Academic literature on the topic 'Hybrid Protocols'

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Journal articles on the topic "Hybrid Protocols"

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Goyal, Dinesh, Anil Kumar, Yatin Gandhi, and Vinit Khetani. "Securing wireless sensor networks with novel hybrid lightweight cryptographic protocols." Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences and Cryptography 27, no. 2-B (2024): 703–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.47974/jdmsc-1921.

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WSN are essential in the Internet of Things (IoT) framework as they enable the gathering and transmission of data in different fields. The limited resources of sensor nodes in these networks require security protocols that are lightweight, striking a balance between data protection and efficiency. This research paper introduces a new hybrid cryptographic protocol called AES-128-CCM + Diffie-Hellman (ACDH), which aims to tackle the security issues encountered by WSN. Here present thorough assessment of the ACDH protocol, with a specific emphasis on critical factors including Security Strength,
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Uday, Singh Kushwaha, Jain Neelesh, Malviya Jaya, and Dhummerkar Mohini. "Comparative Analysis of DSR, AODV, AOMDV and AOMDV-LR in VANET by Increasing the Number of Nodes and Speed." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 16, no. 14 (2023): 1099–106. https://doi.org/10.17485/IJST/v16i14.2446.

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Abstract <strong>Objectives:</strong>&nbsp;To analyze different VANET routing methods.&nbsp;<strong>Methods:</strong>&nbsp;The simulation result of reactive, proactive and hybrid multipath routing protocols is obtained in NS-2.34 by increasing the number of nodes and mobility. The outcomes are summarized in tables and figures.&nbsp;<strong>Findings:</strong>&nbsp;After simulation and comparison of existing protocols and the latest hybrid protocol, we found that the latest hybrid routing protocol gives the best result in the case of a higher number of participants and of high speed with minimum
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Kurniawan, Denny, Muhammad Ashar, and Harits Ar Rosyid. "Hybrid NarrowBand-internet of things protocol for real time data optimization." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 3 (2023): 2827. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i3.pp2827-2836.

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The level of dependence on data communication in the modern era is increasing exponentially. The internet of things (IoT) plays a very important role in the advancement of the industrial revolution 4.0 that utilizes data communication systems. IoT deployments require data communication protocols, such as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), and message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) as well as network communication protocols (wireless) to meet the network needs of devices with limited resources. Optimization of data communication in IoT is needed to maintain the quality of sending and recei
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Denny, Kurniawan, Ashar Muhammad, and Ar Rosyid Harits. "10.11591/ijece.v13i3.pp2827-2836." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 3 (2023): 2827–36. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i3.pp2827-2836.

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The level of dependence on data communication in the modern era is increasing exponentially. The internet of things (IoT) plays a very important role in the advancement of the industrial revolution 4.0 that utilizes data communication systems. IoT deployments require data communication protocols, such as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), and message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) as well as network communication protocols (wireless) to meet the network needs of devices with limited resources. Optimization of data communication in IoT is needed to maintain the quality of sending and recei
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Ruay-Shiung Chang, Wei-Yeh Chen, and Yean-Fu Wen. "Hybrid wireless network protocols." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 52, no. 4 (2003): 1099–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2002.807126.

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Byun, Ilmu. "Cooperative Hybrid-ARQ Protocols: Unified Frameworks for Protocol Analysis." ETRI Journal 33, no. 5 (2011): 759–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4218/etrij.11.0110.0630.

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Baryun, Abdussalam Nuri, Khalid Al Begain, and David Villa. "A Hybrid Network Emergency Communication Model." International Journal of Handheld Computing Research 4, no. 2 (2013): 17–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jhcr.2013040102.

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To communicate within disaster scenarios, different devices/systems need to cooperate with specific protocols. The key communication protocol needs to provide interoperability among these systems and provide the solution for emergency services. The paper studies the hybrid network disaster recovery (HNDR) systems and classifies its communication scenarios and requirements. The authors propose a new networking protocol for the hybrid network, with ability to forward sessions and messages through different transport protocols, and copes with node mobility and node failure. The paper considers he
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Zafar, Sherin, and Neha Sharma. "Inculcating Trust in Hybrid Routing Approach for Securing MANET." International Journal of End-User Computing and Development 8, no. 2 (2019): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeucd.2019070102.

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The rudimentary notion of using MANET is that the exchange of information in between the portable nodes count on the swift arrangement of a momentary network. Also, each node in a MANET can travel spontaneously in any direction and can change its links to the other nodes repeatedly. In hybrid protocols, initially, the routing is established with the help of some proactively prospected routes and later on serves the request with the help of reactive flooding. In MANET, the security and the routing are the two most crucial and challenging aspects that open up a vast area for improvement. Securit
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Punia, Divya, and Rajender Kumar. "A Kalman Filter Based Hybrid Routing Protocol for Efficient Vehicle Connectivity and Traffic Management." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 23, no. 1 (2022): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2022-0003.

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Abstract The geographic routing protocols in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are contemplated as most efficacious protocols. Though, such types of protocols communicate a huge quantity of data that influence the network connectivity negatively. Also, out of bound issue is the second major disadvantage of geographic routing protocols. To provide a solution to these impediments, a novel K-PGRP (Kalman filter-Predictive Geographic Routing Protocol) routing protocol is proposed in this paper. K-PGRP is an improvement to PGRP (Predictive Geographic Routing Protocol) routing protocol and wields K
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Santhosh Katragadda. "Enhancing fault tolerance in RDMA systems through hybrid protocol models." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 20, no. 2 (2024): 220–31. https://doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2024.20.2.0140.

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Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) has become a critical technology in high-performance computing (HPC), cloud environments, and distributed systems due to its ability to provide low-latency, high-throughput data transfer by bypassing the operating system. However, ensuring fault tolerance in RDMA systems remains a significant challenge, particularly in scenarios involving network failures, node crashes, or memory corruption. This paper proposes a novel approach to enhancing fault tolerance in RDMA systems using hybrid protocol models. By combining the efficiency of RDMA protocols with the rel
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hybrid Protocols"

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Erdil, Değer Cenk. "Adaptive dissemination protocols for hybrid grid resource scheduling." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.

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Sala, Dolors. "Design and evaluation of MAC protocols for hybrid fiber/coaxial systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/13268.

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Hanratty, Joseph M. "Performance analysis of hybrid ARQ protocols in a slotted code division multiple-access network." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15690.

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Asker, Zada Salar. "Ad Hoc Networks : Performance Evaluation Of Proactive, Reactive And Hybrid Routing Protocols In NS2." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Institutionen för ekonomi och it, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-2778.

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No infrastructure, no centralized administration and self-configuration are the main characteristics of MANETs. The primary motivation of MANET deployment is to increase portability, mobility and flexibility. However, this mobility causes an unpredictable change in topology and makes routing more difficult. Many routing algorithms have been proposed and tested over the last few years in order to provide an efficient routing in Ad Hoc networks. In this report we will show our conducted study with AODV (reactive), DSDV (proactive) and ZRP (hybrid) routing protocols. The performance of routing pr
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Rasmussen, Lars Kildehoj. "Trellis coded, adaptive rate hybrid-ARQ protocols over AWGN channels and slowly fading rician channels." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/13434.

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Emani, Krishna Chaitanya Suryavenkata. "Application of hybrid ARQ to controller area networks." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : University of Missouri-Rolla, 2007. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Krishna_C_Emani_09007dcc804e7970.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri--Rolla, 2007.<br>Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed April 21, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 48).
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Netto, Érica de Souza. "Acesso integrado aos recursos de informação: foco na interoperabilidade." Universidade Federal Fluminense, 2008. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/3685.

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Submitted by Éder Freyre (ederfreyre@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2011-11-18T12:16:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Erica_Netto.pdf: 1492500 bytes, checksum: 9590c83ece37c9520b898633d68c5582 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2011-11-18T12:16:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Erica_Netto.pdf: 1492500 bytes, checksum: 9590c83ece37c9520b898633d68c5582 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008<br>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil<br>Com o crescimento exponencial dos recursos de informação na gran
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Vanyan, Anna. "Extension and analysis of hybrid ARQ schemes in the context of cooperative relaying." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01058051.

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In the wireless channel, cooperative communications allow one or many relays to assist the communication between the source and the destination. The aim of this thesis is the development of tools for the analysis of cooperative systems, when HARQ techniques are employed to provide cross-layer error protection. The first chapter of the thesis gives background information on network coding in cooperative relay networks, and introduces the motivation for this work. The second chapter is devoted to the analysis of the energetic-fair performance evaluations of FEC, ARQ-STBC and HARQ schemes at the
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Tirouvengadam, Balaaji. "Enhancement of LTE Radio Access Protocols for Efficient Video Streaming." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23260.

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A drastic increase in traffic of mobile broadband is seen in the past few years, which is further accelerated by the increase in usage of smart phones and its applications. The availability of good smart phones and better data connectivity are encouraging mobile users to use video services. This huge increase in usage will pose a lot of challenges to the wireless networks. The wireless network has to become content aware in order to offer enhanced quality of video service through efficient utilization of the wireless spectrum. This thesis focuses on improving the Quality of Experience (QoE) fo
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Bechihi, Adel. "Joint design of control algorithms and communication protocols for Connected and Automated Vehicles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPAST203.

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Dans cette thèse, nous nous adressons le problème du contrôle de systèmes multi-agents connectés via des modèles réalistes de systèmes de communication. Nous traitons principalement les systèmes de véhicules connectés et automatisés (CAVs) communiquant via des systèmes de communication 5G qui permettent deux types de communication : la communication directe entre les nœuds, connue sous le nom de communication véhicule-à-véhicule (V2V), et la communication à travers l'infrastructure réseau, qui est la manière traditionnelle de communiquer dans les réseaux cellulaires.La thèse traite de trois pr
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Books on the topic "Hybrid Protocols"

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Curtis, Parks, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), eds. Initial Graphics Exchange Specification hybrid microcircuit application protocol. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1993.

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Two-Hybrid Systems: Methods and Protocols. Humana Press, 1999.

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Two Hybrid Technologies Methods And Protocols. Humana Press, 2012.

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Two-Hybrid Systems: Methods and Protocols. Humana, 2018.

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Oñate-Sánchez, Luis. Two-Hybrid Systems: Methods and Protocols. Springer New York, 2019.

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Wanker, Erich E., and Bernhard Suter. Two Hybrid Technologies: Methods and Protocols. Humana Press, 2016.

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Two Hybrid Technologies: Methods and Protocols. Humana Press, 2012.

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Two-Hybrid Systems: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology). Humana Press, 2001.

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Two-Hybrid Systems: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology). Humana Press, 2001.

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Mobilization Protocols for Hybrid Sensors for Environmental AOP Sampling (HySEAS) Observations. Independently Published, 2019.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hybrid Protocols"

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Planelles, Vicente. "Hybrid Lentivirus Vectors." In Lentivirus Gene Engineering Protocols. Humana Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-393-3:273.

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Bickford, Mark, Christoph Kreitz, Robbert van Renesse, and Xiaoming Liu. "Proving Hybrid Protocols Correct." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44755-5_9.

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Aloteibi, Saad, and Frank Stajano. "On the Value of Hybrid Security Testing." In Security Protocols XVIII. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45921-8_30.

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Guo, Deyin, Minna-Liisa Rajamäki, and Jari Valkonen. "Protein–Protein Interactions: The Yeast Two-Hybrid System." In Plant Virology Protocols. Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-102-4_29.

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MacFarlane, Stuart A., and Joachim F. Uhrig. "Yeast Two-Hybrid Assay to Identify Host–Virus Interactions." In Plant Virology Protocols. Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-102-4_44.

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Liu, Chaolei, Chun Wang, and Kejian Wang. "Generating Clonal Seeds from Hybrid Rice with CRISPR-Cas9." In Springer Protocols Handbooks. Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1657-4_14.

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Aloteibi, Saad. "On the Value of Hybrid Security Testing (Transcript of Discussion)." In Security Protocols XVIII. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45921-8_31.

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Montheil, Titouan, Cécile Echalier, Jean Martinez, Ahmad Mehdi, and Gilles Subra. "Hybrid Silylated Peptides for the Design of Bio-functionalized Materials." In Springer Protocols Handbooks. Springer US, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0720-6_6.

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Will, Nilcimar Neitzel, and Rafael Stubs Parpinelli. "Comparing Best and Quota Fragment Picker Protocols Applied to Protein Structure Prediction." In Hybrid Intelligent Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73050-5_65.

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Serebriiskii, Ilya G., Erica A. Golemis, and Peter Uetz. "The Yeast Two-Hybrid System for Detecting Interacting Proteins." In The Proteomics Protocols Handbook. Humana Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-890-0:653.

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Conference papers on the topic "Hybrid Protocols"

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Li, Xiaoyu, Ran Shu, Zhongjie Chen, et al. "DockRDMA: Hybrid RDMA Virtualization for Containerized Clouds." In 2024 IEEE 32nd International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/icnp61940.2024.10858532.

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Soleymani, Touraj, John S. Baras, and Deniz Gündüz. "Networked Control with Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request Protocols." In 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit57864.2024.10619447.

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Liu, Jiawei, Gongming Zhao, Hongli Xu, et al. "HifiCNet: High-Fidelity Cloud Network Validation Platform at Scale by Hybrid Architecture." In 2024 IEEE 32nd International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/icnp61940.2024.10858551.

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Molhem, Mohammed, Raaid Alubady, Zahraa Abbas Hasan Tayyeh, and Baharudin Osman. "Proposing a Hybrid Data Mining Approach for Network Traffic Analysis." In 2024 7th International Conference on Internet Applications, Protocols, and Services (NETAPPS). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/netapps63333.2024.10823444.

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Baranes, Gefen, Francisco Machado, Pieter-Jan C. Stas, et al. "Photon-Matter Hybrid Cluster States for Quantum Networks." In CLEO: Fundamental Science. Optica Publishing Group, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_fs.2024.fm2k.6.

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We introduce a general framework for information transfer using photon-matter hybrid cluster states. We develop decoding techniques that enhance loss robustness beyond conventional multiplexing and all-photonic approaches, enabling improved quantum networks protocols.
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Sankhyan, Bhanu, Saurabh Sharma, and Manjit Singh. "Hybrid Security Protocols: Bridging the Gap Between Efficiency and Security." In 2024 2nd World Conference on Communication & Computing (WCONF). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wconf61366.2024.10692192.

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Krishnakumar, K. "Hybrid Routing Protocols for Efficient Data Transfer in Wireless Networks." In 2025 3rd International Conference on Communication, Security, and Artificial Intelligence (ICCSAI). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/iccsai64074.2025.11064191.

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Giron, Alexandre Augusto, and Ricardo Custódio. "Hybrid Post-Quantum Cryptography in Network Protocols." In Anais Estendidos do Simpósio Brasileiro de Segurança da Informação e de Sistemas Computacionais. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbseg_estendido.2024.241384.

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The advent of quantum computing presents a significant threat to the security of modern communication systems that depend on public-key cryptography. This work provides a comprehensive overview of a thesis that explores the integration of Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) within the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol and the Automatic Certificate Management Environment (ACME). We assess the feasibility and performance implications of PQC in various network environments, focusing on the hybrid mode approach as a strategic pathway for PQC adoption. Our research aims to develop practical solut
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"Performance Analysis of Basic Automatic Repeat Request Protocols and Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request Protocol." In 4th International Conference on Communication Engineering and Computer Science (CIC-COCOS’2022). Cihan University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/cocos2022/paper.567.

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The size of network and internet traffic is rising spontaneously by the day, with data usage at zettabyte to petabyte scale at an exponential high rate and therefore considered to generate huge traffic along the way which causes the chance of error in transmission to be high as well. Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) protocol is an error control function for data transmission that uses acknowledgements. These protocols exist in Data link or Transport layers. ARQ is categorize into three major types such as Stop and wait, Go Bank N and Selective Repeat. Hybrid automatic repeat (HARQ) request which
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"INFORMATION-LEAKAGE IN HYBRID RANDOMIZED PROTOCOLS." In International Conference on Security and Cryptography. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0003516401340143.

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Reports on the topic "Hybrid Protocols"

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Parks, Curtis H. Initial graphics exchange specification hybrid microcircuit application protocol. National Bureau of Standards, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1295.

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Goel, Dr Divanshu, and Dr Manjeet Singh. HYBRID EXTERNAL FIXATION FOR PROXIMAL TIBIAL FRACTURES. World Wide Journals, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36106/ijar/1505336.

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Introduction: Intraarticular fractures of the tibial plateau and periarticular fractures of the proximal tibia, caused by high energy trauma pose a therapeutic dilemma. Such fractures are associated with extensive soft tissue damage with or without compound injury. The management of such high velocity injuries become a challenge to the trauma surgeons. The goals of these periarticular fractures management are 1. Restoration of joint congruity by anatomic reduction 2. Stable xation of fractures thus allowing early movements 3. Proper care of injured soft tissues. In earlier days uniplanar exte
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Kazovsky, Leonid G., Ian White, Matt Rogge, Kapil Shrikhande, and Erie Hu. Internet Protocol-Hybrid Opto-Electronic Ring Network (IP-HORNET): A Novel Internet Protocol-Over-Wavelength Division Multiplexing (IP-Over-WDM) Multiple-Access Metropolitan Area Network (MAN). Defense Technical Information Center, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada415560.

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Vu, An, Arya Pezeshki, Dana AlMubarak, Catherine Doran, and Frank Doyle. Protocol for a hybrid systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials investigating interventions designed to increase response rates to postal and electronic questionnaires. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.7.0062.

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Reisch, Bruce, Pinhas Spiegel-Roy, Norman Weeden, Gozal Ben-Hayyim, and Jacques Beckmann. Genetic Analysis in vitis Using Molecular Markers. United States Department of Agriculture, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613014.bard.

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Genetic analysis and mapping in grapes has been difficult because of the long generation period and paucity of genetic markers. In the present work, chromosome linkage maps were developed with RAPD, RFLP and isozyme loci in interspecific hybrid cultivars, and RAPD markers were produced in a V. vinifera population. In three cultivars, there were 19 linkage groups as expected for a species with 38 somatic chromosomes. These maps were used to locate chromosome regions with linkages to important genes, including those influencing powdery mildew and botrytis bunch rot resistance; flower sex; and be
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Holmgren, Amanda, Robert Wilkerson, Rodney Siegel, and Jason Ransom. North Coast and Cascades Network landbird monitoring: Report for the 2022 field season. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301415.

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The North Coast and Cascades Network (NCCN) continued to implement the Network?s Landbird Monitoring Protocol in 2022, in partnership with The Institute for Bird Populations. The protocol was initially field-tested with data collected from the annual panel only, as part of protocol development during 2005?2006, and has subsequently been implemented fully (including data collection on the annual panel as well as five alternating panels) for the past 15 years (2007?2021), except for 2017 when data collection was temporarily suspended to reallocate resources for a 5-year data synthesis. In 2022,
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Dolja, Valerian V., Amit Gal-On, and Victor Gaba. Suppression of Potyvirus Infection by a Closterovirus Protein. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580682.bard.

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The plant virus family Polyviridae is the largest and most destructive of all plant viruses. Despite the continuous effort to develop resistant plant varieties, there is a desperate need for novel approaches conferring wide-range potyvirus resistance. Based on experiments with the tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV)-derived gene expression vector, we suggested approach for screening of the candidate resistance genes. This approach relies on insertion of the genes into a virus vector and evaluation of the phenotypes of the resulting recombinant viruses. The genes which suppress infection by the recomb
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Chea, Phal, Seyhakunthy Hun, and Sopheak Song. Permeability in Cambodian Post-secondary Education and Training: A Growing Convergence. Cambodia Development Resource Institute, 2021. https://doi.org/10.64202/wp.130.202109.

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The distinction between vocational training and academic education can be traced back to different institutional structures in medieval Europe. However, owing to an increasing need for higher-level skills to respond to market demand, countries have resolved to establish flexible pathways for students on both tracks or systems to move or transfer across to each other. Permeability in education and training refers to the possibility for learners to transfer between different types of education and between different levels of qualifications. In its recommendations, UNESCO highlights the important
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Jameel, Yusuf, Paul West, and Daniel Jasper. Reducing Black Carbon: A Triple Win for Climate, Health, and Well-Being. Project Drawdown, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55789/y2c0k2p3.

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Black carbon – also referred to as soot – is a particulate matter that results from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. As a major air and climate pollutant, black carbon (BC) emissions have widespread adverse effects on human health and climate change. Globally, exposure to unhealthy levels of particulate matter, including BC, is estimated to cause between three and six million excess deaths every year. These health impacts – and the related economic losses – are felt disproportionately by those living in low- and middle-income countries. Furthermore, BC is a potent greenho
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