Journal articles: 'Hydration'

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Nickerson, Brett S., Ronald L. Snarr, and Greg A. Ryan. "Bias varies for bioimpedance analysis and skinfold technique when stratifying collegiate male athletes’ fat-free mass hydration levels." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 45, no. 3 (March 2020): 336–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2019-0616.

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This study evaluated the accuracy of bioimpedance analysis (BIA)- and skinfold (SF)-based body fat percentage estimates in collegiate athletes with varying fat-free mass (FFM) hydration levels. Subjects were evaluated as a whole (n = 63) and at FFM hydration levels of 64.00%–68.99% (FFM-HydrationL1; n = 37) and 69.00%–74.00% (FFM-HydrationL2; n = 26). Proportional bias was absent in the SF technique when stratifying FFM hydration levels. Contrarily, proportional bias was observed when using BIA for FFM-HydrationL1, but not in FFM-HydrationL2. Novelty Fat-free mass hydration levels impact BIA-based body fat estimates more than skinfold-based body fat.

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Tan, Hong Bo, Bao Guo Ma, Kai Ke, and Jun Xiao. "Mechanism of Preferential Adsorption of Carboxylic-Vinyl Copolymer, Hydroxy Carboxylate and Sulfonation - Polyol in Cement Hydration Process." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 1035–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.1035.

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In the ternary system of hydroxy carboxylate (HC), sulfonation-polyol (SP) and carboxylic-vinyl copolymer (PC), HC and SP preferentially adsorb on the surface of particles to shield the initial hydration. In this way, the ternary system has excellent dispersibility and holding dispersibility, and it has little effect on later hydration. By means of the chemical shrinkage, SEM and XRD analysis, the hydration mechanism of the hydroxy carboxylate (HC) and sulfonation-polyol (SP) has been discussed and the preferential adsorption model (PAM) has been established. The results show that HC delays the initial hydration of C3S and accelerates both the hydration of C3A and the formation of AFt; HC reduces the strength for 28 d with the addition of 0.2%; SP delays initial hydration of C3S and C3A; the ability of shielding hydration becomes weaker along with cement hydrating and the development of strength is normal. In the ternary system of HC, SP and PC, HC and SP with the electrostatic attraction of -SO3- and COO- and complexation of OH- preferentially adsorb on the surface of particles and active hydrating points. Then, reaction of active hydrating points was shielded and the growth of the hydration products slows. In this way, hydration of C3A and C3S are delayed, and the holding dispersibility of PC becomes better. The PC preferentially adsorbs on inert hydrating points and consumes slowly to provide dispersibility with steric hindrance. Along with hydrating going on, organic compounds are enwrapped by hydration products and the shielding ability becomes weaker and weaker. Then, the hydration becomes normal.

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Ashurst, Adrian. "Hydration, hydration, hydration." Nursing and Residential Care 13, no. 7 (July 2011): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/nrec.2011.13.7.311.

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Gorham, Laureen. "Hydration, Hydration, Hydration… Education, Education, Education." International Society of Hair Restoration Surgery 17, no. 5 (September 2007): 188.2–188. http://dx.doi.org/10.33589/17.5.0188a.

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Hayes, Sally, Tomas White, Craig Boote, Christina S. Kamma-Lorger, James Bell, Thomas Sorenson, Nick Terrill, Olga Shebanova, and Keith M. Meek. "The structural response of the cornea to changes in stromal hydration." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 14, no. 131 (June 2017): 20170062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0062.

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The primary aim of this study was to quantify the relationship between corneal structure and hydration in humans and pigs. X-ray scattering data were collected from human and porcine corneas equilibrated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to varying levels of hydration, to obtain measurements of collagen fibril diameter, interfibrillar spacing (IFS) and intermolecular spacing. Both species showed a strong positive linear correlation between hydration and IFS 2 and a nonlinear, bi-phasic relationship between hydration and fibril diameter, whereby fibril diameter increased up to approximately physiological hydration, H = 3.0, with little change thereafter. Above H = 3.0, porcine corneas exhibited a larger fibril diameter than human corneas ( p < 0.001). Intermolecular spacing also varied with hydration in a bi-phasic manner but reached a maximum value at a lower hydration ( H = 1.5) than fibril diameter. Human corneas displayed a higher intermolecular spacing than porcine corneas at all hydrations ( p < 0.0001). Human and porcine corneas required a similar PEG concentration to reach physiological hydration, suggesting that the total fixed charge that gives rise to the swelling pressure is the same. The difference in their structural responses to hydration can be explained by variations in molecular cross-linking and intra/interfibrillar water partitioning.

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Hernandez Miranda, J., S. Soto Simental, N. Guemes Vera, J. Piloni Martini, A. Quintero Lira, and J. A. Rodriguez Avila. "Whey beverage improves hydrating capacity of the soccer players." Food Research 5, no. 5 (September 10, 2021): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(5).070.

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The hydration process is critical in soccer players. The hydrating capacity, energy recovery, and electrolyte excretion in urine were determined by the use of a whey beverage as a hydration medium for high-performance athletes compared to the effects of purified water and a sport beverage. The study was carried out through an approved research protocol, which contemplates the determination of hydrating capacity by monitoring body weight during a period of exercise and a subsequent hydration period. Energy recovery was determined by monitoring blood glucose levels and electrolyte excretion was performed by quantifying the concentration of sodium (Na+ ), potassium (K+ ), calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) in urine samples provided by the participants during the research protocol. It was concluded that the whey beverage has an appropriate capacity for hydration and energy recovery, while with regard to minerals it was observed that it effectively regulates the excretion of Na+ , Ca2+ and Mg2+ .

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Matysík, Michal, Tomáš Vymazal, and Iveta Plšková. "Effect of Superplasticizers on the Cement Hydration Process." Advanced Materials Research 1100 (April 2015): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1100.3.

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The cement hydration is an exothermic reaction. The hydration heat is characterizing quantitatively the clinker hydration degree. Monitoring its time response makes it possible to determine not only the heat released during a certain time interval but also the concrete mix setting onset, the cement hydration degree (when evaluating the cement applicability after a long storage period) etc. The measurement of the hydration heat or the temperature versus time plot for a hydrating mix makes it possible to identify the effect of the different additives and admixtures on the mix hydration kinetics. This paper deals with the effect of adding two different super-plasticizers (lignin-sulphonate-based and naphthalene-sulphonate-based) on the hydration heat development progress. A set of iso-peribolic calorimeters was used to measure the hydration heat development process. The measurement proper consisted in monitoring and recording the temperature versus time plot for the specimen under test. The released heat amount was determined by calculation from the temperature gradient, the ambience specific thermal losses, the material thermal capacity and the test specimen mass.

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Decher, Nora R., Douglas J. Casa, Susan W. Yeargin, Matthew S. Ganio, Michelle L. Levreault, Catie L. Dann, Camille T. James, Megan A. McCaffrey, Caitlin B. O’Connor, and Scott W. Brown. "Hydration Status, Knowledge, and Behavior in Youths at Summer Sports Camps." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 3, no. 3 (September 2008): 262–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.3.3.262.

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Purpose:To assess the hydration status and level of hydration knowledge of youths at summer sports camps.Methods:Sixty-seven active youths, 57 males (mean ± SD, 12 ± 2 y, 136 ± 16 cm, 50.6 ± 21.1 kg) and 10 females (13 ± 2 y, 153 ± 8 cm, 45.2 ± 9.0 kg) participated in 4 d of sports camp. Hydration status was assessed before the first practice (AM) and after the second practice (PM). Participants completed suriveys assessing hydration knowledge (HAQ) and hydration habits on day 3 and a self-assessment (EQ#1).Results:Mean AM urine specific gravity (USG) and urine osmolality (Uosm) scores ranged from minimal to significant dehydration across 4 d, even when temperatures were mild. Correlations between hydration indices and EQ#1, ranging from 0.11 to −0.51, were statistically significant (P < .05), indicating that subjects recognized when they were doing a good or bad job hydrating. HAQ did not correlate strongly with hydration indices suggesting other impediments to hydration. Thirst correlated negatively with EQ#1 (from −0.29 to −0.60).Conclusion:Hydration at summer sports camp is a concern and special efforts need to be made to help youths develop hydration strategies.

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Siti Zubaidah and Doni Hikmat Ramdhan. "The Impact of Hydration Level on Groundhandling Officer at Bandara Soekarno Hatta." Media Publikasi Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia (MPPKI) 7, no. 6 (June 4, 2024): 1665–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.56338/mppki.v7i6.5373.

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Background: Groundhandling workers are workers who are exposed to heat for quite a long time. A work environment that exceeds tolerance limits can cause health problems such as dehydration and fatigue. Lestari (2016) in his research stated that a hot work environment that exceeds the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) can increase the risk of dehydration. Purpose: This research focuses on fatigue and the risk factors of fatigue, especially those caused by dehydration, without disregarding other risk factors among ground handling workers at Soekarno-Hatta Airport. Method: The method used in this research is an observational analytic approach with a cross-sectional design. The sampling technique employed random sampling with a sample size of 219 respondents consisting of ground handling workers working both inside buildings and on the apron. The measuring instruments used were specific gravity urine tests to determine hydration status and IFRC questionnaires to assess workers' physical fatigue status. Result: From the existing data it was found that the majority of respondenst experienced mild fatigue, namely 36,5% of the 219 respondents and others experienced severe fatigue 63,5%. With hydration status, most workers have good hydration status (euhydration), namely 70,3% and and some others experienced dehydration, namely 29,7%. The result of the analysis between hydration status and level fatigue showed 35,4% of respondents who werw dehydrated experienced severe fatigue, while 37% of respondents who were euhydrated/normohydrated experirienced severe fatgue. The results of the analysis test obtained was no relationship between hydratin status and fatigue level. The OR (Odd Ratio) shows a result or 0,932 meaning that respondents withs dehyration are protective factor of 0,93 times agains severe fatigue. Conclusion: The conclusion of this research is that good hydraton status can prevent fatigue in workers, especially those who work with direct heat exposure.

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Surzhko, L., V. Lubashev, and I. Poperechnyj. "Impact of hydrating status on residual renal function in hemodialysis patients (first report)." Ukrainian Journal of Nephrology and Dialysis, no. 3(63) (August 20, 2019): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31450/ukrjnd.3(63).2019.06.

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Residual kidney function (RKF) is a powerful indicator of residual renal functional capacity that eliminates uremic toxins and fluid in hemodialysis patients. The purpose of our study was to investigate the influence of hydrating status on residual renal function in patients with CKD 5HD. Methods. A prospective observational study included 60 hemodialysis patients with CKD VD. All patients were examined - taken general and biochemical blood tests, determined the level of urea and creatinine in the daily urine. RKF was evaluated by urine volume, residual KT / V and KRU. Water balance was measured and evaluated using BCM-monitor. Results.During the analysis of BCM data, hyperhydration (OH / ECW above 15%) was revealed in 15 among all patients included in the study, which amounted to 25%. A statistically significant difference between patients who were hyperhydrated and normohydrated was found in relative (OH / ECW) and absolute hydration (OH), ECW, and ultrafiltration rates. Thus, in the group of hyperhydrated patients, the average relative hydration rate was 14.3% lower compared to normohydrated patients (p < 0.001) and absolute hydration by 2.6 l (p < 0.001). In further analysis, no significant difference between two groups was found in the indicators characterizing the RKF, namely, between the level of urine output, KRU, KT / Vren. The level of ultrafiltration in the group with normal hydration is 900 ml lower than that with hyperhydration (p < 0.005). In study the influence of indicators of hydration status such as OH, OH / ECW, TBW, ECW, ICW on RKF indices no reliable correlation of the above mentioned values with diuresis, KRU, KT / Vren (p > 0.05) was found. A positive correlation was found between KRU, diuresis and KT / Vren, indicating that with increasing diuresis the KRU value and KT / Vren increase (p < 0.001). The same relationship was found between diuresis and KT / Vren, p < 0.001. An analysis of the relationship between absolute and relative hydration with dialysis efficacy (eKT / V) revealed that dialysis efficacy decreases with increase of hydratation in CKD 5HD patients (p < 0.05). Conclusions. The results obtained in our study indicate that the indicators of hydration status at baseline do not allow to find out an influence of them on the baseline level of RKF (diuresis, KRU and KT / Vren) in patients with CKD 5HD. Issues of the influence of hydration status on changes in RKF during the observation will be addressed in the following reports.

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Dunn, Rachel V., and Roy M. Daniel. "The use of gas–phase substrates to study enzyme catalysis at low hydration." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, no. 1448 (August 29, 2004): 1309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1494.

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Although there are varying estimates as to the degree of enzyme hydration required for activity, a threshold value of ca . 0.2 g of water per gram of protein has been widely accepted. The evidence upon which this is based is reviewed here. In particular, results from the use of gas–phase substrates are discussed. Results using solid–phase enzyme–substrate mixtures are not altogether in accord with those obtained using gas–phase substrates. The use of gaseous substrates and products provides an experimental system in which the hydration of the enzyme can be easily controlled, but which is not limited by diffusion. All the results show that increasing hydration enhances activity. The results using gas–phase substrates do not support the existence of a critical hydration value below which enzymatic activity is absent, and suggest that enzyme activity is possible at much lower hydrations than previously thought; they do not support the notion that significant hydration of the surface polar groups is required for activity. However, the marked improvement of activity as hydration is increased suggests that water does play a role, perhaps in optimizing the structure or facilitating the flexibility required for maximal activity.

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Aloi, Erika, Rosa Bartucci, and Rita Guzzi. "Low-temperature librations and dynamical transition in proteins at differing hydration levels." Biomolecular Concepts 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2022-0007.

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Abstract Hydration of water affects the dynamics and in turn the activity of biomacromolecules. We investigated the dependence of the librational oscillations and the dynamical transition on the hydrating conditions of two globular proteins with different structure and size, namely β-lactoglobulin (βLG) and human serum albumin (HSA), by spin-label electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) in the temperature range of 120–270 K. The proteins were spin-labeled with 5-maleimide spin-label on free cysteins and prepared in the lyophilized state, at low (h = 0.12) and full (h = 2) hydration levels in buffer. The angular amplitudes of librations are small and almost temperature independent for both lyophilized proteins. Therefore, in these samples, the librational dynamics is restricted and the dynamical transition is absent. In the small and compact beta-structured βLG, the angular librational amplitudes increase with temperature and hydrating conditions, whereas hydration-independent librational oscillations whose amplitudes rise with temperature are recorded in the large and flexible alpha-structured HSA. Both βLG and HSA at low and fully hydration levels undergo the dynamical transition at about 230 K. The overall results indicate that protein librational dynamics is activated at the low hydration level h = 0.12 and highlight biophysical properties that are common to other biosamples at cryogenic temperatures.

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Perez-Pena, M., D. M. Roy, and F. D. Tamás. "Influence of chemical composition and inorganic admixtures on the electrical conductivity of hydrating cement pastes." Journal of Materials Research 4, no. 1 (February 1989): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1989.0215.

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Electrical conductivity of cementitious materials with a wide range of chemical compositions has been studied during the first 24 h of hydration. Relationships between heat of hydration and electrical conductivity curves are discussed. Results are tentatively explained in terms of some physical and chemical parameters. Further evidence that the electrical conductivity of hydrating cement pastes is related to the hydration mechanisms operating in these systems was obtained. The order in which the cations of inorganic admixtures (chlorides and hydroxides) were found to increase the peak and rate of development of the electrical conductivity is the same order that they have been found to increase the heat liberated upon hydration of systems containing these admixtures.

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Prodjosantoso, Antikolonial, Wahyu Widiyati, Wafin Wafin, Ani Widyawati, and Maximus Pranjoto Utomo. "Cement Chemisrty: Hydration of Ca2-Xsrxsio4 Compound." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 37, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 589–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/370310.

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Dicalcium silicate (Ca2SiO4) isan importantcomponent of cement. The compound ofCa2-xSrxSiO4 can be formed if the Sr containing precursorsare used to synthesize the cement. The presence of Sr may alter the hydrationof the product. The hydration chemistry ofCa2-xSrxSiO4 compounds is reported. The hydration of Ca2-xSrxSiO4was conducted uder nitrogen atmosphere for about 6 months. The dry samples were characterized usingXRD, FTIR, TGA-DSC, andSEM-EDXmethods. It is confirmed that the hydration ofCa2-xSrxSiO4produces mainlyCa3Si2O7.3H2O and Ca(OH)2. However, the Sr doped Ca3Si2O7.3H2O andCa(OH)2 are possibly formed.The compound of CaCO3,as the result ofinteractions between Ca(OH)2 and atmospheric CO2gas during the sample handling,is also observed.

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Petersen, E. N. "The hydrating effect of a cream and white petrolatum measured by optothermal infrared spectrometry in vivo." Acta Dermato-Venereologica 71, no. 5 (January 1, 1991): 373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/0001555571373376.

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Optothermal infrared spectrometry (OTIS) is a novel way of measuring the water content of stratum corneum non-invasively. This principle has been used in the present study to evaluate the hydrating effect of a one-week treatment of human skin twice a day with either white petrolatum or a cream (o/w emulsion). Forty-two females volunteered for the study, which comprised one control pretreatment week, one treatment week, and one post-treatment week. White petrolatum was greasy and did not produce any hydrating effect at any point in time when the hydration was measured 10 h after application, whereas the cream produced a clear hydration that became statistically significant from day one of treatment and was maintained for at least 2 days after the treatment was stopped. The hydrating effect amounted to an about 80% increase in those volunteers who had initial values below the mean OTIS value of 23.5%. It is concluded that saturation of the stratum corneum with appropriate lipids and emulsifiers as in the cream leads to hydration of the stratum corneum to about 35% water as measured by the OTIS technique.

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McClelland, Robert A., Pratima Sukhai, Karen M. Engell, and Poul E. Sorensen. "Hydration equilibria of 9-acridinecarboxaldehyde." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 72, no. 11 (November 1, 1994): 2333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v94-297.

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Hydration rate constants and equilibrium constants have been obtained for 9-acridinecarboxaldehyde in aqueous solution. Under acidic conditions where the acridine is protonated, signals for the hydrate and free aldehyde forms can be observed as separate species in the 1H NMR spectrum. Integration provides the hydration equilibrium constant[Formula: see text] Using an apparent acidity constant obtained from a spectroscopic titration curve, the rate–pH profile was fitted to provide the hydration constant for the equilibration of the neutral acridines, KH = 0.07. This analysis also provides the acidity constants for the two acridinium ions, the aldehyde with pK = 3.78 and the hydrate with pK = 5.36. A comparison with the 4-pyridinecarboxaldehdye system reveals that the [Formula: see text] ratios for the acridine and pyridine are the same within experimental error, but that the acridine and acridinium aldehydes are 20-fold less hydrated than their pyridine analogs. A comparison with benzaldehydes reveals that, in their reactivities, the two heterocyclic aldehydes behave in a similar manner. Thus, for example, plots of log kH for the acid-catalyzed dehydration and hydrations versus log Kh for the equilibrium hydration show single correlation lines including the points for the benzaldehydes and heterocyclic aldehydes (but not the aliphatic aldehydes).

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Wang, Jia Chun. "Investigation of Hydration Heat of Slag in Portland Cement Environment." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.431.

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The hydration of slag in Portland cement is studied by considering the interaction between the hydrations of slag and Portland cement clinker. The slag hydration heat value that the different dosage of slag is in Portland cement is measured with isothermal calorimetry method as quartz sand sample contrast. The kinetic analysis was used to obtain parameters, which were employed to find out the influence of the slag content on the reaction rate constant value. The reaction stages have been analyzed and explained in accordance with kinetic models. The model predictions show that as the slag proportions in the blended cement changes, water retention in the hydration products changes only slightly if compared to that of Portland cement, The investigations have shown that the addition of silica fume of more than 30 mass% reduces the duration of the phase boundary interaction as a rate-determined process resulting in the fast diffusion rate-determining process. The results of this study have also revealed evidence of the accelerator effect of slag during the first 24 h of hydration when it still exists as chemically inert filler.

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Li, Hua, Jia Ping Liu, Qian Tian, and Shou Zhi Zhang. "Hydration Kinetics and Microscopic Analysis of Calcium Oxide Expansion Clinker." Applied Mechanics and Materials 477-478 (December 2013): 908–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.477-478.908.

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Hydrating and calcining method combined with the kinetic equation were adopted to describe the hydration kinetics process of the laboratory-calcined CaO expansion clinker, XRD and SEM were used to test and analysis its mineral compo-sition and microstructure as well. The results show that, hydration reaction process in pure water of f-CaO contained in the CaO expansion clinker meets the Avrami isothermal crystallization kinetics model, and the hydration degree increases with temperature, with the relation between reaction rate constant and temperature conforming to Arrhenius law; the CaO expansion clinker powder contains a large number of particles in which f-CaO, CaSO4, Ca4Al6O12SO4 (partly still containing calcium silicates) phases existing at the same time, by the impact of the presence of impurity phases and the difference of calcining conditions, the hydration activity of f-CaO contained in CaO expansion clinker was different from that of pure CaO and that of f-CaO wrapped in cement clinker or high-calcium fly ash.

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Andraos, John, and A. Jerry Kresge. "Correlation of rates of uncatalyzed and hydroxide-ion catalyzed ketene hydration. A mechanistic application and solvent isotope effects on the uncatalyzed reaction." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 78, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 508–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v00-032.

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Rates of hydration of a number of ketenes were measured in neutral and basic solution using flash photolytic techniques, and rate constants for their uncatalyzed, kuc, and hydroxide-ion catalyzed, kHO, reactions were determined. These results, plus additional data from the literature, were found to provide the remarkably good correlation log kuc = -3.21 + 1.14 log kHO, which spans 10 orders of magnitude in reactivity and includes 31 ketenes. This good correlation implies that uncatalyzed and hydroxide-ion catalyzed ketene hydraton occur by similar reaction mechanisms, which for the hydroxide-ion catalyzed process is known to involve nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon atom of the ketene. Rate constants for phenylhydroxyketene, on the other hand, do not fit this correlation, which suggests that the mechanistic assignment upon which these rate constants are based may not be correct. Solvent isotope effects on these uncatalyzed ketene hydrations are weak; most are less than kH/kD = 2. It is argued that these isotope effects are largely, if not entirely, secondary in nature and that they are consistent with both a reaction mechanism in which nucleophlic attack of a single water molecule on the ketene carbonyl carbon atom produces a zwitterionic intermediate and also a mechanism that avoids this intermediate by passing through a cyclic transition state involving several water molecules.Key words: ketene hydration, rate correlation, nucleophilic attack, solvent isotope effects, phenylhydroxyketene.

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Howes, Emma. "Hydration." Nursing Standard 27, no. 20 (January 16, 2013): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2013.01.27.20.58.p10284.

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Posthauer, Mary Ellen. "Hydration." Advances in Skin & Wound Care 18, no. 1 (January 2005): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00129334-200501000-00015.

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Posthauer, Mary Ellen. "Hydration." Advances in Skin & Wound Care 19, no. 2 (March 2006): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00129334-200603000-00007.

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Rosenbloom, Christine. "Hydration." Nutrition Today 47 (2012): S1—S2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nt.0b013e3182627fd2.

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Solomon, Richard. "Hydration." Interventional Cardiology Clinics 9, no. 3 (July 2020): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iccl.2020.02.009.

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Holmes, Niall, Mark Tyrer, and Denis Kelliher. "Predicting Chemical Shrinkage in Hydrating Cements." Buildings 12, no. 11 (November 14, 2022): 1972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111972.

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This paper presents a prediction of chemical shrinkage volume created during the hydration of two cements over time using a thermodynamic model. Chemical shrinkage in hydrating cements is a result of internal volume change over time within sealed conditions due to exothermic reactions during hydration and the resulting precipitation of solid hydrates. Each precipitated phase will contribute to chemical shrinkage due to their individual reactions and stoichiometric properties. As these factors (including early age, drying and autogenous nature) contribute to the overall shrinkage of concrete which may cause long-term performance problems, they are important properties to understand. The current paper presents a thermodynamic model that quantifies the chemical shrinkage volume created during the first 1000 days of hydration using the cemdata18 database and a series of discrete solid phases (DSPs) to represent C-S-H, which has not been quantified in the literature to date. DSPs account for the amorphous and poorly crystalline nature of C-S-H in cement, and its incongruent dissolution behavior of C-S-H as calcium is released in solution more so than silicon. A description of chemical shrinkage in hydrating cements is provided, along with a review of past methods used to quantify its development over time. The paper also shows the linear relationship between chemical shrinkage and the overall degree of hydration.

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Tian, Ya Po, Ding Ce Huang, and Bo Li. "Monitoring Early Hydration of Concrete with Ground Penetrating Radar." Key Engineering Materials 726 (January 2017): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.726.115.

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A nondestructive method is designed and employed to monitoring the early hydration of concrete mixes. The concrete mixes are prepared with Portland cement content and water to cement ratio 0.45. Retarder (citric acid) and accelerator (triethanolamine) are used to investigate the effects on the hydration process. The variations of dielectric constant and the intensity of reflected EM wave (amplitude) are measured within the frequency of 1.5GHz using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) at 25 °C for each sample from 10min to 3 days after mixing with water. The electric resistivity of Portland cement paste samples is measured using a non-contacting electric resistivity device at 25 °C.The amplitude tested changes sharply corresponding to the changes of microstructure and hydration products in the concrete mix during early hydration. The relative dielectric constant decreases with increasing hydrating time. The electrical resistivity changes in agreement with the dielectric properties. The dielectric properties mainly depend on the electrical properties and water content. The test results of samples in presence of retarder and accelerator shows that the relative dielectric constant decrease slower and faster respectively compared to the plain sample. The effect of these two admixtures can be reflected on the amplitude-time curve. The results demonstrate that the dielectric properties of concrete mix can be used as an effective ways of studying the hydration progress of concrete during hydration.

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Witteman, M. L., and P. H. Simms. "Unsaturated flow in hydrating porous media with application to cemented mine backfill." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 54, no. 6 (June 2017): 835–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0314.

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Unsaturated flow in hydrating porous media is pertinent to several engineering applications, including underground and surface use of cemented tailings. Proper description and modelling of flow is complicated by changes in material properties due to hydration as well as by the generation of suction by the net consumption of water volume by hydration, variously termed chemical shrinkage or self-desiccation. It is necessary to define changes in hydraulic properties with time; for instance, the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) is not unique in time in addition to being path (drying versus wetting) dependent. To address this problem, a theory for modelling unsaturated flow in hydrating materials is introduced. The theory deconstructs the SWCC into a pore-size distribution, which changes with time as hydration occurs, and the water content, which is a variable that must be tracked with space and time. Matric suction depends on the time-dependent SWCC and the water content variable. The theory is applied to a multi-layer deposition experiment performed in a column, and shows reasonable results.

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Gazdič, Dominik, Marcela Fridrichová, Karel Kalivoda, and Jana Stachová. "Study of the Kinetics of Hydration Process of Anhydrite Using External Exciters." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 2342–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.2342.

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Due to the very gradual hydration of anhydrites and their very low strengths, modification of the properties of anhydrite by a suitable external exciter was resolved within the work. The experimental work was conducted on natural anhydride, and as possible exciters for hydration, the following products were selected and tested: water-free sodium sulphate; Portland cement CEM I 42,5 R; hydrated lime CL 90 Carmeuse. The dose of the exciter was consistent, i.e. 4.5 wt%. The affect on the increased speed of the hydrating process and the quality of the technological properties was monitored. The catalytic effect was evaluated by monitoring the course of the hydration process (using XRD analysis and thermo-gravimetric analysis) and also on the basis of the achieved technological properties.

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29

Finn, Roderick Nigel, Gunn C. Østby, Birgitta Norberg, and Hans Jørgen Fyhn. "In vivo oocyte hydration in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus); proteolytic liberation of free amino acids, and ion transport, are driving forces for osmotic water influx." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 2 (January 15, 2002): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.2.211.

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SUMMARY The in vivo swelling and hydration of maturing oocytes of Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus were studied in order to characterise the osmotic mechanism underlying oocyte hydration in oviparous marine teleosts that spawn pelagic eggs. Sequential biopsies from two females, spanning four hydration cycles, were examined by osmometry, solute analysis and electrophoresis of dissected hydrating oocytes and ovulated eggs. The hydration cycle of the biopsied halibuts lasted 33–54 h. The majority of ovarian oocytes existed in a pre-hydrated condition (individual wet mass approx. 3.7 mg, diameter approx. 1.87 mm, 63 % H2O) with easily visible, non-coalesced, yolk platelets. Group-synchronous batches of the pre-hydrated oocytes increased in individual wet mass, diameter and water content to reach the ovulated egg stage of approximately 15 mg, 3.0 mm and 90 % H2O, respectively. The yolk osmolality of the hydrating oocytes was transiently hyperosmotic to the ovarian fluid (range 305–350 mOsmol l–1) with a peak osmolality of about 450 mOsmol l–1 in oocytes of 6–8 mg individual wet mass. The transient hyperosmolality was well accounted for by the increase in oocyte content of free amino acids (FAAs; approx. 2300 nmol oocyte–1), K+ (approx. 750 nmol oocyte–1), Cl– (approx. 900 nmol oocyte–1), total ammonium (approx. 300 nmol oocyte–1) and inorganic phosphate (Pi; approx. 200 nmol oocyte–1) when relating to the increase in cellular water. The oocyte content of Na+ did not increase during the hydration phase. Extensive proteolysis of yolk proteins, in particular a 110 kDa protein, correlated with the increase in the FAA pool, although the latter increased by approx. 20 % more than could be accounted for by the decrease in the oocyte protein content. Both indispensable and dispensable amino acids increased in the FAA pool, and particularly serine, alanine, leucine, lysine, glutamine and glutamate. Taurine content remained stable at approx. 70 nmol oocyte–1 during oocyte hydration. The results show that final hydration of Atlantic halibut oocytes is caused by an osmotic water uptake in which FAAs, derived mainly from the hydrolysis of a 110 kDa yolk protein, contribute approximately 50 % of the yolk osmolality and ions (Cl–, K+, Pi, NH4+) make up the balance.

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Peterson, Vanessa K., Paul E. Stutzman, and Richard A. Livingston. "Microscopic investigation of modified hydration kinetics in tricalcium silicate paste and mortar strength caused by dicalcium silicate addition." Journal of Materials Research 23, no. 4 (April 2008): 1015–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0121.

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It was recently revealed that some processes of hydrating tricalcium silicate are altered by the addition of dicalcium silicate. Previous neutron scattering results revealed two critical tri/dicalcium silicate compositions. At one composition, changes in the early time hydration kinetics were observed that result in the formation of more products (reflected in increased 28 day strength), despite dicalcium silicate being essentially unreactive at early times. At the other composition, changes in the early-time hydration kinetics were observed that correspond to reduced strength. The current work uses scanning electron microscope analysis with backscattered electron imaging of 50 day hydrated tri- and dicalcium silicate mortars to reveal that at the former critical composition increased hydration of the tricalcium silicate phase occurs, and at the latter critical composition, the amount of dicalcium silicate reacted is decreased.

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Rahimbaev, Sh, N. Onoprienko, and I. Rahimbaev. "THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF HYDRATION PROCESSES OF CALCIUM ALUMINOFERRITES." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 7, no. 3 (December 16, 2021): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2021-7-3-82-88.

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The processes of hydration and hydrate phase formation of calcium aluminoferrites are insufficiently covered in the technical literature. Thermodynamic analysis of the hydration processes of calcium aluminoferrite of 4CaO·Al2O3·Fe2O3 is difficult due to the unreliability of the initial data for hydration products. The question of the basicity of calcium hydroferrites requires clarification. There is insufficient data on the justification of the method of calculating the thermodynamic properties of hydroferrite -∆G0298, - ∆H0298 and c(T), verification of their results, the mechanism of formation of the complex anion Fe(OH)4- and its stability in the liquid phase of hydrating C4AF. The hydration of 4CaO·Al2O3·Fe2O3 with the formation of 2CaO·Al2O3·8H2O as hydrate phases is considered. The energy of hydrogen bonds between the layers of Ca(OH)2, Al2(OH)3 and Fe(OH)3, from which the hexagonal layers of these complex calcium, aluminum and iron hydroxides are composed, is compared. It is shown that the values of ∆G0298 and ∆H0298 2CaO·Fe2O3·8H2O, which are equal to -937.2 and -1082.3 kcal/mol, respectively, are not consistent with experimental data on the solubility of C2FH8 and the specific heat release during C4AF hydration (100-115 kcal/g). Values for C2FH8, ∆G0298= -933, ∆H0298 = -1072 kcal/mol are recommended. It is shown that the formation of Fe(OH)3 hydroxide in the amorphous state, rather than the Fe(OH)4 ion, is preferable as an intermediate product of C4AF hydration.

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Yongquan, Zhou, Fang Chunhui, Fang Yan, Zhu Fayan, Ge Haiwen, and Liu Hongyan. "Reconsideration on Hydration of Sodium Ion: From Micro-Hydration to Bulk Hydration." Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A 91, no. 13 (December 2017): 2539–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036024417130313.

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33

Li, Z., J. M. Vandenbossche, A. T. Iannacchione, and A. Vuotto. "Characterization of Oil Well Cement Performance during Early Hydration under Simulated Borehole Conditions." SPE Journal 26, no. 06 (February 25, 2021): 3488–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205350-pa.

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Summary Experiments on oil well cement (OWC) slurries were performed using the newly developed laboratory-scale wellbore simulation chamber (WSC). The WSC can simulate hydrostatic pressure reduction in the cemented annulus and possible gas migration under representative conditions. Forensic analysis shows that pressurized fluids can result in porous cement and gas channeling during cement slurry gelation. The effects of different factors on slurry pore pressure were also studied, including formation permeability, initial overburden pressure (OBP) representing the depth of interest, wellbore temperature, water/cement (w/c) ratio, cement composition, and the use of a calcium chloride (CaCl2)-based accelerator. By analyzing the temperature history of hydrating cement using degree of hydration, the evolution of cement hydration was characterized for slurry designs cured at different hydration rates. This provides the opportunity to parameterize the slurry designs and other important factors associated with wellbore conditions.

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Timasheff, Serge N. "Protein Hydration, Thermodynamic Binding, and Preferential Hydration." Biochemistry 41, no. 46 (November 2002): 13473–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi020316e.

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35

Meden, Anton, Simona Medvescek, and Venceslav Kaucic. "Influence of Various Carbonates on the Hydration of Portalnd Cement." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C1770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314082291.

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Over the last 20 years, the effects of using limestone in Portland cement (PC) have been well studied. The benefits of limestone as a partial replacement for PC are well established. Its economic and environmental advantages of reducing CO2 emissions are well known. For a long time, the limestone has been considered as an inert filler. Recently it has been concluded that limestone serves both as an inert filler and also reacts to a limited extend. The reactivity depends on its fineness (specific surface)[1] and content [2,3]. The question arose, whether a) it is the availability of excess carbonate ion in the hydration system, which determines the degree of influence on the hydration process or b) does the system have its internal capacity to include carbonate ions and the increased availability (more carbonate ions in the solution, embedding the hydrating particles) would not have a significant effect. So the question was if the more soluble carbonates would have more pronounced effect on the hydration of the Portland cement than the limestone, which is only slightly soluble. The influence of slightly soluble (CaCO3, MgCO3, dolomite), medium soluble (Li2CO3) and highly soluble (K2CO3 and KHCO3) carbonates on the hydration of Portland cement was studied using Rietveld analysis. The results indicated that the amount of reacted carbonate in cement hydration at a 15% addition of slightly or medium soluble carbonates does not exceed 5% and is not affected by their solubility; at a 15% addition of the highly soluble carbonate K2CO3 the amount of reacted carbonate is around 6% leading to the conclusion that the system behaves according to the option b). The fugure presents the quantitative analysis of cement hydration at 3, 7, 28 and 90 days of hydration and temperatures of 25 and 400C.

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36

Kim, Chae Un, Jennifer L. Wierman, Richard Gillilan, Enju Lima, and Sol M. Gruner. "A high-pressure cryocooling method for protein crystals and biological samples with reduced background X-ray scatter." Journal of Applied Crystallography 46, no. 1 (December 21, 2012): 234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889812045013.

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High-pressure cryocooling has been developed as an alternative method for cryopreservation of macromolecular crystals and successfully applied for various technical and scientific studies. The method requires the preservation of crystal hydration as the crystal is pressurized with dry helium gas. Previously, crystal hydration was maintained either by coating crystals with a mineral oil or by enclosing crystals in a capillary which was filled with crystallization mother liquor. These methods are not well suited to weakly diffracting crystals because of the relatively high background scattering from the hydrating materials. Here, an alternative method of crystal hydration, called capillary shielding, is described. The specimen is kept hydratedviavapor diffusion in a shielding capillary while it is being pressure cryocooled. After cryocooling, the shielding capillary is removed to reduce background X-ray scattering. It is shown that, compared to previous crystal-hydration methods, the new hydration method produces superior crystal diffraction with little sign of crystal damage. Using the new method, a weakly diffracting protein crystal may be properly pressure cryocooled with little or no addition of external cryoprotectants, and significantly reduced background scattering can be observed from the resulting sample. Beyond the applications for macromolecular crystallography, it is shown that the method has great potential for the preparation of noncrystalline hydrated biological samples for coherent diffraction imaging with future X-ray sources.

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Chattopadhyay, Madhurima, Hanna Orlikowska, Emilia Krok, and Lukasz Piatkowski. "Sensing Hydration of Biomimetic Cell Membranes." Biosensors 11, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11070241.

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Biological membranes play a vital role in cell functioning, providing structural integrity, controlling signal transduction, and controlling the transport of various chemical species. Owing to the complex nature of biomembranes, the self-assembly of lipids in aqueous media has been utilized to develop model systems mimicking the lipid bilayer structure, paving the way to elucidate the mechanisms underlying various biological processes, as well as to develop a number of biomedical and technical applications. The hydration properties of lipid bilayers are crucial for their activity in various cellular processes. Of particular interest is the local membrane dehydration, which occurs in membrane fusion events, including neurotransmission, fertilization, and viral entry. The lack of universal technique to evaluate the local hydration state of the membrane components hampers understanding of the molecular-level mechanisms of these processes. Here, we present a new approach to quantify the hydration state of lipid bilayers. It takes advantage of the change in the lateral diffusion of lipids that depends on the number of water molecules hydrating them. Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching technique, we applied this approach to planar single and multicomponent supported lipid bilayers. The method enables the determination of the hydration level of a biomimetic membrane down to a few water molecules per lipid.

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Park, Ki-Bong, Yi-Sheng Wang, and Xiao-Yong Wang. "Property Analysis of Slag Composite Concrete Using a Kinetic–Thermodynamic Hydration Model." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 4, 2021): 7191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167191.

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Slag is increasingly unitized for the production of sustainable concrete. This paper presents a procedure with which to analyze the property development of slag composite concrete. Experimental studies of the hydration heat and compressive strength development and simulation studies using a kinetic hydration model and a thermodynamic model were performed. First, we performed an experimental study of the isothermal hydration heat of cement–slag blends. Based on the results of the experimental study on cumulative hydration heat, the reaction degree of slag was determined. We found that the reaction degree of slag decreased as the slag content increased. Second, the reaction degree of slag and cement were used as the input parameters for the Gibbs energy minimization (GEM) thermodynamic equilibrium model. Moreover, the phase assemblage of hydrating cement–slag was determined. The trends of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) are similar to those of strength. Based on the CSH content, the strength of hardening cement–slag blends was determined. In addition, the calcium hydroxide (CH) content resulting from the thermodynamic model shows good agreement with the experimental results. In summary, the integrated kinetic–thermodynamic model is useful for analyzing the properties of cement–slag blends.

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39

Wang, Xiao-Yong. "Analysis of Hydration and Optimal Strength Combinations of Cement-Limestone-Metakaolin Ternary Composite." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (May 2, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8361810.

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Metakaolin (MK) is an aluminosilicate pozzolan material and can contribute to property development of concrete due to the pozzolanic reaction. Limestone (LS) powder presents the dilution effect, nucleation effect, and chemical effect on hydration of cement. When metakaolin and limestone are used together, due to the additional chemical reaction between the aluminum phase in MK and limestone, the synergetic benefit can be achieved. This study presents a hydration model for cement-limestone-metakaolin ternary blends. Individual reactions of cement, metakaolin, and limestone are simulated separately, and the interactions among cement hydration, limestone reaction, and metakaolin reaction are considered through the contents of calcium hydroxide and capillary water. The hydration model considers the pozzolanic reaction of metakaolin, chemical and physics effects of limestone, and synergetic effect between metakaolin and limestone. Furthermore, the gel-space ratio of hydrating concrete is calculated using reaction degrees of binders and concrete mixtures. The strength development of ternary blends is evaluated using the gel-space ratio. Based on parameter analysis, the synergetic effect on strength development is shown and the optimal combinations of cement-limestone-metakaolin ternary blends are determined.

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40

Cerveny, Christopher B., William B. Miller, Thomas Björkman, and Neil S. Mattson. "Soaking Temperature of Dried Tuberous Roots Influences Hydration Kinetics and Growth of Ranunculus asiaticus (L.)." HortScience 47, no. 2 (February 2012): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.2.212.

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The published literature is inconsistent with recommendations for hydrating Ranunculus asiaticus (L.) dried tuberous roots, a common practice in commercial production systems for this ornamental geophyte. Imbibition rate increased with hydration temperature but to lower equilibrium moisture content than when hydrated at cooler temperatures. In the greenhouse, survival was predicted to be greatest when tubers were hydrated at 20 °C. Plant height, visual quality, and foliar dry weight followed a similar trend 4 weeks after planting. These results demonstrate that a hydration temperature between 15 and 25 °C is required to obtain good quality when growing R. asiaticus from its dried tuberous roots.

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41

Godbole, Mangesh D., and Vijay B. Mathur. "SELECTION OF PHOSPHOLIPID AND METHOD OF FORMULATION FOR OPTIMUM ENTRAPMENT AND RELEASE OF LAMIVUDINE FROM LIPOSOME." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 8, no. 5-s (October 15, 2018): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i5-s.1935.

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The present investigation was aimed to compare various phospholipids and different methods that would be appropriate to produce liposomes having vesicle size in the range of 200-300 nm, PDI less than 0.500, maximum entrapment and delayed release of lamivudine. The phospholipids employed were Phospholipon® 90G, Phospholipon® 90H, 1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glysero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) and 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glysero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC). They were used in various molar ratio with cholesterol and blank liposomes were prepared initially by thin film hydration and ether injection method. The thin film hydration method was only found to be appropriate to produce liposome of desired size and PDI. Hence, the molar ratios of employed phospholipids:cholesterol that produced liposomes as per the expected parameters was then used to load lamivudine. The method of preparation, phospholipid: cholesterol molar ratio, hydrations above transition temperature and hydration time were showed direct influence on vesicle size, PDI, percentage encapsulation and in-vitro release. Phospholipon® 90H: cholesterol: lamivudine in the molar ratio 1:2:1 produced liposomes having desired vesicle size and PDI with maximum drug entrapment and sustained release. The encapsulation efficiency of drug in liposomes was in the order of Phospholipon® 90H> Phospholipon® 90G > DPPC > DMPC. Keywords: Liposomes, Lamivudine, Phospholipid, Thin film hydration method, Ether injection method, encapsulation efficiency

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42

Lu, Yun, and D. C. Joy. "High-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy studies of microstructures in blended cement pastes." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 658–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010017102x.

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In providing high resolution analysis of morphology, composition and crystal structure in cement-based pastes, TEM has played an important role and some essential features of the materials have been observed. Because of both improved properties and economic advantages, blended cement materials have been widely developed. However, there is relatively little report with respect to the microstructures in the blended systems containing more than two source materials. In an effort to derive a more complete picture of structural development in hydration products of blended grouts and to have a better understanding of effects of source materials on the resulting products, we applied TEM/EDXA techniques to study the microstructures of cement/fly-ash/slag/limestone blended grout samples. Four starting materials and hydrating products were evaluated. The grout samples at various hydration stages were quenched into acetone solution to stop the hydration reaction. The thin sections for TEM/EDXA were prepared by using an ultramicrotome thinning technique.

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43

Taylor, Diane. "Promoting hydration." Nursing Standard 26, no. 49 (August 8, 2012): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2012.08.26.49.59.c9237.

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Murthy, M. R. N. "Protein Hydration." Current Science 120, no. 1 (January 10, 2021): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.18520/cs/v120/i1/186-192.

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45

Leikin, S., V. A. Parsegian, D. C. Rau, and R. P. Rand. "Hydration Forces." Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 44, no. 1 (October 1993): 369–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pc.44.100193.002101.

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46

Paterson, John. "Subcutaneous hydration." Medical Journal of Australia 151, no. 11-12 (December 1989): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1989.tb139687.x.

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47

Nishi, Masayuki. "Mantle hydration." Nature Geoscience 8, no. 1 (December 8, 2014): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2326.

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Shirreffs, Susan M. "Hydration Issues." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, Supplement (May 2006): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-00603.

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49

Solomon, Richard, and Rony Lahoud. "Oral hydration." Coronary Artery Disease 29, no. 4 (June 2018): 283–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mca.0000000000000615.

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Mongardon, N., Y. Le Manach, C. Tresallet, T. Lescot, and O. Langeron. "Subcutaneous hydration." European Journal of Anaesthesiology 25, no. 9 (September 2008): 771–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265021508004158.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Hydration'

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