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Journal articles on the topic 'Hydra vulgaris'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Hamada, Mayuko, Noriyuki Satoh, and Konstantin Khalturin. "A Reference Genome from the Symbiotic Hydrozoan, Hydra viridissima." G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 10, no. 11 (September 8, 2020): 3883–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.120.401411.

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Various Hydra species have been employed as model organisms since the 18th century. Introduction of transgenic and knock-down technologies made them ideal experimental systems for studying cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in regeneration, body-axis formation, senescence, symbiosis, and holobiosis. In order to provide an important reference for genetic studies, the Hydra magnipapillata genome (species name has been changed to H. vulgaris) was sequenced a decade ago (Chapman et al., 2010) and the updated genome assembly, Hydra 2.0, was made available by the National Human Genome Research Institute in 2017. While H. vulgaris belongs to the non-symbiotic brown hydra lineage, the green hydra, Hydra viridissima, harbors algal symbionts and belongs to an early diverging clade that separated from the common ancestor of brown and green hydra lineages at least 100 million years ago (Schwentner and Bosch 2015; Khalturin et al., 2019). While interspecific interactions between H. viridissima and endosymbiotic unicellular green algae of the genus Chlorella have been a subject of interest for decades, genomic information about green hydras was nonexistent. Here we report a draft 280-Mbp genome assembly for Hydra viridissima strain A99, with a scaffold N50 of 1.1 Mbp. The H. viridissima genome contains an estimated 21,476 protein-coding genes. Comparative analysis of Pfam domains and orthologous proteins highlights characteristic features of H. viridissima, such as diversification of innate immunity genes that are important for host-symbiont interactions. Thus, the H. viridissima assembly provides an important hydrozoan genome reference that will facilitate symbiosis research and better comparisons of metazoan genome architectures.

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2

Deserti, Maria I., and Mauricio O. Zamponi. "Biometric and statistical investigations on the cnidoma of the genus Hydra (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa)." Iheringia. Série Zoologia 102, no. 3 (September 2012): 298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0073-47212012000300008.

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This paper deals about the nematocysts like a source of biometric information for comparison between the species Hydra vulgaris Pallas, 1766, Hydra vulgaris pedunculata Deserti et al., 2011 and Hydra pseudoligactis (Hyman, 1931). This biometric tool lets us carry out statistical comparisons and adding these results to the identification of specimens from different classificatory groups. In this particular study, we obtained significant differences between species, individuals of each species and nematocysts type when compared the biometry of its nematocysts. Another result was the variation in of particular nematocysts, like atrichous isorhiza and holotrichous isorhiza for the species H. vulgaris in relation to the column size.

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3

Sarras, Michael P., Xiaoming Zhang, Jacquelyn K. Huff, Mary Ann Accavitti, P. L. St. John, and Dale R. Abrahamson. "Extracellular Matrix (Mesoglea) of Hydra vulgaris." Developmental Biology 157, no. 2 (June 1993): 383–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1993.1143.

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4

Sarras, Michael P., Michael E. Madden, Xiaoming Zhang, Sripad Gunwar, Jacquelyn K. Huff, and Billy G. Hudson. "Extracellular matrix (mesoglea) of Hydra vulgaris." Developmental Biology 148, no. 2 (December 1991): 481–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-1606(91)90266-6.

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5

Sarras, Michael P., Darrel Meador, and Xiaoming Zhang. "Extracellular matrix (mesoglea) of Hydra vulgaris." Developmental Biology 148, no. 2 (December 1991): 495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-1606(91)90267-7.

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6

Schlaepfer, D. D., H. R. Bode, and H. T. Haigler. "Distinct cellular expression pattern of annexins in Hydra vulgaris." Journal of Cell Biology 118, no. 4 (August 15, 1992): 911–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.118.4.911.

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The annexins are a structurally related family of Ca2+ and phospholipid binding proteins whose function has not been clearly defined. Further investigations of annexin function may be enhanced by studying simpler organisms that express fewer annexin gene products. We previously characterized annexin XII from the freshwater cnidarian Hydra vulgaris (Schlaepfer, D. D., D. A. Fisher, M. E. Brandt, H. R. Bode, J. Jones, and H. T. Haigler. 1992. J. Biol. Chem. 267:9529-9539). In this report, we detected one other hydra annexin (40 kD) by screening hydra cell extracts with antibodies raised against peptides from highly conserved regions of known annexins. The 40-kD protein was expressed at less than 1% of annexin XII levels. These biochemical studies indicate that hydra contain a very limited number of annexin gene products. The cellular hydra annexin distribution was analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence. Using affinity-purified antibodies to annexin XII, the epithelial battery cells were stained throughout the tentacle. A lower level of annexin XII staining was detected in peduncle region epithelial cells. No other cell types showed detectable annexin XII staining. The anti-peptide antibody that specifically detected the 40-kD hydra annexin, maximally stained the cytoplasm of nematocytes. The immunofluorescent results showed that annexin XII and the 40-kD annexin were not co-expressed in the same cells. Since the hydra annexins localized to specific subsets of the total hydra cell types, it is likely that these proteins perform specialized biological roles, and not general "housekeeping" functions which are part of the essential molecular machinery of all cells.

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7

Dupre, Christophe, and Rafael Yuste. "Non-overlapping Neural Networks in Hydra vulgaris." Current Biology 27, no. 8 (April 2017): 1085–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.049.

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8

Kuznetsov, Sergey G., Friederike Anton-Erxleben, and Thomas C. G. Bosch. "Epithelial interactions in Hydra: apoptosis in interspecies grafts is induced by detachment from the extracellular matrix." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 24 (December 15, 2002): 3809–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.24.3809.

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SUMMARY Apoptosis plays an important role in immunity and is widely used to eliminate foreign or infected cells. Cnidaria are the most basal eumetazoans and have no specialised immune cells, but some colonial cnidarians possess a genetic system to discriminate between self and non-self. By grafting epithelia of different species we have previously shown that the freshwater polyp Hydra eliminates non-self cells by phagocytosis. Here we have investigated whether apoptosis is involved in the histocompatibility reactions. We studied epithelial interactions between Hydra vulgaris and Hydra oligactis and show that a large number of apoptotic cells accumulate in the contact region of interspecies grafts. Histological analysis of the graft site revealed that displacement of the endodermal layer of Hydra vulgaris by endoderm from Hydra oligactis coincided with impaired cell—cell and cell—matrix contacts. We therefore suggest that in interspecies grafts, apoptosis is induced by the detachment of epithelial cells from the extracellular matrix(anoikis) and not by a discriminative allorecognition system.

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9

Deserti, María I., Karina S. Esquius, Alicia H. Escalante, and Fabián H. Acuña. "Trophic ecology and diet of Hydra vulgaris (Cnidaria; Hydrozoa)." Animal Biology 67, no. 3-4 (2017): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-00002537.

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Hydra is a genus of common, sessile, solitary freshwater cnidarians, which are defined as carnivorous and efficient predators. The purpose of this study was to obtain information on the feeding habits and diet of Hydra vulgaris collected from its natural habitat in Nahuel Rucá Lake (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina). We found three categories of food items in the coelenteron: algae, fungi, and small invertebrates. Algae dominated the diet in terms of abundance and frequency of occurrence, but their volumetric contribution was almost negligible, as was their possible nutritional value. Invertebrate prey captured, using active predation, represented the major volumetric contribution, with four different taxa found. The detection of phytoplankton in the gastral cavities reveals the input of some organisms present in the surrounding waters in addition to the invertebrates. This information is novel, since studies on the natural diet of Hydra are very scarce.

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10

Dash, Bhagirathi, and Timothy D. Phillips. "Molecular characterization of a catalase from Hydra vulgaris." Gene 501, no. 2 (June 2012): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2012.04.015.

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11

Zhang, X., and M. P. Sarras. "Cell-extracellular matrix interactions under in vivo conditions during interstitial cell migration in Hydra vulgaris." Development 120, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): 425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120.2.425.

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Interstitial cell (I-cell) migration in hydra is essential for establishment of the regional cell differentiation pattern in the organism. All previous in vivo studies have indicated that cell migration in hydra is a result of cell-cell interactions and chemotaxic gradients. Recently, in vitro cell adhesion studies indicated that isolated nematocytes could bind to substrata coated with isolated hydra mesoglea, fibronectin and type IV collagen. Under these conditions, nematocytes could be observed to migrate on some of these extracellular matrix components. By modifying previously described hydra grafting techniques, two procedures were developed to test specifically the role of extracellular matrix components during in vivo I-cell migration in hydra. In one approach, the extracellular matrix structure of the apical half of the hydra graft was perturbed using beta-aminopropionitrile and beta-xyloside. In the second approach, grafts were treated with fibronectin, RGDS synthetic peptide and antibody to fibronectin after grafting was performed. In both cases, I-cell migration from the basal half to the apical half of the grafts was quantitatively analyzed. Statistical analysis indicated that beta-aminopropionitrile, fibronectin, RGDS synthetic peptide and antibody to fibronectin all were inhibitory to I-cell migration as compared to their respective controls. beta-xyloside treatment had no effect on interstitial cell migration. These results indicate the potential importance of cell-extracellular matrix interactions during in vivo I-cell migration in hydra.

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12

Takaku, Y., T. Hariyama, M. Kurachi, and Y. Tsukahara. "Ultrastructural observations of adherent cell pairs in hydra vulgaris." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 17 (September 1, 1999): 2239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.17.2239.

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Previous morphological studies of cell sorting in Hydra vulgaris have considered only clusters of cells. Here, we present ultrastructural observations on the adherent region of cell pairs brought into contact (following dissociation) using a three-dimensional laser manipulator. There was a much larger area of close membrane contact between endodermal cell pairs in comparison with ectodermal cell pairs. Separation distances between membranes were categorized into three classes: closest distance (<4 nm); medium distance (5–25 nm); and cleavage (>25 nm). The sum of distances in the closest and medium categories as a proportion of total contact length was significantly greater (P<0.01) for endodermal cells (49.0+/−6.5 %) than for ectodermal cells (26.7+/−4. 4 %). In intact Hydra, this sum of distances was also significantly greater for endodermal cells, indicating that newly adherent cells, even after adhesion for only 10 min, display similar morphological characteristics to cells in intact Hydra. This suggests that close membrane contacts contribute to differential cell adhesion, which may form the basis of the cell sorting process.

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13

Morales, Javier, Ana I. Negro, and Miguel Lizana. "Observaciones ecológicas, corológicas y taxonómicas de hídridos dulceacuícolas (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa: Hydridae) en la Cuenca del Duero." Graellsia 74, no. 2 (October 16, 2018): 077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/graellsia.2018.v74.210.

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Se describe la presencia de cuatro taxones de hidras de agua dulce (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa: Hydridae) en zonas someras epicontinentales de la cuenca del Duero (NO de España). En la subcuenca del Tera se encontraron individuos aislados sobre macrófitos sumergidos de tres taxones: Hydra vulgaris Pallas, 1766, Hydra (Pelmatohydra) oligactis Pallas, 1766 e Hydra (Chlorohydra) viridissima Pallas, 1766, y además en el Carrión grupos coloniales sobre bloques de cuarcita de la forma H. vulgaris var. aurantiaca Ehrenberg, 1838. En todos los casos se corresponde con ecosistemas de media montaña de aguas frías, transparentes y oligotróficas, de pH ligeramente ácido y con escasa mineralización. Todas las especies fueron localizadas en simpatría estricta, aunque en el lago de Sanabria se pudo citar tres taxones en diferentes hábitats. Se documenta la predación en cautividad de H. oligactis sobre gusanos oligoquetos y los periodos de formación de pólipos por gemación.

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14

Rojas Pérez, Yeraldith, and Roberto Etchenique. "Optical manipulation of animal behavior using a ruthenium-based phototrigger." Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 18, no. 1 (2019): 208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8pp00467f.

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15

Banjara, Suresh, Jaison D Sa, Mark G. Hinds, and Marc Kvansakul. "The structural basis of Bcl-2 mediated cell death regulation in hydra." Biochemical Journal 477, no. 17 (September 10, 2020): 3287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20200556.

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Apoptosis is regulated by evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways to remove damaged, diseased or unwanted cells. Proteins homologous to the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins, the primary arbiters of mitochondrially mediated apoptosis, are encoded by the cnidarian Hydra vulgaris. We mapped interactions between pro-survival and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins of H. vulgaris by affinity measurements between Hy-Bcl-2-4, the sole confirmed pro-survival Bcl-2 protein, with BH3 motif peptides of two Bcl-2 proteins from hydra that displayed pro-apoptotic activity, Hy-Bak1 and Hy-BH3-only-2, and the BH3 motif peptide of the predicted pro-apoptotic protein Hy-Bax. In addition to peptides from hydra encoded pro-apoptotic proteins, Hy-Bcl-2-4 also engaged BH3 motif peptides from multiple human pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. Reciprocally, human pro-survival Bcl-2 proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bcl-w, Mcl-1 and A1/Bfl-1 bound to BH3 spanning peptides from hydra encoded pro-apoptotic Hy-Bak1, Hy-BH3-only and Hy-Bax. The molecular details of the interactions were determined from crystal structures of Hy-Bcl-2-4 complexes with BH3 motif peptides of Hy-Bak1 and Hy-Bax. Our findings suggest that the Bcl-2 family in hydra may function in a manner analogous to the Bcl-2 family in humans, and less like the worm Caenorhabditis elegans where evolutionary gene deletion has simplified the apoptotic program. Combined, our results demonstrate the powerful conservation of the interaction pattern between hydra and human Bcl-2 family members. Furthermore, our data reveal mechanistic differences in the mode of binding between hydra and sponges such as Geodia cydonium, with hydra encoded Bcl-2 resembling the more promiscuous pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 members found in mammals compared with its sponge counterpart.

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16

Kanaya, Hiroyuki J., Sungeon Park, Ji-hyung Kim, Junko Kusumi, Sofian Krenenou, Etsuko Sawatari, Aya Sato, et al. "A sleep-like state in Hydra unravels conserved sleep mechanisms during the evolutionary development of the central nervous system." Science Advances 6, no. 41 (October 2020): eabb9415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb9415.

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Sleep behaviors are observed even in nematodes and arthropods, yet little is known about how sleep-regulatory mechanisms have emerged during evolution. Here, we report a sleep-like state in the cnidarian Hydra vulgaris with a primitive nervous organization. Hydra sleep was shaped by homeostasis and necessary for cell proliferation, but it lacked free-running circadian rhythms. Instead, we detected 4-hour rhythms that might be generated by ultradian oscillators underlying Hydra sleep. Microarray analysis in sleep-deprived Hydra revealed sleep-dependent expression of 212 genes, including cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1 (PRKG1) and ornithine aminotransferase. Sleep-promoting effects of melatonin, GABA, and PRKG1 were conserved in Hydra. However, arousing dopamine unexpectedly induced Hydra sleep. Opposing effects of ornithine metabolism on sleep were also evident between Hydra and Drosophila, suggesting the evolutionary switch of their sleep-regulatory functions. Thus, sleep-relevant physiology and sleep-regulatory components may have already been acquired at molecular levels in a brain-less metazoan phylum and reprogrammed accordingly.

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17

Bridge, Diane, Alexander G. Theofiles, Rebecca L. Holler, Emily Marcinkevicius, Robert E. Steele, and Daniel E. Martínez. "FoxO and Stress Responses in the Cnidarian Hydra vulgaris." PLoS ONE 5, no. 7 (July 21, 2010): e11686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011686.

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18

Sarras, Michael P., Li Yan, Ann Grens, Xiaoming Zhang, Abdulbaki Agbas, Jacquelyn K. Huff, P. L. St. John, and Dale R. Abrahamson. "Cloning and Biological Function of Laminin in Hydra vulgaris." Developmental Biology 164, no. 1 (July 1994): 312–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1994.1201.

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19

Hassel, Monika, and Stefan Berking. "Lithium ions interfere with pattern control in Hydra vulgaris." Roux's Archives of Developmental Biology 198, no. 7 (May 1990): 382–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00376156.

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20

Szymanski, John R., and Rafael Yuste. "Mapping the Whole-Body Muscle Activity of Hydra vulgaris." Current Biology 29, no. 11 (June 2019): 1807–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.012.

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21

Guertin, S., and G. Kass-Simon. "Extraocular spectral photosensitivity in the tentacles of Hydra vulgaris." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 184 (June 2015): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.02.016.

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22

Dash, Bhagirathi, Richard Metz, Henry J. Huebner, Weston Porter, and Timothy D. Phillips. "Molecular characterization of two superoxide dismutases from Hydra vulgaris." Gene 387, no. 1-2 (January 2007): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2006.08.020.

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23

Ambrosone, Alfredo, Valentina Marchesano, Angela Tino, Bert Hobmayer, and Claudia Tortiglione. "Hymyc1 Downregulation Promotes Stem Cell Proliferation in Hydra vulgaris." PLoS ONE 7, no. 1 (January 23, 2012): e30660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030660.

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24

Di Marzo, V., L. De Petrocellis, C. Gianfrani, and G. Cimino. "Biosynthesis, structure and biological activity of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids in Hydra vulgaris." Biochemical Journal 295, no. 1 (October 1, 1993): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2950023.

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Recent reports have suggested the involvement of arachidonic acid (AA) and its metabolites in the control of body pattern, head and tentacle regeneration and bud formation in Hydra spp. Here we describe for the first time the biosynthesis of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) in vitro by hydroid cytosolic extracts. Incubation of both unlabelled and tritiated AA with homogenates of Hydra vulgaris led to the conversion of up to 11% of the exogenous fatty acid into mainly two metabolites. These were characterized as 11-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (11-HPETE) and 11-HETE by means of a combination of chromatographic, chemical, 1H-n.m.r. and electron-impact m.s. techniques. Trace amounts of 9-HETE and 12-HETE were also found. Analysis of 11-HETE by chiral-phase h.p.l.c. revealed that this metabolite was composed mainly of the R enantiomer. The production of 11-HPETE and 11-HETE was found to be: (1) associated with the cytosolic fraction of Hydra homogenates; (2) dependent on AA concentration, incubation time and protein amount in the homogenates; (3) unaffected by co-incubation with the 5- and 12-lipoxygenase inhibitors, 5,8,11-eicosatriynoic acid and nordihydroguaiaretic acid, the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, or the cytochrome P-450 inhibitors, proadifen and methoxalen. These results strongly suggest the presence of a very active (R)-11-lipoxygenase in H. vulgaris. The activity of both R and S enantiomers of synthetic 9-, 11- and 12-HETE and of ‘endogenous’ 11-HETE was studied on tentacle regeneration and bud formation in decapitated Hydra. Although almost all compounds tested inhibited budding, only endogenous 11-HETE and synthetic (R)-11-HETE significantly enhanced the average number of tentacles, thus suggesting that this eicosanoid might be one of the cellular regulators of regeneration in H. vulgaris.

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25

Hoffmeister, S. A. "Isolation and characterization of two new morphogenetically active peptides from Hydra vulgaris." Development 122, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 1941–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.122.6.1941.

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Foot-specific differentiation processes in hydra are controlled by activating and inhibiting potentials. In an attempt to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes, two substances were isolated from Hydra vulgaris that stimulate foot-specific differentiation measured as acceleration of foot regeneration. These substances were shown to be peptides of 13 and 21 amino acids, respectively, with sequences that bear no significant homology to known peptides or proteins. Polyclonal antibodies were raised against both peptides. The data obtained by biological and radioimmunoassays show that the shorter peptide, pedin, is an excellent candidate for a major component of the ‘foot-activating potential’.

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26

Pannaccione, A., P. Pierobon, A. Concas, G. Santoro, G. Marino, R. Minei, M. C. Mostallino, and G. Biggio. "Biochemical and functional identification of GABA receptors in Hydra vulgaris." Behavioural Pharmacology 6, SUPPLEMENT 1 (May 1995): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008877-199505001-00130.

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27

Gerke, I., K. Zierold, J. Weber, and P. Tardent. "The spatial distribution of cations in nematocytes of Hydra vulgaris." Hydrobiologia 216-217, no. 1 (June 1991): 661–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00026528.

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28

Fütterer, C., C. Colombo, F. Jülicher, and A. Ott. "Morphogenetic oscillations during symmetry breaking of regenerating Hydra vulgaris cells." Europhysics Letters (EPL) 64, no. 1 (October 2003): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/epl/i2003-00148-y.

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29

Pierobon, P. "Regional modulation of the response to glutathione in Hydra vulgaris." Journal of Experimental Biology 218, no. 14 (May 18, 2015): 2226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.120311.

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30

Pierobon, Paola, Alessandra Concas, Giovanna Santoro, Giuseppe Marino, Rosario Minei, Anna Pannaccione, Maria Cristina Mostallino, and Giovanni Biggio. "Biochemical and functional identification of GABA receptors in Hydra vulgaris." Life Sciences 56, no. 18 (March 1995): 1485–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(95)00111-i.

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31

P�rez, Fernando, and Stefan Berking. "Protein kinase modulators interfere with bud formation in Hydra vulgaris." Roux's Archives of Developmental Biology 203, no. 5 (March 1994): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00360524.

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32

Dash, Bhagirathi, Richard Metz, Henry J. Huebner, Weston Porter, and Timothy D. Phillips. "Molecular characterization of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidases from Hydra vulgaris." Gene 381 (October 2006): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2006.04.026.

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33

Colasanti, Marco, Valeria Mazzone, Livia Mancinelli, Stefano Leone, and Giorgio Venturini. "Involvement of nitric oxide in the head regeneration of Hydra vulgaris." Nitric Oxide 21, no. 3-4 (December 2009): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2009.07.003.

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34

Karntanut, Wanchamai, and David Pascoe. "A comparison of methods for measuring acute toxicity to Hydra vulgaris." Chemosphere 41, no. 10 (November 2000): 1543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(00)00068-0.

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35

Hassel, Monika, Kerstin Albert, and Sonja Hofheinz. "Pattern Formation in Hydra vulgaris Is Controlled by Lithium-Sensitive Processes." Developmental Biology 156, no. 2 (April 1993): 362–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1993.1083.

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36

De Petrocellis, L., V. Di Marzo, B. Arcà, M. Gavagnin, R. Minei, and G. Cimino. "The effect of diterpenoidic diacylglycerols on tentacle regeneration in Hydra vulgaris." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology 100, no. 3 (January 1991): 603–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0742-8413(91)90047-w.

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37

Teragawa, Carolyn K., and Hans R. Bode. "Spatial and temporal patterns of interstitial cell migration in Hydra vulgaris." Developmental Biology 138, no. 1 (March 1990): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-1606(90)90177-k.

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38

Weber, J. "Novel tools for the study of development, migration and turnover of nematocytes (cnidarian stinging cells)." Journal of Cell Science 108, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.108.1.403.

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The rhodamine derivatives tetramethyl-rhodamine-5/6-maleimide (TROMI) and tetramethyl-rhodamine-6-isothiocyanate (TRITC) were allowed to react with living Hydra vulgaris. The two fluorescent dyes stain the polyps to different degrees, apparently without impairing their viability and behaviour. Concerning nematocytes, TROMI preferentially couples to cytoskeletal elements only of mounted nematocytes whereas TRITC selectively reacts with structural components of cysts of late nematoblasts, which thereafter develop apparently normally into mature nematocytes. Hence TROMI-labelling indicates that nematocytes are mounted and ready for discharge; TRITC-labelling can be used as a tool to investigate the final maturation, migration and installation of nematocytes in Hydra. Together with a new non-fixative method to dissociate Hydra polyps into single, identifiable cells, the two labelling methods allow direct quantitative dynamic studies of nematocyte turnover and open new possibilities of investigating the regulation and the mechanisms of nematocyte supply and migration.

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39

Scheurlen, I., S. A. Hoffmeister, and H. C. Schaller. "Presence and expression of G2 cyclins in the coelenterate hydra." Journal of Cell Science 109, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): 1063–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.109.5.1063.

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In hydra all cell-cycle control occurs in the G2/M transition. Cyclins acting at this restriction point in the cell cycle belong to the cyclin A and B families. In agreement with this we isolated cDNAs coding for a cyclin A and a cyclin B from the multiheaded mutant of Chlorohydra viridissima and a cyclin B from Hydra vulgaris. The two B-type cyclins from hydra show 85.6% identity at the amino acid level, and 84.8% at the nucleotide level. The relatedness is less extensive than that found for mammals, e.g. human and mouse, and is evidence that the two hydra species diverged early in evolution. From each hydra species only one B-type cyclin was found, showing equal relatedness to the B1 and B2 subtypes of cyclins, hinting at a role as common ancestor before the split into B1 and B2 cyclins occurred. All three hydra cyclins contain regulation signals typical for G2/M cyclins, such as a ubiquitin destruction box at the amino terminus, needed for rapid degradation of the protein, and translation and polyadenylation elements in the 3′ untranslated region to regulate RNA storage and RNA degradation. In hydra cell-cycle times vary depending on feeding regime and growth conditions. Cyclin B RNA expression was found to precede the daily mitotic rhythm induced by feeding. During head regeneration cyclin B expression showed the expected drop early during regeneration and an increase later. At the cellular level strongest expression of cyclin B RNA and protein was detected in interstitial cells which possess with one day the shortest cell-cycle time in hydra. Epithelial cells with a three-day cell-cycle rhythm showed variable, and differentiated cells no cyclin B expression. Regions of hydra containing high numbers of proliferating cells, such as developing buds exhibited elevated levels of cyclin B expression.

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Shenk, M. A., H. R. Bode, and R. E. Steele. "Expression of Cnox-2, a HOM/HOX homeobox gene in hydra, is correlated with axial pattern formation." Development 117, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 657–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.117.2.657.

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Cnox-2 is a HOM/HOX homeobox gene that we have identified in the simple metazoan Hydra vulgaris (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Cnox-2 is most closely related to anterior members of the Antennapedia gene complex from Drosophila, with the greatest similarity to Deformed. The Cnox-2 protein is expressed in the epithelial cells of adult hydra polyps in a region-specific pattern along the body axis, at a low level in the head and at a high level in the body column and the foot. The expression pattern of Cnox-2 is consistent with a role in axial pattern formation. Alteration of hydra axial patterning by treatment with diacylglycerol (DAG) results in an increase of head activation down the body column and in a coordinate reduction of Cnox-2 expression in epithelial cells in ‘head-like’ regions. These results suggest that Cnox-2 expression is negatively regulated by a signaling pathway acting through protein kinase C (PKC), and that the varying levels of expression of Cnox-2 along the body axis have the potential to result in differential gene expression which is important for hydra pattern formation.

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Javois, Lorette C., and Angela M. Frazier-Edwards. "Simultaneous effects of head activator on the dynamics of apical and basal regeneration in Hydra vulgaris (formerly Hydra attenuata)." Developmental Biology 144, no. 1 (March 1991): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-1606(91)90480-q.

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Pascoe, David, Wanchamai Karntanut, and Carsten T. Müller. "Do pharmaceuticals affect freshwater invertebrates? A study with the cnidarian Hydra vulgaris." Chemosphere 51, no. 6 (May 2003): 521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00860-3.

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Forman, B. J., and Lorette C. Javois. "Interactions between the Foot and the Head Patterning Systems in Hydra vulgaris." Developmental Biology 210, no. 2 (June 1999): 351–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1999.9288.

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Minobe, S., K. Fei, L. Yan, Michael P. Sarras Jr., and M. J. Werle. "Identification and characterization of the epithelial polarity receptor ”Frizzled" in Hydra vulgaris." Development Genes and Evolution 210, no. 5 (April 24, 2000): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004270050312.

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Technau, Ulrich, and Thomas W. Holstein. "Boundary cells of endodermal origin define the mouth of Hydra vulgaris (Cnidaria)." Cell and Tissue Research 280, no. 2 (May 1995): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00307794.

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Hufnagel, Linda A., Paola Pierobon, and Gabriele Kass-Simon. "Immunocytochemical localization of a putative strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor in Hydra vulgaris." Cell and Tissue Research 377, no. 2 (April 11, 2019): 177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-019-03011-z.

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Technau, Ulrich, and Thomas W. Holstein. "Boundary cells of endodermal origin define the mouth of Hydra vulgaris (Cnidaria)." Cell and Tissue Research 280, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050349.

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De Petrocellis, Luciano, Vincenzo Di Marzo, Carmen Gianfrani, and Rosario Minei. "Arachidonic acid, protein kinase C activators and bud formation in Hydra vulgaris." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology 105, no. 2 (June 1993): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0742-8413(93)90198-t.

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Teragawa, Carolyn K., and Hans R. Bode. "A head signal influences apical migration of interstitial cells in Hydra vulgaris." Developmental Biology 147, no. 2 (October 1991): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-1606(91)90287-d.

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Kass-Simon, G., and A. A. Scappaticci. "Glutamatergic and GABAnergic control in the tentacle effector systems of Hydra vulgaris." Hydrobiologia 530-531, no. 1-3 (November 2004): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-004-2647-7.

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