban environment, values were recorded and compared between car types. The magnetic flux densities of the cars were less than 2.6 μT. The magnitudes of the magnetic fields of petrol cars and hybrid cars were about the same and slightly lower for electric cars. Based on our measurements, values were less than 3% of the guidelines given for the general population or people using pacemakers.
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Wang, Yong Ding, Chen Qi Ma, and Hai Pan. "Comparative Analysis on Emission between Hybrid and Conventional Vehicles." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 1148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.1148.
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In order to study the influence of environment which the hybrid electric vehicle made, used the simulation software advisor to the prevailing two hybrid cars: Toyota and Honda Prius snd insight engine, motor and battery of the matching calculation. And made a comparison with conventional cars. Compared to traditional cars ,the hybrid cars have obvious advantages in environmental protection.
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Richnák, Patrik, Klaudia Gubová, and Janka Fabianová. "The Application of Total Cost of Ownership Method to Automotive Industry." LOGI – Scientific Journal on Transport and Logistics 11, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/logi-2020-0019.
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AbstractTransport currently has the largest share of air pollution, among all sectors. Increasing air pollution caused by conventional cars brings an opportunity to develop electric cars, which are a green alternative in transport. The main aim of the article was to explain the terms related to electromobility through the literature and then to examine the total cost of electric cars and conventional cars on the example of selected four models. The comparison was made on the example of the best-selling four selected models: electric car, hybrid car, plug-in hybrid car and standard petrol car. The methods were used in the elaboration of the article: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction and comparison. We used the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) method to process the results. The intention of the article was to point out the lower total cost of ownership for electric cars and to confirm the fact that electric cars are a profitable investment in the future.
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Stone, Tom. "Balancing Act." Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technology International 2023, no. 1 (March 2023): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s1467-5560(23)60225-8.
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Lamborghini cars are synonymous with the V12, so much so that, rather than abandon this automotive icon in the marque's first ever true electric vehicle (a plug-in hybrid), engineers have rotated the engine in order to better accommodate a new gearbox that also incorporates one of the car's three electric motors
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Zulfugarova, N. "How to Learn and Control Effective Hybrid Cars." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 10 (October 15, 2021): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/71/30.
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The article deals with the history of hybrid cars, their types, running principle, parts, characters, advantages and negative features. Hybrid cars combine the efficient features of an electric motor and an internal combustion engine, and the use of hybrid cars in Azerbaijan, as in other countries, is satisfactory.
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Bazhynov, Alexey V., and Mykhailo М. Kravtsov. "Electromagnetic danger of electric and hybrid vehicles." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Transport 18, no. 2 (February 14, 2024): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/2413-4503-2023-18-2-3-9.
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The purpose of the article is to determine the impact of electromagnetic radiation from electric vehicles. Hybrid and electric cars emit extremely low-frequency electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or magnetic fields. Studies of EMF levels emitted by cars show that they pose a threat to human health. Measurements of the magnetic induction of internal combustion engine cars, electric cars, and hybrid cars confirm that the magnetic field induction of an electric car is twice as high as that of an internal combustion engine car and does not depend on the speed of movement. The magnetic field induction of a hybrid car is greater than that of an electric car and tends to depend on the speed of movement. The magnetic field induction during external charging of an electric vehicle in the cabin is much lower than when driving. The average value of magnetic field induction in the interior of an electric vehicle is 0.85 ± 0.18 μT; Coverage factor K = 2 at a confidence level of P = 0.95. The magnetic field induction of an electric vehicle is twice as high as that of a car with an internal combustion engine and does not depend on the speed of movement. The average value of magnetic field induction in the interior of a hybrid car is 1.28 ± 0.61 μT; Coverage factor K = 2 at a confidence level of P=0.95. The magnetic field induction of a hybrid car is higher than that of an electric car and tends to depend on the speed of movement.The conducted studies show that electrical equipment in electric vehicles and, in particular, in an electric car and a hybrid car is a source of alternating EMF with strong temporal and spatial heterogeneity in the frequency range from 0 to hundreds of megahertz. This is due to the fact that the MF in an electric vehicle and a hybrid car is a superposition of fields from many sources. The direct sources of MF in electric vehicles are traction motors, rechargeable traction batteries, current-carrying elements, various electrical equipment, such as starting and braking resistance, group switches, rheostat units, electrical circuits for ventilation, lighting, heating, etc. Electronic devices on board are usually higher-frequency than MFs due to changes in the driving mode of electric and hybrid vehicles.
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BAZHYNOV, O. V., and M. M. KRAVTSOV. "DETERMINING THE QUALITY INDEX OF ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES." Ukrainian Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, no. 5 (November 7, 2023): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/j.bpsacea.2312.241023.19.989.
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Problem statement. The article presents theoretical studies of methods for assessing the quality indicators of electric and hybrid cars at the operation stage. Important criteria for assessing the quality indicators of such vehicles during operation are functional stability, environmental friendliness, comfort, technical solutions and traffic safety. The purpose of the article is to improve the efficiency of assessing the quality indicators of a car by quantifying them at the operation stage. The method of forming a quality indicator solves the problem of transforming a multi-criteria quality assessment task into a single-criteria one. The methodology for determining the quality index of electric and hybrid vehicles will improve the environmental safety of cars, which can be assessed by a comprehensive analysis of a number of technical and economic problems, including the patterns of toxic and carcinogenic substances’ formation, man-made air pollution, research on fuel and environmental performance of engines, and others. Assessing the quality of a car's environmental safety can be greatly simplified if the standard (Euro 6) is based on nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions of 0.06 g/km for gasoline and 0.08 g/km for diesel engines, and fuel consumption is assumed to be minimal. Vehicle safety is also characterized by braking performance, dimensions and the availability of additional options that ensure safe working conditions for the driver. The braking coefficient is taken as a general indicator of active safety, and the number of stars obtained in the EuroNCAP safety rating of the European program for testing the passive safety of serial passenger cars is taken as a passive safety indicator. A methodology for the practical implementation of the study based on the assessment of the quality indicator depending on the average speed of the car has been developed and the main methodological provisions have been formulated. Conclusion. It is established that the quality indicator of a car significantly depends on the operating conditions. The correction factors for the quality indicator of basic, hybrid and electric vehicles depending on their operating conditions are presented. The carried out research and the proposed car quality indicator provide timely information about the peculiarities of operating conditions, which creates the necessary conditions and opportunities for automakers to improve car design, improve the image of the car brand and increase sales. With an increase in the average speed of the car, the comfort criterion for all types of cars increases by 1.6−2 times, the criterion for assessing the environmental safety of basic cars decreases by 9−11 times, and hybrid cars, increases by 8−10 times.
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Voelcker, J. "Top 10 tech cars [hybrid electric vehicles." IEEE Spectrum 42, no. 3 (March 2005): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mspec.2005.1402714.
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Sztafrowski, D., and J. Winiarz. "Electromagnetic field in electric and hybrid cars." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2408, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2408/1/012018.
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Abstract In recent years rapid development of electromobility has been observed and hybrid and electric cars are becoming more and more popular. Their attractiveness is influenced by the reduction of exhaust gas emissions thanks to the use of electric drives. However, the use of this type of drive also raises some concerns, because people using this type of transport are in close proximity to the vehicle's electrical installation, which generates an electromagnetic field. High current values, up to several hundred amperes, can be the source of significant values of the fields affecting the organisms of passengers. In this paper, the authors discuss the results of several recent studies of the levels of electromagnetic interactions encountered in electrically powered cars and present the results of their own measurements made on two types of vehicles.
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Gryz, Krzysztof, Jolanta Karpowicz, Patryk Zradziński, Tomasz Tokarski, and Łukasz Kapica. "Ekspozycja na pole elektromagnetyczne podczas użytkowania pojazdów samochodowych z napędem elektrycznym lub hybrydowym." Occupational Safety – Science and Practice 591, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5756.
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The rapid development of e-mobility technology and the systematically increasing number of fully electric or hybrid cars does cause the increase in the number of electromagnetic field sources and electromagnetic emissions in the environment. The article presents the results of the recognition and evaluation of the exposure to electromagnetic field related to the use of fully electric or hybrid passenger cars in the context of literature data and own research.
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S.Vivek, Et al. "Constructing a Single-Motor Hybrid Driving Mechanism for Completely Hybrid Electric Cars." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i1.9807.
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This research focuses on the design and development of a single-motor hybrid driving device for full hybrid electric vehicles. The device integrates an internal combustion engine, an electric motor/generator, and a power conversion device. The power conversion device incorporates a planetary gear mechanism and a stepless speed change mechanism, providing efficient power transfer between the engine, motor/generator, and the vehicle's drivetrain. The objective is to create a versatile hybrid system that meets the requirements of fuel economy and dynamic performance, particularly suitable for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.
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Benevieri, Alessandro, Lorenzo Carbone, Simone Cosso, Krishneel Kumar, Mario Marchesoni, Massimiliano Passalacqua, and Luis Vaccaro. "Series Architecture on Hybrid Electric Vehicles: A Review." Energies 14, no. 22 (November 16, 2021): 7672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227672.
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The use of series architecture nowadays is mainly on hybrid buses. In comparison with series-parallel and parallel architectures, which are usually exploited on medium-size cars, the series architecture allows achieving internal combustion engine higher efficiency. The downside of this architecture, due to a double energy conversion (i.e., mechanical energy converted in electrical energy and electrical energy converted again in mechanical energy), is that additional losses are introduced. For this reason, the parallel and the series/parallel architectures were considered more suitable for hybrid medium-size cars. Nevertheless, the use of new technologies can change this scenario. Regarding storage systems, supercapacitors achieved a significant energy density, and they guarantee much higher efficiency than battery storage. Moreover, the use of wide-bandgap components for power electronic converters, such as silicon carbide devices, assure lower losses. In this scenario, the series architecture can become competitive on medium-size cars. This paper shows a review of various studies performed on this topic.
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Zhilkin, Oleg, and Svetlana Kiryukhina. "Automotive industry: trends in the implementation of modern corporate strategies." SHS Web of Conferences 114 (2021): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111401003.
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The article attempts to identify new directions for the strategic development of automotive enterprises, taking into account current trends, using the example of both the largest German concerns, such as BMW Group and Volkswagen AG, and actively developing Chinese manufacturers - BAIC, Chery, Geely, JAC, JAV. The emphasis is on the production of hybrid and electric vehicles. Special attention is paid to the prospects for the development of the Russian segment of the production of cars with hybrid and electric drives and identifying problems that hinder its advanced development and the reasons that hinder the expansion of the segment of using cars with hybrid and electric drives, both Russian and imported
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Firdovsi oğlu Məmmədzadə, Yusif. "Impact of electric cars and hybrid cars on the environment in the liberated areas." SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 08, no. 4 (April 27, 2022): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2789-6919/08/194-198.
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Avtomobilləşmə səviyyəsinin və sənayenin inkişafı ilə əlaqədar olaraq işğaldan azad olunmuş ərazilərdə ekologiyanı yaxşı vəziyyətdə saxlamaq mühüm layihələrdəndir. Son zamanlar neft məhsularının sürətlə bahalaşması və avtoəqıylat vasitələrinin ətraf mühitə 63 -ə qədər böyük ziyan vurması ekoloji cəhətdən təmiz avtomobillərə tələbatı artırmışdır. Elektromobillər ətraf mühitin vəziyyətini əhəmiyyətli dərəcədə yaxşılaşdırmaq, innovativ məhsullar üçün yeni bazarlar yaratmaq imkanıdır. Açar söz: Elektromobil, hibrid avtomobil, xidmətlər, ekoloji problem konstruktuksiya, istehsal. Yusif Firdovsi Mammadzadeh Impact of electric cars and hybrid cars on the environment in the liberated areas Abstract One of the important projects is to keep the environment in good condition in the liberated areas due to the level of automation and the development of industry. The recent rapid rise in oil prices and the fact that vehicles cause up to 63% of the damage to the environment have increased the demand for environmentally friendly cars. Electric cars are an opportunity to significantly improve the environment and create a new market for innovative products. Key words: Electric car, hybrid car, services, environmental problem design, production.
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Bogvelishvili, Zurab. "Electric Vehicle Development Trends in the World and in Georgia." Works of Georgian Technical University, no. 2(532) (June 10, 2024): 224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36073/1512-0996-2024-2-224-231.
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The intensive growth of the global vehicle fleet and environmental pollution caused by harmful emissions from vehicles have become one of the global environmental problems. In addition to that, oil prices are continuing to rise. A radical way to solve the problems of environmental safety and fuel efficiency of cars is to use electric current as an energy source in a car. The complete replacement of the internal combustion engine with an electric motor – in electric cars or a combination of the two – in hybrid cars completely eliminates or significantly reduces fuel consumption and harmful emissions. Electric cars are replacing cars with internal combustion engines from all dynamically developing world markets. Replacing cars with internal combustion engines with electric ones is especially important for Georgia, where almost 100% of natural gas and oil products are imported and road transport accounts for the largest share of environmental pollution, especially in cities. The country has the potential to create significant additional energy capacity for electric vehicles. Georgia aims to become a regional leader in clean energy consumption – a “green” country and ensure compatibility with the European Union's carbon neutrality goal by 2050, in which electric vehicles play an important role.
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Kravtsov, M. "FIRE HAZARD OF HYBRID AND ELECTRICAND VEHICLES." Municipal economy of cities 4, no. 178 (September 4, 2023): 206–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2023-4-178-206-209.
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In the following time, we received information from many countries of the world about accidents related to fires and explosions of motor vehicles with electric and hybrid vehicles. The popularity of such news is caused by the fact that accidents and fires of cars with internal combustion engines have long become commonplace, which do not attract the attention of the general public. However, many numerous and conducted scientific studies say about the danger of electric and hybrid vehicle models with lithium-ion batteries that they are greatly exaggerated, i.e., damage to the traction battery (battery) can cause a self-destructive chain reaction, but the degree the danger of electrolyte is less than that of gasoline or diesel fuel and much less than that of hydrogen fuel in hybrid modifications. The article examines the causes of the fire hazard of electric and hybrid cars and their consequences. Scientific reasons and innovations regarding the prevention and immediate elimination of short circuits, fires and explosions in the closed space of lithium-ion batteries during the operation of electric hybrid cars are provided. Electric vehicles and hybrids tend to suffer from traction battery technical and other issues. Although a battery flash is dangerous and more difficult to extinguish than a gas flash, the cause of the fire is usually different and these results are found in a defect in the battery pack: "ruptured anode" and "complex separator". The Hyundai Kona and Chevrolet Bolt EV had the most electric vehicle recalls related to fires this year, totaling 152,000 vehicles, while the top two hybrid recalls totaled more than 32,000 vehicles. A lithium-ion type of car catches fire usually not immediately, but after some time. This determines the driver and passengers to immediately leave the interior of the vehicle. When extinguishing a fire, there is a risk of damage to passengers, eyewitnesses and others who are near it by the electric current of high-voltage systems. It is recommended to get out of the interior of the car engulfed in fire and smoke in a timely manner and call the rescuers of the Ministry of Emergency Situations by calling the emergency service. The main task of the firefighters who arrived in the city at the first stage of the event was to disconnect the high-voltage cable using an emergency disconnector or mechanically and to disconnect the high-voltage traction battery. Although the risk of flash in EVs and hybrids exists, it may be receiving a disproportionate amount of attention. It is important for car manufacturers to eliminate the risk of ignition in their vehicles as much as possible, but obviously no form of driving is completely safe. Keywords: hybrid and electricand car, fire, explosion, lithium-ion battery.
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Shi, Chang, Xinyu Zhao, Yu Wang, and Junxian Tang. "A review of methods to improve power transmission for energy efficiency of both electric and hybrid vehicle." Applied and Computational Engineering 12, no. 1 (September 25, 2023): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/12/20230335.
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In recent years, many optimization methods have been raised to deal with the fuel and cost efficiency problems of the new generation cars. This study reviews two primary optimization methods, one for pure electric cars and one for hybrid vehicles, with detailed explanations. For electric vehicles, methods for designing electric powertrains that are energy efficient while sustaining vehicle dynamics and ride quality are discussed. The three characteristics of energy consumption, dynamic performance, and ride comfort are optimized using modeling, and the final optimization method is determined, which can achieve a 93.5% improvement in lightweight and a 92% improvement in power transmission. Four standard powertrain transmissions are mentioned for hybrid vehicles with advantages and limitations. The most promising multimode information is selected to work with a single EM instead of the dual EMs that conventional hybrid cars contain. The simulation results of the single-EM HEV with the MMT model and its comparison test with the "THS II-LIke'' vehicle, holding the same parameters except having dual EMs, show the well-performance of this method in energy loss. In the end, a more efficient engine, the Atkinson engine, for hybrid vehicles is illustrated to substitute the traditional otto cycle engine.
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Wang, Xiangyun, and Yuji Zhao. "Comprehensive Analysis for Braking Energy Recovery Strategies of Hybrid Electric Vehicles." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 16 (November 10, 2022): 363–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v16i.2586.
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The recovery of braking energy is a very important technology for hybrid electric vehicles. When the internal combustion engine vehicle decelerates to a stop, the vehicle's kinetic energy is converted into thermal energy, which is released into the atmosphere through the braking system. In hybrid and pure electric vehicles, wasted kinetic energy is converted into electricity, stored in cars and further powered by energy storage systems. In this paper, the energy storage systems of many kinds of hybrid electric vehicles are described in detail, and the future development of hybrid electric vehicles is analyzed.
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Wang, Xu Dong, Hai Xing Zhang, Shu Cai Yang, Yong Qin Zhou, and Jin Fa Liu. "Research on Torque Distribution Strategy for ISG Hybrid Electric Cars." Advanced Materials Research 546-547 (July 2012): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.546-547.212.
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Based on the configuration and working state analysis of the ISG hybrid electric cars, the torque distribution strategy of a hybrid system is designed to delineate the maximum and minimum work torque curves of the engine, achieve optimization of engine’s range so as to make sure the target torque of the engine and ISG motor, and finally through the calibrated driving characteristics MAP and battery SOC state to achieve the calculation of total vehicle torque demand. Taking the Hafei Saibao ISG hybrid car as a test model, the test of fuel economy and emissions carried out under specific conditions showed that using the torque distribution strategy has increased by 12.8 % of the ISG hybrid car fuel economy and improved emissions performance to some extent compared to the traditional Hafei Saibao cars.
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Gogolák, László, Sándor Csikós, Tamás Molnár, Péter Szuchy, István Bíró, and József Sárosi. "Possibilities of optimizing fuel consumption in hybrid and electronic airplanes." Analecta Technica Szegedinensia 13, no. 2 (December 3, 2019): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/analecta.2019.2.65-76.
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The automotive industry was always characterized by innovation and the use of cutting edge technology. Daily we can see vehicles packed with technological advancements. The main focus of the current technological trend is electric drives. With the rise in popularity of electric cars more types of vehicles are adapting electric drives. In the case of airplanes the standards are higher than in the case of cars so the emphasis of research and innovation is greater. This paper presents a list of the challenges electric aircrafts face and their potential solutions. Currently many of these problems currently only have partial solutions if any. There is also a comparison between the properties of materials used and the expectations for hybrid aircraft. A comprehensive model was created taking into account the criteria set for hybrid and electric aircraft. With the aid of the model the effect of the most important components on efficiency can be assessed.
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Yang, Ziyi. "Feasibility analysis of solar electric vehicles." Applied and Computational Engineering 59, no. 1 (May 7, 2024): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/59/20240813.
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Solar-powered cars offer a compelling solution to the challenges of conventional transportation, utilizing solar cells to convert sunlight into clean and renewable energy for propulsion. This paper explores the principles, advantages, and challenges of solar cars while examining their evolving landscape in the automotive industry. Solar cars are celebrated for their environmental benefits, offering true zero carbon dioxide emissions, resource conservation, and minimal maintenance. Moreover, they significantly contribute to noise reduction, offering a quieter driving experience. Despite these advantages, solar cars face challenges that hinder their widespread adoption. Weighty solar panels limit driving range, and energy production often falls short of consumption during operation. Charging infrastructure remains a concern, especially in comparison to the convenience of refueling traditional vehicles. However, innovations such as the Lightyear One prototype demonstrate the potential for long-range solar-powered vehicles, while the feasibility of solar hybrid cars is a subject of ongoing discussion. Continuous advancements in solar cell technology, particularly silicon-based cells, hold promise for improving efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Conclusively, solar-powered cars represent a sustainable and environmentally conscious future for transportation. With research, technological innovation, and global collaboration, solar vehicles have the potential to transition from promising prototypes to practical and accessible alternatives, contributing to a cleaner and greener planet.
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Oman, H. "Batteries for "grid dependent" cars and hybrid electric vehicles." IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine 16, no. 5 (May 2001): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/maes.2001.925695.
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Maamria, Djamaleddine, Kristan Gillet, Guillaume Colin, Yann Chamaillard, and Cedric Nouillant. "Optimal Predictive Eco-Driving Cycles for Conventional, Electric, and Hybrid Electric Cars." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 68, no. 7 (July 2019): 6320–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2914256.
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Lokhnin, V. V., V. M. Yurkevich, B. A. Ivobotenko, and V. I. Shirkov. "Efficiency of contactless DC generators for vehicles." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 7, no. 2-1 (January 20, 2013): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-68210.
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The article considers the study of the main mass-effective characteristics of contactless DC power supplies of stable voltage for motor vehicles (hybrid cars, electric cars). The study includes a comparative analysis of existing control schemes DC sources, and highlights the most effective ones.
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Kuzhelnyi, Yaroslav, Volodymyr Venzheha, Hennadiі Pasov, and Valeriy Klimenko. "Analysis of structures and application of different types of engines in cars." Automobile transport, no. 52 (July 26, 2023): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/at.2219-8342.2023.52.0.10.
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Problem. The publication analyzes the structures and application of various types of engines in a car, which allows to determine the structural aspects, features of placement and operation of engines, their future application prospects. Purpose. The purpose of the work is to analyze the design and operation of engines used in modern cars, to determine their advantages and disadvantages, and the prospects for the development and application of various types of engines. Methodology. The approaches adopted in the work to achieve the set goal consist in the analysis of designs of various types of engines of modern cars, their layout and features of their use. Results. The paper includes a comparative analysis of various types of engines used in modern cars. The peculiarity of the design and structure of internal combustion engines, electric cars and hybrid cars is considered. The scheme of the general configuration of electric vehicles, possible configurations of electric vehicles, layout schemes of hybrid cars are given. The advantages and disadvantages of each type of engine, the main prospects for their development and application are shown. Originality. The conducted analysis of the design features of various types of engines that are installed in modern cars allows us to formulate a general idea about the peculiarities of the operation of cars with the considered types of engines. Practical meaning. The obtained results of the analysis and the given advantages and disadvantages in the use of different types of engines allow us to formulate the main directions in the development of structures and the prospects of their application in different types of cars.
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Abu-Alkeir, Nidal Ismail. "Factors Influencing Consumers Buying Intentions Towards Electric Cars: The Arab Customers’ Perspective." International Journal of Marketing Studies 12, no. 2 (May 26, 2020): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v12n2p127.
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The main objective of the study is to examine the impact factors on consumer’s intention towards purchasing hybrid cars from Arab Buyers perspective. Data were collected from a sample of 200 customers in Amman Capital. The study findings are analyzed by IBM SPSS (v22). After testing the five hypotheses using various techniques, it was found that there is a positive impact of price, Reputation of manufacturer, Fuel economy on purchase intention. It also indicates that there is a negative impact of brand image and safety rating on customer intention towards purchasing electric cars. According to these results, the study suggested several recommendations to sales & marketing managers of electric & hybrid cars to improve buyer intentions by take in consideration the price and fuel economy factors and reinforcement the reputation of manufacturer in their marketing activities.
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Porokhnya, A., and A. Oganisyan. "Hybrid cars – solution to ecological challenges. Optimizing maintenance regimes for hybrid vehicles." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 990, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/990/1/012006.
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Abstract At present science is focused on solving the ecological problems of mankind. The transport sector is a major consumer of fossil fuels and the largest emitter of harmful gases. Electric and hybrid vehicles offer solutions to the most important environmental problems facing humankind.
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R. Yu. Zaripov, P. Gavrilovs, R. B. Mukanov, S. A. Miller, and A. A. Sadykov. ""DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF A HYBRID POWER PLANT BASED ON A CAR "." Science and Technology of Kazakhstan, no. 1.2023 (March 30, 2023): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.48081/hdom8389.
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"The article reflects information about the current state of development of car designs with a hybrid power plant. The authors are conducting research work to create a prototype of an energy-efficient hybrid power plant based on a passenger car. The result of the work is an increase in the environmental safety of cars and efficiency. The basic schematic diagrams of hybrid power systems of passenger cars have been studied. Hybrid drive options included a version for rear-wheel drive and all-wheel drive layouts. The power plant of a hybrid car with a parallel, sequential and series-parallel construction scheme is considered. Taking into account the advantages and disadvantages of all types of hybrid car drive schemes, the most suitable one has been selected. A small-sized car «Oka» was chosen as the base for the project. The car is modified to all-wheel drive, the electric motor is installed on the rear axle. The article contains a brief traction and dynamic calculation of an electric vehicle. According to the calculation results, an electric motor was selected. The technical solution is to develop an independent rear suspension with a subframe for mounting a gearbox with an electric motor and using hinges of equal angular velocities, which increases the cost of its design, but is the optimal solution for implementing such a scheme. Keywords: hybrid power plant, drive, electric motor, transmission, generator, car."
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Makarova, I. V., and D. Z. Nikolishvili. "Problems and Trends in Promoting Japanese Automotive Products on World Markets." World of new economy 15, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2220-6469-2021-15-1-75-81.
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This paper presents a study of the international car market; analysis of the development of automotive markets in Europe and Russia’s national car market; a review of the global car market; and international trading activity in the car market. Japan’s automotive industry is signifiantly developed with Toyota as one of the world’s leaders. Also, in addition to cars, Japanese companies are among the leaders in the production of motorcycles and engines for cars participating in sports races. Japanese legislation encourages the production and sale of cars with high environmental friendliness, hybrid and electric cars. This step allows companies to focus their production on a new class of cars, which helps Japanese companies outstrip European and American cars of the future. However, cars’ air pollution is relevant for Japan since the state subsidizes automakers and consumers, reducing taxes and supporting companies that switch to hybrid vehicles.
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Zhilkin, Oleg N., and Svetlana E. Kiryukhina. "Theory and practice of corporate strategies implementation on the example of automotive industry enterprises." RUDN Journal of Economics 27, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 623–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2019-27-4-623-635.
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The article deals with the theoretical aspects of the development and implementation of corporate strategies and practical actions of enterprises of the automotive industry in order to obtain competitive advantages in the dynamically changing conditions of business development on the example of enterprises-leaders in the field of automotive industry. The article attempts to identify new areas of strategic development of the automotive industry, taking into account the current trends of companies such as German BMW Group and Volkswagen AG and actively developing Chinese manufacturers - BAIC, Chery, Geely, JAC, JAV. The focus is on the production of hybrid and electric drive vehicles. Special attention is paid to the prospects of development of the Russian segment of production of cars with hybrid and electric drive and identification of the problems hindering its advanced development and the reasons hindering the expansion of the segment of use of cars with hybrid and electric drive of both Russian and imported production.
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Altinsoy, M. Ercan. "The Evaluation of Conventional, Electric and Hybrid Electric Passenger Car Pass-By Noise Annoyance Using Psychoacoustical Properties." Applied Sciences 12, no. 10 (May 19, 2022): 5146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12105146.
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Road traffic noise is one of the most prominent sources of urban noise pollution. Recently, as a result of the electrification of vehicles, lower noise levels are expected in urban areas at speeds below 50 km/h. The commonly used physical descriptor, the A-weighted sound pressure level, does not sufficiently characterize the perceived annoyance of either combustion engine or electric passenger car pass-by noises. Psychoacoustical descriptors are advantageous for characterization purposes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the perceived annoyance caused by the noise from internal combustion engine, electric, and hybrid passenger cars using psychoacoustical properties. To achieve this objective, the following steps were conducted. First, the binaurally recorded sounds of 40 cars from different brands with different motorization were presented to the subjects who indicated the intensity of their perceived annoyance on a quasi-continuous scale. Second, the signal and psychoacoustical properties of the recorded sounds were analyzed. Third, a new annoyance index was developed, based on annoyance judgments and signal and psychoacoustical properties, to characterize the annoyance caused by pass-by noises. One of the novel aspects of this study is the consideration of not only the pass-by sounds of the internal combustion engine passenger cars, but also the pass-by sounds of hybrid and electric passenger cars. An acceleration from idle to a target speed of 50 km/h was selected as a traffic pass-by situation, which differs from those considered in previous studies. The results of the study show that psychoacoustical properties, such as loudness, tonality, roughness, and fluctuation strength, are very useful to characterize the annoyance perception, which is caused by single passenger car pass-by sounds in the above mentioned traffic situation. The developed index, which is a weighted combination of chosen psychoacoustical properties, can be very useful for traffic planning and traffic noise prevention measures.
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Qusai Sulaiman Al Farsi. "Trends and Challenges in Realizing a Flying Car." Journal of Electrical Systems 20, no. 5s (April 13, 2024): 709–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/jes.2295.
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Since the 20th century, researchers have worked to create a new concept that combines airplanes and automotive parts. This effort has led to many prototypes, conducted feasibility studies, and examined strategic approaches. Despite many debates, flying vehicles are viewed as a promising future transportation option. This study examines the history and future of flying cars, as well as their implementation challenges and technological advances. Flying cars with STOL and VTOL capabilities are reviewed. VTOL vehicle electrification and decarbonization are thought to be the future of flying cars. Lift and Cruise, Vectored Thrust, and Multicopters were the three main VTOL thrust types examined for performance. The study evaluated promising electric and hybrid VTOLs on the market. The flying car's aerodynamics, range, endurance, and cruising speed were considered in the feasibility analysis. The data show similarities amongst flying vehicles with similar propulsion technologies.
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Francisco Bento, Maicon. "Process of Import of Hybrid and Electric Cars by Individual." International Journal of Regional Development 10, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijrd.v10i1.20632.
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International trade is naturally linked to globalization and sustainability stands out for demonstrating the importance of this combination, such as the use of resources with greater responsibility in a way that can prevent scarcity. In order to assess economic expansion and preserve the environment, the United Nations defined sustainable development as the ability to continue the development of society in a way that meets the needs of current generations and ensures the needs of future generations. In Brazil, the hybrid and electric car market moves at a slow speed, as the high cost and bureaucracy in imports makes it difficult to sell in the domestic market for companies and acquisitions for individuals. In this way, this research had as general objective, to analyze the procedures of the import process of hybrid and electric cars by individuals. Thus, the study carried out had as specific objectives to present an overview of the segment of the automobile industry that have propulsion from clean energy sources, to evaluate the preparatory procedures for an individual to import an electric or hybrid vehicle, in addition to verifying the import steps for a hybrid and electric vehicle and the possible costs involved. This research was carried out using the qualitative approach method and for data collection, documental research was carried out and the results were presented in a descriptive way. The sources used for the study were the websites of government agencies and international institutions, so it was possible to develop this study so that the reader has a better understanding of the topics covered. A brief approach to the international market was carried out, in addition to evaluating the future of the Brazilian market in relation to the evolution of clean energy in automobiles. There was a need in the short term in the implementation of projects for renewable energy sources, mainly encouraged by the Brazilian government, which will directly impact air quality and because Brazil has a high tax burden, it makes it difficult for multinational companies to enter invest nationally and import technology.
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Si, Chuan Sheng. "Research on the Parameter Matching of Power Device of Hybrid Sanitation Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.471.
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In this paper, I introduced the working principle and drive type of hybrid cars, and parallel hybrid system was the driver type of hybrid sanitation vehicle. Combined with vehicle parameters and power performance indicators of the original model, I matched the appropriate engine, electric motor, battery and design the corresponding transmission.
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Rakov, Vyacheslav, Oleg Pikalev, Timur Akhmetov, Tamara Budavina, and Peter Smirnov. "Assessment of feasibility of using the existing electric power infrastructure for charging electric and hybrid vehicles." E3S Web of Conferences 178 (2020): 01056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017801056.
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Many countries around the world are considering the possibility of a complete transition to electric cars. This raises questions about the capabilities of the existing infrastructure for electricity generation. This paper presents calculations on the example of the Russian power system. It is conventionally accepted that all cars with petrol engine will be run on electricity. To understand how much electricity consumption will change, a calculation technique has been proposed. As initial data, statistics on the production of electricity, petrol and diesel fuel over the past 20 years was used. As methodological approaches, a generalization and calculation were carried out, on the basis of which a theoretical experiment was conducted. The authors concluded that the increase in electricity consumption will be only 5%, which will not create an excessive load on the existing energy infrastructure.
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Latyshev, R. N., E. Y. Abramov, and L. I. Tolstobrova. "Charging stations for electric cars using hybrid energy storage systems." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2061, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2061/1/012010.
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Abstract In this article, it is proposed to use energy storage devices as a part of charging stations to reduce the powerful load for the power system during the hours of the greatest energy consumption. This is due to the analysis results for the growth trends of the electric vehicles. By the example of the city Novosibirsk, according to the forecasts of analytical companies about the trend of increasing the number of electric cars (ECs) in Russia, the average energy consumption per day for charging ECs has been calculated. Based on the calculation results, the influence of charging stations on the daily schedule of the active load for the industrial power grid is shown and the capacity lack problem is identified. The experimental measurements results at traction substation No. 29 in Novosibirsk are presented.
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ФУРСОВ, В. А., and Н. В. ЛАЗАРЕВА. "THE CURRENT STATE AND TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN ELECTRIC TRANSPORT INDUSTRY AND THE MARKET OF SERVICES FOR HYBRID CARS AND ELECTRIC CARS." Экономика и предпринимательство, no. 7(156) (September 20, 2023): 695–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2023.156.7.121.
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Электрический транспорт является популярной технологией для отдельных стран мира и его развитие в будущем будет только интенсифицироваться. В данной статье проанализировано состояние и возможные векторы развития рынка сервисных услуг электрического транспорта в стране и Ставропольском крае. Проведенный статистический анализ подтвердил мнение о том, что рынок гибридов и электромобилей увеличивается, имеет тенденции к росту, то есть «волна» электротранспорта не прошла мимо России. Помимо этого, в работе приведены проблемы, с которыми столкнулись производители электрического транспорта, а также причины медленного развития рынка сервисных услуг. Авторы считают, что сложившуюся в отрасли электротранспорта ситуацию можно проецировать и на Ставропольский край. Обосновано, что целесообразно ввести поэтапное освоение рынка и развивать его по мере роста количества гибридных автомобилей в стране и мире. Electric transport is a popular technology for some countries of the world and its development will only intensify in the future. This article analyzes the state and possible vectors of development of the electric transport services market in the country and the Stavropol Territory. The conducted statistical analysis confirmed the opinion that the market of hybrids and electric vehicles is increasing, has a tendency to grow, that is, the "wave" of electric transport has not passed by Russia. In addition, the paper presents the problems faced by manufacturers of electric transport, as well as the reasons for the slow development of the service market. The authors believe that the current situation in the electric transport industry can be projected to the Stavropol Territory. It is proved that it is advisable to introduce a phased development of the market and develop it as the number of hybrid cars in the country and the world grows.
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Mukundswamy M S, Abhishek V, Abhinav Yadav, Rahil M, Yogeshwar C, and Dr G V Jayaramaiah. "Advanced Grid Connectivity Using Hybrid Solar, Wind, and Battery Technologies." International Research Journal on Advanced Engineering Hub (IRJAEH) 2, no. 06 (June 19, 2024): 1733–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47392/irjaeh.2024.0239.
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Global warming has led to the proliferation of electric vehicles, which seem to be the best option for internal combustion engines. With so many electric cars on the road, it's not practical or economical to charge cars using traditional power lines. Using renewable energy when charging stations control the electric vehicle. The project describes the charging system (SWCM) based on solar energy (250W), 15 modules in series and 2 parallel in series, and wind power (5.78kW) to generate electricity to charge the battery of the EV (electric vehicle). The regenerative charging station consists of wind turbines and PV (solar photovoltaic) modules. Charging mechanisms based on wind energy reduce CO2 and CO2-related emissions by reducing the need for fossil fuels to generate electricity. EV (electric vehicle) charging stations containing solar, wind, grid and BESS (battery energy storage systems) are designed according to the current situation. Additional grid support is also assumed to provide uninterrupted power to the charging stations without placing additional load on the grid. To balance the requirements, the system is connected to the grid via a three-phase bidirectional DC-AC (alternating current) frequency converter. The results show that the regenerative power generator is suitable for charging electric vehicles and creating a Pollution-free environment. The results are demonstrated with a MATLAB simulation run.
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Hristov, R., S. Stefanov, and P. Kostov. "Investigation of the electromagnetic field in electric and hybrid cars." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 977 (December 18, 2020): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/977/1/012022.
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Racz, Andrea Aurora, Ionuţ Muntean, and Sergiu-Dan Stan. "A Look into Electric/Hybrid Cars from an Ecological Perspective." Procedia Technology 19 (2015): 438–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2015.02.062.
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Weidemann, Dennis, and Leslie D. Blomberg. "Update on regulations adding noise to hybrid and electric cars." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 135, no. 4 (April 2014): 2342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4877693.
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Schaefer, Robert. "Formula Hybrid + Electric: Because it's crazy to try." ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes 48, no. 4 (October 13, 2023): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3617946.3617949.
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This column is a change of pace, a report on Formula Hybrid+Electric contest held last May at the New Hampshire Motor Speedway in Loudon, NH. Formula Hybrid was founded by the Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth and is sponsored by, among others, IEEE and SAE. Formula Hybrid racers are modeled on scaled down formula race cars, and are single seat, open cockpit, and open wheel. Universities and colleges competing at the May event included Dartmouth, BU, Carnegie Mellon, Illinois Institute of Technology, Indiana and Purdue Universities, Lafayette, Lawrence Tech, MIT, Middlebury, Milwaukee School of Engineering, Princeton, RPI, Tufts, UVM, U. Victoria, U. Waterloo, U. Wyoming, WPI, and Yale.