Academic literature on the topic 'Hydrocarbon contamination of environment'

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Journal articles on the topic "Hydrocarbon contamination of environment"

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Truskewycz, Adam, Taylor D. Gundry, Leadin S. Khudur, Adam Kolobaric, Mohamed Taha, Arturo Aburto-Medina, Andrew S. Ball, and Esmaeil Shahsavari. "Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contamination in Terrestrial Ecosystems—Fate and Microbial Responses." Molecules 24, no. 18 (September 19, 2019): 3400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183400.

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Petroleum hydrocarbons represent the most frequent environmental contaminant. The introduction of petroleum hydrocarbons into a pristine environment immediately changes the nature of that environment, resulting in reduced ecosystem functionality. Natural attenuation represents the single, most important biological process which removes petroleum hydrocarbons from the environment. It is a process where microorganisms present at the site degrade the organic contaminants without the input of external bioremediation enhancers (i.e., electron donors, electron acceptors, other microorganisms or nutrients). So successful is this natural attenuation process that in environmental biotechnology, bioremediation has developed steadily over the past 50 years based on this natural biodegradation process. Bioremediation is recognized as the most environmentally friendly remediation approach for the removal of petroleum hydrocarbons from an environment as it does not require intensive chemical, mechanical, and costly interventions. However, it is under-utilized as a commercial remediation strategy due to incomplete hydrocarbon catabolism and lengthy remediation times when compared with rival technologies. This review aims to describe the fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment and discuss their interactions with abiotic and biotic components of the environment under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Furthermore, the mechanisms for dealing with petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in the environment will be examined. When petroleum hydrocarbons contaminate land, they start to interact with its surrounding, including physical (dispersion), physiochemical (evaporation, dissolution, sorption), chemical (photo-oxidation, auto-oxidation), and biological (plant and microbial catabolism of hydrocarbons) interactions. As microorganism (including bacteria and fungi) play an important role in the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons, investigations into the microbial communities within contaminated soils is essential for any bioremediation project. This review highlights the fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in tertial environments, as well as the contributions of different microbial consortia for optimum petroleum hydrocarbon bioremediation potential. The impact of high-throughput metagenomic sequencing in determining the underlying degradation mechanisms is also discussed. This knowledge will aid the development of more efficient, cost-effective commercial bioremediation technologies.
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Vane, Ronald, and Vince Carlino. "Environmental Contamination Sources and Control in High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy." Microscopy Today 14, no. 4 (July 2006): 62–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s155192950005032x.

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Traditionally, contamination control in SEMs has focused on pump oils, finger prints, dirty specimens, and good vacuum practice in manufacturing. Now, the use of dry pumps at all stages of the vacuum system of new FE SEMs, and the use of better vacuum practices on the part on users and manufacturers have made environmental hydrocarbons, the hydrocarbon background contamination of our world, a significant source of the remaining hydrocarbons in electron microscope vacuum systems. These environment sources of hydrocarbons (HC) cause a loss of resolution and contrast in imaging at the highest levels of magnification.
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Al-Hassen, Shukri I., Hamid T. Al-Saad, and Dawod J. Al-Rubaiay. "An Analytical Study on Petroleum Hydrocarbons Contamination in the Urban Environment of Basra City, Southern Iraq." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 4, no. 2 (September 1, 2013): 12–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v4i2.97.

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The present study aims to analyze the spatial and seasonal variations in levels of petroleum hydrocarbons at the urban environment of Basra City. This is made by determination of their concentrations in water, ambient air, and soils. Several samples were collected from different sampling stations during 2009. The determination of hydrocarbons in water samples was carried out using the procedure of UNESCO, and the hydrocarbons in ambient air were measured by the portable gas detector of Drager CMS, whereas the determination of hydrocarbons in soils was conducted as described in Al-Saad. The findings demonstrated that seasonal variations in hydrocarbon concentrations which were increased during winter for both water and soil samples, while increased during summer for ambient air samples. Moreover, there were spatial variations in hydrocarbon concentrations which were significantly higher at the sampling stations located within the urban center in comparison with those in the suburbs. The recorded values were ranged from 0.11 to 190.5 µg/l in water samples, from ≥ 20 to 29.3 ppm in ambient air samples, and from 0.56 to 41.58 µg/gmdry weight in soil samples. Some concentrations lies within high levels of exposure, which may give rise to adverse health consequences.
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Onome Augustina Bubu-Davies, Benjamin Bameyi Otene, and Mpakaboari Vellington Cephas Ebini. "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in water, sediments and aquatic life of Nigerian inland and coastal waters." Magna Scientia Advanced Research and Reviews 1, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 01–012. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/msarr.2021.1.3.0014.

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formed during incomplete combustions of organic substances but few to be mention such as cigarettes, coal etc. They are usually found as a mixture containing two or more compounds such as soot. The emissions of PAHs in Nigeria have contributed significantly to the environment and live of aquatic organisms. Thus, this paper reviewed the contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in the water, sediments and organisms in inland and coastal waters. Methodology: Literatures of relevant and previous studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the water, sediment and organism within and outside Nigeria were reviewed. Results: The contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was known to be carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic and can cause adverse effect on human health, wildlife and aquatic lives with no report on mammals in the aquatic environments. Conclusion and Recommendation: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) reviewed displayed different effects caused in the lives of human and aquatic organism based on the concentration level. Their sources were more of anthropogenic than natural source with varied concentrations at various source points due to different activities in question. The positive impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon on fish and other aquatic organisms as a result of bioconcentration, biotransformation and biomagnification become a threat to humans that rely on eighty percent of aquatic resources. Therefore, conceived efforts should be made to reduce these effects, general public monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon on discharge sources in the biosphere.
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Kmiecik, Natalia, Krzysztof Jurek, and Adam Kowalski. "Assessment of soil contamination by oil-derived compounds in the Kielce agglomeration using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS)." E3S Web of Conferences 108 (2019): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910802005.

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Soil contamination with petroleum-derived compounds is one of the most serious ecological problems. Their main source in urbanized areas is public transport. According to the Regulation of the Polish Minister of Environment about the assessment of earth’s surface contamination, hydrocarbon compounds are divided into: gasolines and oils, aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The subject of the research is the use of a gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method to assess the degree of soil contamination in the vicinity of the main communication routes of the Kielce agglomeration. This method is useful for the detection and identification of many organic compounds occurring in samples in very small quantities, which cannot be determined by common methods. For the purpose of this study, 14 soil samples were collected. After carrying out extraction with various methods, the ultrasonic solvent extraction method was chosen as the most effective way of extracting hydrocarbon impurities for the GC-MS studies. During single analysis, both oil fraction and PAHs quantities were determined.
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Brand, Vitali, Michael S. Baker, and Maarten P. de Boer. "Controlling Environment and Contact Materials to Optimize Ohmic Microrelay Lifetimes." MRS Proceedings 1659 (2014): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.181.

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ABSTRACTThere has been a recent resurgence in interest in developing ohmic switches to complement transistors in order to address challenges associated with electrical current leakage. A critical limitation in ohmic switches remains the reliability of their electrical contacts. These contacts are prone to hydrocarbon induced contamination which progressively inhibits signal transmission, eventually leading to device failure. We report on progress made towards controlling the contamination phenomenon. We discuss how contact materials and operating environment affect device performance, showing that RuO2 coated microswitch contacts operating in the presence of O2 experience very limited contaminant accumulation even in hydrocarbon-rich environments. We then demonstrate that devices which have experienced contamination can recover their original performance by being operated in clean N2:O2 environment. Finally, we suggest that this resistance recovery is associated with the chemical transformation of the contaminant as opposed to its removal and that the transformed contaminant may shield the Pt coating from oxidation.
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Suárez-Moo, Pablo, Araceli Lamelas, Itza Garcia-Bautista, Luis Felipe Barahona-Pérez, Gloria Sandoval-Flores, David Valdes-Lozano, Tanit Toledano-Thompson, Erik Polanco-Lugo, and Ruby Valdez-Ojeda. "Characterization of sediment microbial communities at two sites with low hydrocarbon pollution in the southeast Gulf of Mexico." PeerJ 8 (December 8, 2020): e10339. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10339.

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Background Coastal ecosystems are prone to hydrocarbon pollution due to human activities, and this issue has a tremendous impact on the environment, socioeconomic consequences, and represents a hazard to humans. Bioremediation relies on the ability of bacteria to metabolize hydrocarbons with the aim of cleaning up polluted sites. Methods The potential of naturally occurring microbial communities as oil degraders was investigated in Sisal and Progreso, two port locations in the southeast Gulf of Mexico, both with a low level of hydrocarbon pollution. To do so, we determined the diversity and composition of bacterial communities in the marine sediment during the dry and rainy seasons using 16S rRNA sequencing. Functional profile analysis (PICRUTSt2) was used to predict metabolic functions associated with hydrocarbon degradation. Results We found a large bacterial taxonomic diversity, including some genera reported as hydrocarbon-degraders. Analyses of the alpha and beta diversity did not detect significant differences between sites or seasons, suggesting that location, season, and the contamination level detected here do not represent determining factors in the structure of the microbial communities. PICRUTSt2 predicted 10 metabolic functions associated with hydrocarbon degradation. Most bacterial genera with potential hydrocarbon bioremediation activity were generalists likely capable of degrading different hydrocarbon compounds. The bacterial composition and diversity reported here represent an initial attempt to characterize sites with low levels of contamination. This information is crucial for understanding the impact of eventual rises in hydrocarbon pollution.
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Faiza, Bendadeche Medjahed. "Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacterial Strain Pseudomonas mendocina Newly Isolated from Marine Sediments and Seawater of Oran Harbor (Algerian Coast)." Archives of Ecotoxicology 2, no. 2 (June 3, 2020): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ae.2020.2.2.22-29.

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Contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons causes serious dangers to human health and the environment, whether by accidental or chronic contamination. Due to the large flow of ships, the commercial harbor of Oran is subject to pollution particularly by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. For that, bioremediation by indigenous microorganisms is the most important method to eliminate or decrease this contamination. In the present paper, hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium strain SP57N has been studied, newly isolated from contaminated marine sediments and sea water from the harbor of Oran (Northwestern-Algeria), using of Bushnell-Hass salt medium (BHSM). The strain SP57N was Gram-negative, oxidase negative, catalase negative, motile, Rod-shaped bacteria, identified molecularly as Pseudomonas mendocina based on partial 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis, using the BLAST program on National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and the EzBioCloud 16S rDNA databases. This isolate could growth on high concentrations of crude oil (up to 10 %, v/v). The effects of some culture conditions such as temperature, NaCl concentration and pH on growth rate of strain SP57N on crude oil as the sole carbon and energy source were studied. In addition, growth kinetic of this isolate on crude oil during 20 days of culture at 140 rpm, under optimal culture conditions was considered. The results showed maximum growth rate at temperature 25°C, 3% (w/v) of NaCl concentration and pH 7. Results of growth kinetic on crude oil as sole carbon and energy source showed that the stationary phase was attained at day 12. Thus, Pseudomonas mendocina SP57N had effectively hydrocarbon-degrading potential, and could be used as an efficacy degrader to initiate a biological eco-friendly method for the bioremediation of the hydrocarbon pollution on the port of Oran, and marine environment.
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Thi Quynh Hoa, Kieu, Nguyen Vu Giang, Nguyen Thi Yen, Mai Duc Huynh, Nguyen Huu Dat, Vuong Thi Nga, Nguyen Thi Thu Ha, and Pham Thi Phuong. "Enhanced bioremediation of crude oil polluted water by a hydrocarbon-degrading Bacillus strain immobilized on polyurethane foam." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 18, no. 3 (November 28, 2020): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/18/3/15714.

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During the production and transportation of petroleum hydrocarbons, unsuitable operation and leakage may result in contamination of water and soil with petroleum hydrocarbons. Petroleum contamination causes significant marine environmental impacts and presents substantial hazards to human health. Bioremediation of contaminated water and soil is currently the effective and least harmful method of removing petroleum hydrocarbons from the environment. To improve the survival and retention of the bioremediation agents in the contaminated sites, microbial cells must be immobilized. It was demonstrated that immobilized microbial cells present advantages for degrading petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants compared to free suspended cells. In this study, the ability of a Bacillus strain (designed as Bacillus sp. VTVK15) to immobilize on PUF and to degrade crude oil was investigated. The immobilized Bacilllus strain had the highest number (5.38 ± 0.12 Í 108 CFU/g PUF) and a maximum attachment efficiency of 92% on PUF after 8 days. Analysis by GC-MS revealed that both free and immobilized cells of Bacillus sp. VTVK15 were able to degrade 65 and 90% of the hydrocarbons in 2% (v/v) crude oil tested after 14 days, respectively. The results suggest the potential of using PUF-immobilized Bacillus sp. VTVK15 to bioremediate petroleum hydrocarbons in an open marine environment.
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Arjoon, Karuna, and James G. Speight. "Chemical and Physical Analysis of a Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contamination on a Soil Sample to Determine Its Natural Degradation Feasibility." Inventions 5, no. 3 (August 20, 2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions5030043.

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Crude oil is the world’s leading fuel source and is the lifeblood of the industrialized nations as it is vital to produce many everyday essentials. This dependency on fossil fuels has resulted in serious environmental issues in recent times. Petroleum contaminated soils must be treated to ensure that human health and the environment remain protected. The restoration of petroleum-polluted soil is a complex project because once petroleum hydrocarbon enters the environment, the individual constituents will partition to various environmental compartments in accordance with their own physical–chemical properties; therefore, the composition and inherent biodegradability of the petroleum hydrocarbon pollutant determines the suitability of a remediation approach. The objective of this study was to assess the prospective of bioremediation as a feasible technique for practical application to the treatment of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soils, by trending the changes in the properties of the petroleum due to biodegradation. Each polluted soil has particularities, thus, the bioremediation approach for each contaminated site is unique. Therefore, hydrocarbon-contaminated sites that have remained polluted for decades due to lack of proper decontamination treatments present in this part of the world would benefit from cost effective treatments. Most bioremediation case studies are usually based on hypothetical assumptions rather than technical or experimental data; providing data that show the capabilities of biodegradation of indigenous microbes on specific oil composition can lead to the creation of strategies to accelerate the biological breakdown of hydrocarbons in soil.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hydrocarbon contamination of environment"

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Alexander, Barbara M. "Contamination of Firefighter Personal Protective Gear." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1337885489.

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Buffone, Steven A. "Characterization and Bioremediation Viability of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Contamination in the Banks of the Mahoning River." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1442408994.

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Balasubramaniyam, Anuluxshy. "Root adaptive responses of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) growing in sand treated with petroleum hydrocarbon contamination." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2012. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/9147/.

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Phytoremediation is a green technique used to restore polluted sites through plant-initiated biochemical processes. Its effectiveness, however, depends on the successful establishment of plants in the contaminated soil. Soils that are contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), especially low molecular weight, mobile PAHs such as naphthalene pose a significant challenge to this. Plant roots growing in these soils exhibit changes to their structure, physiology and growth patterns. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) roots grown in sand contaminated with either petroleum crude oil (10.8g total extractable hydrocarbons kg-1 sand dw) or naphthalene (0.8g kg-1 sand dw) exhibited a temporary inhibition in elongation with accelerated lateral growth (p<0.01), whilst also showing a deviation from the normal root orientation responses to gravity. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) revealed that the stele in the contaminated roots was located much further away from the root epidermis, because the cortex was larger (p<0.001) due to the cells being more isodiametric in shape. Once past the initial acclimatisation period of 2.5-3.0 months, no visual differences were observed between control and treated plants, but the root ultrastructural modifications persisted. The fluorescent hydrophobic probe „Nile red‟ was applied to the epidermis of a living root to mimic and visualise the uptake of naphthalene into the root through the transpiration stream. The root sections were also stained with 0.1% (w/v) berberine hemisulphate in order to stain Casparian bands. Overlaying images obtained with the use of Texas red HYQ filter (wavelength 589-615nm) and UV illumination (wavelength 345-458nm) revealed the presence of passage cells in the endodermis and uptake of Nile red into protoxylem vessels beyond the endodermis of control roots. On the other hand, the path of Nile red was blocked at the endodermis of naphthalene- treated roots. The cell walls in the endodermis of naphthalene-treated roots were prominently thickened (p<0.001) and lacked passage cells. The treated roots also possessed a well-formed exodermis (p<0.01). The results suggest that the well-formed endodermis lacking passage cells, the well-formed exodermis as well as the increased cortex zone provided an effective barrier to the flux of hydrophobic xenobiotics towards the inner core of the roots, if previously exposed to the contaminants. The SEM images of naphthalene-treated as well as crude oil-treated roots showed partial collapse in the cortex zone, presumably due to water stress, but the treated plants withstood drought stress better than the control plants. The underlying physiological changes responsible for the adaptive responses of tall fescue to the exposure to naphthalene contamination were studied through metabolic profiling of plant roots and shoots. The results indicated synergistic interactions between sugars or sugar- like compounds and phenolic compounds may assist to create an integrated redox system and contribute to stress tolerance in naphthalene-treated tall fescue. The signal for a compound speculated to be indole acetic acid (IAA) was either subdued or absent in the tissues of naphthalene-treated tall fescue, suggesting the existence of a detoxification mechanism/ defence pathway in the treated plants. The ultra-structural and molecular modifications, resulting from PAH stress enabled tall fescue to resist tougher challenges.
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Djeridi, Ikram. "Biodégradation des Hydrocarbures en milieux hypersalins : modes de transferts et réponses des communautés procaryotiques à une contamination pétrolière." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4053.

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Le devenir des hydrocarbures (HC) dans les environnements hypersalins constitue une problématique environnementale majeure. Ce travail pour objectifs (1) d’évaluer l’impact d’une pollution pétrolière sur les communautés microbiennes d’un milieu hypersalin, (2) de déterminer comment les archées hydrocarbonoclastes accèdent aux HC et, (3) de déterminer si la biodégradation est possible en conditions anaérobies dans ces environnements hypersalés. Nous avons démontré qu’une biodégradation modérée du pétrole est possible en milieu hypersalin environ 10 % de la fraction aliphatique du pétrole sont biodégradé. Une disparition progressive des composés aromatiques les plus légers est également observée, liée aux processus abiotiques. La dynamique des communautés procaryotiques montre un changement dans la structure de la communauté bactérienne autochtone des saumures. Une résistance à la contamination pétrolière a en revanche été observée pour les communautés archéennes des saumures. Dans une deuxième partie du travail, nous avons pu montrer, à l’aide d’une souche d’archée hyperhalophile modèle (Haloferax volcanii MSCN14), que les archées hydrocarbonoclastes de ces environnements mettent en oeuvre plusieurs mécanismes leur permettant d’augmenter la biodisponibilité des HC. Dans une dernière partie des travaux, nous avons testé les capacités d’une souche modèle (Hfx. volcanii MSNC 16) à dégrader les HC en anaérobiose. Si Hfx. volcanii MSNC16 est bien capable d’utiliser le fumarate comme accepteur terminal d’électrons, elle n’est en revanche pas capable de dégrader l’alcane testé (heptadécane) en absence d’oxygène
The fate of hydrocarbons (HC) in hypersaline environments is an important environmental issue. This work aimed to (1) assess the impact of oil pollution on microbial communities of a hypersaline environment, (2) determine how hydrocarbonoclastic archaea can access to HC and (3) whether biodegradation is possible in these hypersaline environments in the absence of oxygen. We have shown that moderate oil biodegradation is possible under hypersaline conditions. In these conditions close to natural ones, about 10% of the aliphatic hydrocarbons were biodegrade. A gradual disappearance of the lighter aromatic compounds was also observed, but these losses were mainly due to abiotic processes. The monitoring of prokaryotic communities based on molecular fingerprints showed a change in the structure of the indigenous bacterial community. On the contrary, resistance to oil contamination was observed among the indigenous archaeal communities of brines. In the second part of this work, laboratory cultures of a hyperhalophilic archaeal strain (Haloferax volcanii MSCN14), allowed to demonstrate that, in hypersaline environments, hydrocarbonoclastic archaea use several strategies to increase the bioavailability of HC. Indeed, strain MSCN14 was capable of producing one or several biosurfactants during growth on different HC, and was adhering to the surface of the HC. In the last part of this work, we tested the capacities of a model archaeal strain (Hfx. volcanii MSNC 16) to degrade HC anaerobically. If Hfx. volcanii MSNC16 was able to use fumarate as a terminal electron acceptor, it was, however, not capable of degrading heptadecane in the absence of oxygen
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NEVES, ROBERTA LYRIO SANTOS. "EVALUATION OF THE OIL CONTAMINATION OF THE ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT OF THE GUANABARA BAY (RJ) BY THE FLUOROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS) IN THE MUGIL LIZA FISH BILE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2006. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=8681@1.

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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Os Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos (HPAs) são poluentes ubíquos na natureza sendo os derrames de óleo uma das principais fontes destes compostos para os ambientes aquáticos costeiros. Este trabalho avalia a possibilidade de uso dos metabólitos de HPAs na bílis do peixe Mugil liza (tainha) como biomarcadores no monitoramento ambiental de ecossistemas aquáticos. Para esta avaliação realizou-se um monitoramento sazonal na Baía de Guanabara, RJ, área cronicamente contaminada por óleo, e em Itaipu, Niterói, RJ, como área controle. Nos locais de coleta foram medidos parâmetros físico-químicos tais como, pH, oxigênio dissolvido, entre outros e selecionados os peixes variando entre 35 e 51 cm para maior homogeneidade das amostras. Em laboratório foram feitas medidas morfométricas dos indivíduos e retirado o seu líquido biliar. O método analítico foi otimizado e seus parâmetros de desempenho analítico foram determinados. As amostras de líquido biliar foram diluídas em etanol 48% (1:2000 v/v) e analisadas por fluorescência nos comprimentos de onda de excitação e emissão, respectivamente, 332 nm e 383 nm. A média das concentrações de HPAs totais na bílis dos peixes coletados na Baía de Guanabara foi significativamente diferente da área controle, Itaipu. Na Baía de Guanabara, valores de 7,0 ± 3,4 (n=19) e 10,4 ± 6,4 (n=12) mg de equivalentes (eqv.) de pireno L-1 foram obtidos, respectivamente, no inverno e no verão. Em Itaipu, a concentração de HPAs foi de 1,8 ± 0,7 (n=11) mg de eqv. de pireno L-1. Estes resultados indicam que o método é capaz de diferenciar áreas recentemente contaminadas por óleo de áreas não contaminadas, sendo o peixe Mugil liza um possível biomonitor para esta área. Este método analítico apresenta vantagens em relação a outros métodos, tais como tempo e custo de análise reduzidos, podendo ser usado em levantamento de dados preliminares nos programas de monitoramento ambiental.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in the environment. The main source of contamination is antropogenic, and oil spills are one of the main PAHs sources for the aquatic environment. This work evaluates the usage of PAH metabolites in fish bile (Mugil liza) as biomarkers in the aquatic environment. For this evaluation two distinct areas were monitores: Guanabara Bay, RJ, known for its chronic oil contamination, and Itaipu, Niterói, RJ, the control area. Physico-chemical measurements: pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity and transparency were made in situ and fish varying from 35 to 50 cm were selected for sampling homogeneity and sexual maturity. In the laboratory, morphometric measures were taken and the fish bile was extracted. After optimizing the analytical method the samples were analysed by diluting each bile sample in ethanol 48% (1:2000 v/v) and fluorimetric measurements were made in excitation/emission wavelengths of 332 nm/383 nm. The mean total PAHs concentrations in the bile samples collected in the Guanabara Bay were significantly different from the control area, Itaipu. In the Guanabara Bay the means were 7,0 ± 3,4 (n=19) and 10,4 ± 6,4 (n=12) mg L-1 pyrene equivalents, in winter and summer, respectively. In Itaipu, the mean HPA concentration was 1,8 ± 0,7 (n=11) mg L-1 pyrene equivalents. These results indicate that this method can differentiate contaminated areas from non contaminated ones, making the fish Mugil liza one possible biomonitor in the Guanabara Bay, RJ. Additionally, this analytical method has advantages compared to other methods because it is less time consuming and is inexpensive and therefore could be used as a preliminary monitoring tool.
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Semkiv, Bogdan. "Problems of monitoring existing oil wells of Western Ukraine." Thesis, National Aviation University, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/50623.

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1. V.Pryhid. Ecological catastrophe: Boryslav has not laughed for a long time // Deutsche Welle. - 30.10.2017. – Lviv. https://p.dw.com/p/2mdS7. 2. Dryguluch P.G., Pukish A.V. Problems of urban areas during the development of oil and gas fields (on the example of the city of Boryslav)// Oil and gas industry of Ukraine. 2013. № 2.
The territory of Ukraine has a large number of wells, as the history of hydrocarbon production dates back to XVI - XVII centuries. The western region of Ukraine is represented by several oil and gas regions: Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Chernivtsi and Zakarpattia regions, which has a total of 91 deposits. Special attention in Western Ukraine should be paid to the Boryslav oil and gas field, which began to be developed in 1854. Since the oil was in layers at a depth of only tens, or sometimes about hundreds of meters, the production was conducted through primitive oil wells - pits. In those years in Borislav there were about 5 thousand such pits with a depth of 35-40 m. In 1870, oil production in Boryslav reached 10.6 thousand tons. There were about 800 small businesses, which employed almost 10 thousand workers [1]. Foreign firms from the USA, Canada, Belgium, France, Germany for the purpose of enrichment carried out exhaustive exploitation of deposits, respectively, without paying attention to labor protection, care of the environment and ignoring keeping records of wells in the documentation. Thus chaotically there were all new places of oil production and in a terrible state remained abandoned primitive wells.
Територія України має велику кількість свердловин, оскільки історія видобутку вуглеводнів сягає XVI - XVII століть. Західний регіон України представлений кількома нафтогазоносними регіонами: Львівською, Івано-Франківською, Чернівецькою та Закарпатською областями, що має загалом 91 родовище. Особливу увагу в Західній Україні слід приділити Бориславському нафтогазовому родовищу, яке почали розробляти в 1854 році. Оскільки нафта була шарами на глибині лише десятки, а іноді і близько сотні метрів, видобуток вівся через примітивні нафтові свердловини - ями. У ті роки в Бориславі було близько 5 тис. таких ям глибиною 35-40 м. У 1870 р. Видобуток нафти в Бориславі досяг 10,6 тис. тонн. Налічувалося близько 800 малих підприємств, на яких працювало майже 10 тис. робітників [1]. Іноземні фірми з США, Канади, Бельгії, Франції, Німеччини з метою збагачення проводили вичерпну експлуатацію родовищ, відповідно, не звертаючи уваги на охорону праці, догляд за навколишнім середовищем та ігноруючи ведення записів свердловин у документації. Таким чином хаотично з'явилися все нові місця видобутку нафти і в жахливому стані залишилися занедбані примітивні свердловини.
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7

Hunt, James. "Quantifying environmental risk of groundwater contaminated with volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons." University of Sydney, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/5138.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Water quality guidelines (WQGs) present concentrations of contaminants that are designed to be protective of aquatic ecosystems. In Australia, guidance for assessment of water quality is provided by the ANZECC and ARMCANZ (2000) Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality. WQGs are generally provided for individual contaminants, not complex mixtures of chemicals, where interaction between contaminants may occur. Complex mixtures of contaminants are however, more commonly found in the environment than singular chemicals. The likelihood and consequences of adverse effects occurring in aquatic ecosystems resulting from contaminants are generally assessed using an ecological risk assessment (ERA) framework. Ecological risk assessment is often a tiered approach, whereby risks identified in early stages, using conservative assumptions, prompt further detailed and more realistic assessment in higher tiers. The objectives of this study were: to assess and investigate the toxicity of the mixture of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons (VCHs) in groundwater to indigenous marine organisms; to present a ‘best practice’ ecological risk assessment of the discharge of contaminated groundwater to an estuarine embayment and to develop techniques to quantify the environmental risk; and to evaluate the existing ANZECC and ARMCANZ (2000) WQGs for VCHs and to derive new WQGs, where appropriate. Previous investigations at a chemical manufacturing facility in Botany, Sydney, identified several plumes of groundwater contamination with VCHs. Contaminated groundwater containing a complex mixture of VCHs was identified as discharging, via a series of stormwater drains, to surface water in nearby Penrhyn Estuary, an adjacent small intertidal embayment on the northern margin of Botany Bay. A screening level ecological hazard assessment was undertaken using the hazard quotient (HQ) approach, whereby contaminant concentrations measured in the environment were screened against published trigger values (TVs) presented in ANZECC and ARMCANZ (2000). Existing TVs were available for 9 of the 14 VCHs present in surface water in the estuary and new TVs were derived for the remaining 5 VCHs. A greater hazard was identified in the estuary at low tide than high tide or when VCH concentrations from both high and low tides were assessed together. A greater hazard was also identified in the estuary when the toxicity of the mixture was assessed, rather than the toxicity of individual contaminants. The screening level hazard assessment also identified several limitations, including: the low reliability of the TVs for VCHs provided in ANZECC and ARMCANZ (2000); the limited applicability of the TVs to a complex mixture of 14 potentially interacting contaminants; the use of deterministic measures for each of the exposure and toxicity profiles in the HQ method and the associated lack of elements of probability to assess ‘risk’. Subsequent studies were undertaken to address these identified shortcomings of the screening level hazard assessment as described in the following chapters. A toxicity testing methodology was adapted and evaluated for suitability in preventing loss of VCHs from test solutions and also for testing with 6 indigenous marine organisms, including: oyster (Saccostrea commercialis) and sea urchin larvae (Heliocidaris tuberculata); a benthic alga (Nitzschia closterium); an amphipod (Allorchestes compressa); a larval fish (Macquaria novemaculeata); and a polychaete worm (Diopatra dentata). The study evaluated possible VCH loss from 44 mL vials for small organisms (H.tuberculata, S.commercialis and N.closterium) and 1 L jars for larger organisms (M.novemaculeata, A.compressa and D.dentata). Vials were effective in preventing loss of VCHs, however, an average 46% of VCHs were lost from jars, attributable to the headspace provided in the vessels. Test jars were deemed suitable for use with the organisms as test conditions, i.e. dissolved oxygen content and pH, were maintained, however, variability in test organism survival was identified, with some control tests failing to meet all acceptance criteria. Direct toxicity assessment (DTA) of groundwater contaminated with VCHs was undertaken using 5 indigenous marine organisms and site-specific species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) and TVs were derived for the complex mixture of VCHs for application to surface water in Penrhyn Estuary. Test organisms included A.compressa, H.tuberculata, S.commercialis, D.dentata and N.closterium. The SSD was derived using NOEC data in accordance with procedures presented in ANZECC and ARMCANZ (2000) for deriving WQGs. The site-specific SSD adopted was a log-normal distribution, using an acute to chronic ratio (ACR) of 5, with a 95% TV of 838 μg/L total VCHs. A number of additional scenarios were undertaken to evaluate the effect of including different ACRs (i.e. 5 or 10), inclusion of larval development tests as either acute or chronic tests and choice of SSD distribution (i.e. log-normal, Burr Type III and Pareto). TVs for the scenarios modelled varied from 67 μg/L to 954 μg/L total VCHs. A site-specific, quantitative ERA was undertaken of the surface water contaminated with VCHs in Penrhyn Estuary. The risk assessment included probabilistic elements for toxicity (i.e. the site-specific SSD) and exposure (i.e. a cumulative distribution function of monitoring data for VCHs in surface waters in the estuary). The joint probability curve (JPC) methodology was used to derive quantitative estimates of ecological risk (δ) and the type of exposure in the source areas in surface water drains entering the estuary, i.e. Springvale and Floodvale Drains, Springvale and Floodvale Tributaries and the Inner and Outer Estuary. The risk of possible adverse effects and likely adverse effects were each assessed using SSDs derived from NOEC and EC50 data, respectively. Estimates of risk (δ) of possible adverse effects (i.e. based on NOEC data) varied from a maximum of 85% in the Springvale Drain source area to <1% in the outer estuary and estimates of likely adverse effects (i.e. based on EC50 data) varied from 78% to 0%. The ERA represents a ‘best practice’ ecological risk assessment of contamination of an estuary using site-specific probabilistic elements for toxicity and exposure assessments. The VCHs identified in surface water in Penrhyn Estuary are additive in toxicity and act under the narcotic pathway, inhibiting cellular processes through interference with membrane integrity. Lethal toxicity to 50% of organisms (i.e. LC50) is typically reported at the internal lethal concentration (ILC) or critical body residue (CBR) of ~2.5 mmol/kg wet weight or within the range of 1 to 10 mmol/kg wet weight. To evaluate the sensitivity of the test organisms to VCHs and to determine if toxicity in the DTA was due to VCHs, the internal residue for 6 test organisms was calculated for the mixture of VCHs in groundwater and toxicity testing with seawater spiked individually 2 VCHs, chloroform and 1,2-dichloroethane. Calculated residues (at LC50/EC50) were typically between 1 and 10 mmol/kg, with the exception of the algal and sea urchin toxicity tests, which were considerably lower than the expected minimum. Mean internal residues for the groundwater, chloroform and 1,2-dichloroethane were 0.88 mmol/kg, 2.84 mmol/kg and 2.32 mmol/kg, respectively, i.e. close to the predicted value of ~2.5 mmol/kg, indicating that the organisms were suitably sensitive to VCHs. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the mean residues of each of the three treatments and the study concluded that the additive toxicity of the VCHs in groundwater was sufficient to account for the observed toxicity (i.e. VCHs caused the toxicity in the DTA undertaken). Evaluation of the existing low reliability ANZECC and ARMCANZ (2000) TVs for chloroform and 1,2-dichloroethane was undertaken to determine if these guidelines were protective of indigenous marine organisms. NOECs, derived from toxicity testing of 1,2- dichloroethane and chloroform with 6 indigenous marine organisms, were screened against the existing low reliability TVs. The TVs for 1,2-dichloroethane and chloroform were protective of 4 of the 6 species tested (A.compressa, D.dentata, S.commercialis and M.novemaculeata), however, the TVs were not protective of the alga (N.closterium) or the sea urchin larvae (H.tuberculata). As the existing TVs were not considered to be adequately protective, SSDs were derived using the NOEC data generated from the testing in accordance with procedures outlined in ANZECC and ARMCANZ (2000). Moderate reliability TVs of 3 μg/L and 165 μg/L were derived for chloroform and 1,2- dichloroethane, respectively, i.e. considerably lower than the existing TVs of 770 μg/L and 1900 μg/L. Differences between the existing and newly derived TVs were considered to result from the sensitive endpoints selected (i.e. growth and larval development rather than survival) and from variability inherent when deriving SSDs using a small number of test species. Ongoing groundwater monitoring indicated that the plumes of VCHs in groundwater, identified in the 1990s, were continuing to migrate towards Botany Bay. Discharge of these groundwater plumes into Botany Bay would result in significant increases in the concentrations of VCHs in the receiving environment and would likely lead to significant environmental impacts. In 2006, a groundwater remediation system was commissioned to prevent the discharge of groundwater containing VCHs into Penrhyn Estuary and Botany Bay. The success of the project had only been measured according to chemical and engineering objectives. Assessment of changes in ecological risk is vital to the success of ERA and central to the ERA management framework. Whereas monitoring of chemical concentrations provides qualitative information that risk should decrease, it cannot quantify the reduction in ecological risk. To assess the ecological risk following implementation of the groundwater treatment system, the risk assessment was revised using surface water monitoring data collected during 2007 and 2008. The ERA indicated that, following remediation of the groundwater, ecological risk in Penrhyn Estuary reduced from a maximum of 35% prior to remediation, to a maximum of only 1.3% after remediation. Using the same methodology applied in the initial risk assessment, the success of the groundwater remediation was measured in terms of ecological risk, rather than engineering or chemical measures of success. Prior to the present investigation, existing techniques for assessing ecological risk of VCH contamination in aquatic ecosystems were inadequate to characterise ecological risk. The current study demonstrated that through monitoring of surface water at the site and DTA using indigenous marine organisms, ecological risk can be assessed using site-specific, quantitative techniques for a complex mixture of VCHs in groundwater. The present investigation also identified that existing ANZECC and ARMCANZ (2000) low reliability TVs were less protective of indigenous test organisms than previously thought and therefore, new TVs were derived in the current work. The present study showed that revision of the risk assessment as conditions change is crucial to the success of the ecological risk management framework.
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Therrien, Annamarie F. "Degradation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Groundwater Passing Through the Treatment Wetland at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base: Analysis of Results Collected During 2001-'06." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1363477561.

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Pearce, Patricia. "Monitoring subsurface hydrocarbon contamination using multi-level vapour phase piezometers." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0016/MQ57735.pdf.

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Pearce, Patricia (Patricia Ellen) Carleton University Dissertation Engineering Civil and Environmental. "Monitoring subsurface hydrocarbon contamination using multi-level vapour phase piezometers." Ottawa, 2000.

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Books on the topic "Hydrocarbon contamination of environment"

1

Barker, J. F. Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination of groundwater: Natural fate and in situ remediation : a summary report. Ottawa, Ont: Petroleum Association for Conservation of the Canadian Environment, 1989.

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International, Conference on Subsurface Contamination by Immiscible Fluids (1990 Calgary Alta ). Subsurface contamination by immiscible fluids: Proceedings of the International Conference on Subsurfacae Contamination by Immiscible Fluids, Calgary, Canada, 18-20 April 1990. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema, 1992.

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Gupta, Dharmendra Kumar, and Soumya Chatterjee, eds. Arsenic Contamination in the Environment. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54356-7.

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Pathak, Pankaj, and Dharmendra K. Gupta, eds. Strontium Contamination in the Environment. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15314-4.

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Trace-element contamination of the environment. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1985.

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Thiravetyan, Philip. Treatment of chromium contamination in the environment. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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Thiravetyan, Philip. Treatment of chromium contamination in the environment. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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Bareiss, L. E. Shuttle/Spacelab contamination environment and effects handbook. Huntsville, Ala: Marshall Space Flight Center, 1987.

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Swedish foods: Aspects on analysis, occurrence and intake. Uppsala: Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 1986.

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Chapelle, Frank. Assessment of intrinsic bioremediation of jet fuel contamination in a shallow aquifer, Beaufort, South Carolina. Columbia, S.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hydrocarbon contamination of environment"

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Lethbridge, G., P. Linnett, D. D. Lad, and K. A. Little. "A New Method for Assessing Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contamination of Soil in the Field." In Soil & Environment, 223–24. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0415-9_47.

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Little, David I., and Yakov Galperin. "The Assessment of Hydrocarbon Contamination in Contrasting Sedimentary Environments." In Biodegradation and Bioconversion of Hydrocarbons, 1–65. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0201-4_1.

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Jensen, John, and Line E. Sverdrup. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Ecotoxicity Data for Developing Soil Quality Criteria." In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 73–97. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-21731-2_3.

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Barra, Ricardo, Caroline Castillo, and Joao Paulo Machado Torres. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the South American Environment." In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1–22. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-69163-3_1.

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Readman, J. W. "Chemical Analysis of Hydrocarbons in Petroleum Oils and the Assessment of Environmental Contamination." In Handbook of Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology, 3573–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77587-4_280.

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Paech, W., and G. Fiedrich. "Determination of Halogenated Hydrocarbon Contaminations and Complex Judgment of its Danger Potential." In Soil & Environment, 543–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2018-0_96.

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Hödl, P., and H. Schindlbauer. "Strategies for an Exact Determination of Age of Hydrocarbon-Based Soil Contaminations." In Soil & Environment, 507. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0415-9_134.

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Banks, D., L. Baulins, A. Lacis, G. Sichovs, and A. Misund. "How to Map Hydrocarbon Contamination of Groundwater Without Analysing for Organics." In Environmental Contamination and Remediation Practices at Former and Present Military Bases, 181–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5304-1_14.

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Faber, Ann-Hélène, Mark Annevelink, Herman Kasper Gilissen, Paul Schot, Marleen van Rijswick, Pim de Voogt, and Annemarie van Wezel. "How to Adapt Chemical Risk Assessment for Unconventional Hydrocarbon Extraction Related to the Water System." In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 246, 1–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/398_2017_10.

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Maliszewska-Kordybach, B., T. Motowicka-Terelak, M. Piotrowska, and A. Krakowiak. "Contamination of Agricultural Soil — As Evaluated on the Basis of Metals, Sulphur and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Content." In Soil & Environment, 517–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0415-9_139.

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Conference papers on the topic "Hydrocarbon contamination of environment"

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Ratliff, M. D. "Investigation and Remediation of Hydrocarbon contamination above Permafrost." In SPE International Conference on Health, Safety, and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/46586-ms.

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Wen, Ming, Zhenmin Ma, and Peng Jiang. "Study on redox zones of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in groundwater environment." In 11TH ASIAN CONFERENCE ON CHEMICAL SENSORS: (ACCS2015). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4977297.

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Olhoeft, Gary R. "Geophysical Detection of Hydrocarbon and Organic Chemical Contamination." In Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 1992. Environment and Engineering Geophysical Society, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4133/1.2921963.

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Marcak, H., T. Golebiowski, and S. Tomecka-Suchon. "Detection of Hydrocarbon Contamination in the Ground Using GPR Method." In Near Surface 2005 - 11th European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.13.p002.

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Fay, Emily, Rosemary Knight, Boqin Sun, Zheng Yang, and Eric Daniels. "CHARACTERIZING HYDROCARBON CONTAMINATION IN POROUS MEDIA WITH MULTI-PARAMETER NMR." In Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2014. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and Environment and Engineering Geophysical Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4133/sageep.27-119.

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Ayolabi, Elijah, Adetayo Folorunso, and Samuel Idem. "Application of Electrical Resistivity Tomography in Mapping Subsurface Hydrocarbon Contamination." In Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2012. Environment and Engineering Geophysical Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4133/1.4721716.

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Fay, Emily, Rosemary Knight, Boqin Sun, Zheng Yang, and Eric Daniels. "CHARACTERIZING HYDROCARBON CONTAMINATION IN POROUS MEDIA WITH MULTI-PARAMETER NMR." In Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2014. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and Environment and Engineering Geophysical Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/sageep.27-119.

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Neducza, B., and E. Törös. "Detection of Hydrocarbon Contamination with 3-D Resistivity and IP Method." In Near Surface 2008 - 14th EAGE European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20146256.

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Smith, Bruce D., Jeffery G. Paine, Joanna N. Thamke, Richard Hammack, and Lyndsay B. Ball. "AIRBORNE GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS TO MAP GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION RELATED TO HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION." In Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2015. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and Environment and Engineering Geophysical Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4133/sageep.28-043.

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Hallbauer‐Zadorozhnaya, Valeriya Y., and Edgar Stettler. "Time Domain Electromegnetic Soundings to Delineate Hydrocarbon Contamination of Ground Water." In Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2009. Environment and Engineering Geophysical Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4133/1.3176701.

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Reports on the topic "Hydrocarbon contamination of environment"

1

Lamontagne, Robert A., and John W. Foerster. Removal of Ionic Copper Contamination from the Marine Environment. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada400638.

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Strand, Stuart E. Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Degradation in Plants: Mechanisms and Enhancement of Phytoremediation of Groundwater Contamination. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/834674.

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Stuart Strand. Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Degradation in Plants: Mechanisms and Enhancement of Phytoremediation of Groundwater Contamination. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/833458.

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Strand, Stuart E. Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Degradation in Plants: Mechanisms and Enhancement of Phytoremediation of Groundwater Contamination. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/834670.

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Grosjean, E., D. S. Edwards, Z. Hong, N. Jinadasa, and T. Webster. Investigation of potential hydrocarbon contamination sources during the study of Barnicarndy 1, Canning Basin, Australia. Geoscience Australia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/record.2021.022.

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Hamins, Anthony, Alexander Maranghides, and George Mulholland. The global combustion behavior of 1 MW to 3 MW hydrocarbon spray fires burning in an open environment. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.7013.

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Foley, W., R. Dean, and D. Hennick. Closeout of IE Bulletin 80-10: Contamination of nonradioactive system and resulting potential for unmonitored, uncontrolled release of radioactivity to the environment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7011675.

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Vantassel, Stephen M., and Mark A. Klng. Wildlife Carcass Disposal. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.7207733.ws.

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Many wildlife management situations require the disposal of animal carcasses. These can include the lethal removal of wildlife to resolve damage or conflicts, as well as clean-up after mortalities caused by vehicle collisions, disease, oil spills or other natural disasters. Carcasses must be disposed of properly to protect public sensitivities, the environment, and public health. Improper disposal of carcasses can result in public outrage, site contamination, injury to animals and people, and the attraction of other animals that may lead to wildlife damage issues. Concern over ground water contamination and disease transmission from improper carcass disposal has resulted in increased regulation. Successful carcass disposal programs are cost-effective, environmentally sound, and protective of public health. In addition, disposal practices must demonstrate sensitivity to public perception while adhering to state and local guidelines. This publication discusses the range of options available for the responsible disposal of animal carcasses.
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9

Gillor, Osnat, Stefan Wuertz, Karen Shapiro, Nirit Bernstein, Woutrina Miller, Patricia Conrad, and Moshe Herzberg. Science-Based Monitoring for Produce Safety: Comparing Indicators and Pathogens in Water, Soil, and Crops. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7613884.bard.

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Using treated wastewater (TWW) for crop irrigation represents an important opportunity for ensuring adequate food production in light of growing freshwater scarcity worldwide. However, the environmentally sustainable approach of using TWW for irrigation can lead to contamination of produce with fecal pathogens that may remain in treated water. The overall goal of this research was to evaluate the correlation between the presence of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and that of a suite of human pathogens in TWW, the irrigated soil, and crops. Field experiments were conducted to compare secondary and tertiary TWW with dechlorinated tap water for irrigation of tomatoes, a typical commercial crop, in Israel, a semi-arid country. Human pathogens including bacteria (Salmonella), protozoa (Cryptosporidiumand Giardia), and viruses (Adenovirus [AV Types A, B, C & 40/41] and Enterovirus [EV71 subtypes]) were monitored in two field trials using a combination of microscopic, cultivation-based, and molecular (qPCR) techniques. Results from the field trials indicate that microbial contamination on the surface of tomatoes did not appear to be associated with the source of irrigated waters; FIB contamination was not statistically different on tomatoes irrigated with TWW as compared to tomatoes irrigated with potable water. In fact, Indicator bacteria testing did not predict the presence of pathogens in any of the matrices tested. High concentrations of FIB were detected in water and on tomato surfaces from all irrigation treatment schemes, while pathogen contamination on tomato surfaces (Cryptosporidiumand Salmonella) was only detected on crops irrigated with TWW. These results suggest that regular monitoring for pathogens should take place to accurately detect presence of harmful microorganisms that could threaten consumer safety. A notable result from our study is that the large numbers of FIB in the water did not appear to lead to FIB accumulation in the soil. With the exception of two samples, E. coli that was present at 10³ to 10⁴ cells/100 mL in the water, was not detected in the soil. Other bacterial targets associated with the enteric environment (e. g., Proteusspp.) as well as protozoal pathogens were detected in the TWW, but not in the soil. These findings suggest that significant microbial transfer to the soil from TWW did not occur in this study. The pattern of FIB contamination on the surfaces of tomatoes was the same for all treatment types, and showed a temporal effect with more contamination detected as the duration of the field trial increased. An important observation revealed that water quality dramatically deteriorated between the time of its release from the wastewater treatment plant and the time it was utilized for irrigation, highlighting the importance of performing water quality testing throughout the growing season at the cultivation site.
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10

Бабець, Євген Костянтинович, Ірина Петрівна Антонік, Ірина Євгенівна Мельникова, and Антон Всеволодович Петрухін. nfluence of Mining and Concentration Works Activity on Land Resources. Petroșani, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3120.

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The research provides assessment of current and longer-term consequences of iron ore open pit mining for land resources of adjacent areas. There are applied methods of analysis of fund materials; comparison of topographic sheets and special maps, visual observation, soil testing, laboratory analyses and statistic processing of data obtained. It is revealed that facilities of iron ore mining and concentration waste accumulation (dumps and tailing ponds) are destructive factors for the local lithosphere, dust chemical contamination being the basic one. The steps aimed at reducing negative impacts of technogenic objects of the mining and raw material complex on the environment are under study.
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