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Journal articles on the topic 'Hydra'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Tsiairis, Charisios. "Understanding Hydra Regeneration." Open Access Government 37, no. 1 (2023): 224–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.56367/oag-037-10165.

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Understanding Hydra Regeneration Charisios Tsiairis from the Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research explores Hydra Regeneration through genetic programs. Hydras inhabit pristine springs throughout the world and are shaped as hollow tubes constructed by two epithelial layers. These Hydras have a natural ability to regrow a whole organism from a small piece of tissue, and the animal is named after a mythical serpent monster that regrew two heads for every head chopped off. Hydra research can help identify genetic programs that may be present in our own cells, and help people to und

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2

Kovačević, Goran, Ana Matijević, Petra Korać, et al. "Effects of Norflurazon and UV Radiation on Symbiotic and Free-Living Hydra." Water 16, no. 5 (2024): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16050645.

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In this study, we aimed to document the freshwater symbiotic interactions along with the impact of the abiotic environment and anthropogenic effects on the functionality of freshwater organisms. Symbiotic green hydra (Z) and free-living brown hydra (S), either separately or both species together, were treated with the herbicide norflurazon in concentrations of 2 × 10−6 mol/L (N6) and 2 × 10−7 mol/L (N7) for 72 h. Also, hydras were treated with both norflurazon and UV radiation at a wavelength of 254 nm for 2 min or were irradiated only. The next part of the experiment was performed in the same

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3

Wong, Wai Yee, Oleg Simakov, Diane M. Bridge, et al. "Expansion of a single transposable element family is associated with genome-size increase and radiation in the genus Hydra." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 46 (2019): 22915–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910106116.

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Transposable elements are one of the major contributors to genome-size differences in metazoans. Despite this, relatively little is known about the evolutionary patterns of element expansions and the element families involved. Here we report a broad genomic sampling within the genus Hydra, a freshwater cnidarian at the focal point of diverse research in regeneration, symbiosis, biogeography, and aging. We find that the genome of Hydra is the result of an expansion event involving long interspersed nuclear elements and in particular a single family of the chicken repeat 1 (CR1) class. This expa

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4

Peretolchina, Tatiana E., Igor V. Khanaev, Ilya V. Enushchenko, Dmitry Y. Sherbakov, and Lyubov S. Kravtsova. "The diversity of the Baikal lineage of Hydra oligactis Pallas, 1766: molecular and morphological evidence." ZooKeys 912 (February 17, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.912.46898.

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In this paper, molecular analyses of Baikal hydras from the ‘oligactis group’, based on COI and ITS1–5.8S–ITS2, and morphological analysis of their holotrichous isorhizas, were performed. Low genetic diversity and shared haplotypes were found between Hydra oligactis Pallas, 1766 and Hydra baikalensis Swarczewsky, 1923 specimens, which is evidence of the mixing of these lineages. Genetic distances among all Baikal hydras (0.006) were less than the interspecific distances of other hydras. The size of hydras and proportions of their holotrichous isorhizas varied depending on microhabitat and envi

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5

Peretolchina, Tatiana E., Igor V. Khanaev, Ilya V. Enushchenko, Dmitry Y. Sherbakov, and Lyubov S. Kravtsova. "The diversity of the Baikal lineage of Hydra oligactis Pallas, 1766: molecular and morphological evidence." ZooKeys 912 (February 17, 2020): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.912.46898.

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In this paper, molecular analyses of Baikal hydras from the 'oligactis group', based on COI and ITS1–5.8S–ITS2, and morphological analysis of their holotrichous isorhizas, were performed. Low genetic diversity and shared haplotypes were found between Hydra oligactis Pallas, 1766 and Hydra baikalensis Swarczewsky, 1923 specimens, which is evidence of the mixing of these lineages. Genetic distances among all Baikal hydras (0.006) were less than the interspecific distances of other hydras. The size of hydras and proportions of their holotrichous isorhizas varied depending on microhabitat and envi

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6

Kovačević, Goran, Romana Gračan, and Sanja Gottstein. "Ecotoxicological Effects of Sodium Metasilicate on Two Hydra Species, Hydra viridissima Pallas, 1766 and Hydra oligactis Pallas, 1766." Water 15, no. 24 (2023): 4228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15244228.

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Sodium metasilicate (SM) is a synthetic hazardous water-soluble salt used in industry as an active ingredient in household cleaning products. The impact of SM on the aquatic environment has been discussed worldwide, but its toxicity has not been well documented and researched. Studies have only been performed on a handful of aquatic organisms: algae, plants, blackworms, water fleas, dipteran larvae, and two fish species. Hydra is a simple freshwater cnidarian with diploblastic organisation, where all the cells are in permanent contact with the surrounding aqueous media, and represents a sensit

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7

Kukalev, A. S. "Morphogens of hydra Hydra sp." Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology 41, no. 1 (2005): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10893-005-0028-0.

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8

Hamada, Mayuko, Noriyuki Satoh, and Konstantin Khalturin. "A Reference Genome from the Symbiotic Hydrozoan, Hydra viridissima." G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 10, no. 11 (2020): 3883–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.120.401411.

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Various Hydra species have been employed as model organisms since the 18th century. Introduction of transgenic and knock-down technologies made them ideal experimental systems for studying cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in regeneration, body-axis formation, senescence, symbiosis, and holobiosis. In order to provide an important reference for genetic studies, the Hydra magnipapillata genome (species name has been changed to H. vulgaris) was sequenced a decade ago (Chapman et al., 2010) and the updated genome assembly, Hydra 2.0, was made available by the National Human Genome Resear

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9

Steckelings, U. M., M. Stoppelhaar, H. U. Wittchen, A. M. Sharma, and T. linger. "HYDRA." Journal of Hypertension 22, Suppl. 2 (2004): S289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004872-200406002-01003.

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10

Nazli Pearl. "Hydra." Fairy Tale Review 13 (2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.13110/fairtalerevi.13.1.0071.

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11

Sanghi, Anupam, Raghav Sood, Dharmendra Singh, Jayant R. Haritsa, and Srikanta Tirthapura. "HYDRA." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 11, no. 12 (2018): 1974–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3229863.3236238.

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12

Hermida Ameijeiras, A., M. Ortega, J. E. Lopez Paz, et al. "HYDRA." Journal of Hypertension 36, Supplement 1 (2018): e264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000539757.81385.f8.

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13

Glauber, Kristine M., Catherine E. Dana, and Robert E. Steele. "Hydra." Current Biology 20, no. 22 (2010): R964—R965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.09.054.

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14

Torres, Claudia. "Hydra." International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 14, no. 3 (2001): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09518390110040649.

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15

Miller, Perry L., Steven J. Blumenfrucht, John R. Rose, et al. "Hydra." Medical Decision Making 7, no. 1 (1987): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x8700700106.

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16

Deserti, María I., Florencia Monti Areco, Fabián H. Acuña, and Sergio N. Stampar. "Predation by Coleps sp. (Ciliophora, Prostomatea) on polyps of Hydra (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa)." Limnetica 44, no. 2 (2024): 1. https://doi.org/10.23818/limn.44.17.

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The present study reveals a novel predator-prey interaction in freshwater ecosystems: that of a free-living protozoan, Coleps sp., and polyps of the genus Hydra. Despite the common perception that larger body size confers competitive advantages, this finding shows that a large number of small-sized phagotrophic organisms, Coleps sp., attack Hydra polyps in groups, first attack their tentacles, and then gradually consuming the entire polyps. This finding was observed in Hydra vulgaris and Hydra sinensis specimens collected in freshwater bodies in São Paulo, Brazil. This discovery challenges tra

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17

Venâncio, Cátia, Cristina Barbosa, and Isabel Lopes. "Glyphosate and Roundup® Ready Effects in Hydra viridissima: New Data in an Old Issue." Sustainability 15, no. 16 (2023): 12428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151612428.

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Herbicides are used worldwide to protect agricultural crops, glyphosate being among the most frequently applied. In 2019 the European Commission approved the use of this herbicide for another 5 years and is now preparing its re-authorization for marketing. It is known that glyphosate (an active ingredient—AI) is usually less toxic than its commercial formulations, which may be related to adjuvants presents in such formulas. In this context, this work aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of glyphosate, as the commercial formulation Roundup® Ready (RR), and the AI in the Hydra viridissima l

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18

Massaro, FC, and O. Rocha. "Development and population growth of Hydra viridissima Pallas, 1766 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in the laboratory." Brazilian Journal of Biology 68, no. 2 (2008): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842008000200020.

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Hydras, the most representative freshwater Cnidaria, are of common occurrence in bodies of water in every continent except Antarctica. This study was planned with the aim of maintaining a population of Hydra viridissima in laboratory culture to enable the determination of the individual and population growth-rates of this species, as well as its population doubling time and generation time, with a view to employing these common animals as test-organisms in ecotoxicological assays. The organisms were maintained in reconstituted water at 20 ± 2 °C, illuminated at 800 lux with a photoperiod of 12

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19

Dison, Will, and Timothy Riley. "Hydra groups." Commentarii Mathematici Helvetici 88, no. 3 (2013): 507–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4171/cmh/294.

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20

Brady, Noel, Will Dison, and Timothy Riley. "Hyperbolic hydra." Groups, Geometry, and Dynamics 7, no. 4 (2013): 961–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4171/ggd/212.

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21

Rehsmann, Julia. "Fighting Hydra." TSANTSA – Journal of the Swiss Anthropological Association 22 (May 1, 2017): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/tsantsa.2017.22.7346.

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This article sheds light on the experiences of people waiting for a liver transplant. I argue that waiting lists serve as a technological tool to deal with the uncertainties inherent in medicine, but like Hercules fi ghting Hydra, one tamed uncertainty is merely replaced by two new ones. Drawing on ethnographic material from Germany, I argue that these lists retain those waiting in a temporal limbo of uncertain duration and outcome, making them spatially, temporally and existentially immobile.

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22

Penning, Margaret J. "Hydra Revisited." Gerontologist 42, no. 1 (2002): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/42.1.4.

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23

Carl E. Schneider. "The Hydra." Hastings Center Report 40, no. 4 (2010): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hcr.0.0278.

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24

Piatigorsky, Anton. "Eternal Hydra." Canadian Theatre Review 115 (June 2003): 66–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ctr.115.014.

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Caution: Copyright Anton Piatigorsky. This script is protected under the copyright laws of Canada and all other countries of the copyright union. Changes to the script are forbidden without the written consent of the author. Rights to produce, film or record in any medium, in any language, by any group, are retained by the author. The moral right of the author has been asserted. For performance rights, contact the author at 272 Crawford Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6J 2V8.

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25

Kanaya, Hiroyuki J., Sungeon Park, Ji-hyung Kim, et al. "A sleep-like state in Hydra unravels conserved sleep mechanisms during the evolutionary development of the central nervous system." Science Advances 6, no. 41 (2020): eabb9415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb9415.

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Sleep behaviors are observed even in nematodes and arthropods, yet little is known about how sleep-regulatory mechanisms have emerged during evolution. Here, we report a sleep-like state in the cnidarian Hydra vulgaris with a primitive nervous organization. Hydra sleep was shaped by homeostasis and necessary for cell proliferation, but it lacked free-running circadian rhythms. Instead, we detected 4-hour rhythms that might be generated by ultradian oscillators underlying Hydra sleep. Microarray analysis in sleep-deprived Hydra revealed sleep-dependent expression of 212 genes, including cGMP-de

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26

Beall, Abigail. "Hunting for Hydra." New Scientist 250, no. 3330 (2021): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(21)00661-8.

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27

Sokal, Kimberly R., Casey P. Deen, Gregory N. Mace, et al. "Characterizing TW Hydra." Astrophysical Journal 853, no. 2 (2018): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaa1e4.

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28

Martin, V. J., C. L. Littlefield, W. E. Archer, and H. R. Bode. "Embryogenesis in Hydra." Biological Bulletin 192, no. 3 (1997): 345–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1542745.

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29

DAVIS, DEREK RUSSELL. "HYDRA-HEADED WOES." Essays in Criticism XXXVII, no. 3 (1987): 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eic/xxxvii.3.242.

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30

Basile, Pierfrancesco. "The Idealist Hydra." British Journal for the History of Philosophy 21, no. 5 (2013): 989–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09608788.2012.686984.

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31

Radtke, Mitchell, and Hyeran Jo. "Fighting the Hydra." Journal of Peace Research 55, no. 6 (2018): 759–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343318788127.

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In the past 25 years, the United Nations has sanctioned 28 rebel groups in 13 civil wars. Have the UN sanctions been effective in meeting the goal of conflict reduction? In this article, we argue that UN sanctions are effective to the extent that they can constrain and weaken some rebel groups. But this constraining effect can only occur when UN sanctions curtail rebel groups’ ability to adapt. For less adaptable groups, UN sanctions can trigger a causal chain of depressed rebel income, territorial losses, and battlefield defeats that leads to conflict reduction. This adaptability is the key t

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32

Timms, Carolyn, Colin Lankshear, Neil Anderson, and Lyn Courtney. "Riding a hydra." Information Technology & People 21, no. 2 (2008): 155–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840810881060.

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33

Dunn, Alexander R. "How Hydra Eats." Biophysical Journal 110, no. 7 (2016): 1467–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2016.01.036.

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34

Goldsmith, L. A. "Hercules and hydra." Archives of Dermatology 123, no. 1 (1987): 117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archderm.123.1.117.

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Goldsmith, Lowell A. "Hercules and Hydra." Archives of Dermatology 123, no. 1 (1987): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archderm.1987.01660250125034.

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36

Lönngren, Ann-Sofie. "En mangehovedet hydra." Passage - Tidsskrift for litteratur og kritik 37, no. 88 (2023): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/pas.v37i88.135745.

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37

DUNN, KENNETH. "Growth of endosymbiotic algae in the green hydra, Hydra viridissima." Journal of Cell Science 88, no. 5 (1987): 571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.88.5.571.

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Stable endosymbiosis depends upon balanced growth of the symbionts. In green hydra, coincident patterns of host and algal mitotic index suggest that coordinated reproduction provides for balanced growth. However, when hydra shrink during food shortage, the population of endosymbiotic algae in a green hydra must likewise decline in size. Thus far, no mechanism of reducing the size of the endosymbiont population has been described. Algal mitosis was found here to be stimulated by host feeding and clumped in its distribution among host cells, supporting the notion of some degree of control of alg

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38

Lee, Abigail H., Shamaila Fraz, Ushma Purohit, Ana R. Campos, and Joanna Y. Wilson. "Chronic exposure of Brown (Hydra oligactis) and green Hydra (Hydra viridissima) to environmentally relevant concentrations of pharmaceuticals." Science of The Total Environment 732 (August 2020): 139232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139232.

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39

DARMER, Dorothea, Frank HAUSER, Hans-Peter NOTHACKER, Thomas C. G. BOSCH, Michael WILLIAMSON, and Cornelis J. P. GRIMMELIKHUIJZEN. "Three different prohormones yield a variety of Hydra-RFamide (Arg-Phe-NH2) neuropeptides in Hydra magnipapillata." Biochemical Journal 332, no. 2 (1998): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3320403.

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The freshwater polyp Hydra is the most frequently used model for the study of development in cnidarians. Recently we isolated four novel Arg-Phe-NH2 (RFamide) neuropeptides, the Hydra-RFamides I–IV, from Hydra magnipapillata. Here we describe the molecular cloning of three different preprohormones from H. magnipapillata, each of which gives rise to a variety of RFamide neuropeptides. Preprohormone A contains one copy of unprocessed Hydra-RFamide I (QWLGGRFG), II (QWFNGRFG), III/IV [(KP)HLRGRFG] and two putative neuropeptide sequences (QLMSGRFG and QLMRGRFG). Preprohormone B has the same genera

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40

Ghaskadbi, Surendra. "Cell signaling molecules in hydra: insights into evolutionarily ancient functions of signaling pathways." International Journal of Developmental Biology 64, no. 1-2-3 (2020): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.190243sg.

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Hydra, a Cnidarian believed to have been evolved about 60 million years ago, has been a favorite model for developmental biologists since Abraham Trembley introduced it in 1744. However, the modern renaissance in research on hydra was initiated by Alfred Gierer when he established a hydra laboratory at the Max Plank Institute in Göttingen in the late 1960s. Several signaling mechanisms that regulate development and pattern formation in vertebrates, including humans, have been found in hydra. These include Wnt, BMP, VEGF, FGF, Notch, and RTK signaling pathways. We have been using hydra to under

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41

Rahat, M., and V. Reich. "Correlations between characteristics of some free-living Chlorella sp. and their ability to form stable symbioses with Hydra viridis." Journal of Cell Science 74, no. 1 (1985): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.74.1.257.

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Aposymbiotic polyps of Hydra viridis were infected with 17 strains of in vitro cultured Chlorella sp. Larvae of Artemia fed with the chlorellae were used as an infecting vector. Of the 17 strains, seven formed stable symbioses and one formed a transient infection that disappeared within several weeks. Chlorellae of the nine other strains were cleared out of the infected hydra within 2–3 days. There was a distinct correlation between the ability of the chlorellae to form stable symbioses and their ability to adapt and grow in media enriched with 0.5% proteose peptone. Only strains that grew in

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42

Kovačević, Goran, Petra Korać, Davor Želježić, et al. "Hydra for 21st Century—A Fine Model in Freshwater Research." Water 16, no. 15 (2024): 2114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16152114.

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Hydra is known for its natural occurrence, anatomical simplicity, intricate physiology, regenerative capacity, and ease of maintenance and manipulation in laboratory environments. It has proven to be a valuable model organism in various disciplines. Its applications range from developmental biology, stem cell research, animal physiology to environmental toxicology including ecotoxicology. The sensitivity of Hydra to a variety of environmental stressors and chemical agents such as metals, nanomaterials, and toxic organic compounds provides valuable insights into physiological mechanisms affecte

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43

Jeske, Torri, Thomas Britton, David Lawrence, and Kishansingh Rajput. "Hydra: Computer Vision for Online Data Quality Monitoring." EPJ Web of Conferences 295 (2024): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202429502008.

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Hydra is a system utilizing computer vision for near real-time data quality monitoring. Currently operational across all of Jefferson Lab’s experimental halls, it reduces the workload of shift takers by autonomously monitoring diagnostic plots during experiments. Hydra uses "off-the-shelf" supervised learning technologies and is supported by a comprehensive MySQL database. To simplify access, web apps have been developed to facilitate both labeling and monitoring of Hydra’s inferences. Hydra can connect with the alarm system and incorporates complete historical tracking, enabling it to identif

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44

Scheurlen, I., S. A. Hoffmeister, and H. C. Schaller. "Presence and expression of G2 cyclins in the coelenterate hydra." Journal of Cell Science 109, no. 5 (1996): 1063–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.109.5.1063.

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In hydra all cell-cycle control occurs in the G2/M transition. Cyclins acting at this restriction point in the cell cycle belong to the cyclin A and B families. In agreement with this we isolated cDNAs coding for a cyclin A and a cyclin B from the multiheaded mutant of Chlorohydra viridissima and a cyclin B from Hydra vulgaris. The two B-type cyclins from hydra show 85.6% identity at the amino acid level, and 84.8% at the nucleotide level. The relatedness is less extensive than that found for mammals, e.g. human and mouse, and is evidence that the two hydra species diverged early in evolution.

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45

Prouse, Andrea E., Alicia C. Hogan, Andrew J. Harford, Rick A. van Dam, and Dayanthi Nugegoda. "Hydra viridissima(green Hydra) rapidly recovers from multiple magnesium pulse exposures." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 34, no. 8 (2015): 1734–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.2966.

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46

Deutzmann, R., S. Fowler, X. Zhang, et al. "Molecular, biochemical and functional analysis of a novel and developmentally important fibrillar collagen (Hcol-I) in hydra." Development 127, no. 21 (2000): 4669–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.127.21.4669.

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The body wall of hydra (a member of the phylum Cnidaria) is structurally reduced to an epithelial bilayer with an intervening extracellular matrix (ECM). Previous studies have established that cell-ECM interactions are important for morphogenesis and cell differentiation in this simple metazoan. The ECM of hydra is particularly interesting because it represents a primordial form of matrix. Despite progress in our understanding of hydra ECM, we still know little about the nature of hydra collagens. In the current study we provide a molecular, biochemical and functional analysis of a hydra fibri

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47

Schlaepfer, D. D., H. R. Bode, and H. T. Haigler. "Distinct cellular expression pattern of annexins in Hydra vulgaris." Journal of Cell Biology 118, no. 4 (1992): 911–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.118.4.911.

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The annexins are a structurally related family of Ca2+ and phospholipid binding proteins whose function has not been clearly defined. Further investigations of annexin function may be enhanced by studying simpler organisms that express fewer annexin gene products. We previously characterized annexin XII from the freshwater cnidarian Hydra vulgaris (Schlaepfer, D. D., D. A. Fisher, M. E. Brandt, H. R. Bode, J. Jones, and H. T. Haigler. 1992. J. Biol. Chem. 267:9529-9539). In this report, we detected one other hydra annexin (40 kD) by screening hydra cell extracts with antibodies raised against

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48

Zhang, X., and M. P. Sarras. "Cell-extracellular matrix interactions under in vivo conditions during interstitial cell migration in Hydra vulgaris." Development 120, no. 2 (1994): 425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120.2.425.

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Interstitial cell (I-cell) migration in hydra is essential for establishment of the regional cell differentiation pattern in the organism. All previous in vivo studies have indicated that cell migration in hydra is a result of cell-cell interactions and chemotaxic gradients. Recently, in vitro cell adhesion studies indicated that isolated nematocytes could bind to substrata coated with isolated hydra mesoglea, fibronectin and type IV collagen. Under these conditions, nematocytes could be observed to migrate on some of these extracellular matrix components. By modifying previously described hyd

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49

Zdziebko, Sławomir. "*Hydra, Nasality and Palatalization in Polish." Studies in Polish Linguistics 17, no. 4 (2023): 177–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23005920spl.22.008.17646.

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Artykuł postuluje, iż kształt reprezentacji segmentów mowy w językach świata jest regulowany przez aktywność zasady *Hydra, która wskazuje jako nacechowane takie reprezentacje segmentalne, w których więcej niż jeden element pełni funkcję elementu nadrzędnego. W artykule wykazujemy, iż w językach takich jak francuski czy portugalski zasada *Hydra ma decydujący wpływ zarówno na kształt inwentarza samogłosek nosowych, jak i na wyniki pewnych procesów fonologicznych. Równocześnie zachowanie samogłosek nosowych w języku joruba wskazuje na nieabsolutną naturę zasady *Hydra. W języku polskim aktywnoś

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Koizumi, Osamu. "Developmental neurobiology of hydra, a model animal of cnidarians." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 10 (2002): 1678–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-134.

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Abstract:

Hydra belongs to the class Hydrozoa in the phylum Cnidaria. Hydra is a model animal whose cellular and developmental data are the most abundant among cnidarians. Hence, I discuss the developmental neurobiology of hydra. The hydra nerve net is a mosaic of neural subsets expressing a specific neural phenotype. The developmental dynamics of the nerve cells are unique. Neurons are produced continuously by differentiation from interstitial multipotent stem cells. These neurons are continuously displaced outwards along with epithelial cells and are sloughed off at the extremities. However, the spati

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