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Wallace, Alexander Robert Swan. "Small-scale hydro power generation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14633.
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The requirement for decentralised power generation in the rural electrification of developing countries is vast, and extensive hydrological resources for small-hydro power have been identified. Despite this, the utilisation of small-scale hydro is extremely slow, and the market is not fully developed. This study reviews the marketplace for small-scale hydro in the industrialised, newly-industrialised, less-developed and third-world countries. The extent, characteristics, and timescales of small-hydro development are used to estimate the market for varying levels of power generation technology. Existing power plant and practices as applied to rural electrification programmes are examined and suggestions are made to improve the cost effectiveness of the generating plant. The economic effects which increase the cost of energy produced at smaller sites are considered and a pre-feasibility cost model is proposed. Existing design methods for Pelton turbines are appraised. A new method of designing and estimating the performamce of multi-jet machines has been developed in a comprehensive software package, which is described and evaluated. A test facility designed and constructed during the study is described, and the results obtained by testing a small Pelton turbine are presented. Conclusions are drawn at the end of each chapter and these are ultimately summarised in an overview of the effective market and the means by which Pelton turbine technology may be applied more widely. The market sectors which will benefit by the availability of the design software are identified, together with further work required to integrate the design ability into manufacture.
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Oliveira, Pedro Nuno Ferreira Pino de. "Optimal scheduling of hydro-thermal power generation systems." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1992. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21228.
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This thesis is concerned with the optimal scheduling of hydro-thermal power generation systems. This problem, usually referred to as the unit commitment and economic dispatch problem, manifests itself as a large scale mixed integer programming problem. In the first instance a linear model is built and solved using branch-and-bound. This approach is, however, very expensive in terms of computational time. Using Lagrangian relaxation the original primal problem may be written in a dual formulation: the problem then admits decomposition into more tractable subproblems. Furthermore, the primal solution can be approximated closely from the dual solution using the duality gap as a termination criterion. A heuristic is used to construct nearly optimal solutions to the primal problem based on the information provided by the dual problem. The decomposition is such as to allow an implementation on a transputer array with significant reductions in the computational time. An investigation into the application of genetic algorithms to power scheduling shows that this approach is feasible although expensive in terms of computational time. Lagrangian relaxation is next used to solve a nonlinear model incorporating the purchasing and selling of electricity. The information provided by the Lagrange multipliers which can be interpreted as shadow prices, is used to determine the best strategy for the purchasing and selling of energy. Nonconvex programming problems such as this may exhibit a duality gap, that is a difference between the optimal solution of the primal and dual problems. An investigation of this problem for power scheduling linked the existence of this gap to the operating constraints of the system.
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Xiong, Min. "Short-term generation scheduling in a hydrothermal power system." Thesis, Durham University, 1990. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1182/.
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Evans, Joel I. "Benefits of wind power curtailment in a hydro-dominated electric generation system." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/13393.
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Hydroelectric generation has been well documented as a flexible and fast-responding resource, which can be quite complimentary to variable and uncertain renewable energy resources. However, hydropower is also a variable energy resource that is limited by river inflows and the live storage capacity of its reservoirs. The goal of this thesis is to explore the possible incremental value that curtailment of wind power might contribute, without reducing a wind power producer’s income, in a market context. Therefore, the ultimate use of this research is as a planning study.
The modeling in this research was performed at an hourly time resolution and only focused on real (not reactive), available wind power. An hydraulic simulation and electrical energy generation optimization model of a hydropower system, using a linear programming approach, was used. It was a deterministic model, so specific independent variables had to be manually manipulated. These variables were wind power installed capacity, hydrologic regime (wet, average, and dry), import/export transmission capacity, and cost of wind energy. The optimal objective function values of the model at the end of each yearly run were compared to each other.
The opportunity for economically beneficial curtailment came from market-based competition for the finite amounts of generation capacity, energy, and reservoir storage in the hydroelectric system. Existing flexibility in the large storage reservoirs was used by the model to shift the wind energy to export periods with the highest market prices. Temporal analysis of wind power curtailment showed that curtailed wind energy was concentrated in the light-load hours (10:00 PM to 6:00 AM) during the spring freshet (snowmelt) period. These were periods of low domestic electrical load, low market energy prices, high energy import levels, and high local river inflows. The total annual amount of curtailed wind energy was between 0.5% and 2%. Based on input parameters, including energy market and generation capacity market prices, intertie capacities, available wind energy, river inflows, and load, an optimal value of wind energy production was determined. Allowing wind power curtailment purely for economic reasons resulted in an incremental increase in this wind energy value between 1% and 4%.
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GROULT, Mathieu. "Optimization of Electromechanical Studies for the Connection of Hydro Generation." Thesis, KTH, Elkraftteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-221802.
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The current model for electricity generation is based on power plants connected to the transmission network. This provides electricity to the distribution network and after that to the consumers. To ensure the security of the electrical network and prevent a blackout, the performance of every electricity generation unit connected to the network is quantified in grid codes. In the case of the French transmission system, the requirements regarding the performance are written in a document produced by the French Transmission System Operator (TSO). Various events with various configurations of connection to the network have to be simulated and the corresponding performance has to be evaluated. The aim of these simulations is to determine the stability of the generators and key elements, including the response time on the active power after events such as a short circuit.Taking into account the amount of generators connected to the transmission network, the need for optimization appears and is the purpose of this Master Thesis. To perform those simulations in an efficient way on all the generators owned by the main French electricity producer, EDF, this Master Thesis contributes with a tool called AuDySim coded with the softwares MATLAB and EUROSTAG. The implemented tool allows the user to configure an electricity generation unit before realizing all the simulations specified by the TSO and produces a report containing the results by means of curves and data. The simulations and the production of the report are achieved automatically to create a gain of time and resources.In order to validate the performance of the tool, two case studies are performed on different types of power plants. The two case studies analyzed present a hydraulic and a nuclear power plant. In the results the performance of each type of power plant is assessed focusing on the rotor angle stability of the machine and key elements, such as the voltage and the active power. These results lead to the conclusion that AuDySim fulfills its mission, by achieving automatically an analysis of the performance of an electrical generation unit and producing it in a report.Den nuvarande elproduktionsmodellen baseras på kraftverk som är direktkopplade till stamnätet. Stamnätet i sin tur matar distributionsnätet som därefter levererar el till slutkonsumenterna. För att säkerställa stamnätets integritet samt säkerhet och undvika strömavbrott kvantifieras prestandan hos varje generator som är ansluten till det med hjälp av nätkoder. När det gäller det franska stamnätet skrivs prestandakraven i ett dokument som utfärdas av den franska transmissionssystemoperatören (TSO). Olika händelser med olika anslutningskonfigurationer måste simuleras där dess prestanda ska utvärderats. Syftet med dessa simuleringar är att identifiera stabiliteten vid varje elproduktionsenhet med bl. a. dess reaktionstid för den aktiva effekten efter kortslutningar.Med tanke på antalet generatorer som är anslutna till stamnätet framträder ett behov för överföringsoptimering vilket är syftet med detta examensarbete. För att utföra dessa simuleringar på ett effektivt sätt på alla generatorer som ägs av den ledande franska elproducenten, EDF, bidrar denna avhandling med ett verktyg som heter AuDySim kodat i mjukvarorna MATLAB och EUROSTAG. Verktyget gör det möjligt för användaren att konfigurera en elproduktionsenhet innan man utför alla simuleringar som specificeras av TSO:n och samtidigt producerar en rapport som innehåller grafisk- och data resultat. Både simuleringar och rapporten produceras automatiskt för att optimera en bearbetningstid och resursanvändning.För att validera verktygets prestanda utförs två fallstudier på olika typer av kraftverk. De två fallstudierna fokuserar på ett hydraulisk- respektive ett kärnkraftverk. I resultaten utvärderas prestanda för varje typ av kraftverk, med fokus på maskinens rotorvinkelstabilitet och andra viktiga faktorer, såsom spänning och aktiv effekt. Resultat leder till slutsatsen att AuDySim uppfyller sitt uppdrag genom att automatiskt analysera prestanda hos en elektrisk generationsenhet och presentera analysen i en rapport.
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Sarabia, Jaime (Jaime Eduardo) 1976. "An investigation into the use of linear generators in the Schneider Hydro-Power Generation system." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9588.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1998.Includes bibliographical references (leaf 23).
The Schneider HydroBeaver is a revolutionary idea in Hydro-Power Generation. Conventional dams employ the use of turbines which require a large head to generate the power. The large head is developed through dams, which alter the natural course of rivers, destroying fertile river valleys and ruining the environment for fish. The HydroBeaver plans to develop power through a head of only 3 meters. No dam is required to develop this head. The HydroBeaver unit is small and environmentally friendly. Because no dam is required, no land is destroyed, plus the design allows for safe passage of fish downstream. The purpose of this thesis was an investigation into Llie feasibility and efficiency of a linear generation unit rather than a rotational generation unit. As is, the Hydro Beaver generates power through a rotational power generation unit placed on one of the axis. The idea is that a linear generation unit would be able to provide more power, more efficiently and in less space. This thesis discovered the governing variables in a linear power generator and briefly describes how to design a linear generator according to these variables. Airgap, magnet size, magnet flux density and field intensity, as well as velocity were discovered to effect power generation. Given the size restraints of the HydroBeaver and limits on foil velocity, it was discovered that a linear power generation unit is an inefficient and not very economic approach to the power generation problem. It will develop power, but only at about 10% of the power desired. This thesis lays the groundwork on the design of a linear generator so in the event of advancement in magneto-solid technology or some other technological advance, this thesis can be referenced or reinvestigated.
by Jaime Sarabia.
S.B.
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Thomson, Allister James. "Effect of hydro-electric power generation on benthic macroinvertebrates in the River North Tyne downstream of Kielder Dam." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313547.
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Kiamehr, Mehdi. "The evolution of systems-integration capability in latecomer contexts : the case of Iran's thermal and hydro power generation systems." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2012. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/b31e948f-290d-488f-9b7e-bddd6a4dc83b.
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This study concerns building capabilities within the electricity sector of Iran, a developing country. It focuses on two areas of high-technology development,• hydro electricity generation plants and thermal electricity generation plants, and investigates the accumulation of local capabilities to undertake large and complex development projects in these two areas. The empirical aim of the thesis is to analyse how far the local capabilities have advanced and what can be done to enhance them. The business of engineering and developing complex electricity generation systems, such as hydro and thermal power plants, is an example of high-value high-technology capital goods industries (sometimes referred to as CoPS in the innovation studies literature). This literature suggests that systems integration is a core capability of leading suppliers in CoPS industries. Most studies of capability building at the firm level in latecomer contexts, however, have focused on mass-manufacturing firms rather than on project-based ones. The CoPS literature, on the other hand, has investigated the concept of systems integration capability within the context of developed economies. Therefore, this research aims to examine latecomer systems integration capability (LSIC) in these two CoPS areas in Iran to develop our understanding of the nature and evolution of LSIC. This research is carried out as an exploratory case study, combining some elements of latecomer theory, systems integration and capability theory to develop the analytical framework for the study. The framework is then applied to evidence gathered from two major Iranian systems integrators that lead engineering and development activities involved in the construction of power plants. Evidence is gathered on the evolution of micro-level attributes, including people, knowledge, processes and structures, underlying LSIC, along with changes in products and outcomes of systems integration activities. These categories of evidence are combined with the evidence on the internal context of the firms and their external environment to reveal their achievements in the accumulation of LSIC, and to understand the dynamics behind the evolution of LSIC. The analysis of this thesis shows how the two Iranian firms entered into the business of systems integration of power plant systems, and have gradually built higher levels of LSIC, allowing them to succeed in competitive local and overseas markets, and to diversify into local markets for other complex projects. Nevertheless, there have been imbalances, spurts of rapid capability growth, periods of falling behind in specific areas of LSIC, close connections and relationships (amounting to a co-evolution among LSIC areas), and major investments and strategies to remedy imbalances, and to sustain the firms' progress. This thesis also attempts to explain these complex variations in the evolutionary paths of LSIC. In addition to contributing to the latecomer capability literature, this research suggests some policy and business strategy implications.
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Kadowaki, Makoto. "Modelo de programação da operação de sistemas hidrotérmicos predominantemente hidrelétricos . = Short term generation scheduling of hydro dominant hydrothermal systems." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/261160.
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Orientador: Takaaki OhishiTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T04:48:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kadowaki_Makoto_D.pdf: 5665852 bytes, checksum: 8007a4e9bf74d78a3c83adc1271d30e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
Resumo: Esta tese apresenta um modelo para a programação da operação de sistemas hidrotérmicos predominantemente hidrelétricos. A formulação matemática adota uma representação detalhada das usinas hidrelétricas, do sistema de reservatórios, e leva também em conta requisitos de mercado e de operação. As usinas hidrelétricas são modeladas incluindo suas unidades geradoras (conjunto turbina-gerador), com os seus rendimentos representados pela curva colina, e considerando ainda os custos de partida/ parada das unidades geradoras. O sistema de reservatórios leva em conta a rede de reservatórios, considerando os tempos de viagem da água entre reservatórios, limites operativos de armazenamento, turbinagem e defluência, e considera também rampas de geração para atendimento de restrições ambientais. Em termos de mercado, o modelo considera a uma curva de carga global em base horária, e em termos de requisitos operativos considera restrições de reserva girante e conexão de usinas hidrelétricas a mais de um barramento. Como critério de otimização adota-se a minimização de perdas de geração na operação das hidrelétricas e dos custos de partidas e paradas de unidades geradoras. Como resultado desta modelagem, tem-se um problema de otimização determinístico não linear inteiro misto de grande porte. Este problema de otimização foi tratado por uma abordagem híbrida, combinando metodologias baseadas em Programação Dinâmica, Método de Newton, Método de Relaxação das Restrições, Método de Conjuntos Ativos e heurísticas. A metodologia foi aplicada a um estudo de caso baseado na programação de operação do Sistema Interligado Nacional, composto de 94 usinas hidrelétricas, 447 unidades geradoras e considerando um horizonte de uma semana
Abstract: This thesis presents a hydro unit commitment model for predominantly hydroelectric hydrothermal systems. The model employs a detailed representation of the hydro plants, the reservoir system, and taking into account the load demand and operational requirements. The hydro plants are modeling at hydro generation unit (turbine-generator set) level, in which its efficiency is represented by the hill curves, and also considering the hydro-unit start-up / shutdown costs. The reservoir system considers the network of reservoirs, the lead time of water displacement between reservoirs, the operational limits of storage, discharge, and generation ramp rate. The load demand is represented on hourly (or less) time base, the requirements of spinning reserve are taking into account, and the model also allows the representation of plants connected to more than one transmission sub-system. The mathematical formulation obtained is a mixed integer nonlinear optimization problem. The optimization problem is treated by hybrid method, combining methodologies based on Dynamic Programming, Newton Method, Active Set Method, and heuristics. The methodology is applied to a test system based on the Brazilian Interconnected System, composed of 94 hydro plants, with 447 hydro generation units, and considering a time horizon of one week
Doutorado
Energia Eletrica
Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica
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Karnik, Macaya Yohanna. "Vattennivåreglering i Avesta Lillfors : På uppdrag av Fortum Generation AB." Thesis, KTH, Data- och elektroteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-146658.
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I denna rapport utreds olika metoder för att kunna reglera vattennivån i vattenkraftverket Avesta Lillfors i Dalarna. Två kraftverk ligger endast 900 m uppströms och detta gör att svarstiderna blir korta och regleringen blir lätt nervös. Att använda sig av vattennivåreglering i ett kraftverk för-enklar dess styrning då anpassning till inflödet sker automatiskt. En flödestabell har tagits fram genom mätningar i turbinen, med hjälp av Winter-Kennedy-metoden. Denna tabell används för att kunna fram-koppla regulatorn och därmed dämpa stora variationer i inflödet. Dessu-tom har en modell av älven skapats och testats med en återkopplad PID-regulator. Utefter dessa tester har lämpliga parametrar tagits fram, som ger önskad stabilitet, noggrannhet och snabbhet. Simuleringar har även gjorts med reglermetoden Fuzzy logic.This report evaluates different methods to create a stable regulation of the water level in the hydro power plant Avesta Lillfors, in county Dalar-na. Another pair of plants are located just 900 m up the stream, which is why the regulation has to act fast. If the water level can be regulated and automatically adjust to the incoming flow, it facilitates the control of the plant. A flow chart is created from measurements in the turbine, using the Win-ter-Kennedy method. The results are used for feedforward control. A PID-regulator with feedback is also simulated in a model of the river. This helps finding the parameters that provide a stable, accurate and fast regu-lation. Fuzzy logic control has also been simulated.
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Ogunleye, Lawrence Olawale. "A techno-economic appraisal of renewable energy in remote, off grid locations in Nigeria : Obudu ranch as a case study / L. Olawalemi Ogunleye." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2559.
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Energy is central to economic development. It has been established that there is a clear correlation between energy consumption and living standards. Nigeria is a country of very industrious and enterprising people. However, due to non availability of adequate energy in the country, especially in the remote, off grid locations, the entrepreneurial inclination of the average Nigerian living in these locations has been largely stunted.
Over the years, successive governments in the country, in realisation of the pivotal role of energy in national development, have explored various options to improve energy supply and availability, but the situation has not experienced any remarkable improvement. This has forced many businesses and households to resort to self provision through generators, often at exorbitant costs.
This research work addresses the challenge of energy in remote, off grid locations by appraising the techno economic potential of renewable energy, using Obudu Ranch as a case study. This ranch is the foremost tourism resort in Nigeria, and has played host to a number of international events over the years. Presently, electricity is being generated through the use of diesel powered generating sets. The adjoining communities are currently without electricity, although a few of the residents have acquired generators for self provision, mostly for their domestic use. Aside the high cost associated with this, the discharge of noxious contaminants into the atmosphere is undesirable.
The research entailed a working collaboration with some notable Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) that have done extensive ground work in the area for access to some secondary data, as well as a number of corporate and governmental agencies that are relevant to the study.
Further, the ranch was visited to establish hands-on, the existing renewable energy sources. A trade-off of these sources was carried out with reference to a number of relevant evaluation parameters to identify the most suited option for addressing the energy challenge. A comparative analysis of this selected source was then made to establish its techno economic potential against the existing source of power generation- diesel powered generating sets, which currently costs R1.5 million annually in running expenses.
The findings from this research have established that a Renewable Energy source (mini hydro) is a more cost effective option than the diesel powered gen set, providing a 43% reduction in cost of energy generation, and a 42% reduction in the life cycle cost over the five year of analysis, compared to the status quo. In addition, it is also more environmentally friendly.
Conclusively, the findings and recommendations of this research effort, if well implemented, will be beneficial to the ranch, the adjoining communities and other relevant stakeholders.Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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Šumbera, Jiří. "Application of optimisation methods to electricity production problems." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-196939.
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This thesis deals with application of optimisation methods based on linear and mixed-integer linear programming to various problems in the power sector related to electricity production. The thesis goal is to test the applicability of such methods to formulating and solving various instances from the class of real-world electricity production problems, and to find the advantages and disadvantages associated with using these methods. Introductory chapters describe the main characteristics of power markets, including the historical and regulatory context. Fundamental properties of power markets on both demand and supply side are also described, both from a real-world and a modelling point of view. Benefits of optimisation and modelling are discussed, in particular the solution feasibility and optimality as well as insights gained from sensitivity analysis which is often difficult to replicate with the original system. In the core of the thesis, optimisation techniques are applied to three case studies, each of which deals with a specific problem arising during electricity production. In the first problem, the profit of gas-fired power plant in Slovakia from selling power on the day-ahead market is maximised. The model is set up using both technical and commercial constraints. The second problem deals with the problem of representing a two-dimensional production function which primarily arises for a hydro generator with large variations in the level of its reservoir. Several representations of the original function using piecewise linear subsets are presented, compared, and characterised by their computational intensity both theoretically and practically. In the third problem, the prices on the German day-ahead market in 2011 are modelled. Contrary to the previous two models, the model does not capture an optimisation problem faced by a single producer, but incorporates a large subset of the whole market instead. Consequently the model is formed out of generic constraints relevant to all power plants whose parameters are estimated. By combining information about the aggregate availability of power plants with the estimated efficiencies a full supply curve for each day is created. Different scenarios are analysed to test the impact of uncertain inputs such as unknown or estimated constraints. The choice of the investigated problems stems from the attempt to cover electricity production problems from the point of view of multiple criteria. The three investigated electricity production problems span a broad range from the decisions of a single power plant to the modelling a power market as a whole. Formulations of the production function with different level of detail are presented ranging from a simple linear relationship to several bivariate function formulations. While each problem answers a specific question, they all illustrate the ease with which various electricity production problems can solved using optimisation methods based on linear and mixed-integer linear programming. This is mainly due to the ability of these methods to approximate even non-linear functions and constraints over non-convex domains and find global solutions in reasonable time. Moreover, models formulated with these methods allow sensitivity and scenario analyses to be carried out easily as is illustrated in each of the case studies.
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Alarefi, S. "An investigation of micro-hydro power generator characteristics." Thesis, University of Essex, 2018. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/23403/.
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Research on the electrical characteristics of hydroelectric power systems has to the author’s knowledge, not received much attention. However, renewed interest in hydropower microgeneration has created a need to understand the underlying properties. This thesis presents a pioneering empirical investigation into the electrical characteristics of micro- hydro power generators (MHPGs). An ohmic characteristic behaviour in MHPGs with constant source impedance, even with varying water flow is demonstrated for the first time. Experimental results showed variable flow correlation between the MHPGs voltage and current at the maximum power point, which coincides with 50% Voc and 50% of Isc. A novel heuristic model for hydroelectric power generator is then derived and validated through MATLAB-Simulink simulation. In pursuit of MHPG maximum utilisation efficiency, a new Seesaw maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller is presented. The simple but accurate analogue Seesaw MPPT, which incorporates feedforward control of the output voltage only in a current- mode operation, proved fast tracking control under rapidly varying operational conditions. Only one voltage sensor is required. The renewed application of the classical feedforward mechanism offers superior MPPT response (μ seconds). This approach is unlike previous work in that it uses the current-voltage characteristics rather than the power, which reduces the design complexity. Maximum power delivery from the source to the load is guaranteed through the load-side control. The introduction of shunt measurement in the hydraulic analogy through a parallel combination of high-flow rate sensing (via MHPGs) and highly sensitive ultrasonic mL/min sensor would allow micro-leaks to be detected. Unlike conventional water leak- age detection systems, the proposed automated system is highly sensitive (detected leaks of 1 mL/min.) and does not impede the main flow. Wavelet de-noising analyses carried out removed background noise and further isolated micro-leakage signals.
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Saad, Youssef. "Gestion optimale des systèmes hybrides pour la production de l’énergie dans les sites isolés." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCA031.
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Les générateurs diesels sont la principale source d'énergie électrique qui alimente la plupart des régions éloignées et isolées dans le monde. Malheureusement, ces moteurs posent encore d'énormes défis techniques, financiers et environnementaux. Toutefois, la combinaison de ces générateurs avec des sources renouvelables comme l'énergie éolienne dans un système éolien-diesel hybride (WDS) pourrait réduire ces déficits en réduisant la consommation de combustibles fossiles et de la durée de fonctionnement des moteurs diesels et en réduisant le coût de l'exploitation et les émissions nocives. L’intermittence de l'énergie éolienne et sa dissipation pendant les périodes venteuses exigent un système de stockage d'énergie. Dans cette thèse, un nouveau système hybride éolien-diesel avec compression d'air adiabatique et stockage à pression constante (ACP-WDCAS) a été proposé. Ce système combine les technologies de stockage d'énergie hydropneumatiques et les systèmes de stockage de l'énergie sous forme d’air comprimé avec le système éolien-diesel. L'objectif de ce système est d'optimiser les performances des moteurs diesel et de réduire la consommation de carburant sans apporter de modifications majeures à l'architecture de ces moteurs dans les sites isolés. Une simulation numérique, une modélisation mathématique et une analyse des évolutions possibles du système seront de ce fait étudiésDiesel generators are the main source of electrical energy that supply most of the remote isolated areas in the world. Unfortunately, these motors still pose enormous technical, financial and environmental challenges. Therefore, the combination of these generators with renewable sources like wind energy in a wind-diesel hybrid system (WDS) could reduce these deficits by reducing the fossil fuel consumption and the operating time of diesel engines and by shortening the operation cost and environmental harm. And because the intermittency of wind energy and its dissipation during windy periods require an energy storage system. In this thesis, a new wind-diesel hybrid system with adiabatic air compression and storage at constant pressure (ACP-WDCAS) was proposed. This concept combine compressed air and hydro pneumatic energy storage technologies with wind-diesel system. The objective of this system is to optimize the performance of diesel engines, and minimize fuel consumption without making major changes to the architecture of these engines in remote sites. A numerical simulation, a mathematical modeling and an analysis of the possible evolutions of the system are studied
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Kniuras, Aurimas. "Mažosios hidroenergetikos vystymo galimybių tyrimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090828_133505-94610.
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Šiuo magistriniu darbu mėginsiu išsiaiškinti mažosios hidroenegetikos vystimosi galimybes, palyginti jas su kitomis elektrinėmis, išsiaiškinti kokius upių resursus turi mūsų šalis, kokie yra gamtosauginiai reikalavimai hidroenergetikoje, generatoriai, kokie yra hidroelektrinės prijungimo prie tinklo variantai.The theme of Master project of Electrical engineer is The investigation of potentiolity development of small hydro energetic. I think it is very important, because Lithuania is going to close Ignalina nuclear power station as it is required by the EU. Obviously, we are forced to find solution of energy shortage. One of the solutions are renewable energy sources. Lithuania has potential power in rivers and it has opportunity to expand of small hydro energetic. Byt we have to admit, that nowadays a small hydro energetic is not expanding as fast as it could. In my Master project of electical Engineer I show, how easy is to construct hydro power station, but hard to find a place, where station could be, to conect it with electricity networks for several reasons.
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Karlsson, Sanne, and Alexander Maurer. "Förstudie för kontrollanläggningsutrustningi mindre vattenkraftstationer för Uddevalla Energi Elnät AB." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avdelningen för data-, elektro- och lantmäteriteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-7785.
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Uddevalla Energi AB äger fem vattenkraftstationer uppförda från 1920 och framåt. De är lokaliserade i Bäveån i Uddevalla kommun. Den totala installerade effekten i vattenkraftstationerna uppgår till omkring 2 MW. Vattenkraftstationen K4 Fossumsberg,vars installerade effekt uppgår till 1 MW, är den största utav anläggningarna ur denna aspekt. Utöver energiproduktion ska anläggningarna även svara för reglering av vattenståndet i Öresjö och i Bäveån. På uppdrag av Uddevalla Energi Elnät AB utförs detta examensarbete för att fastställa vilken utrustning som rekommenderas till kontrollanläggningarna för vattenkraftstationerna. De huvudområden som undersöks är generatorskydd, reglering, kommunikation och HMI. Krav från Uddevalla Energi Elnät AB ställs på olika skyddsfunktioner som exempelvi söverströmsskydd, jordfelsskydd, över- och underspänningsskydd, samt bakeffektskydd.Vidare önskas även att ny utrustning ska vara kompatibel med protokoll som stödjer MicroSCADA och har möjligheter för framtida användning av protokollet IEC 60870-5 för kommunikation mellan stationsutrustning och SCADA-systemet i driftcentralen. En rad produkter, varav ett flertal skulle kunna lämpa sig väl för ändamålen, undersöks från leverantörerna Schneider Electric, ABB och DEIF. Slutsatser dras bland annat om att Uddevalla Energi Elnät AB bör investera i separata enheter för reglering och för generatorskydd och inte kombinerade lösningar. Detta för att uppnå större säkerhet i händelse av fel i anläggningarna. Vidare konstateras att för att få ett komplett underlag att luta sig mot vid val av utrustning bör priser undersökas ytterligare, för att kunna väga in denna aspekt.Five small hydroelectric power plants, constructed 1920 and later, are owned by UddevallaEnergi AB. The hydroelectric power plants are located in Bäveån in Uddevalla. The total installed power is approximately 2 MW. K4 Fossumsberg is the largest hydroelectric powerplant and has a production capacity of 1 MW. The hydroelectric power plants is not only used for energy production but also for regulation of the water levels in Bäveån and Öresjö. On behalf of Uddevalla Energi Elnät AB this bachelor thesis has been done to specify which equipment is preferable as the station monitoring and control equipment. The key areas ofthe report is generator protection, control and regulation, communication and HMI in the plants. There are demands from Uddevalla Energi Elnät AB regarding for instance overcurrent protection, earth fault protection, over- and under voltage protection and reversepower protection. Furthermore it is requested that the new station monitoring and controlequipment is compatible with MicroSCADA and has further options for using the protocol IEC 60870-5 for communication between station and the SCADA system used in the operating centre. Numerous products has been studied and many of them fulfil the requirements stated by Uddevalla Energi Elnät AB. The manufactures mentioned in this report are Schneider Electric, ABB and DEIF. Conclusions are made that Uddevalla Energi Elnät AB should invest in separate units for control and generator protection to achieve a higher level of safety in case of a fault in either generator protection or control equipment. Furthermore it is concluded that to obtain a more complete specification to use when choosing equipment one should consider the cost. More research is needed to take this into account.
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Heller, Ondřej. "Akumulace energie z OZE." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-218539.
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The objective of the first part of master’s thesis is mapping the potential of various types of renewable sources in Europe and Czech Republic, especially solar energy, wind energy, water energy and biomass. There are described principals and ways of energy generation from these sources, brief overview of current technologies, and also their advantages and limitations. An important part is electric supply continuity from renewable sources, there are large differences and the resulting to restrictions on construction and connecting the units to the power system. In this work there are mentioned some impacts on network and rates of change of supply, some sources are also evaluated in terms of maximum power, that can be connected to the power system in our country. The conclusion of the first part is dedicated to energy storage technologies, which are suitable and usable for renewable sources, there are described their principals, properties, status of development and types of aplications, in which these technologies are used. This chapter also focusses on the price level of each technology. The second part of the thesis deals with 1 MWp on-grid photovoltaic power plant design. This design includes also the redox flow batteries accumulation, the first variant calculates on 24-hour steady energy supply, the second optimalized variant calculates on daily energy supply. There are the accumulation system costs estimated and also the payback period for the both variants. Additionally there is also determined minimum penalization for cost-effective operation. The last part is dedicated to changes of impact on the local grid and changes of system impacts, after the accumulation system is installed.
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Razyapova, Aygul. "Tvorba a estimace modelu malé vodní elektrárny v programu PSCAD." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-242038.
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This thesis focused on creating a model of a small hydropower plant model (SHPP) and a part of the electricity network in the simulation software "PSCAD" (basing on real sources). The model will be specified on the basis of the data obtained from the measurements to correspond with the real equipment.
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Castellucci, Valeria. "Sea Level Compensation System for Wave Energy Converters." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-295603.
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The wave energy converter developed at Uppsala University consists of a linear generator at the seabed driven by the motion of a buoy on the water surface. The energy absorbed by the generator is negatively affected by variations of the mean sea level caused by tides, changes in barometric pressure, strong winds, and storm surges. The work presented in this doctoral thesis aims to investigate the losses in energy absorption for the present generation wave energy converter due to the effect of sea level variations, mainly caused by tides. This goal is achieved through the modeling of the interaction between the waves and the point absorber. An estimation of the economic cost that these losses imply is also made. Moreover, solutions on how to reduce the negative effect of sea level variations are discussed. To this end, two compensation systems which adjust the length of the connection line between the floater and the generator are designed, and the first prototype is built and tested near the Lysekil research site. The theoretical study assesses the energy loss at about 400 coastal points all over the world and for one generator design. The results highlight critical locations where the need for a compensation system appears compelling. The same hydro-mechanic model is applied to a specific site, the Wave Hub on the west coast of Cornwall, United Kingdom, where the energy loss is calculated to be about 53 %. The experimental work led to the construction of a buoy equipped with a screw jack together with its control, measurement and communication systems. The prototype, suitable for sea level variations of small range, is tested and its performance evaluated. A second prototype, suitable for high range variations, is also designed and is currently under construction. One main conclusion is that including the compensation systems in the design of the wave energy converter will increase the competitiveness of the technology from an economic point of view by decreasing its cost per kWh. The need for a cost-effective wave energy converter with increased survivability emphasizes the importance of the presented research and its future development.
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Marada, Ondřej. "Analýza kostry synchronního generátoru." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229522.
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The thesis is focused on the examination of the utility of a synchronous generator of a small hydroelectric power station in the case of a change of working position of the machine. The utility will be measured on the basis of the examination of deformations and state of stress of the frame of the generator for the present running (with vertical axis of rotation of the generator) and subsequently for modified running (with horizontal axis of rotation). This will be accomplished partly on the static shell model by finite element method and consequently on the simplified dynamic model.
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Cheng, Wang Yung, and 王允成. "Dynamic Behavior of Small-Hydro Power Generation Systems." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10301756854694596459.
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碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
電機工程系碩士班
93
This thesis presents the dynamic simulation of small-hydro power generation systems operating under normal and abnormal conditions. A small-hydro induction power generation system, two small-hydro synchronous generation systems, and an expansion system were studied. System components including hydraulic turbine prime mover model, governor system model, excitation system model, induction generator model, synchronous generator model, three-phase power transformers model, and capacitor bank model, were developed using Simulink together with Power System Blockset and then employed to cater for the dynamic behavior of the systems. Various system operation conditions were simulated, and the results showed that the systems operated satisfactorily under those conditions. The dynamic study at preliminary planning stage is essential for a small-hydro power generation system prior to construction.
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Owuor, James Odhiambo. "Integration of small hydro distributed generation into distribution networks : a pumped hydro-storage topology." 2014. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001032.
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D. Tech. Electrical Engineering.Discusses the objective of this study is to develop an embedded generator-pump set topology using a wound rotor induction machine using the doubly fed induction generator concept, and a synchronous machine electrically and mechanically coupled to it, powering its magnetisation circuit. An adjustable pitch pump is also coupled to the generating set on the same shaft to provide an embedded generating-pumping solution that can provide co-incident generating ans pumping functions. The research objectives are as follows: to develop an overall plant topology, to identify plant attributes necessary for proper functionality of the proposed plant, to identify a pumping/generation topology that meets the required electro-mechanical and overall topological layout attribute requirements, to develop a primitive mathematical model of the plant that provides insight into fundamental physical behaviour of the plant, to investigate the stability issues arising from the electromechanical coupling of the two machines used, to establish controllability of the proposed configuration, to identify influencing factors on the stable operation of the proposed plant, to develop an overall system model for simulation. This also entails developing a suitable mathematical model for the variable pitch pump and to simulate the system steady state and dynamic behaviour.
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Xu, Yan-Feng, and 許炎豐. "Model integration for generation scheduling of a hydro-thermal power system." Thesis, 1989. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26381649417188484384.
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Lu, S. M., and 盧欣玫. "Dynamic Behavior of a Wind-Small Hydro Hybrid Synchronous Power Generation System." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52560910550590752908.
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碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
電機工程系碩士班
94
This thesis presents the dynamic behavior of a wind-small hydro hybrid synchronous power generation system operating under normal and abnormal conditions. The components of the system were developed using Simulink together with SimPowerSystems and then employed to cater for the dynamic behavior of the systems, including hydraulic turbine prime mover model, wind turbine model, induction generator model, three-phase power transformer model, capacitor bank model, and static load model. Various operational modes were simulated for the system, and the simulation results showed that the system operated acceptably under those conditions and should be coincident with practical operations. The dynamic behavior studies for hybrid inductive power generation systems are essential for system planning, operation, and further expansion
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Chin-Chung, Lin, and 林錦章. "Dynamic Behavior of a Wind-Small Hydro Hybird Inductive Power Generation System." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77642268488481514662.
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Mubanga, Patrick. "FEASIBILITY STUDIES FOR THE UPGRADING OF LUSIWASI HYDRO POWER STATION IN SERENJE DISTRICT OF ZAMBIA." Thesis, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-136722.
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The focus of the thesis study is to conduct feasibility studies for the upgrading of Lusiwasi Hydro Power Station in Serenje District of Zambia. The study was undertaken from January to August 2009. The following were the main activities of the study: 1. Conducting literature review 2. Conducting site inspections to the project site 3. Estimation of the load 4. Estimation of power potential based on the flows monitored by the existing gauging station. Literature review was done on the feasibility studies which were conducted in 1997 by the Consultant Knight Piesold Limited .The feasibility study focused on the need to rehabilitate the Power Station to ensure that it operated at its installed capacity of 12MW. A review was also done on hydrological data from DWA under Ministry of Energy and Water Development and ZESCO. The review process was further supplemented by direct observations and interviews during the site inspections. As part of site inspection and data collection, two field trips were conducted on the project site, the main objectives of the field trips were to gather data and to familiarise with the operations of the hydro Power Station. Due to non availability of records for the dam levels, reservoir volume and catchment basin hydrology, a method is adopted in this study to use records from the existing gauging station, which has been in existence since 1965, to estimate potential hydro power. Five different scenarios are developed using Hydata and Microsoft Excel programs to confirm whether the flows from the gauging station could support further expansion of the Power Station. From the results, the model revealed that the flows could only manage to sustain a plant capacity of 12MW with a yearly plant availability of 67%. However, it was further observed that if the spilled water from the intake weir dam is used to generate power, an additional 30MW could be generated. Therefore the total installed capacity is estimated at 42MW. The main recommendation and future work for the project include the need to ensure that the proposed Power Station operates as a mid merit station i.e. as base and peaking station in order to avoid significant fluctuation of the water level in the proposed dam reservoir. The other recommendations include the need to install new gauging stations on the upstream of the existing dam so that the hydrology of the catchment area is monitored. Furthermore, there is also need for ZESCO to consider rehabilitating the Power Station as a matter of urgency to ensure that the station operates at its installed capacity of 12MW.
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Bai, Wei-Xin, and 白偉新. "Simple Evaluation of Open Channel Micro Hydro Power and Capacity Planning of Hybrid Generation System." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26431231086071520947.
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碩士國立勤益科技大學
電機工程系
101
This thesis focused on simple evaluation of open channel micro hydro power and capacity planning of hybrid generation system. For the open channel micro hydro power, the power generation efficiency of hydro turbines is affected by the arrangement, the relative distance, and rotation direction of the hydro turbines. Taking all the above factors into account, this study proposes a simple evaluation method of canal hydro power. The capacity planning of a hybrid generation system consisted of wind turbines, hydro turbines, photovoltaic modules and energy storage batteries is studies. The steady-state models for capacity planning are created first. The system reliability and the initial cost are adopted as targets and the genetic algorithm is utilized to find the optimal capacity. Aimed at the conditions of loss of load probability, battery discharge depth, summer and non-summer, we analyze the effect on the initial cost under various conditions. This thesis also builds the dynamic models of the hybrid generation system. The dynamic models include the main power supply of a wind turbine, a photovoltaic module, and a hydro turbine, and the backup power supply of a fuel cell and a vanadium flow redox battery. The results of the dynamic simulations under various operating conditions show the generation change of main power supply and the dispatch situation of backup power supply.
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Farhat, Ibrahim A. "Economic and Economic-Emission Operation of All-Thermal and Hydro-Thermal Power Generation Systems Using Bacterial Foraging Optimization." 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/14865.
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Electric power is a basic requirement for present day life and its various economic sectors. To satisfy the ever-increasing needs for electricity, the number of generating units, transmission lines and distribution systems is rising steadily. In addition, electric power systems are among the most complex industrial systems of the modern age. Beside complexity, the generation of electric power is a main source of gaseous emissions and pollutants. The planning and operation of electric power systems must be done in a way that the load demand is met reliably, cost-effectively and in an environmentally responsible manner. Practitioners strive to achieve these goals for successful planning and operations utilizing various optimization tools. It is clear that the objectives to be satisfied are mostly conflicting. In particular, minimizing the fuel cost and the gaseous emissions are two conflicting and non-commensurate objectives. Therefore, multi-objective optimization techniques are employed to obtain trade-off relationships between these incompatible objective functions in order to help decision makers take proper decisions.
In this thesis, two main power system operation problems are addressed. These are the economic load dispatch (ED) and the short-term hydro-thermal generation scheduling (STHTS). They are treated first as single-objective optimization problems then they are tackled as multi-objective ones considering the environmental aspects. These problems, single and multi-objective, are nonlinear non-convex constrained optimization problems with high-dimensional search spaces. This makes them a real challenge for any optimization technique. To obtain the optimal or close to optimal solutions, a modified bacterial foraging algorithm is proposed, developed and successfully applied. The bacterial foraging algorithm is a metaheuristic non-calculus-based optimization technique. The proposed algorithm is validated using diverse benchmark optimization examples before implementing it to solve the problems of this thesis. Various practical constraints are considered in the different cases of each problem. These include transmission losses, valve-point effects for both the ED and the STHTS problems and water availability and reservoir configurations for the STHTS problem. In all cases the optimal or near-optimal solution is obtained. For the multi-objective optimization cases, the Pareto optimal solution set that shows the trade-off relationship between the conflicting objectives is successfully captured.
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PATHIRANAGE, GUMINDA SANJEEWA PRIYADARSHANA. "MAXIMIZATION OF ENERGY GENERATION FROM SMALL HYDROPOWER PLANTIN SRI LANKA : -." Thesis, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-144597.
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Sri Lanka has a number of small waterfalls and channels. Related to this there is a significant potential to develop small hydropower plants, thus to generate much needed electricity for country’s development efforts. Small hydro power plants cause less environmental effects compared to large scale hydro power generation and power generation using fossil fuel. Therefore, it is a timely requirement to explore the possibilities of utilizing small water streams to generate electricity as much as possible as well as to optimize the energy generation with the available water in those water streams. The importance of small hydro power is highlighted in the Sri Lanka’s energy generation plan, and the Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) annual report states that in year 2011 total installed capacity of small hydro plant was around 200MW and it is expected to expand energy generation to around 800GWh. This study focuses on finding out optimum operating parameters to maximize the energy generation of existing small hydro power plant in the country. By selecting a few small hydro power plants, preliminary studies were performed to identify optimum values of water flow rate to maximize the efficiency of the power generation. The study revealed that the selected plants had not operated at the maximum efficiency; hence they did not optimally utilize the available water.
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Joseph, Rex. "Ballast-Free Variable-Speed Generation for Standalone and Grid-Connected Micro-Hydel Power Plants." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/2902.
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Concerns about climate change brought about by the increasing usage of fossil fuels has made it imperative to develop sustainable energy usage based on renewable sources. Micro-hydel plants are an important source of renewable energy that can be exploited to supply requirements of local loads in remote locations while operating as an isolated source, or the larger network when operating in grid connected mode. The focus of this research is to develop an alternative topology to the one currently in use in micro-hydel power plants. While existing plants are based on a ballast-controlled, fixed-speed, operator-supervised model, the proposed work introduces a ballast-free, variable-speed generator capable of unsupervised operation.
Conventional micro-hydel generators use o-the-shelf machines with the purported aim of reducing costs. They run at a fixed speed, maintaining constant electrical load by switch-ing a plant-situated ballast load to compensate for consumer load changes. Although the intention is to have a simplified control scheme and reduced costs, the conventional plants end up being expensive since the balance-of-system costs are increased. The plant re-quires supervision by a trained operator and frequent maintenance, failing which the reliability suers. The cost and maintenance reduction possible is analysed by comparing the proposed topology with a typical well designed conventional micro-hydel plant.
The proposed topology takes the characteristics of the turbine into account, and by running at variable speed, ensures that only as much power is generated as required by the consumer load. This eliminates the ballast load and associated problems present in conventional plants. The generator can be connected to the grid, if present, enabling the available power to be fully utilized.
The behavior of a hydraulic turbine operating at a fixed head and discharge rate with no flow control is analyzed. Based on the turbine characteristics, a generator topology is developed, which operates in a speed range dictated by the characteristics of the turbine. Continual supervision is unnecessary since the operation of the generator is within safe limits at all times. A simple emulator that can mimic the steady state and dynamic behaviour of the turbine is developed to test the proposed generator.
The two-machine wound rotor generator proposed has an auxiliary exciter similar to a conventional brushless alternator with the additional provision for bidirectional power transfer. The shaft mounted rotor side electronics facilitate brushless operation, and to-gether with the stator side controllers form an embedded system that does away with having to tune the plant in-situ. The control scheme is evaluated for expected perfor-mance in dierent operating modes.
The thesis also discusses an optimization of the synchronous speed of the generator with respect to the turbine characteristics. This minimizes the bidirectional slip power transfer requirements of the rotor side converters and leads to the lowest rating for the auxiliary machine. The proposed generator can then operate like a conventional synchronous gen-erator in the grid connected mode with a simplified control scheme.
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Chiang, Wen Shun, and 江文舜. "Benefits Analysis of Using Water Regulator to Hydro Power Plant Generator." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79102592888968687224.
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碩士國立彰化師範大學
電機工程學系
102
Water at a high level position has potential energy that can be economically converted to easy-to-use electrical energy. Fossil fuels are gradually decreasing while their prices are rising. This affects both natural gas and coal. A new wave of energy crisis is faintly visible. People are extremely against energy that produces pollution, so water resource development attracts extensive attention. In the situation of the increasing use of energy and the shortage of fossil energy, if we can improve the performance and utilization of hydro-power, the ratio of natural energy may be able to increase, thus easing the domestic demand for energy. This thesis first introduces the power generation modes of hydro-power plants in Cho-basin, then briefly describes the forms of turbines and governors. It also analyzes the current status of the water level regulator applied to the generators, and how the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) makes the most effective level of load regulation to various power generation turbines. To maintain stable output through the calculation of sectional water level average, to execute the most economical operation of power generation by simulating the high and low water levels, we can learn how to avoid running through the unstable region to achieve a stable operation and to avoid damage to the turbine by cavities. This thesis analyzes the quantitative data related to the operation. Its results will be more practical, and this outcome can be a reference when operating benefits associated with hydro-power generators are assessed.
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Rahman, Mohammed Nahid. "Energy Storage Solutions for Wind Generator Connected Distribution Systems in Rural Ontario." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4849.
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Environmental awareness and uncertainty about continued supply of fossil fuel has given rise to the renewable energy movement. Wind based power generation has been at the forefront of the motion to integrate distributed energy sources in the traditional power system. Due to various technical restrictions, wide scale penetration of wind generated power has been held back by most utilities. One such restriction is the variability of generation due to the technology’s dependence on Mother Nature. Energy storage devices can complement the wind generators by reducing this variability. These devices can store excess generation for supply during low generation periods.
There are several promising technologies for both energy storage and power storage applications. Power storage devices provide short term fluctuation dampening capability while energy storage devices allow longer term storage. Pumped hydro, Vanadium Redox battery and Sodium-Sulphur battery are some of the viable energy storage technologies.
This project provides a set of algorithms and guidelines to obtain the optimal configuration parameters of an energy storage device. To verify the efficiency of the algorithms, a model system has been obtained from a local utility. This system represents a typical radial distribution system in rural Ontario. The load demand, wind speed and energy prices for a period of one year have been obtained from utilities and Environment Canada.
The main goal in determining the location of the storage device within a distribution system is to minimize the total cost of energy and the total energy loss during the period of analysis. Locating the storage device near the wind turbines or near the largest loads lead to the optimum results. Buses that are located near those elements can be considered as suitable locations for the storage device.
The energy storage capacity and charge-discharge rate of the storage device are selected based on four criteria: maximize wind turbines’ load following capability, maximize capacity factors of the wind turbines, minimize system energy losses and minimize system energy costs. A weight based multi-objective optimization algorithm has been proposed to assign various priorities to these criteria and obtain a single solution. The larger the energy storage capacity of the storage device, the better the improvement in system performance. Lower charge-discharge ramp rates provide superior results.
The parameters for storage device operating schedule, i.e. charge-discharge trigger levels, have been selected using similar criteria and weighted objective approach as for the capacity selection process. Higher charge trigger levels and moderate discharge trigger levels provide the optimum system performance.
Once a set of parameters for the storage device has been selected, bus voltages over the period of study are analyzed. Voltage variations outside certain limits have been identified. Finally, a Monte Carlo based simulation approach is presented to obtain output parameter (system performance) variation ranges for pseudo random changes in input parameters.