Academic literature on the topic 'Hybrid yarns'
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Journal articles on the topic "Hybrid yarns"
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Kang, Bok Choon, K. H. Min, Y. H. Lee, Beong Bok Hwang, and Chathura Nalendra Herath. "Microscopic Evaluation of Commingling-Hybrid Yarns." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 992–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.992.
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Fibers made of elements such as carbon, aramid and glass have higher mechanical properties than other conventional textile fibers and they enable the production of light weight composites as end products. Furthermore, commingling hybrid yarns generally have a characteristic feature so that their components are distributed homogeneously enough over the yarn cross section. A normal air texturerising machine was modified to produce commingling hybrid yarns for test samples. Different process parameters were applied to produce the hybridized yarn samples. However, these process parameters turned out to have little effect on the filament distribution over the hybrid yarn cross section in terms of homogeneity. The analysis in this paper is focused on the pattern of mixing of filaments over a cross section of hybrid yarns according to different combinations of reinforcement and matrix filament yarns through microscopic view. The volume content of filament in hybrid yarn cross section was maintained at 50% for both reinforced and matrix, and the hybrid yarns count at 600 tex throughout experiments. It was concluded from the experiments that the diameters of reinforcement and matrix filaments have strong effects on the pattern of mixing of filaments over a cross section of hybrid yarns such that the hybrid yarns with more or less equal diameters of reinforcement and matrix filaments showed considerably even distributions over the hybrid yarn cross section.
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Hasan, Mir Mohammad Badrul, Martin Hengstermann, Rebekka Dilo, Anwar Abdkader, and Chokri Cherif. "Investigations on the Manufacturing and Mechanical Properties of Spun Yarns Made from Staple CF for Thermoset Composites." Autex Research Journal 17, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aut-2016-0034.
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Abstract This article reports the results of investigations carried out to produce yarns consisting of staple carbon fiber (CF) obtained from process waste for the manufacturing of composites suitable especially for thermoset applications. For this purpose, a comparative analysis is done on processability between 100% staple CF and 60 weight% staple CF mixed with 40 weight% PVA fibers in carding, drawing and spinning process. The hybrid yarns are produced by varying twist level. The PVA fibers of the hybrid yarn are then dissolved using hot water treatment. The mechanical properties of yarns consisting of 100% staple CF and hybrid yarns consisting of staple CF and PVA before and after hot water treatment are investigated. Furthermore, test specimen is also prepared by impregnating 100% staple CF yarn and the hybrid yarns (after the dissolving of PVA) with epoxy resin. The results of the tensile test of the yarns in consolidated state reveals that the hybrid yarn produced with 80 T/m after hot water treatment exhibits approximately 75% of the tensile strength of virgin filament tow, and it is expected that the hybrid yarns can be applied for the manufacturing of thermoset based composites for load bearing structures.
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Herath, Chathura Nalendra, Bok Choon Kang, Jong Kwang Park, Yong Hwang Roh, and Beong Bok Hwang. "Breaking Elongation Properties of Hybrid Yarns by Commingling Process." Materials Science Forum 532-533 (December 2006): 337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.532-533.337.
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This paper is concerned the breaking elongation properties of Carbon/Aramid-, Carbon/Glass- and Aramid/Glass- matrix hybridized commingling yarns. The hybrid yarns produced by commingling process were investigated in terms of breaking elongation property. In experiments, carbon (CF), aramid (AF), and glass (GF) filament yarns were combined. In this study, selected matrix materials include Polyether-ether-Keeton (PEEK), and polyester (PES), or polypropylene (PP). The volume content of filament in hybrid yarn cross section was maintained at 50% for both reinforced and matrix, ant hybrid yarns count at 600 tex, respectively. The reinforcement to matrix filament combination was selected as 1:1 proportion. The effect of different air pressures and material combinations was investigated in terms of breaking elongation. In experiments, each type of hybrid yarn sample has been tested 20 times at the testing speed of 10mm/min. under 3 bar of yarn clamping pressure. Since breaking elongation is one of most important properties in textile fiber, it was examined closely with reference to the first breaking point of commingling-hybrid yarns. It was concluded from experiments that hybrid yarns with higher breaking elongation and higher tensile strength tend to show better force-elongation relationship. It was also known from experiments that the combination of two reinforcement filament yarns gives always much better results than a single reinforcement filament yarns in terms of elongation property. GF/AF/matrix is shown very much better elongation properties. PP and PES gives higher elongation than PEEK as a matrix material.
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Mirdehghan, Abolfazl, Hooshang Nosraty, Mahmood M. Shokrieh, and Mehdi Akhbari. "The structural and tensile properties of glass/polyester co-wrapped hybrid yarns." Journal of Industrial Textiles 47, no. 8 (June 26, 2017): 1979–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083717716166.
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This research describes the structural and tensile properties of glass/polyester hybrid yarns produced by co-wrapped and side-by-side technologies. Based on co-wrapping technology, the hybrid yarn is composed of polyester and glass fibers as shell and core structure, respectively. In order to produce this type of yarn, a new machine was designed and manufactured to investigate the influence of linear densities (16, 50.67, and 67.11 tex) and wrapping densities (115, 180, and 230 turns/m) of polyester fibers. It was found that the linear and wrapping densities have a significant effect on the structural and tensile properties of the final hybrid yarn. In order to compare, another type of hybrid yarn was also been investigated by hybridization of glass and polyester fibers (16, 50.67, and 67.11 tex) via side-by-side method. In comparison with the side-by-side and single glass yarns, the co-wrapped yarns have higher breaking load and tenacity due to the lateral compression force of the wrapped filament. The results show a 62% increase in breaking load of co-wrapped hybrid yarns in comparison with the side-by-side and single glass yarns.
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Fakhrali, Aref, Seyed Vahid Ebadi, Ali Akbar Gharehaghaji, Masoud Latifi, and Abdolrasool Moghassem. "Interactions between PA6 Ratio and Tensile Properties in PVA/PA6 Hybrid Nanofiber Yarns." Nano Hybrids and Composites 14 (March 2017): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/nhc.14.25.
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In this study, we fabricated poly vinyl alcohol/polyamide 6 (PVA/PA6) hybrid nanofiber yarns and examined the influence of PA6 content on tensile properties of hybrid nanofiber yarns. The surface morphology of nanofiber yarns was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The average diameters of nanofibers in pure PA6 and pure PVA nanofibers yarns were 83±12 nm and 187±21 nm, respectively. The results showed that the strength of hybrid yarns was descending for PA6 contents below 16.5 % and ascending for higher contents. Also, by increasing the PA6 ratio in the hybrid yarn, the elongation at break was decreased. Three various models including: Hamburger, simple rule of mixtures (ROM) and hybrid models were applied to predict the tensile behavior of hybrid yarns. This study showed that neither ROM nor Hamburger’s models were capable of predicting the tensile properties of hybrid yarns. Whiles, hybrid model can predict properties with the lowest error (6.44 % error in strength values and 13.06 % error in elongation values prediction). Moreover, this model was modified further for higher performance. Our results demonstrate that the hybrid model can be applied in engineered tensile properties of nanofibrous yarns.
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Korkmaz Memiş, Nazife, Gizem Kayabaşı, and Demet Yılmaz. "Development of a novel hybrid yarn production process for functional textile products." Journal of Industrial Textiles 48, no. 9 (March 25, 2018): 1462–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083718766847.
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In this study, an innovative method consisting of electrospinning and conventional textile production techniques was built up to produce hybrid yarns enabling the production of functional textile products. The principle of the developed method is to open the twist of spun yarn, make this fibre bundle conductive for use as a collector, collect the electrospun nanofibres onto the conductive opened fibre bundle and finally twist this structure to produce hybrid yarn. To determine the feasibility of the developed method, surface morphology, chemical composition, coating features and tensile properties of the hybrid yarns were compared with that of the pure yarn and nanofibre-coated yarns produced without untwisting and retwisting processes. Test results demonstrated that untwisting process in hybrid production method provided the application of nanofibres interior structure of the spun yarn while retwisting process made integration of classical textile fibres and nanofibres together and hence locking the obtained yarn structure effectively. Thanks to the integrated structure, it was successful to get the yarn have the required tensile properties for weaving, knitting and other processes. Three minutes was determined as the optimum coating time for the effective nanofibre deposition and tensile properties. Summing up the results, it was believed that the method helps to benefit from the special properties of nanofibres for the functional yarn production together with durability and higher tensile properties of the spun yarns for larger usage areas. The presented findings could encourage the researchers to commercialize the method in order to get nanofibre-coated functional yarns.
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Bernava, Aina, Maris Manins, and Guntis Strazds. "Study of Mechanical Properties of Natural and Hybrid Yarns Reinforcements." Advanced Materials Research 1117 (July 2015): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1117.231.
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The present work was focused on development and studies of mechanical properties that natural fibres have in the woven reinforcements made from hemp and flax as well as hybrid yarns of hemp and glass fibres. Natural fibres such as hemp and flax are biodegradable, have low weight and show good flexibility. Glass fibre is widely used in the industry when low cost and good performance is required. The hemp yarns (100 Tex and 1186 Tex), the flax yarns (678 Tex) and the hybrid yarn of hemp and glass fibres (1644 Tex) were used to develop woven reinforcement structures. Average surface density for reinforcements of hemp yarns is 83- 529 g/m2 and for reinforcements of hybrid yarns 738- 741 g/m2.
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Yilmaz, Berrin. "ARAMID–NYLON 6.6 HYBRID CORDS AND INVESTIGATION OF THEIR PROPERTIES." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 85, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 180–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.12.88970.
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Abstract Hybrid cords of two different polyamide yarns, poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide; aramid) and poly(hexamethylene adipamide; nylon 6.6) have been investigated. Aramid is a high-tenacity, high-modulus, low-elongation, and thermally stable yarn material. Nylon 6.6 is a high-elongation, low-modulus, high-fatigue-resistant, and good adhering synthetic yarn. The combination of these two different synthetic yarns enables hybrid cords with a diversified range of mechanical properties. The hybrid cord product property diversification is achieved by proper combination of different cord-forming properties of individual plies, such as linear densities, twist levels, ply numbers, treating conditions, and so forth. The effect of linear densities, twist level of plies, and twist level of cabled cord and ply number on the cord properties and also cord performance have been summarized. Aramid yarn having an 1100 linear density has been combined with nylon 6.6 yarn with a different linear density, ranging from 940 to 2100, to form hybrid cord structures. Twisting of aramid and nylon 6.6 yarns has been kept between 150 and 450 twists per meter, while the ply number of aramid and nylon 6.6 yarns has been varied as one and two plies by keeping the total ply number of the cord as three.
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Laqraa, Chaimae, Manuela Ferreira, Ahmad Rashed Labanieh, and Damien Soulat. "Elaboration by Wrapping Process and Multiscale Characterisation of Thermoplastic Bio-Composite Based on Hemp/PA11 Constituents." Coatings 11, no. 7 (June 26, 2021): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070770.
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The present work investigates the potential of developing bio-composites based on thermoplastic polymers reinforced with natural fibres by using hybrid yarns. The hybrid yarns were produced by the wrapping technique, in which a multifilament of polyamide 11 (PA11) was wrapped around an untreated low-twisted hemp roving to produce a yarn with sufficient tenacity and stiffness for the next step of weaving. The tensile behaviour of the wrapped yarns was identified both in the dry- and thermo-state. Then, two different fabrics were woven and tested to study the influence of yarn densities and weave diagrams on the tensile and flexural properties. At this fabric scale, properties of fabrics made from hybrid yarns were compared with those of fabrics from a previous study made from 100% hemp roving. Composites made from these fabrics, with stacking of two cross-plies, were produced by thermocompression and characterised regarding mechanical strength.
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Wu, Liwei, Wei Wang, Qian Jiang, Chunjie Xiang, and Ching-Wen Lou. "Mechanical Characterization and Impact Damage Assessment of Hybrid Three-Dimensional Five-Directional Composites." Polymers 11, no. 9 (August 24, 2019): 1395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11091395.
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The effects of braided architecture and co-braided hybrid structure on low-velocity response of carbon-aramid hybrid three-dimensional five-directional (3D5d) braided composites were experimentally investigated in this study. Low-velocity impact was conducted on two types of hybridization and one pure carbon fiber braided reinforced composites under three velocities. Damage morphologies after low-velocity impact were detected by microscopy and ultrasonic nondestructive testing. Interior damages of composites were highly dependent on yarn type and alignment. Impact damage tolerance was introduced to evaluate the ductility of hybrid composites. Maximum impact load and toughness changed with impact velocity and constituent materials of the composites. The composite with aramid fiber as axial yarn and carbon fiber as braiding yarn showed the best impact resistance due to the synergistic effect of both materials. Wavelet transform was applied in frequency and time domain analyses to reflect the failure mode and mechanism of hybrid 3D5d braided composites. Aramid fibers were used either as axial yarns or braiding yarns, aiding in the effective decrease in the level of initial damage. In particular, when used as axial yarns, aramid fibers effectively mitigate the level of damage during damage evolution.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hybrid yarns"
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Zhou, Fenglei. "Flat Spinneret Electrospinning and Nanocoating for Hybrid Yarns." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508557.
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Kravaev, Plamen, Steffen Janetzko, Thomas Gries, Bong-Gu Kang, Wolfgang Brameshuber, Maike Zell, and Josef Hegger. "Commingling Yarns for Reinforcement of Concrete." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1244040840310-74290.
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Textile reinforced concrete (TRC) is an innovative composite material, which is being intensely and practice-oriented investigated on national and international level. In the last few years this material has gained increasing importance in the field of civil engineering. In the context of the collaborative research project SFB 532 at the RWTH Aachen University, research was carried out to understand and to predict the behaviour of different yarn structures in fine grained concrete. Based on the results, innovative commingling yarns were made of alkali-resistant glass fibres and water soluble PVA. These hybrid yarns have an open structure, which improves the penetration of the textile reinforcement by the concrete matrix. Hence, the load bearing capacity of TRC structural elements was significantly improved. This paper presents a technique for the production of such commingling yarns for concrete applications. The mechanical properties of the new yarns are determined due to tensile stress tests. The bond behaviour of the commingling yarns was investigated by pull-out- and tensile stress tests on TRC-specimens. The results of the different tests are being presented and briefly discussed.
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Hasan, M. M. B., E. Staiger, M. Ashir, and C. Cherif. "Development of carbon fibre/polyamide 6,6 commingled hybrid yarn for textile-reinforced thermoplastic composites." Sage, 2015. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35638.
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With increased use of carbon fibre (CF)-based textile-reinforced thermoplastic composites, the demand of hybrid yarns consisting of carbon filament yarns (CFYs) and thermoplastic filament yarns with improved properties is also high. Hybrid yarn manufacturing using commingling process by means of compressed air shows some distinct advantages over other hybrid yarn manufacturing processes. However, the potential of commingling process for the production of CF-based thermoplastic hybrid yarns is not yet fully explored. In this article, extensive investigations have been carried out for the development of commingled hybrid yarns manufactured from CFY and polyamide 6,6 (PA 6,6) filament yarns with improved adhesion properties between CFY and matrix in composites. Hybrid yarns are manufactured by varying air pressure and keeping overfeeds and delivery speed constant. Moreover, an additional heat treatment on CFY is done online for a better opening of CFY prior to the mixing with PA 6,6 filament yarn. The tensile properties of hybrid yarns as well as different mechanical properties of unidirectional composite, such as tensile, flexural, impact and interlaminar shear strength are investigated. The results show good potential for the development of hybrid yarns produced from CFY and thermoplastic filament yarns with improved adhesion properties for their application in textile-reinforced thermoplastic composites.
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Selver, Erdem. "Tow level hybridisation for damage tolerant composites." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/tow-level-hybridisation-for-damage-tolerant-composites(8cf53f8c-165f-4e8b-b67f-f8fd34c327e2).html.
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Fibre reinforced composites have higher specific strength and stiffness in comparison to metals. However, composites are susceptible to impact damage resulting in degradation of mechanical properties especially compression strength. Numerous studies have been conducted to improve the impact damage tolerance of composite laminates using modified resin systems, thermoplastic matrices, 3-D fibre architectures and through thickness reinforcement. This work is primarily focussed on incorporating non dissolvable polypropylene fibres (PP) in a thermoset matrix for improving the damage tolerance. Commingling and wrapping techniques have been investigated. PP fibres have been incorporated at the preform stage and hence do not adversely affect the viscosity of the resin during infusion. The healing effect of PP fibres on impact damaged composite laminates when heating is introduced has also been studied. High velocity impact test results showed that using commingled glass/PP fibres increased the total energy absorption of composite laminates by 20% due to the extensive plastic deformation of the PP fibres and through the use of toughening mechanisms in the form of resin cracking and delamination. It has been found that PP fibres provide protection to the glass fibres during low velocity impact loading, so fewer fibre breakages occur which lead to improved residual properties compared with pristine glass laminates. Compression after impact (CAI) tests showed that the residual strength as a percentage of non-impacted strength increased with percentage of PP fibres used. For impact of 20-50J, glass/epoxy laminates retained 32 45% of their compressive strength while laminates with 7%, 13% and 18% PP fibres retained 37 50%, 42-52% and 43-60% of their compressive strength, respectively. It was also observed that glass/PP woven laminates had better compressive strength retention (62 83%) than the glass/PP non-crimp laminates (37-50%). Composite laminates with high-modulus PP fibres (Innegra) exhibited higher residual compression strengths in comparison to laminates with lower modulus PP fibres. For 15-50J impact, glass/Innegra laminates showed residual compression strength of 50 63% in comparison to 39-60%; laminates without thermoplastic fibres exhibited 33 43% residual compression strength. Modulus of thermoplastic fibres appears to be important at higher energy levels. Healing of damaged commingled laminates produced a significant reduction in the damage area and a corresponding increase in CAI strength after heating at 200ºC; CAI strength of healed laminates is about 85% of undamaged samples in comparison to 60% for non-healed samples. A novel micro-wrapping technique, developed in this work, demonstrated significant reduction in damage area (46%) in comparison to the commingling method. Core wrapped laminates had higher residual strength (43-60%) than glass laminates (33-43%). Better PP distribution in core-wrapped composites helped to decrease the PP rich areas and the impact damage did not propagate easily in comparison to commingled composites. However due to the reduction in damage area, impact energy absorption in core wrapped laminates was lower than for commingled.
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Hasan, M. M. B., M. Offermann, M. Haupt, A. Nocke, and Ch Cherif. "Carbon filament yarn-based hybrid yarn for the heating of textile-reinforced concrete." Sage, 2014. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35610.
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In this study, the application of carbon filament yarn (CFY)-based conductive hybrid yarn as the heating element in a textile-reinforced concrete structure is reported. For this purpose, a hybrid yarn having a core-sheath structure (the core is made of carbon filament yarn and the sheath consists of a mixture of short glass and polypropylene fibres) is manufactured by DREF-2000 spinning technique and integrated into textile structure by tailored fibre placement method. Heat can be generated in the concrete structure by passing electric current through the conductive carbon filament yarn core of the hybrid yarn using the principle of resistive heating, where the sheath acts as the protection and isolation layer. From the initial investigations made on a small concrete specimen, important information is gathered and a large concrete slab with integrated conductive hybrid yarn is manufactured. The heat ability and the comfort level of the manufactured concrete slab are measured. The investigations have revealed the potential of using such hybrid yarn for a pointwise heating of the concrete surface for possible appliance in outdoor furniture.
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Hengstermann, M., N. Raithel, A. Abdkader, M. M. B. Hasan, and Ch Cherif. "Development of new hybrid yarn construction from recycled carbon fibers for high performance composites: Part-I: basic processing of hybrid carbon fiber/polyamide 6 yarn spinning from virgin carbon fiber staple fibers." Sage, 2016. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35421.
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The availability of a considerable amount of waste carbon fiber (CF) and the increased pressure to recycle/reuse materials at the end of their life cycle have put the utilization of recycled CF (rCF) under the spotlight. This article reports the successful manufacturing of hybrid yarns consisting of staple CF cut from virgin CF filament yarn and polyamide 6 fibers of defined lengths (40 and 60 mm). Carding and drawing are performed to prepare slivers with improved fiber orientation and mixing for the manufacturing of hybrid yarns. The slivers are then spun into hybrid yarns on a flyer machine. The investigations reveal the influence of fiber length and mixing ratio on the quality of the card web, slivers and on the strength of the hybrid yarns. The findings based on the results of this research work will help realize value-added products from rCF on an industrial scale in the near future.
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Hengstermann, M., M. M. B. Hasan, A. Abdkader, and Ch Cherif. "Development of new hybrid yarn construction from recycled carbon fibers (rCF) for high performance composites: Part-II: Influence of yarn parameters on tensile properties of composites." Sage, 2017. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35532.
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This article reports the successful manufacturing of hybrid yarns from virgin staple CF (40 or 60 mm) or recycled staple CF (rCF) by mixing with polyamide 6 (PA 6) fibers of defined length. The hybrid yarns are produced using an optimized process route of carding, drawing, and flyer machine. Furthermore, the influence of CF length, CF type (i.e. virgin or rCF), CF volume content, and twist of the yarn are also investigated regarding the tensile properties of unidirectionally laid (UD) thermoplastic composites. The results show that CF length, yarn twist, and CF content of composites play a big role on the tensile properties of thermoplastic composites. From the comparison of tensile strength of UD composites produced from 40 and 60mm virgin staple CF, it can be seen that the increase of yarn twist decreases the tensile strength. However, the effect of twist on the tensile properties of UD composites manufactured from 40mm virgin staple CF is insignificant. The tensile strength of UD thermoplastic composites manufactured from the hybrid yarn with 40 and 60mm virgin staple CF and rCF is found to be 771 ± 100, 838 ± β1, and 801 ± 53.4 MPa, respectively, in the case of 87 T/m containing 50 volume% CF.
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Seghini, Maria Carolina. "Mechanical Analysis and Fibre/Matrix Interface Optimization for Next Generation of Basalt-Plant Fibre Hybrid Composites." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ESMA0003.
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La prise de conscience mondiale des enjeux environnementaux a conduit à l’émergence de composites«verts», dans lesquels les fibres naturelles sont amenées à remplacer les fibres synthétiques. Ces nouveaux matériaux offrent des alternatives écologiques aux composites synthétiques traditionnels mais sont difficilement utilisables pour des applications semi-structurales ou structurales. Une solution possible à ce problème est le développement des composites hybrides, en combinant ensemble fibres naturelles et synthétiques. Dans ce cadre, l'objectif de cette étude était de développer des composites hybrides à base de fibres de basalte et de lin. Les composites hybrides ont été élaborés par moulage par infusion sous vide avec une matrice époxy. À des fins de comparaison,des composites 100% à fibres de lin et100%à fibres de basalte ont également été produits. Une caractérisation mécanique quasi-statique et dynamique amontré que l'hybridation permet d’obtenir un composite avec des propriétés mécaniques intermédiaires comparées à celles des composites à fibres de lin ou de basalte. Cependant, l’analyse approfondie des dommages a montré la nécessité d'optimiser la qualité d'adhésion de l'interface fibre/matrice afin d'accroître les performances mécaniques des composites hybrides obtenus. Pour cette raison, différents traitements de modification de surface ont été développés et étudiés pour les fibres de lin et de basalte. Un traitement physique par plasma (Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition) a été appliqué aux fibres de lin et de basalte. Les fibres de lin ont également été soumises à deux traitements chimiques utilisant des espèces enzymatiques et du CO2supercritique. Les effets des traitements sur la stabilité thermique, la morphologie et les propriétés mécaniques des fibres de lin et de basalte ont été étudiés. L’adhérence fibre/matrice a été analysée en réalisant des tests de fragmentation sur des composites monofilamentaires. La qualité de l'adhésion entre les fibres et les matrices époxy et vinylester a été évaluée en termes de longueur critique de fragment, de longueur de décohésion interfaciale et de résistance au cisaillement interfacial. La micto-tomographie haute résolution a été utilisée pour analyser les mécanismes d'endommagement lors des tests de fragmentation. Pour les deux types de fibres, les meilleurs résultat sont été obtenus grâce au traitement par plasma. Ce traitement a consisté à déposer un revêtement homogène de tétravinylsilane à la surface des fibres de basalte et de lin, ce qui a permis une augmentation significative de l’adhérence fibre/matrice, ouvrant ainsi la voie à la prochaine génération de composites hybrides plus respectueux de l’environnement et utilisables pour des applications semi-structuralesGlobal awareness of environmental issues has resulted in the emergence of “green” composites, in which natural fibres are used to replace synthetic ones. However, in semi-or structural applications, it can be inconvenient to use composites based on natural fibres. A possible solution to this problem is the development of hybrid composite materials, combining together plies of natural and synthetic fibres. In this framework, the aim of this research project was to develop basalt-flax fibre hybrid composites with a view to obtaining more environmentally friendly composites for semi-structural applications. Hybrid composites were produced through vacuum infusion molding with epoxy matrix.For comparison purposes, 100% flax fibre composites and 100% basalt fibre composites were also manufactured. A quasi-static and dynamic mechanical characterization showed that the hybridization allows the production of a composite with intermediate mechanical performances compared to those possessed by flax and basalt composites. However, the damage analysis has revealed the need to optimize the fibre/matrix interface adhesion quality, in order to increase the mechanical properties of the resulting hybrid composites. For this reason, different surface modification treatments have been specifically designed and investigated for flax and basalt fibres. Flax and basalt fibres were treated by the physical process of Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition. Flax fibres were also subjected to two chemical treatments using enzymatic species and supercritical CO2. The effects of the surface modification treatments on the thermal stability, morphology and mechanical properties of flax and basalt fibres have been investigated. The degree and extent of fibre/matrix adhesion were analyzed by micromechanical fragmentation tests on monofilament composites. The adhesion quality between fibres and both epoxy and vinylester matrices has been assessed in terms of critical fragment length, debonding length and interfacial shear strength. High-resolution μ-CT has been used to support the analysis of the damage mechanisms during fragmentation tests. For both flax and basalt fibres, the best results were obtained after the plasma polymer deposition process. This process was able to produce a homogeneous tetravinylsilane coating on the surface of basalt and flax fibres, which resulted in a significant increase in the fibre/matrix adhesion, thus paving the way for the next generation of more environmentally friendly hybrid composites for semi-structural applications
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Torun, Ahmet Refah. "Advanced manufacturing technology for 3D profiled woven preforms." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-71966.
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3D textile performs offer a high potential to increase mechanical properties of composites and they can reduce the production steps and costs as well. The variety of woven structures is enormous. The algorithms based on the conventional weaving notation can only represent the possible woven structures in a limited way. Within the scope of this dissertation, a new weaving notation was developed in order to analyze the multilayer woven structures analytically. Technological solutions were developed in order to guarantee a reproducible preform production with commingled hybrid yarns. Terry weaving technique can be utilized to create vertical connections on carrier fabrics, which makes it suitable for the development of complex profiles. A double rapier weaving machine was modified with electronically controlled terry weaving and pneumatic warp yarn pull-back systems. Various spacer fabrics and 3D profiles were developed. A linear take-up system is developed to assure reproducible preform production with a minimum material damage. Integrated cutting and laying mechanisms on the take-up system provides a high level of automation.
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Gong, Ting. "Tensile behavior of high-performance cement-based composites with hybrid reinforcement subjected to quasi-static and impact loading." Technische Universität Dresden, 2020. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A73914.
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Hochduktile Betone (Engl.: Strain-Hardening Cement-based Composites – SHCC) und Textilbetone (engl.: Textile Reinforced Concrete – TRC) sind zwei neuartige Faserbetone, die ein duktiles und dehnungsverfestigendes Zugverhalten aufweisen. SHCC bestehen aus feinkörnigen Zementmatrizen und kurzen Hochleistungspolymerfasern, während TRC eine Kombination aus feinkörnigen Zementmatrizen und kontinuierlichen zwei- oder dreidimensionalen Textilschichten darstellt. Letztere bestehen aus Multifilamentgarnen aus Kohlenstoff, alkalibeständigem Glas oder Polymerfasern. Die hohe elastische Verformbarkeit beider Verbundwerkstoffe bis zum Erreichen der Zugfestigkeit entsteht aus der sukzessiven Bildung multipler feiner Risse. Neben der hervorragenden Risskontrolle und Duktilität weisen diese Verbundwerkstoffe ein hohes Energieabsorptionsvermögen auf, was in Bezug auf kurzzeitdynamische Belastungen eine durchaus erstrebenswerte Eigenschaft darstellt.
Obwohl SHCC eine höhere Dehnungskapazität als herkömmliche TRC zeigen, weisen die Textilbetone eine erheblich höhere Zugfestigkeit auf. Darüber hinaus besitzen die textilbewehrten Betone deutlich niedrigere Einflüsse von Anwendungstechnologie und Maßstab auf das Zugverhalten, d. h. eine bessere Robustheit. Daher stellt die Kombination dieser beiden Bewehrungskonzepte einen vielversprechenden Ansatz dar. Während die Kurzfasern für eine bessere Risskontrolle und Erstrissfestigkeit sorgen, sichern die Textilgelege eine hohe Zugfestigkeit sowie Steifigkeit im gerissenen Zustand und eine gleichmäßige Verteilung der Kräfte in der Verstärkungsschicht bzw. im Bauteil. Dieser synergetische Effekt kann jedoch nur durch eine zielgerichtete Materialentwicklung erreicht werden, die eine grundlegende Materialcharakterisierung unter verschiedenen Belastungsszenarien erfordert.
Im Rahmen des DFG-finanzierten Graduiertenkollegs GRK 2250 „Impaktsicherheit von Baukonstruktionen durch mineralisch gebundene Komposite“ werden duktile und Impakt resistente Komposite entwickelt, charakterisiert und erprobt, die als dünne Verstärkungsschichten auf bestehende Konstruktionen bzw. Bauelemente aufgetragen werden und dadurch deren Widerstandsfähigkeit und Resilienz gegen extreme kurzzeitdynamische Beanspruchungen signifikant erhöhen. Die in der vorliegenden Arbeit vorgestellten Ergebnisse wurden im Rahmen des A3-Projektes innerhalb des GRK 2250/1 erzielt. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die grundlegenden mechanischen Eigenschaften und die Dehnratenabhängigkeit von mineralisch gebundenen Kompositen mit hybrider Faserbewehrung zu erfassen und zu beschreiben. Das Forschungskonzept besteht aus systematischen und parametrischen Untersuchungen der einzelnen Komponenten (Faser, Textil, zementgebundene Matrix), ihres Verbundes und der entsprechenden Verbundwerkstoffe. Hierfür wurden zweckbestimmte Prüfkonfigurationen und dreidimensionale Messverfahren angewandt, die in anderen Projekten des GRK 2250/1 entwickelt wurden. Außer uniaxialen, quasistatischen und dynamischen Zugversuchen wurden quasistatische und dynamische Einzelgarnauszugsversuche durchgeführt. Die wichtigsten untersuchten Materialparameter waren die Art der Kurzfaserbewehrung und der Textilien (Material, geometrische und Oberflächeneigenschaften, Art der Tränkung usw.).
Auf Basis der mechanischen Experimente wurde ein analytisches Modell eingesetzt und angepasst, dass das Zugverhalten solcher Komposite in Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen Materialparametern abbilden soll.
Zusätzlich zu der detaillierten Beschreibung der Materialeigenschaften, der maßgebenden Mechanismen und synergetischen Effekte bilden die erzielten Ergebnisse eine umfangreiche experimentelle Basis für eine empirische und Modell gestützte Weiterentwicklung und Optimierung dieser Verbundwerkstoffe mit Hinblick auf wirtschaftliche und ökonomische Aspekte.Strain-hardening cement-based composites (SHCC) and textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) are two novel types of fiber-reinforced cementitious composites that exhibit ductile, strain-hardening tensile behavior. SHCC comprises fine-grained cementitious matrices and short, high-performance polymer fiber, while TRC is a combination of a fine-grained, cementitious matrix and continuous two- or three- dimensional textile layers of multi-filament yarns, usually made of carbon or alkali-resistant glass. Both composites yield high inelastic deformations in a strain-hardening phase due to the successive formation of multiple fine cracks. Such cracking behavior stands for high energy absorption of the composites when exposed to extreme loading, without abrupt loss of load-bearing capacity. In comparative terms, SHCC shows superior strain capacity, while TRC yields considerably higher tensile strength. The addition of short fibers strengthens the matrix by efficiently restraining the micro-cracks’ growth and reducing spallation, while the textile reinforcement ensures a secure confinement of the reinforced concrete element (substrate to be strengthened), as well as a favorable stress distribution. The combination of SHCC and textile reinforcement is expected to deliver high tensile strength and stiffness in the strain-hardening stage along with pronounced multiple cracking. In order to achieve a favorable synergetic effect, a purposeful material design is required based on a clear understanding of the mechanical interactions in the composites. In the framework of the DFG Research Training Group GRK 2250, which aims at enhancing structural impact safety through thin strengthening layers made of high-performance mineral-based composites, this work focuses on developing hybrid fiber-reinforced cementitious materials to be applied on the impact rear side. The development concept builds upon a systematic investigation of various aspects of the mechanical behaviors of SHCC and textile at quasi-static and impact strain rates, including the bond properties of fiber to matrix and textile to matrix. Accordingly, uniaxial quasi-static tension tests were first performed on SHCC, bare textile, and hybrid-reinforced composite specimens. The parameters under investigation were types of short fiber and textile reinforcements, reinforcing the ratio for textile as well as bond properties between textile and the surrounding SHCC. Furthermore, impact tension tests were performed to study the strain rate effect on the synergetic composite response. Finally, single-yarn pull-out tests were carried out under both quasi-static and impact loading rates to supplement the comparative assessment of the hybrid fiber-reinforced composites. These tests yielded shear strength-related parameters for quantifying the bond properties of different materials, which were then used as input of the analytical model developed to describe the mechanics of crack propagation and tension stiffening effect of textile-reinforced composites without short fibers. This model is the first step towards a comprehensive analytical description of the tensile behavior of hybrid fiber-reinforced composites based on the experimental data and input parameters attained through the work at hand.
Books on the topic "Hybrid yarns"
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Alagirusamy, R., R. Fangueiro, and V. Ogale. Hybrid Yarns and Textile Preforming for Thermoplastic Composites (Textile Progress, No 4). Woodhead Publishing Ltd, 2006.
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Khūkhūsamut, Charin, Khrōngkān Wičhai Phatthanā Chonnabot Phāk Tawanʻō̜k Chīang Nư̄a (Thailand), and Mahāwitthayālai Khō̜n Kǣn. Sathāban Wičhai læ Phatthanā., eds. Rāingān kānwičhai rư̄ang kānphatthanā khunnaphāp sen mai phan Thai lūkphasom phư̄a kānphalit nai radap ʻutsāhakam: Quality improvement of the Thai-hybrid silk yarn for industrial production. [Khon Kaen]: Sathāban Wičhai læ Phatthanā, Mahāwitthayālai Khō̜n Kǣn, 1991.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Hybrid yarns"
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Kang, Bok Choon, K. H. Min, Y. H. Lee, Beong Bok Hwang, and Chathura Nalendra Herath. "Microscopic Evaluation of Commingling-Hybrid Yarns." In THERMEC 2006, 992–96. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-428-6.992.
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Herath, Chathura Nalendra, Bok Choon Kang, Jong Kwang Park, Yong Hwang Roh, and Beong Bok Hwang. "Breaking Elongation Properties of Hybrid Yarns by Commingling Process." In Materials Science Forum, 337–40. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-421-9.337.
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Asghar, Ali, Mohd Rozi Ahmad, Mohamad Faizul Yahya, Syed Zameer Ul Hassan, and Muhammad Kashif. "Hybrid Cover Yarn’s Element Orientation and Its Impacts on Mechanical/Tensile Behavior of Conductive Yarns and Fabrics." In Functional Textiles and Clothing, 77–90. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7721-1_7.
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Gooch, Jan W. "Hybrid Yarn." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 373. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_6088.
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Lovell, Donald R. "Hybrid Yarn & Fabric." In Carbon and High Performance Fibres Directory and Databook, 265–301. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0695-5_10.
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Bar, Mahadev, R. Alagirusamy, and Apurba Das. "Advances in Natural Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastic Composite Manufacturing: Effect of Interface and Hybrid Yarn Structure on Composite Properties." In Advances in Natural Fibre Composites, 99–117. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64641-1_10.
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Saa’di, Vida, Marzieh Ranjbar Mohamadi, Meysam Moezzi, and Reza Sghafi. "Fabrication of Hybrid Suture Yarn Containing Chitosan/Poly(Vinyl Alcohole)-Poly(Lactic Acid) Micro and Nanofibers and Investigation of Their Mechanical Properties." In Eco-friendly and Smart Polymer Systems, 276–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45085-4_66.
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Alagirusamy, R. "Hybrid yarns for thermoplastic composites." In Technical Textile Yarns, 387–428. Elsevier, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781845699475.2.387.
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Mankodi, H. R. "Developments in hybrid yarns." In Specialist Yarn and Fabric Structures, 21–55. Elsevier, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9780857093936.21.
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Platt, Peter G. "Mingled Yarns and Hybrid Worlds: ‘We Taste Nothing Purely’, Measure for Measure, and All’s Well That Ends Well." In Shakespeare's Essays, 77–108. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474463409.003.0004.
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This chapter focuses on both authors’ exploration of the blended and hybrid nature of the world and compares “We Taste Nothing Purely” (2.20) with Shakespeare’s notoriously mixed, “impure” plays, Measure for Measure and All’s Well That Ends Well. Exploring playworlds that are “mingled yarns” of “good and ill together,” these plays blend comedy and tragedy as well. They seem intimately connected to Montaigne’s “We Taste Nothing Purely” (2.20), both intellectually and formally. Indeed, they seem to be dramatic explorations of the opening sentence of Montaigne’s essay: “The weakness of our condition causeth that things in their natural simplicity and purity cannot fall into our use. The elements we enjoy are altered, metals likewise, yea gold must be empared with some other stuff to make it fit for our service.”
Conference papers on the topic "Hybrid yarns"
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Dippolito, Mario, Youqi Wang, Ying Ma, Chian-Fong Yen, James Q. Zheng, and Virginia Halls. "Real Scale Simulation of Ballistic Tests for Multi-Layer Fabric Body Armors." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-39538.
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The bottle-neck issues to resolve for numerical simulation of real scale ballistic tests of fabric body armors are computer capacity limitation and prohibitive computational cost. It is not realistic to use micro-level computer simulations for an open end design process. Most numerical simulations are only applicable for small scale parametric analyses, which could facilitate apprehension of fabric failure mechanisms during ballistic impact, but not applicable for the design process. In this paper, a sub-yarn model, the digital element approach, is applied to simulate real scale ballistic tests for soft body armors. In this approach, a yarn is discretized into multiple digital fibers and each fiber is discretized into many digital elements. In order to improve efficiency, two hybrid element mesh concepts are investigated: area based hybrid mesh and yarn based hybrid mesh. The area based hybrid mesh procedure is similar to one utilized in the conventional finite element approach. A fine element mesh is adopted in the area near the impact center; a course element mesh in the area far away. However, numerical simulation results show that the stress wave travels along the principal yarns at the speed of sound immediately after ballistic impact. High yarn stress develops quickly from the impact center to a distance along the principal yarn. As such, the area based hybrid mesh approach fails to obtain improved computer efficiency without loss of accuracy. Because the high stress only develops within principal yarns after a ballistic impact, a yarn based hybrid element mesh procedure is adopted. In this procedure, only principal yarns and yarns near principal yarns are discretized into fine digital fibers; other yarns are discretized into coarse digital fibers. Because only a few principal yarns resist load in a typical ballistic impact, the yarn based hybrid technique could improve simulation efficiency up to 90–95% without sacrificing accuracy. A numerical tool is then developed to generate fabric with a yarn based hybrid mesh. Accuracy of the approach is analyzed. The hybrid mesh technique is applied to simulate real scale ballistic tests of ballistic armors made of 4 to 20 piles of 2-D plain woven fabrics. Numerical results are compared to real scale standard ballistic results.
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Choi, Min Ki, and Jooyong Kim. "Transmission characteristics of hybrid structure yarns for e-textiles." In 2014 20th IEEE International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/padsw.2014.7097909.
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Abbas, Syed Muzahir, Javad Foroughi, Yogesh Ranga, Ladislau Matekovits, Karu Esselle, Stuart Hay, Michael Heimlich, and Farzad Safaei. "Stretchable and Highly Conductive Carbon Nanotube-Graphene Hybrid Yarns for Wearable Systems." In 10th EAI International Conference on Body Area Networks. ICST, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.28-9-2015.2261421.
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Ichikawa, Daiki, Masayuki Kitamura, Yuqiu Yang, and Hiroyuki Hamada. "Mechanical Properties of the Multilayer Laminated Intra-Hybrid Woven Fabric Composites." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37864.
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Generally hybrid composite material is with two or more reinforcements or matrixes. They are referred as hybrid matrix and fiber hybrid. Further it is also included hybrid interface using different materials state of the interface. Therefore high functionality which compensates the disadvantages of each other by a hybrid can be expected. At current study, additionally, various strengthening forms were obtained and spread to textile material with hybrid(s). For example, techniques used in the weft and warp fibers/yarns might be different in making a fabric. It will be referred to as intra-layer hybrid fabric. It means in making fabric. It means that different physical properties due to the loading direction in one layer, the mechanical properties unique variety can be expected. In this study, carbon/glass intra-hybrid woven fabric was used to fabricate fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) composite through hand lay-up method. Then, the investigation on the mechanical property and fracture behaviour was carried out. Tensile test combined with acoustic emission (AE) measurement was conducted in this research. Knee point stress was the main factor of initial damage which discussed with AE characteristics during mechanical test. Due to the difference of energy release from fracture between glass fiber and matrix, the fracture characteristics of composite could be monitored during the test through AE facility. Relation between bundle and cracks inside the materials was examined through optical microscope. Scanning electron microscope observation was also carried out to examine the fracture of materials after testing.
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Tehrani, Mehran, Masoud Safdari, Scott W. Case, and Marwan S. Al-Haik. "Using Multiscale Carbon Fiber/Carbon Nanotubes Composites for Damping Applications." In ASME 2011 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2011-5087.
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A novel technique to grow carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the surface of carbon fibers in a controlled fashion using simple lab set up is developed. Growing CNTs on the surface of carbon fibers will eliminate the problem of dispersion of CNTs in polymeric matrices. The employed synthesis technique retains the attractive feature of uniform distribution of the grown CNTs, low temperature of CNTs’ formation, i.e. 550 °C, via cheap and safe synthesis setup and catalysts. A protective thermal shield of thin ceramic layer and subsequently nickel catalytic particles are deposited on the surface of the carbon fiber yarns using magnetron sputtering. A simple tube furnace setup utilizing nitrogen, hydrogen and ethylene (C2H4) were used to grow CNTs on the carbon fiber yarns. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a uniform areal growth over the carbon fibers where the catalytic particles had been sputtered. The structure of the grown multiwall carbon nanotubes was characterized with the aid of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA) was employed to measure the loss and storage moduli of the hybrid composite together with the reference raw carbon fiber composite and the composite for which only ceramic and nickel substrates had been deposited on. The DMA tests were conducted over a frequency range of 1–40 Hz. Although the storage modulus remained almost unchanged over the frequency range for all samples, the loss modulus showed a frequency dependent behavior. The hybrid composite obtained the highest loss modulus among other samples with an average increase of approximately 25% and 55% compared to composites of the raw and ceramic/nickel coated carbon fibers, respectively. This improvement occurred while the average storage modulus of the hybrid composite declined by almost 9% and 15% compared to the composites of reference and ceramic/nickel coated samples, respectively. The ultimate strength and elastic moduli of the samples were measured using standard ASTM tensile test. Results of this study show that while the addition of the ceramic layer protects the fibers from mechanical degradation it abolishes the mechanisms by which the composite dissipates energy. On the other hand, with almost no compromise in weight, the hybrid composites are good potential candidate for damping applications. Furthermore, the addition of CNTs could contribute to improving other mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of the hybrid composite.
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Haines, Carter S., Márcio D. Lima, Na Li, Geoffrey M. Spinks, Javad Foroughi, John D. W. Madden, Shaoli Fang, et al. "Mechanism of stroke enhancement by coiling in carbon nanotube hybrid yarn artificial muscles (presentation video)." In SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, edited by Yoseph Bar-Cohen. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2046188.
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Barbosa, Fábio C. "Hybrid Rail Technology Review: an Intermediate Pathway For Electrifying the Freight and Commuter Rail Sector - a Technical and Operational Assessment." In 2021 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2021-58271.
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Abstract The transport industry, as any other sector, has been permanently challenged by both the continuously stringent environmental standards and the energy efficiency requirements, which has driven a set of initiatives focused on both the fuel burn reduction and the environmental performance improvement. The rail sector currently relies on the efficient and local zero emission electrical traction for the medium to heavy density corridors. However, for the light to medium density corridors (both passenger and freight), given the high upfront costs associated with the electrical infrastructure, they are currently required to rely on fossil fuel based traction (often, the diesel-electric) architecture, with an inherent efficiency and environmental burden. The advent of hybridization, i.e. the use of more than one power source in a powertrain (mainly — but not restricted to — an internal combustion engine (ICE) and electric motors (EM), associated with an electrical energy storage device - ESD) — currently a feasible approach for the automotive sector — has opened the way for the rail industry, as an opportunity to improve the energetic efficiency and reduce the environmental footprint for the aforementioned low to medium density rail corridors, without the cost burden of an electrical infrastructure. The hybrid powertrain efficiency drivers are basically: i) kinetic energy recovery, through the use of the regenerative braking (i.e. using electric motors as generators, to recover part of the train’s kinetic energy); ii) improved engine performance, avoiding the low efficiency (low load) engine range and iii) engine downsizing (engine power requirement reduction, as it is assisted by the electric traction on power bursts). From an environmental perspective, the reduced fuel consumption also means lower emissions. Moreover, hybrid configurations might also reduce noise and gaseous engine emissions within/nearby stations or urban rail yards, by switching off internal combustion engines, running the train and powering auxiliary systems with the previously stored electrical energy on the ESD. Finally, for electrified rail lines, the hybrid rail configuration might also provide the so called last mile capability, used to circumvent non electrified rail stretches, like bridges or tunnels, as well as small extension non electrified rail segments. This work presents a review of hybrid rail technology, covering hybrid configuration and energy storage devices, from both a technical, operational and environmental perspective, supported on current available technical literature, as well as on simulation and field test reports, followed by a near to mid term outlook of hybrid rail technology for both freight and passenger segments.
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Yang, Steven, Kristian Lardner, and Moustafa El-Gindy. "Study of Occupant Safety and Airbag Deployment Time." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46507.
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This paper presents the use of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software in recreating a full frontal barrier impact test with a 50th percentile male hybrid III dummy to investigate various passenger vehicle airbag deployment times for the development of an airbag trigger sensor. Results for the physical full frontal barrier impact test where prepared by MGA Research Corporation with a 2007 Toyota Yaris. Using a nonlinear transient dynamic FEA software, a virtual full frontal barrier impact test was created to reproduce the physical results and trends experienced in the physical crash test found in a report by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) 5677. The results of the simulation were compared to the results of the physical crash which produced similar trends, but not the same values. The simulation was then used in testing different passenger vehicle airbag deployment times to see its results on specific occupant injury criteria’s; Head Injury Criterion (HIC), Chest Compression Criterion (CC). Four different vehicle speeds where used; 20 km/h, 40 km/h, 56 km/h, and 90 km/h in conjunction with a range of +/− 6 milliseconds in the airbag deployment timing. Results of the airbag deployment timing showed that trends of faster airbag deployment times resulted in lower values for HIC and CC. Following these trends, suggestions for airbag deployment trigger distances were developed to aid in creation of an advanced airbag deployment sensor or crash sensor. While the simulation has yet to be validated, the trends may be assessed and actual values may differ.
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Araujo, Paulo, José Carlos Teixeira, Dionisio Silveira, Elisabete Silva, Delfim Soares, Raul Fangueiro, and Maria Cândida Vilarinho. "Development of Fiber Structures for High Performance Heat Resistant Curtains." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24016.
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Abstract The protection of human life and goods assumes a growing concern in all forms of activities. The fire and smoke curtains have as main role to act as a physical barrier to prevent the fire from spreading between spaces as well as to staunch the smoke and heat transfer to adjacent areas. They can also be easily operated (opening and closing) causing a minimal interference with the flow of materials and humans within confines spaces, such as warehouses and industries, while providing adequate protection. Thus, there are a set of characteristics that these products must exhibit high fire protection, thermal resistance and gas impermeability. The classification of the heat resistance, described in the European Standard BS EN 1634-1: Fire resistance and smoke control tests for door, shutter and, openable window assemblies and elements of building hardware — fire resistance tests for doors, shutters and openable windows, is the procedure that allows determining the response of a product in contributing by its decomposition to a fire to which it is exposed, being according to three criteria: (i) integrity, (ii) insulation and (iii) radiation. Usually curtains are based on fiber-based structures which can be coated to enhance their protective capabilities. In addition, the fibrous structure can be tailored to optimize its behaviour using 2D and 3D complex architectures, with single or multiple materials. The performance assessment of the curtains regarding the aforementioned parameters is performed resorting to several experimental procedures that are detailed in the specific standards. The present paper reports the development of novel fibrous structures used for heat protection curtains. They are based on the various combinations of hybrid structures combining 2 or 3 different yarn materials. The tests are carried out in a purpose built oven that induces a steep temperature rate (approximately 600 °C in 5 min) on one side of the sample followed by a slower rate up to 950 °C in 60 min. The sample is placed under stress during the test in order to mimic that caused by its own weight. Thermocouples monitor the temperature on both sides of the sample and its integrity is assessed by both the occurrence of fabric rupture and smoke release due to ignition. Both the fabric integrity and the temperature on the back side of the sample are an indicator of its performance which follows the European Standard BS EN 13501-2: Fire classification of construction products and building elements. Classification using data from fire resistance tests, excluding ventilation services. From the results one can conclude that hybrid structures, including either basalt and glass fibers, are the most suitable.
Reports on the topic "Hybrid yarns"
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Baughman, Ray, and Michael Kozlov. High Performance Artificial Muscles Using Nanofiber and Hybrid Yarns. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada622843.
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Rossettos, John, Sinan Muftu, and John Jagodnik. Experimental Investigation of Slip and Strength Characteristics of Hybrid Yarns. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada413075.
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