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1
Pearce, Patricia. "Monitoring subsurface hydrocarbon contamination using multi-level vapour phase piezometers." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0016/MQ57735.pdf.
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Pearce, Patricia (Patricia Ellen) Carleton University Dissertation Engineering Civil and Environmental. "Monitoring subsurface hydrocarbon contamination using multi-level vapour phase piezometers." Ottawa, 2000.
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3
Harrison, Adrian Briscoe. "Hydrocarbon pollution of soil : effects on microbial populations and biomediation methods." Thesis, University of York, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362025.
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4
Sampson, Gareth Milo. "Hydrogen atom and argon ion reactions for removing hydrocarbon adsorbates and contamination from silicon surfaces /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Alexander, Barbara M. "Contamination of Firefighter Personal Protective Gear." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1337885489.
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Brownstein, Jonathan B. "An investigation of the potential for the bio-degradation of motor oil within a model permeable pavement structure." Thesis, Coventry University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266842.
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Okparanma, R. N. "Rapid measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in soils by visible and near-infrared spectroscopy." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2013. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8063.
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely distributed organic pollutants. At petroleum contaminated sites, PAHs are often the key risk drivers because of their carcinogenicity. Assessing the risk of PAH at contaminated sites by conventional soil sampling, solvent extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis is expensive and time-consuming. Employing a rapid and cheap measurement technique for PAH would be beneficial to risk assessment by eliminating costs and time associated with the conventional method. The literature has shown that visible and near infrared (vis-NIR) spectroscopy is a rapid and cheap technique for acquiring information about key soil properties. In this study, models based on vis-NIR spectroscopy (350–2500 nm) were developed to predict and map PAH in contaminated soils for the ultimate aim of informing risk assessment and/or remediation. The reference chemical analytical method used was GC–MS while the multivariate analytical technique used for model development was partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis with full cross-validation. A total of 150 soil samples from the UK were used for the laboratory-scale study while 137 samples were used for the near-onsite adaptive trials at three oil spill sites in Ogoniland, Niger Delta province of Nigeria. Both laboratory- and field-scale results showed that soil diffuse reflectance decreased with increasing PAH concentration. Hydrocarbon absorption features observed around 1647 nm in the first overtone region of the NIR spectrum showed a positive link to PAH. Laboratory-scale study showed that both individual and combined effects of oil concentration, and moisture and clay contents on soil spectral characteristics and calibration models were significant (p<0.05). For the field-scale study, inverse distance weighting soil maps of PAH developed with chemically-measured and vis-NIR-predicted data were comparable with a fair to good agreement between them (Kappa coefficient = 0.19–0.56). Hazard assessment of the oil spill sites using both measurement methods showed that the impact of the contamination varied distinctly across the management zones. The type of action required for site-specific risk assessment and/or remediation also varied among the different zones. This result shows promise that vis-NIR can be a good screening tool for petroleum release sites.
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Molson, John W. H. "Numerical simulation of hydrocarbon fuel dissolution and biodegradation in groundwater." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0019/NQ56676.pdf.
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Buffone, Steven A. "Characterization and Bioremediation Viability of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Contamination in the Banks of the Mahoning River." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1442408994.
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Balasubramaniyam, Anuluxshy. "Root adaptive responses of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) growing in sand treated with petroleum hydrocarbon contamination." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2012. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/9147/.
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Phytoremediation is a green technique used to restore polluted sites through plant-initiated biochemical processes. Its effectiveness, however, depends on the successful establishment of plants in the contaminated soil. Soils that are contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), especially low molecular weight, mobile PAHs such as naphthalene pose a significant challenge to this. Plant roots growing in these soils exhibit changes to their structure, physiology and growth patterns. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) roots grown in sand contaminated with either petroleum crude oil (10.8g total extractable hydrocarbons kg-1 sand dw) or naphthalene (0.8g kg-1 sand dw) exhibited a temporary inhibition in elongation with accelerated lateral growth (p<0.01), whilst also showing a deviation from the normal root orientation responses to gravity. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) revealed that the stele in the contaminated roots was located much further away from the root epidermis, because the cortex was larger (p<0.001) due to the cells being more isodiametric in shape. Once past the initial acclimatisation period of 2.5-3.0 months, no visual differences were observed between control and treated plants, but the root ultrastructural modifications persisted. The fluorescent hydrophobic probe „Nile red‟ was applied to the epidermis of a living root to mimic and visualise the uptake of naphthalene into the root through the transpiration stream. The root sections were also stained with 0.1% (w/v) berberine hemisulphate in order to stain Casparian bands. Overlaying images obtained with the use of Texas red HYQ filter (wavelength 589-615nm) and UV illumination (wavelength 345-458nm) revealed the presence of passage cells in the endodermis and uptake of Nile red into protoxylem vessels beyond the endodermis of control roots. On the other hand, the path of Nile red was blocked at the endodermis of naphthalene- treated roots. The cell walls in the endodermis of naphthalene-treated roots were prominently thickened (p<0.001) and lacked passage cells. The treated roots also possessed a well-formed exodermis (p<0.01). The results suggest that the well-formed endodermis lacking passage cells, the well-formed exodermis as well as the increased cortex zone provided an effective barrier to the flux of hydrophobic xenobiotics towards the inner core of the roots, if previously exposed to the contaminants. The SEM images of naphthalene-treated as well as crude oil-treated roots showed partial collapse in the cortex zone, presumably due to water stress, but the treated plants withstood drought stress better than the control plants. The underlying physiological changes responsible for the adaptive responses of tall fescue to the exposure to naphthalene contamination were studied through metabolic profiling of plant roots and shoots. The results indicated synergistic interactions between sugars or sugar- like compounds and phenolic compounds may assist to create an integrated redox system and contribute to stress tolerance in naphthalene-treated tall fescue. The signal for a compound speculated to be indole acetic acid (IAA) was either subdued or absent in the tissues of naphthalene-treated tall fescue, suggesting the existence of a detoxification mechanism/ defence pathway in the treated plants. The ultra-structural and molecular modifications, resulting from PAH stress enabled tall fescue to resist tougher challenges.
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Suárez, Suárez Ana Belén. "Sulphate‐reducing bacterial diversity in a calcareous sandy sediment of Mallorca and community response to hydrocarbon contamination." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/84117.
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Aquesta tesi tracta sobre l'efecte de la contaminació per cru de petroli sobre
l'ecosistema costaner mediterrani i sobre el paper fonamental dels sediments marins
en la regulació i el manteniment dels processos biogeoquímics. L'estudi presta especial
atenció a les comunitats bacterianes reductores de sulfat i la seva implicació en la
degradació de contaminants orgànics. La diversitat, abundància i fisiologia dels bacteris
reductors de sulfat que habiten el sediment arenós del nord de Mallorca (Illes Balears),
van ser analitzades mitjançant un enfocament polifàsic, basat en la combinació
d'experiments in situ i in vitro, biologia molecular clàssica i d’última generació, cultius i
determinació d'activitats metabòliques. Els resultats obtinguts durant aquesta tesi
demostren que el sediment mediterrani alberga una microbiota autòctona que podria
prosperar després d'un vessament de cru de petroli i el paper de la qual podria ser
crucial per a la transformació i l'eliminació de compostos orgànics xenobiòtics en
aquest ambient.Esta tesis trata sobre el efecto de la contaminación por crudo de petróleo en el ecosistema costero mediterráneo y sobre el papel fundamental de los sedimentos marinos en la regulación y el mantenimiento de los procesos biogeoquímicos. El estudio presta especial atención a las comunidades bacterianas reductoras de sulfato y a su implicación en la degradación de contaminantes orgánicos. La diversidad, abundancia y fisiología de las bacterias reductoras de sulfato que habitan el sedimento arenoso del norte de Mallorca (Islas Baleares), fueron analizadas mediante un enfoque polifásico, basado en la combinación de experimentos in situ e in vitro, biología molecular clásica y de última generación, cultivos y determinación de actividades metabólicas. Los resultados obtenidos durante esta tesis demuestran que el sedimento mediterráneo alberga una microbiota autóctona que podría prosperar después de un derrame de crudo de petróleo y cuyo papel podría ser crucial para la transformación y la eliminación de compuestos orgánicos xenobióticos en este ambiente.
This thesis discusses the fate and behave of crude oil contamination in the Mediterranean coastal ecosystem, and the essential role of the marine sediments in the regulation and maintenance of biogeochemical processes. The study pays particular attention to the role of sulphate reducing bacterial communities in the degradation of organic matter and pollutants entering the Mediterranean environment. A polyphasic approach based in the combination of in situ and in vitro experiments, next generation and classical molecular biology, cultivation, and the determination of metabolic activities, provided first insights into the diversity, abundance and physiology of sulphate reducing bacteria inhabiting the undisturbed sandy sediment at the north of Mallorca (Balearic Islands). The results obtained during the thesis demonstrate that the undisturbed Mediterranean sediment harbours an autochthonous microbiota that could prosper after a crude oil spill and which role might be crucial for the transformation and removal of hazardous organic compounds in this environment.
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Simpson, Christopher David. "Some aspects of the distribution and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in the Kitimat fjord system." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq25162.pdf.
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Yamada, Debora Takie. "Caracterização geológico-geotécnica aplicada à instalação de postos de combustíveis em Rio Claro (SP) /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92788.
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Orientador: José Eduardo ZaineBanca: José Augusto de Lollo
Banca: Oswaldo Augusto Filho
Resumo: A pesquisa tem como tema a caracterização geológica e geotécnica da área urbana de Rio Claro (SP), com ênfase à instalação de postos de combustíveis. Vazamentos de postos de combustíveis levaram à criação de legislações específicas para controlar a instalação e prevenir acidentes desta natureza. Estes estudos especificam a caracterização do meio físico como um dos principais fatores a serem considerados. O objetivo da pesquisa foi: a partir da definição, caracterização e análise das unidades geológico-geotécnicas, avaliar cada uma dessas unidades, orientando assim a instalação de postos de combustíveis em Rio Claro. Para isso, foram identificados os processos atuantes no meio físico, que exercem influência no o tanque de armazenamento subterrâneo, induzindo danos estruturais e possíveis vazamentos. Também foram estudadas as características e propriedades do meio físico que regem a migração do contaminante vazado. Para a área de Rio Claro, foram definidas quatro unidades de análise: Formação Corumbataí, Diabásio, Formação Rio Claro e Aluviões, onde foram realizadas a análise e caracterização geotécnica. Esta pesquisa mostra que as diferentes unidades necessitam de ensaios e análises específicos, que dependem das propriedades e dos processos atuantes. Atributos específicos de cada unidade de análise podem ser destacados como: argilas expansivas (unidade 1), fraturamento estrutural (unidade 2), solo colapsível (unidade 3) e a presença de camadas de turfa compressíveis (unidade 4). Vale ressaltar que, para todas as unidades, a profundidade do nível dágua subterrâneo é um atributo determinante, influenciando tanto na instalação do tanque de armazenamento subterrâneo quanto ocasionando processos corrosivos, além de estar susceptível a contaminações...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This research is based on the geological and geotechnical characterizations of Rio Claro (SP) urban area, a medium size town of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, with emphasis in the installation of gas stations. Gas station leaks caused the creation and emulation of specific legislation to control the installation and prevent accidents of this nature. These studies specify the characterization of the physical factors as one of the major parameters to be considered. The objective of this research was: definition, characterization, analysis and evaluation of the geologic-geotechnical units, therefore orienting the installation of fuel stations in Rio Claro. For this issue, those procedures active in the area, that influence on the underground storage tanks possibly causing structural damages and leaks were identified as well as the characteristics and properties of the surrounding fields that demand the migration of the leaked contaminant. For the Rio Claro area, four units of analysis were identified: Corumbataí Formation, Diabase, Rio Claro Formation and Alluvial Deposits, where the analysis and geotechnical characterization were conducted. This research shows that the different units need tests and analysis specific, which depend on the acting properties and processes. Specific attributes of each analysis unit can be presented as: expansive clay (unit 1), structural fracturing (unit 2) collapsible soil (unit 3) and the presence of compressible turf layers (unit 4). It is also worth mentioning that, for all units, the depth of the water table is a determinant attribute, influencing both on the installation of the underground storage tank as well as causing corrosive processes, aside from being susceptible to contamination. The definition of different units of analysis proved the necessity of distinct procedures for evaluation of each area...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
14
Ota, Jonathan Okore. "The effect of light crude oil contamination on the geotechnical properties of kaolinite clay soil." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2013. http://arro.anglia.ac.uk/297120/.
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Crude oil is of economic importance to any nation. However its poor management and disposal method has resulted in oil spillage and ground contamination. Most emphasis on crude oil contamination on the environment has been on surface and ground water pollution, as well as plants and animals with little or no attention paid to the engineering properties of the contaminated soil. This research is thus aimed at investigating the effect of light crude oil contamination on the geotechnical properties of kaolinite clay soil. This research is a laboratory based experiment in which the contaminated soil was prepared by adding different percentages of light crude oil (2%, 5%, 8%, 10%, 15% and 20%) measured by weight of the dry soil sample and mixed until a uniform mixture was obtained. The British Standard Test Methods for Civil Engineering purposes BS 1377: 1990 (EUROCODE 7: EN 1997: 2-5) was adopted with few modifications. The calculations were based on the fact that the pore space in the contaminated soil is occupied by water and crude oil so water content was calculated from the fluid content and the rate of evaporation of crude oil during oven drying was also considered. The classification results showed that crude oil contamination caused an increase in linear shrinkage, liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index between 0% to 20% contaminations. The compaction result showed that there was an increase in maximum dry density while the optimum moisture content decreased between 0% and 15% of crude oil contamination. The result showed that the soil could not compact at 20% contamination and above. Also, the coefficient of permeability increased with increase in the percentage of crude oil contamination while the coefficient of consolidation value (Cv) increases with increase in the percentage of contamination. There was a decrease in the cohesion value and the frictional angle due to the introduction of the crude oil into the soil. Although crude oil altered the geotechnical properties of the kaolinite clay soil and reduced its strength, the soil can still be used for geotechnical purposed after remediation.
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Santos, Dione Aline Ribeiro dos [UNESP]. "Análise do monitoramento ambiental e da delimitação das plumas de contaminantes provenientes de vazamentos em postos de combustíveis: estudos de caso no médio Vale do Paraíba." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99820.
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As contaminações do solo e de águas subterrâneas por vazamentos em postos de combustíveis têm sido alvo de inúmeras pesquisas, devido à complexidade dos fenômenos de interação com o solo e o grande número de contaminações. Entre as dificuldades para a proteção ambiental estão as avaliações da extensão, da dinâmica e da concentração das contaminações provocadas por estes vazamentos, oriundas das deficiências de infra-estrutura, manutenção e desgastes nas instalações e a falta de fiscalização de tanques e equipamentos. Entender a dinâmica dos hidrocarbonetos derivados de petróleo, gasolina e óleo diesel, e seu comportamento em solo, é um passo importante no esforço para o entendimento da migração e transporte destes contaminantes para as águas subterrâneas. Esta dissertação apresentou uma análise das plumas de contaminação e dos procedimentos adotados para a delimitação das mesmas. Para tanto, foram analisados dois estudos de caso de vazamentos de postos de combustíveis na região do Médio Vale do Paraíba.
The contaminations of the soil and of groundwaters for leaks in put of fuels have been objective of countless researches due to complexity of the interaction phenomena with the soil and the great number of contaminations. One of the difficulties in the activities gone back to the environmental protection it consists of the evaluation of the extension, dynamics and concentration of the contaminations provoked by these leaks, originating from of the infrastructure deficiencies, maintenance and wastes in the facilities, as well as lack of fiscalization of tanks and equipments. To understand the dynamics of the derived of petroleum hydrocarbon, gasoline and diesel oil, and your behavior in soil, it is an important step in the effort for the understanding of the migration and transport of these pollutants in the groundwater. The dissertation presented an analysis of the feathers of contamination and of the procedure for limitation of the same ones. For so much, two studies of case of leaks of positions of fuels were analyzed in the area of the Medium Valley of Paraíba.
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Marques, Silvia Guimarães. "Metodologia geofísica para contaminação por hidrocarbonetos - estudo de caso em posto de combustíveis." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44138/tde-18102007-114051/.
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A água subterrânea abastece grande parte da população e sua contaminação é assunto de interesse público. Os postos de combustíveis são fontes potenciais de contaminação, devido à sua extensa malha de distribuição e pelo armazenamento de produto ser predominantemente subterrâneo. Dentre os métodos para detecção de hidrocarbonetos, os geofísicos proporcionam investigação em maiores extensões, com mais rapidez e menor custo. Este estudo apresenta os resultados de quatro métodos geofísicos (eletrorresistividade, polarização induzida, georradar e eletromagnético EM-34) na investigação de dois perfis a jusante de um posto de combustível com histórico de vazamento. Os objetivos foram de detectar a pluma de contaminação e identificar qual dos métodos apresenta os melhores resultados nesta situação. A eletrorresistividade apresentou a melhor correlação com a zona contaminada e com as análises químicas. Os dados da polarização induzida também se relacionaram com a pluma. Os valores do sistema EM-34 ficaram aquém das expectativas. Os do georradar não possibilitaram nenhuma correlação com o substrato contaminado, certamente devido a pouca profundidade de penetração. Foi constatado que a contaminação por hidrocarbonetos não oferece assinatura geoelétrica previsível, devido às condições dinâmicas do campo e suas inter-relações. Enquanto muitos trabalhos associam baixas resistividades aos vazamentos antigos, outros trabalhos mostram o inverso. Neste estudo, a anomalia encontrada apresentou alta resistividade associada às cargabilidades mais altas.A large portion of the population is supplied with groundwater, and this is a matter of public interest. Gas stations are potential sources of contamination for its extensive distribution network and for the underground storage. Among the existing methods for hydrocarbon detection, the geophysical ones provide a larger range, faster results at smaller costs. This work presents the results of four geophysical methods (electrical resistivity, induced polarization, ground penetrating radar and electromagnetic EM-34) applied to the study of two profiles downwards of a leaking gas station. The objectives were detecting the contamination plume and identify which of the methods employed presents the best results on this site. The electrical resistivity method presented the best correlation with the contaminated zone and chemical analysis. The results of the induced polarization were also associated with the contamination plume. Values obtained with the EM-34 didn?t fulfill the expectations. GPR data didn?t correlate with the contaminated substrate, certainly due to the shallow penetration depth. It was observed that the hydrocarbon contamination does not offer a predictable geoelectrical signature, due to the dynamic conditions of the field and its inter relations. Whilst several paper associate low resistivities to older leakages, in other papers it was found the opposite. In this case study, the anomaly has shown characteristics of high resistivity associated to higher chargeabilities.
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Junqueira, Paula Gomes [UNESP]. "Estudo geofísico em área contaminada por diesel no município de Cerquilho (SP)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/149747.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Impactos relacionados ao aporte de hidrocarbonetos em subsuperfície são particularmente preocupantes ao ambiente e à saúde humana, devido à aspectos degradativos e separação em fases dissolvida e residual, que resultam num tempo frequentemente prolongado de residência. Estudos da fase residual são relevantes ao monitoramento e remediação de contaminações em subsuperfície, frente à possibilidade de contaminação das águas subterrâneas mesmo após anos da seção da fonte primária. Os métodos geofísicos são ferramentas consagradas no estudo de contaminações em solo, tanto na fase de confirmação, como na fase de monitoramento, devido à possibilidade de investigações indiretas e não invasivas em solos e rochas. A integração de dados geofísicos com análises químicas de solo ou águas subterrâneas proporciona uma visão abrangente e adequada ao estudo e monitoramento de áreas contaminadas. Neste sentido, este trabalho apresenta o estudo geofísico numa área impactada pelo vazamento de hidrocarbonetos, devido a acidente ferroviário. A área investigada é um trecho de ferrovia localizado no município de Cerquilho (SP), onde ocorreu em 2002 um acidente com vagões que transportavam óleo diesel e está em processo de recuperação desde então. Foram medidos e calculados os parâmetros físicos resistividade elétrica e cargabilidade a partir dos métodos geofísicos Eletrorresistividade e Polarização Induzida, por meio da técnica de Imageamento Elétrico. Também foram compilados dados de análises químicas realizadas na área de estudos e disponibilizados pela CETESB. A análise dos resultados permitiu determinar que os métodos geofísicos foram sensíveis aos contaminantes presente na área de estudos e delimitar fase residual e dissolvida e zonas da pluma de contaminação.
Impacts related to the oil supply in the subsurface are of particular concern to the environment and human health due to degradative aspects and separation in dissolved and residual phases, resulting in an often prolonged residence time. Residual phase studies are relevant to monitoring and remediation of contaminants in the subsurface, facing the possibility of groundwater contamination even after years of primary source section. Geophysical methods are tools appropriate to the study of contamination in soil, both in the confirmation phase, as in the monitoring phase, due to the possibility of indirect and non-invasive investigations in soils and rocks. Integration of geophysical data with chemical analysis of soil or groundwater provides a comprehensive and adequate view to the study and monitoring of contaminated areas. In this sense, this work presents a geophysical study in an area affected by the leak of hydrocarbons due to railway accident. The study area is a railway stretch in the municipality of Cerquilho (SP), where an accident with wagons carrying diesel oil occurred in 2002 and the area is in recovery process since then. Electric resistivity and chargeability were the physical parameters measured from geophysical methods Electrical Resistivity and Induced Polarization by means of electrical imaging technique. Chemical analysis data collected in the study area were provided by CETESB and compiled. The results analysis allowed to determine that the geophysical methods were sensitive to the contaminants in the study area and delimit residual and dissolved phase and contamination plume features.
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Santos, Dione Aline Ribeiro dos. "Análise do monitoramento ambiental e da delimitação das plumas de contaminantes provenientes de vazamentos em postos de combustíveis: estudos de caso no médio Vale do Paraíba /." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99820.
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Resumo: As contaminações do solo e de águas subterrâneas por vazamentos em postos de combustíveis têm sido alvo de inúmeras pesquisas, devido à complexidade dos fenômenos de interação com o solo e o grande número de contaminações. Entre as dificuldades para a proteção ambiental estão as avaliações da extensão, da dinâmica e da concentração das contaminações provocadas por estes vazamentos, oriundas das deficiências de infra-estrutura, manutenção e desgastes nas instalações e a falta de fiscalização de tanques e equipamentos. Entender a dinâmica dos hidrocarbonetos derivados de petróleo, gasolina e óleo diesel, e seu comportamento em solo, é um passo importante no esforço para o entendimento da migração e transporte destes contaminantes para as águas subterrâneas. Esta dissertação apresentou uma análise das plumas de contaminação e dos procedimentos adotados para a delimitação das mesmas. Para tanto, foram analisados dois estudos de caso de vazamentos de postos de combustíveis na região do Médio Vale do Paraíba.Abstract: The contaminations of the soil and of groundwaters for leaks in put of fuels have been objective of countless researches due to complexity of the interaction phenomena with the soil and the great number of contaminations. One of the difficulties in the activities gone back to the environmental protection it consists of the evaluation of the extension, dynamics and concentration of the contaminations provoked by these leaks, originating from of the infrastructure deficiencies, maintenance and wastes in the facilities, as well as lack of fiscalization of tanks and equipments. To understand the dynamics of the derived of petroleum hydrocarbon, gasoline and diesel oil, and your behavior in soil, it is an important step in the effort for the understanding of the migration and transport of these pollutants in the groundwater. The dissertation presented an analysis of the feathers of contamination and of the procedure for limitation of the same ones. For so much, two studies of case of leaks of positions of fuels were analyzed in the area of the Medium Valley of Paraíba.
Orientador: Luiz Roberto Carrocci
Coorientador: Silvio Jorge Coelho Simões
Banca: Isabel Cristina de Barros Trannin
Banca: Helcio José Izário Filho
Mestre
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Eggers, Jutta. "Remediation of groundwater from a former gas works site : treatment of a polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon and vinyl chloride contamination by ultraviolet light, ozone and advanced oxidation processes." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2007. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843060/.
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The public water supply in Germany is mainly based on groundwater, and great care is taken to protect these water resources. A major challenge is, however, the remediation of polluted aquifers. Such is the case at a former gas works site in Karlsruhe, Germany. The "Gaswerk Ost" of the local gas and water supply company, the Stadtwerke Karlsruhe, was in operation for nearly 80 years until it was closed down in 1965. Unwanted by-products from the gas production still contaminate the soil and groundwater of this site. The main contaminants are benzene and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) such as acenaph-thene, acenaphthylene, fluorene and fluoranthene. For remediation a novel passive methodology was planned. It was decided to install a funnel and gate system to purify the contaminated groundwater in situ by letting it pass through subterranean activated carbon reactors located downstream of the polluted site. During the construction of the remediation system a further pollutant, vinyl chloride (VC), was detected in the groundwater, a substance which could not be removed adequately by the technology employed. The objective of this research project was to find out whether the PAH and vinyl chloride could be removed from the groundwater by UV irradiation prior to the activated carbon filtration. Investigations consisted of two parts: laboratory experiments were conducted to prove the general degradability of the pollutants and field experiments were earned out to confirm these results on a pilot scale. In addition to sole UV irradiation, ozonation and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as UV/aeration, UV/hydrogen peroxide and UV/ozone were performed in the laboratory to generate highly reactive hydroxyl radicals. For the contaminants present at the gas works site, the individual molar absorption coefficients were determined at 254 nm to estimate the degradation performance by direct photolysis at the main emission line of the UV lamps used for the irradiation experiments. It could be shown that all investigated substances were degradable in model test solutions prepared with reverse osmosis water, the degradation of PAH being significantly better than that of benzene and VC depending on the absorption of UV light of the individual substances. During the irradiation of acenaphthene the detection of by-products with an aromatic character showed that no complete mineralisation could, however, be achieved in an acceptable period of time. Degradation experiments performed in tap water as well as in groundwater showed slower degradation behaviour due to the high carbonate and bicarbonate concentrations and a high organic carbon content, mainly resulting from humic substances in the case of groundwater. The high iron concentration of the reduced groundwater led to an increase in turbidity during irradiation, since iron II was oxidised to iron III. In contrast to UV irradiation only, better results were achieved with combined treatment methods and with ozonation. For all methods tested in the laboratory the "Electrical Energy per Order of Magnitude" (EEO) was calculated from the degradation data, ozonation being most efficient for all investigated substances with regard to the energy consumption. On the basis of the laboratory findings it was decided to perform not only UV experiments at the gas works site but to extend the in-situ investigation programme by including ozonation. With UV irradiation the concentrations of the PAH acenaphthylene, fluorene, fluoranthene and pyrene could be reduced by nearly 90%. The total efficiency of UV irradiation in this specific groundwater was, however, unsatisfactory because the main contaminant acenaph-thene was removed by only 50% to a concentration of approximately 35 g/l (remediation target value = 0.2 g/l) although 1.33 kWh per m3 were applied with four lamp modules, each containing six lamps. In contrast to this, ozonation resulted in a complete elimination of VC and PAH as well as nearly 90% removal of benzene, thus confirming the laboratory findings. As almost all contaminants could be removed by ozonation only, combined UV/ozone treatment was not applied in situ. Ozonation technology was found to be the most favourable method for the removal of contaminants present at the former gas works site in Karlsrahe based on its practicability, economic advantages and high efficiency.
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Surridge, Angela Karen Joanna. "Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis characterisation of microbial communities in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and polychlorinated biphenyl contaminated soil." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25070.
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Fossil fuels are currently the primary industrial energy source on Earth. They are principally composed of complex hydrocarbons in either long-chain or cyclic conformation. Industrial use of petroleum, diesel, oil, tar and other coal-derived products inevitably leads to pollution of the environment. The most serious pollution is caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) that are not easily removed from soil after a spill. Long-chain and cyclic conformation makes fossil fuel hydrocarbons difficult to break down. However, certain free-living soil microorganisms have adapted to utilising these PAHs/PCBs as a source of energy. In many cases, their efficacy is greatly enhanced by the presence of plants. By inhabiting the rhizosphere, microbes form a mutualistic relationship with the plant, receiving nutrients from it and in return providing a less polluted environment in which the plant can grow. The purpose of this study was to elucidate some of the microbial population diversity in PAH/PCB-polluted soils in South Africa through the use of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). In an initial study, DGGE was employed to separate soil communities in polluted and unpolluted soils into a genetic fingerprint, the main bands of which were sequenced and subjected to a BLAST analysis through a database for possible identification of species present. Phylogenetic and distance studies indicated that unpolluted soils have a far greater species diversity. It thus was evident that PAH/PCB pollution of soil leads to a decrease in microbial diversity by selecting for microorganisms with the ability to activate metabolic pathways allowing them to utilise the pollutants as an alternative source of carbon. Population diversity of pro- and eukaryotes found within polluted and non-polluted soils was compared. DGGE was employed to determine the genetic fingerprint of each population. Following this, dendogram analyses based on Shannon indices were done to determine PAH breakdown potential of prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic communities. A higher diversity and better adaptation potential were evident within prokaryotic than eukaryotic communities in pollution-stressed environments, indicating that the prokaryotic component of these samples had the greatest PAH-metabolism potential. To determine the capacity for PAH/PCB metabolism by the organisms within the soil samples being studied, the presence of xylE and ndoB genes, responsible for toluene/xylene and naphthalene biodegradation, respectively, was determined. DGGE was performed to analyse genetic diversity between these two genes, based on community fingerprints. Polluted soil communities tended to have comparable community diversity within their functional genes, depending on their physical situation, plant species proximity and soil conditions. In general, soil contained indigenous microbes with a high natural potential for biodegradation of PAHs/PCBs. A portion of the 16S gene of eight bacterial isolates representing the most dominant culturable taxa in the polluted soils was sequenced and analysed for identification purposes. These identifications were conducted in conjunction with the use of the catabolic gene probes xylE and ndoB to establish the hydrocarbon degrading capacity of the isolates. Pseudomonas, from the rhizosphere of Cyperus esculentus, was the most common PAH-degrading genus found in this study. Considering the well-established rhizosphere competence and PAH-degrading capacity of Pseudomonas, this genus seems to be the best suited for bioaugmentation purposes in South Africa. The presence of the nifH gene, the general marker gene of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in communities from unpolluted and polluted soils, was determined. It was hypothesised that bioremediation could be enhanced by nitrogen addition to polluted environments. Nested-PCR of the nifH gene was conducted on a diagnostic basis and was followed by DGGE of the product to determine the functional gene diversity within pollution-dwelling, nitrogen-fixing bacterial communities. Nitrogen-fixing microorganisms were present in all the soils sampled but, in only 80% of the pure cultures isolated from polluted and unpolluted soils and rhizospheres. Although different rhizospheres and pollutants were examined, it was found that of the polluted soils studied, most nifH gene diversity of polluted soils existed within machinery oil polluted, wood chip mulched, non-rhizosphere soil. Thus, it would appear that the more polluted the soil the higher the free microbe nitrogen fixation diversity possibly due to environmental stress.Thesis (PhD (Microbiology))--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Microbiology and Plant Pathology
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Djeridi, Ikram. "Biodégradation des Hydrocarbures en milieux hypersalins : modes de transferts et réponses des communautés procaryotiques à une contamination pétrolière." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4053.
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Le devenir des hydrocarbures (HC) dans les environnements hypersalins constitue une problématique environnementale majeure. Ce travail pour objectifs (1) d’évaluer l’impact d’une pollution pétrolière sur les communautés microbiennes d’un milieu hypersalin, (2) de déterminer comment les archées hydrocarbonoclastes accèdent aux HC et, (3) de déterminer si la biodégradation est possible en conditions anaérobies dans ces environnements hypersalés. Nous avons démontré qu’une biodégradation modérée du pétrole est possible en milieu hypersalin environ 10 % de la fraction aliphatique du pétrole sont biodégradé. Une disparition progressive des composés aromatiques les plus légers est également observée, liée aux processus abiotiques. La dynamique des communautés procaryotiques montre un changement dans la structure de la communauté bactérienne autochtone des saumures. Une résistance à la contamination pétrolière a en revanche été observée pour les communautés archéennes des saumures. Dans une deuxième partie du travail, nous avons pu montrer, à l’aide d’une souche d’archée hyperhalophile modèle (Haloferax volcanii MSCN14), que les archées hydrocarbonoclastes de ces environnements mettent en oeuvre plusieurs mécanismes leur permettant d’augmenter la biodisponibilité des HC. Dans une dernière partie des travaux, nous avons testé les capacités d’une souche modèle (Hfx. volcanii MSNC 16) à dégrader les HC en anaérobiose. Si Hfx. volcanii MSNC16 est bien capable d’utiliser le fumarate comme accepteur terminal d’électrons, elle n’est en revanche pas capable de dégrader l’alcane testé (heptadécane) en absence d’oxygèneThe fate of hydrocarbons (HC) in hypersaline environments is an important environmental issue. This work aimed to (1) assess the impact of oil pollution on microbial communities of a hypersaline environment, (2) determine how hydrocarbonoclastic archaea can access to HC and (3) whether biodegradation is possible in these hypersaline environments in the absence of oxygen. We have shown that moderate oil biodegradation is possible under hypersaline conditions. In these conditions close to natural ones, about 10% of the aliphatic hydrocarbons were biodegrade. A gradual disappearance of the lighter aromatic compounds was also observed, but these losses were mainly due to abiotic processes. The monitoring of prokaryotic communities based on molecular fingerprints showed a change in the structure of the indigenous bacterial community. On the contrary, resistance to oil contamination was observed among the indigenous archaeal communities of brines. In the second part of this work, laboratory cultures of a hyperhalophilic archaeal strain (Haloferax volcanii MSCN14), allowed to demonstrate that, in hypersaline environments, hydrocarbonoclastic archaea use several strategies to increase the bioavailability of HC. Indeed, strain MSCN14 was capable of producing one or several biosurfactants during growth on different HC, and was adhering to the surface of the HC. In the last part of this work, we tested the capacities of a model archaeal strain (Hfx. volcanii MSNC 16) to degrade HC anaerobically. If Hfx. volcanii MSNC16 was able to use fumarate as a terminal electron acceptor, it was, however, not capable of degrading heptadecane in the absence of oxygen
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Yamada, Debora Takie [UNESP]. "Caracterização geológico-geotécnica aplicada à instalação de postos de combustíveis em Rio Claro (SP)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92788.
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yamada_dt_me_rcla.pdf: 3797741 bytes, checksum: 92ca0cd17d0393f06efc00d866f21934 (MD5)A pesquisa tem como tema a caracterização geológica e geotécnica da área urbana de Rio Claro (SP), com ênfase à instalação de postos de combustíveis. Vazamentos de postos de combustíveis levaram à criação de legislações específicas para controlar a instalação e prevenir acidentes desta natureza. Estes estudos especificam a caracterização do meio físico como um dos principais fatores a serem considerados. O objetivo da pesquisa foi: a partir da definição, caracterização e análise das unidades geológico-geotécnicas, avaliar cada uma dessas unidades, orientando assim a instalação de postos de combustíveis em Rio Claro. Para isso, foram identificados os processos atuantes no meio físico, que exercem influência no o tanque de armazenamento subterrâneo, induzindo danos estruturais e possíveis vazamentos. Também foram estudadas as características e propriedades do meio físico que regem a migração do contaminante vazado. Para a área de Rio Claro, foram definidas quatro unidades de análise: Formação Corumbataí, Diabásio, Formação Rio Claro e Aluviões, onde foram realizadas a análise e caracterização geotécnica. Esta pesquisa mostra que as diferentes unidades necessitam de ensaios e análises específicos, que dependem das propriedades e dos processos atuantes. Atributos específicos de cada unidade de análise podem ser destacados como: argilas expansivas (unidade 1), fraturamento estrutural (unidade 2), solo colapsível (unidade 3) e a presença de camadas de turfa compressíveis (unidade 4). Vale ressaltar que, para todas as unidades, a profundidade do nível d água subterrâneo é um atributo determinante, influenciando tanto na instalação do tanque de armazenamento subterrâneo quanto ocasionando processos corrosivos, além de estar susceptível a contaminações...
This research is based on the geological and geotechnical characterizations of Rio Claro (SP) urban area, a medium size town of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, with emphasis in the installation of gas stations. Gas station leaks caused the creation and emulation of specific legislation to control the installation and prevent accidents of this nature. These studies specify the characterization of the physical factors as one of the major parameters to be considered. The objective of this research was: definition, characterization, analysis and evaluation of the geologic-geotechnical units, therefore orienting the installation of fuel stations in Rio Claro. For this issue, those procedures active in the area, that influence on the underground storage tanks possibly causing structural damages and leaks were identified as well as the characteristics and properties of the surrounding fields that demand the migration of the leaked contaminant. For the Rio Claro area, four units of analysis were identified: Corumbataí Formation, Diabase, Rio Claro Formation and Alluvial Deposits, where the analysis and geotechnical characterization were conducted. This research shows that the different units need tests and analysis specific, which depend on the acting properties and processes. Specific attributes of each analysis unit can be presented as: expansive clay (unit 1), structural fracturing (unit 2) collapsible soil (unit 3) and the presence of compressible turf layers (unit 4). It is also worth mentioning that, for all units, the depth of the water table is a determinant attribute, influencing both on the installation of the underground storage tank as well as causing corrosive processes, aside from being susceptible to contamination. The definition of different units of analysis proved the necessity of distinct procedures for evaluation of each area...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Magdic, Matthew James. "Assessment of Soil Properties in Proximity to Abandoned Oil Wells usingRemote Sensing and Clay X-ray Analysis, Wood County, Ohio." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1462537679.
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Souza, Renata Buzeti Garcia de [UNESP]. "Avaliação da contaminação por hidrocarbonetos do solo e da água da região de Avaré." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/137908.
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Este trabalho tem como objetivo a avaliação da contaminação da água e solo por hidrocarbonetos em dois postos de combustíveis denominados Postos A e B, em dois municípios da região de Avaré (SP). Foram avaliadas as concentrações de contaminantes identificadas nas amostras de água e solo coletadas pelas empresas A e B e, comparadas aos Valores de Intervenção da CETESB para solos e águas subterrâneas. Confirmada a contaminação por hidrocarbonetos em ambos os postos e reclassificadas essas áreas como Áreas Contaminadas (AC), foi avaliada a eficácia das técnicas de remediação executadas no Posto A e, através do comparativo traçado entre 21 casos similares da região de Avaré, traçado um plano de remediação para o Posto B. Foram avaliadas as técnicas praticadas no Posto A, de Bombeamento e Tratamento, Biorremediação e Extração de Vapores do Solo. Os principais resultados mostraram uma significativa redução de BTEX totais entre 74,44% e 97,85%, com exceção apenas do ponto onde encontra-se a bomba de sucção do efluente que apresentou aumento, devido à migração da fase residual. Em relação ao Posto B, o comparativo traçado, resultou em um plano de remediação que conta com a associação das técnicas de Bombeamento e Tratamento e, Biorremediação com o uso de Bioestimulantes, visando a aceleração do processo de remediação, tendo em vista que o único meio de abastecimento de água do Posto B trata-se de poço artesiano. A avaliação das investigações permitiu: a classificação de ambos os postos como AC, a identificação das fontes primárias e secundárias de contaminação, o estudo do fluxo de água subterrânea e a direção e extensão da contaminação ao longo do tempo. Além disso, a metodologia de ações corretivas baseadas no risco (ACBR) permitiu o traçado dos possíveis cenários de risco. O processo de remediação dos postos, continua em operação até que essas concentrações se tornem nulas.
This study aims to evaluate the contamination of water and soil for hydrocarbons in two gas stations called Stations A and B in two cities in the Avare (SP) region. Were evaluated the concentrations of contaminants identified in water and soil samples collected by companies A and B, and compared to CETESB Intervention Values for soil and groundwater. Confirmed the hydrocarbon contamination in both stations and reclassified these areas as Contaminated Areas (CA), it was evaluated the effectiveness of remediation techniques performed in Station A and, through the comparative drawn between 21 similar cases of Avare region, tracing a remediation plan for the Station B. The combination of techniques Pumping and Treatment, Bioremediation and Soil Vapor Extraction used were evaluate regarding the station A. The main results showed a significant reduction of total BTEX between 74.44% and 97.85%, except from the point where was installed the extraction pump which increased the concentration of contaminants because of the movement of the residual phase. About the B Station, the comparative draw resulted in a remediation plan that has the combination of Pumping and Treatment and Bioremediation using Biostimulyators, aiming to accelerate the remediation process, considering that the only way of Station B water supply was a artesian well. The evaluation allowed: the classification of both station as AC, the identification of primary and secondary sources of contamination, the study of groundwater flow, and the direction and extent of the contamination over time and. Besides that, the methodology called corrective actions based in risk (CABR) allowed the possible risk scenarios. The process of remediation stations remains in operation until the concentrations become null.
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White, Judith. "Molecular ecology and biology of hydrocarbon fuel contaminating bacteria." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.587514.
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Cesar, Mara Fisner. "Grânulos plásticos em praias arenosas: avaliação de um método amostral quantitativo e da contaminação química." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21134/tde-28032013-112545/.
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Os grânulos plásticos são encontrados no ambiente marinho e, em função de suas características podem concentrar e transportar poluentes orgânicos. A Enseada de Santos representa um polo de grande importância econômica para o estado de São Paulo, devido à existência do Porto de Santos e do complexo industrial de Cubatão nos seus arredores. Essa região foi escolhida para o desenvolvimento deste estudo por possuir uma grande quantidade de grânulos na superfície arenosa de suas praias. O presente estudo teve como objetivos: (1) avaliar uma proposta metodológica para a coleta de grânulos plásticos, baseada no uso de transectos perpendiculares à linha da água compostos por escavações (amostragens) equidistantes; e (2) analisar a concentração, composição e fontes de contaminação de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) nos grânulos coletados em praias arenosas, considerando diferentes escalas espaciais e a influência do tipo de resina que os grânulos são produzidos, bem como o tempo de exposição destes no ambiente. O resultado da avaliação da proposta metodológica determinou o diâmetro do trado que fornece a melhor combinação entre tempo e volume de sedimento coletado, além da confirmação da profundidade de maior ocorrência dos grânulos na coluna sedimentar, bem como a constatação de que transectos tornam-se inviáveis para este procedimento. É sugerido, então, o desenvolvimento de estudos futuros a fim de encontrar o melhor desenho amostral, uma vez que não foi eficaz a realização de transectos, para a amostragem de grânulos plásticos em profundidade. De acordo com os resultados das análises, a concentração e composição de HPAs nos grânulos plásticos variaram de forma expressiva entre os pontos amostrais em uma mesma praia, de forma que, para a obtenção da real variabilidade de poluentes em uma praia, são necessárias coletas em diversos pontos amostrais, a fim de evitar uma equivocada extrapolação dos resultados. As análises dos grânulos coletados em diferentes profundidades no sedimento arenoso indicam resultados semelhantes, com uma alta variabilidade na composição e concentração de HPAs. Entre as resinas, houve diferença na concentração de HPAs (polietileno > polipropileno) e no tempo de exposição, com maiores concentrações nos grânulos mais escuros, ou seja, mais tempo expostos no ambiente. A contaminação na área de coleta é oriunda da mistura de compostos provenientes de fontes petrogênicas e pirolíticas e as análises da potencial toxicidade dos HPAs em grânulos, em geral, indicam um risco iminente aos organismos. São necessários, no entanto, estudos complementares também para a investigação da possibilidade de bioacumulação dos poluentes em organismos.Plastic pellets are easily found in marine environment and due to its characteristics they may concentrate and bring organic pollutants. Santos bay represents a major economic center for the state of São Paulo because of Santos Port and the Cubatão industrial complex in its surroundings. This place was chosen for the development of the study for the great number of pellets found in the sandy surface of its beaches. This study aimed at (1) evaluating a sampling methodology for plastic pellets based on the use of transects perpendicular to the seawater line and made by diggings equally distant from one another (samplings). It also aimed at (2) analyzing the concentration, composition and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) contamination on the pellets sampled on sandy beaches, considering different spatial scales and resin kinds which the plastic pellets were made from as well as their exposure time in the environment. As a result of the evaluation of sampling methodology the sampler diameter was defined which provides the best combination between the time and the volume of sampled sediment. Apart from that the depth of the major occurrence of plastic pellets in the sedimentary column was confirmed and it was established that transects are impracticable for this kind of procedure. The development of future studies in order to figure out the best sample design is suggested once the use of transects was not efficient for plastic pellets sampling in depth. According to analyses results the PAHs concentration and composition on the plastic pellets vary largely among sampling sites on the same beach. In order to obtain real pollutant variability on one beach, samples taken from different sampling sites are necessary to avoid a wrong over sizing of results. The plastic pellets analyses taken from different depths in sandy sediment showed similar results to those from the surface with a high variability in PAH concentration and composition. Among the resins there was a difference on PAH concentration (polyethylene > polypropylene) and exposure time, showing larger concentrations on darker pellets, that is longer exposed in the environment. The contamination in the studied area comes from the mixture of compounds from petrogenic and pyrolitic sources and the PAHs potential toxicity in plastic pellets analyses generally reflect an imminent risk to organisms. Complementary studies are also necessary to investigate the possibility of pollutant bioaccumulation in organisms.
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Semkiv, Bogdan. "Problems of monitoring existing oil wells of Western Ukraine." Thesis, National Aviation University, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/50623.
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1. V.Pryhid. Ecological catastrophe: Boryslav has not laughed for a long time // Deutsche Welle. - 30.10.2017. – Lviv. https://p.dw.com/p/2mdS7.
2. Dryguluch P.G., Pukish A.V. Problems of urban areas during the development of oil and gas fields (on the example of the city of Boryslav)// Oil and gas industry of Ukraine. 2013. № 2.The territory of Ukraine has a large number of wells, as the history of hydrocarbon production dates back to XVI - XVII centuries. The western region of Ukraine is represented by several oil and gas regions: Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Chernivtsi and Zakarpattia regions, which has a total of 91 deposits. Special attention in Western Ukraine should be paid to the Boryslav oil and gas field, which began to be developed in 1854. Since the oil was in layers at a depth of only tens, or sometimes about hundreds of meters, the production was conducted through primitive oil wells - pits. In those years in Borislav there were about 5 thousand such pits with a depth of 35-40 m. In 1870, oil production in Boryslav reached 10.6 thousand tons. There were about 800 small businesses, which employed almost 10 thousand workers [1]. Foreign firms from the USA, Canada, Belgium, France, Germany for the purpose of enrichment carried out exhaustive exploitation of deposits, respectively, without paying attention to labor protection, care of the environment and ignoring keeping records of wells in the documentation. Thus chaotically there were all new places of oil production and in a terrible state remained abandoned primitive wells.
Територія України має велику кількість свердловин, оскільки історія видобутку вуглеводнів сягає XVI - XVII століть. Західний регіон України представлений кількома нафтогазоносними регіонами: Львівською, Івано-Франківською, Чернівецькою та Закарпатською областями, що має загалом 91 родовище. Особливу увагу в Західній Україні слід приділити Бориславському нафтогазовому родовищу, яке почали розробляти в 1854 році. Оскільки нафта була шарами на глибині лише десятки, а іноді і близько сотні метрів, видобуток вівся через примітивні нафтові свердловини - ями. У ті роки в Бориславі було близько 5 тис. таких ям глибиною 35-40 м. У 1870 р. Видобуток нафти в Бориславі досяг 10,6 тис. тонн. Налічувалося близько 800 малих підприємств, на яких працювало майже 10 тис. робітників [1]. Іноземні фірми з США, Канади, Бельгії, Франції, Німеччини з метою збагачення проводили вичерпну експлуатацію родовищ, відповідно, не звертаючи уваги на охорону праці, догляд за навколишнім середовищем та ігноруючи ведення записів свердловин у документації. Таким чином хаотично з'явилися все нові місця видобутку нафти і в жахливому стані залишилися занедбані примітивні свердловини.
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Zhao, Zhenyong. "Biosurfactants enhanced bioremediation of PAHs contamination soil under thermophilic condition." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2007. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/822.
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Ruddock, Peter John. "Fish bile metabolites : the assessment of PAH contamination in aquatic ecosystems." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365188.
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GOBBATO, GUSTAVO M. "Avaliação do gradiente de contaminação por elementos metálicos e hidrocarbonetos nos sedimentos desde a zona costeira do sistema estuarino de Santos e São Vicente até o Parque Estadual Marinho da Laje de Santos." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2012. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9943.
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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:33:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Hunt, James. "Quantifying environmental risk of groundwater contaminated with volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons." University of Sydney, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/5138.
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Doctor of PhilosophyWater quality guidelines (WQGs) present concentrations of contaminants that are designed to be protective of aquatic ecosystems. In Australia, guidance for assessment of water quality is provided by the ANZECC and ARMCANZ (2000) Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality. WQGs are generally provided for individual contaminants, not complex mixtures of chemicals, where interaction between contaminants may occur. Complex mixtures of contaminants are however, more commonly found in the environment than singular chemicals. The likelihood and consequences of adverse effects occurring in aquatic ecosystems resulting from contaminants are generally assessed using an ecological risk assessment (ERA) framework. Ecological risk assessment is often a tiered approach, whereby risks identified in early stages, using conservative assumptions, prompt further detailed and more realistic assessment in higher tiers. The objectives of this study were: to assess and investigate the toxicity of the mixture of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons (VCHs) in groundwater to indigenous marine organisms; to present a ‘best practice’ ecological risk assessment of the discharge of contaminated groundwater to an estuarine embayment and to develop techniques to quantify the environmental risk; and to evaluate the existing ANZECC and ARMCANZ (2000) WQGs for VCHs and to derive new WQGs, where appropriate. Previous investigations at a chemical manufacturing facility in Botany, Sydney, identified several plumes of groundwater contamination with VCHs. Contaminated groundwater containing a complex mixture of VCHs was identified as discharging, via a series of stormwater drains, to surface water in nearby Penrhyn Estuary, an adjacent small intertidal embayment on the northern margin of Botany Bay. A screening level ecological hazard assessment was undertaken using the hazard quotient (HQ) approach, whereby contaminant concentrations measured in the environment were screened against published trigger values (TVs) presented in ANZECC and ARMCANZ (2000). Existing TVs were available for 9 of the 14 VCHs present in surface water in the estuary and new TVs were derived for the remaining 5 VCHs. A greater hazard was identified in the estuary at low tide than high tide or when VCH concentrations from both high and low tides were assessed together. A greater hazard was also identified in the estuary when the toxicity of the mixture was assessed, rather than the toxicity of individual contaminants. The screening level hazard assessment also identified several limitations, including: the low reliability of the TVs for VCHs provided in ANZECC and ARMCANZ (2000); the limited applicability of the TVs to a complex mixture of 14 potentially interacting contaminants; the use of deterministic measures for each of the exposure and toxicity profiles in the HQ method and the associated lack of elements of probability to assess ‘risk’. Subsequent studies were undertaken to address these identified shortcomings of the screening level hazard assessment as described in the following chapters. A toxicity testing methodology was adapted and evaluated for suitability in preventing loss of VCHs from test solutions and also for testing with 6 indigenous marine organisms, including: oyster (Saccostrea commercialis) and sea urchin larvae (Heliocidaris tuberculata); a benthic alga (Nitzschia closterium); an amphipod (Allorchestes compressa); a larval fish (Macquaria novemaculeata); and a polychaete worm (Diopatra dentata). The study evaluated possible VCH loss from 44 mL vials for small organisms (H.tuberculata, S.commercialis and N.closterium) and 1 L jars for larger organisms (M.novemaculeata, A.compressa and D.dentata). Vials were effective in preventing loss of VCHs, however, an average 46% of VCHs were lost from jars, attributable to the headspace provided in the vessels. Test jars were deemed suitable for use with the organisms as test conditions, i.e. dissolved oxygen content and pH, were maintained, however, variability in test organism survival was identified, with some control tests failing to meet all acceptance criteria. Direct toxicity assessment (DTA) of groundwater contaminated with VCHs was undertaken using 5 indigenous marine organisms and site-specific species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) and TVs were derived for the complex mixture of VCHs for application to surface water in Penrhyn Estuary. Test organisms included A.compressa, H.tuberculata, S.commercialis, D.dentata and N.closterium. The SSD was derived using NOEC data in accordance with procedures presented in ANZECC and ARMCANZ (2000) for deriving WQGs. The site-specific SSD adopted was a log-normal distribution, using an acute to chronic ratio (ACR) of 5, with a 95% TV of 838 μg/L total VCHs. A number of additional scenarios were undertaken to evaluate the effect of including different ACRs (i.e. 5 or 10), inclusion of larval development tests as either acute or chronic tests and choice of SSD distribution (i.e. log-normal, Burr Type III and Pareto). TVs for the scenarios modelled varied from 67 μg/L to 954 μg/L total VCHs. A site-specific, quantitative ERA was undertaken of the surface water contaminated with VCHs in Penrhyn Estuary. The risk assessment included probabilistic elements for toxicity (i.e. the site-specific SSD) and exposure (i.e. a cumulative distribution function of monitoring data for VCHs in surface waters in the estuary). The joint probability curve (JPC) methodology was used to derive quantitative estimates of ecological risk (δ) and the type of exposure in the source areas in surface water drains entering the estuary, i.e. Springvale and Floodvale Drains, Springvale and Floodvale Tributaries and the Inner and Outer Estuary. The risk of possible adverse effects and likely adverse effects were each assessed using SSDs derived from NOEC and EC50 data, respectively. Estimates of risk (δ) of possible adverse effects (i.e. based on NOEC data) varied from a maximum of 85% in the Springvale Drain source area to <1% in the outer estuary and estimates of likely adverse effects (i.e. based on EC50 data) varied from 78% to 0%. The ERA represents a ‘best practice’ ecological risk assessment of contamination of an estuary using site-specific probabilistic elements for toxicity and exposure assessments. The VCHs identified in surface water in Penrhyn Estuary are additive in toxicity and act under the narcotic pathway, inhibiting cellular processes through interference with membrane integrity. Lethal toxicity to 50% of organisms (i.e. LC50) is typically reported at the internal lethal concentration (ILC) or critical body residue (CBR) of ~2.5 mmol/kg wet weight or within the range of 1 to 10 mmol/kg wet weight. To evaluate the sensitivity of the test organisms to VCHs and to determine if toxicity in the DTA was due to VCHs, the internal residue for 6 test organisms was calculated for the mixture of VCHs in groundwater and toxicity testing with seawater spiked individually 2 VCHs, chloroform and 1,2-dichloroethane. Calculated residues (at LC50/EC50) were typically between 1 and 10 mmol/kg, with the exception of the algal and sea urchin toxicity tests, which were considerably lower than the expected minimum. Mean internal residues for the groundwater, chloroform and 1,2-dichloroethane were 0.88 mmol/kg, 2.84 mmol/kg and 2.32 mmol/kg, respectively, i.e. close to the predicted value of ~2.5 mmol/kg, indicating that the organisms were suitably sensitive to VCHs. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the mean residues of each of the three treatments and the study concluded that the additive toxicity of the VCHs in groundwater was sufficient to account for the observed toxicity (i.e. VCHs caused the toxicity in the DTA undertaken). Evaluation of the existing low reliability ANZECC and ARMCANZ (2000) TVs for chloroform and 1,2-dichloroethane was undertaken to determine if these guidelines were protective of indigenous marine organisms. NOECs, derived from toxicity testing of 1,2- dichloroethane and chloroform with 6 indigenous marine organisms, were screened against the existing low reliability TVs. The TVs for 1,2-dichloroethane and chloroform were protective of 4 of the 6 species tested (A.compressa, D.dentata, S.commercialis and M.novemaculeata), however, the TVs were not protective of the alga (N.closterium) or the sea urchin larvae (H.tuberculata). As the existing TVs were not considered to be adequately protective, SSDs were derived using the NOEC data generated from the testing in accordance with procedures outlined in ANZECC and ARMCANZ (2000). Moderate reliability TVs of 3 μg/L and 165 μg/L were derived for chloroform and 1,2- dichloroethane, respectively, i.e. considerably lower than the existing TVs of 770 μg/L and 1900 μg/L. Differences between the existing and newly derived TVs were considered to result from the sensitive endpoints selected (i.e. growth and larval development rather than survival) and from variability inherent when deriving SSDs using a small number of test species. Ongoing groundwater monitoring indicated that the plumes of VCHs in groundwater, identified in the 1990s, were continuing to migrate towards Botany Bay. Discharge of these groundwater plumes into Botany Bay would result in significant increases in the concentrations of VCHs in the receiving environment and would likely lead to significant environmental impacts. In 2006, a groundwater remediation system was commissioned to prevent the discharge of groundwater containing VCHs into Penrhyn Estuary and Botany Bay. The success of the project had only been measured according to chemical and engineering objectives. Assessment of changes in ecological risk is vital to the success of ERA and central to the ERA management framework. Whereas monitoring of chemical concentrations provides qualitative information that risk should decrease, it cannot quantify the reduction in ecological risk. To assess the ecological risk following implementation of the groundwater treatment system, the risk assessment was revised using surface water monitoring data collected during 2007 and 2008. The ERA indicated that, following remediation of the groundwater, ecological risk in Penrhyn Estuary reduced from a maximum of 35% prior to remediation, to a maximum of only 1.3% after remediation. Using the same methodology applied in the initial risk assessment, the success of the groundwater remediation was measured in terms of ecological risk, rather than engineering or chemical measures of success. Prior to the present investigation, existing techniques for assessing ecological risk of VCH contamination in aquatic ecosystems were inadequate to characterise ecological risk. The current study demonstrated that through monitoring of surface water at the site and DTA using indigenous marine organisms, ecological risk can be assessed using site-specific, quantitative techniques for a complex mixture of VCHs in groundwater. The present investigation also identified that existing ANZECC and ARMCANZ (2000) low reliability TVs were less protective of indigenous test organisms than previously thought and therefore, new TVs were derived in the current work. The present study showed that revision of the risk assessment as conditions change is crucial to the success of the ecological risk management framework.
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Smythe, Kirsten. "Using Petroleum Hydrocarbons (PHCs) to Characterize Contamination in the Cold Lake Oil Sands Region, Alberta." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41155.
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In-situ oil sands operations have been the dominant method of bitumen extraction in Canada since 2012; however, research on contaminants attributed to this method is limited in the peer-reviewed scientific literature, compared to that of open-pit mining. The Cold Lake oil sands region operates using exclusively thermal in-situ extraction techniques, raising the issue of whether oil sands activity is resulting in petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contamination in the absence of open-pit mines, upgraders, refineries, tailings ponds, and other bitumen processing operations. The lack of baseline contamination levels prior to oil sands development hampers debate on contamination from the oil sands industry. We address this shortcoming by using regional lake sediment cores to characterize petroleum hydrocarbons and trace their origin within the Cold Lake oil sands deposit. Petroleum hydrocarbons are hydrophobic compounds that bind to sediments, therefore persisting and accumulating in aquatic environments. This thesis examines historical levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PACs), petroleum biomarkers, and n-alkanes in radiometrically dated sediment cores collected from the depocenter of lakes within the Cold Lake heavy oil field. We used alkylated PACs and a suite of petroleum biomarkers to evaluate in-situ operations as potential petroleum-derived contamination sources. We predicted that similarly to open-pit mining, concentrations of PHCs in lake sediments would increase with industrial activity corresponding to proximity from in-situ operations. Like open-pit regions, alkylated PACs in Cold Lake sediments were elevated when compared to unsubstituted parent PACs and were significantly enriched in lake sediments deposited after the onset of oil sands operations. These findings imply that in-situ oil sands activity is driving the enrichment; however, diagnostic ratios and pyrogenic indices confirm a strongly pyrogenic origin in both pre-industrial and more recent sediments. When compared to a Cold Lake bitumen sample, the principal components driving PHC enrichment do not resemble bitumen. Likewise, diagnostic ratios of petroleum biomarkers and n-alkanes do not support bitumen as a significant source of hydrocarbons. PHC inputs in lake sediments are instead from terrestrial vegetation and plant waxes. These findings suggest that bitumen is not significantly contributing to petroleum hydrocarbon enrichment to lakes within the Cold Lake oil field; however, emissions from in-situ activity (natural gas burning, diesel trucks, seismic line cutting etc.) is increasingly abundant in more recent sediment.
With >80 % of Canadian bitumen reserves requiring in-situ techniques for extraction, this thesis provides the first assessment of the spatial and temporal relationship between contaminant loading and proximity to in-situ oil sands operations. Additionally, this study allows for the environmental implications of open-pit mining operations to now be compared to that of in-situ techniques.
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Therrien, Annamarie F. "Degradation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Groundwater Passing Through the Treatment Wetland at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base: Analysis of Results Collected During 2001-'06." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1363477561.
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Birnstingl, Jeremy G. A. "An investigation into bioremediation techniques applied to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a manufactured gas plant soil." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364323.
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Randima, Livhuwani Priscilla. "Rhizosphere microbial diversity in PAH's contaminated and uncontaminated soil." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11302009-195201/.
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Waters, Lois Diane. "Relationships Between Hybrid Poplar Tree Extractives and Ground Water Contamination at a Phytoremediation Site." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31583.
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In 1997, a phytoremediation program began at a creosote-contaminated former railroad tie yard in Oneida, Tennessee with the planting of over 1000 hybrid poplar trees onsite. Creosote, a mixture of hazardous chemicals composed of 85% polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) had entered the site soil and ground water. After planting, a seasonal ground water testing program began that monitored the progress of remediation by measuring the concentration of the 10 predominant PAHs in the contaminant plume: naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene. The concentrations of these compounds steadily decreased over time, but the role the trees played in the remediation was unclear.
In order to gain a clearer understanding of the role the trees played in contaminant remediation, chemical analysis of tree tissue began. It was not known whether the trees were taking up PAH contaminants or their metabolites or if the rhizosphere zone created by the trees simply enhanced the ability of the site microflora to degrade the PAH. The objectives of this research were to (1) develop a suitable method for the chemical analysis of tree tissue collected from a field site, (2) determine if there were any chemicals not usually found in poplar trees that occurred in the trees growing over contamination, (3) determine if bud, bark, and twig tissue differed in their ability to predict ground water contamination, and (4) determine if a spatial correlation existed between the aromatic compounds in the tree tissue and the ground water total PAH plume.
Two types of tree tissue/ground water comparisons were performed: spatial distribution of isoeugenol concentration in tree tissue with spatial distribution of total PAH in ground water over the area of interest; and the spatial distribution of the quantity of aromatic compounds in tree tissue with the spatial distribution of total PAH concentration in ground water. Due to unit discrepancies between the quantities of interest, all comparisons were made on a percentile basis.
Initial tree sampling revealed that several compounds not usually present in poplar trees occurred only in those trees growing over contamination. In the first part of this study, the concentration of one of these chemicals, the substituted phenol isoeugenol, was compared with the concentration of total PAH in ground water from samples collected from February-March 2002. The bark tissue percentiles fell within 20 percentiles of ground water total PAH concentrations in 60% of the study area. The twig tissue showed slightly better agreement, with 67% of the study area differing from ground water by twenty percentiles or less.
The second comparison took place over three sampling events: March 2001, July 2001, and February-March 2002. The number of unique aromatic compounds in bark, bud, and twig tissue was compared with the total PAH concentration in ground water. Twig tissue aromatic compound content was the most accurate predictor of ground water contamination among the tissue types. After excluding those chemicals likely to be interferences from consideration, twig tissue aromatic content agreed with ground water total PAH concentration to within 20 percentiles over 2/3 or more of the study area during each sampling event, suggesting the potential uptake of PAHs or their microbial metabolites as a mechanism of phytoremediation at the site.
Master of Science
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Ferreira, Silvia Maria. ""Relação entre a espessura real e aparente da gasolina com etanol e da gasolina pura em colunas de laboratório"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44133/tde-26062005-171404/.
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A gasolina que é comercializada no Brasil sofre a adição de álcool etílico anidro, também conhecido como etanol, em frações que podem variar de 20 a 24%. O uso desse composto adicionado à gasolina serve para aumentar a octanagem e reduzir a emissão de monóxido de carbono para a atmosfera. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo verificar e comparar a relação existente entre a espessura encontrada nos poços de monitoramento e no meio poroso, tanto para gasolina pura quanto para a gasolina com 20 % de etanol (E-20), após a simulação de um vazamento em subsuperfície, utilizando colunas de areia em laboratório, visto que esta relação é de extrema importância para o cálculo preciso do volume do contaminante a ser bombeado, no caso de vazamentos de combustível. As colunas foram confeccionadas utilizando-se 2 tubos de acrílico transparente com 100 cm de comprimento e 23cm de diâmetro interno que foram fixados a uma base de acrílico transparente com 0,60 cm de espessura. Um tubo de PVC branco com 100 cm de comprimento e 3,50 cm de diâmetro interno, com ranhuras horizontais de 0,10 cm de largura foi cortado longitudinalmente e cada metade foi fixada nas paredes dos tubos de acrílico para representar o poço de monitoramento. As colunas foram preenchidas com areia de granulometria muito fina (0,088 mm). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a espessura aparente da gasolina pura foi 2,6 vezes superior à espessura real da fase livre e a espessura aparente da E-20 foi 0,6 vezes superior a espessura real da fase livre. A tensão interfacial da E-20 foi 67% inferior à tensão interfacial da gasolina pura, possibilitando que uma quantidade maior de poros fosse acessada, refletindo em valores de saturação total 54% superiores ao da gasolina pura. Parte da fase gasolina da E-20 deve ter sido depositada como glóbulos desconectados nos poros caracterizando uma saturação residual, devido ao particionamento preferencial do etanol para a água subterrânea e o conseqüente enriquecimento em gasolina na fase gasolina. Esta saturação residual deve ter dificultado o fluxo e consequentemente reduzido a permeabilidade relativa para a fase aquosa, causando o retardamento da chegada da E-20 no poço de monitoramento.Commercial gasolines sold in Brazil are added ethanol from 20 to 24% by volume. This oxygenated additive raises the octane level and reduces carbon monoxide emissions to the atmosphere. Underground storage tanks and gasoline lines are a major potential problem for soil and groundwater contamination. Since ethanol has cosolvent properties that alter the behavior of phase distribution in subsurface, this research compares the existing relationship of apparent and actual thicknesses of free phase gasoline and E-20 (80% gasoline and 20% ethanol by volume) found respectively in monitoring wells and medium porous material using two column experiments. Two cylindrical plexiglass columns were used (100 cm long and 23 cm in internal diameter). The bottom ends were capped using two 35 x 35 cm plexiglass plates. A spout-like connection of PVC was fitted near the base of each column as an inlet/outlet end. One well screen (100 cm long and 3,5 cm in internal diameter) in white PVC was cut in half lengthwise and attached to the inside walls of columns to be used as monitoring wells. The columns were then filled with 0,088 mm grain size sand (very fine).The apparent thickness of pure gasoline was 2.6 times thicker than the actual thickness in the aquifer while it was only 0.6 thicker for E-20. The interfacial tension of E-20 is 67% lower than the that of the pure gasoline, allowing a larger quantity of pores to be accessed, which was reflected in an oil saturation 54% higher than that of pure gasoline. Part of the gasoline phase of E-20 must have been precipitated as disconnected doplets within the pores creating a residual saturation and consequently reducing the permeability with respect to the aqueous phase delaying the breakthrough of E-20 in the monitoring well.
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Enwere, Rita. "Environmental risk management of contamination of marine biota by hydrocarbons specifically those arising following an oil spill." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/376.
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Marine pollution resulting from oil spillage has received much attention mostly due to the damaging effects it has on fisheries and aquacultures. One component of oil that is widely studied due to its toxic and carcinogenic properties is the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The physical and chemical properties of these compounds control their distribution into the various phases of the environment. The rates of elimination of these compounds from impacted organisms were investigated in laboratory and field experiments using selected marine organisms (Mytilus edulis and Salmo salar). The elimination of individual PAH compounds followed first order kinetics. Elimination rate varied among compounds and generally decreased with increase in molecular weight and degree of alkylation. Elimination rate constants (k2) and biological half-lives (t1/2) evaluated from chronically exposed mussels (collected from Aberdeen harbour) in separate laboratory and field studies were comparable but differed from those evaluated from acutely exposed mussels. Shorter t1/2 were obtained from acutely exposed mussels. The t1/2 ranged between 0.5- 22 d (acute exposure) and 3.8- 31.5 d (chronic exposure).The longer apparent t1/2 calculated for the chronically impacted mussels was attributed to the retention of the compounds in a stable compartment due to long period of exposure that limited exchange with the surrounding water. Contrary to expectation, t1/2 for similar compounds was higher in salmon than in mussels. The reason for this was unknown but attributed to the route of elimination. A good correlation (r2 > 0.72) was found between PAHs tissue concentration and taint intensity in salmon. Comparison of the results from this study with literature data showed that tank water replacement time and exposure duration affects rate of PAHs elimination. The data generated in this study and some of the reviewed studies will find application in different oil spill scenarios. The usefulness and limitations of the n-alkanes profile, PAH distribution and concentration ratios, and specific biomarker ratios from organisms in oil spill source identification was also demonstrated.
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Nyman, Madeleine. "Biomarkers for exposure and for the effects of contamination with polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons in Baltic ringed and grey seals." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2000. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/mat/ekolo/vk/nyman/.
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Smartt, Helen Anne. "Effects of the Desorption and Dissolution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Phytoremediation at a Creosote-Contaminated Site." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45332.
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Creosote, containing many high molecular weight hydrophobic polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH's), is present in the subsurface environment at the Oneida Tie-Yard
in Oneida, Tennessee. Phytoremediation using hybrid poplar trees was chosen as the
remedial technology on-site. Since monitoring began, the contaminant plume has been
shrinking consistently and evidence has shown that remediation is taking place.
However, remediation may be rate-limited by the desorption and dissolution kinetics of
the PAH's on-site.
The objectives of this research are to: (1) estimate the desorption and dissolution rates
of 10 PAH's found in the subsurface and (2) estimate the amount of each PAH and total
mass of contaminant that is irreversibly sorbed to the soil. Three laboratory desorption
and dissolution experiments were performed using contaminated soil samples from the
Oneida Tie-Yard site. The first experiment was a batch desorption equilibrium
experiment, the second was a batch desorption kinetics experiment, and the third was a
soil column dissolution kinetics experiment. The target compounds in this study were:
naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene,
fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, and benzo(b)fluoranthene.
The resulting data for the desorption equilibrium experiment revealed that rates of
equilibrium were truly not instantaneous in the systems studied. However, because
approximately 76% of PAH's desorbed by the first sampling event (3 days), an
equilibrium isotherm was considered appropriate. Results showed that there is a sorbed
reversible concentration that readily desorbs to the aqueous phase for each PAH.
Additionally, it was determined that the percent removal of sorbed PAH's decreases with
increasing molecular weight. Desorption curves based on experimental data were found
to exhibit linear behavior over large variations in aqueous concentration, but showed
exponential behavior as concentrations approached zero. Freundlich sorption equilibrium
isotherms for the 10 monitored PAH's on-site were generally found to have N coefficient
values over 1, especially over large variations in solution phase concentration, indicating
a non-uniform sorbent.
Dissolution of resistant PAH's under field-like conditions was determined to occur
over long periods of time. Dissolution rates calculated from experimental data were
shown to generally decrease with increasing molecular weight. Overall, desorption and
dissolution kinetics of PAH's were shown to be rate-limiting factors to remediation at the
Oneida Tie-Yard.Master of Science
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Ekumankama, Chinedu. "Effect of heavy metal co-contamination on the biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an urban soil with high organic carbon content." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2015. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/30323/.
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Biodegradation is a commonly used approach for the removal of organic contaminants from soil, relying on naturally present microorganisms that utilise the pollutants as an energy source. Often these sites are co-contaminated with heavy metals and the aim of the current research was to investigate how this affects the biodegradation of 16 US EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), both in terms of removal rates and the overall functioning of the soil microbial community. Soil samples were obtained from a Greenfield site in Newcastle upon Tyne. The soil had a high organic content (11.0 %) and also contained elevated lead concentrations as a result of past atmospheric deposition from adjacent industrial activities. PAHs were applied to the soil using a coal tar source dissolved in acetone, giving a total PAH concentration in the spiked soil of 2166 mg kg-1. Individual PAH concentrations ranged from 1.44 mg kg-1 (acenaphthylene) to 325 mg kg-1 (benzo[b]fluoranthene); the benzo[a]pyrene concentration was 255 mg kg-1. The effect of heavy metal co-contaminants on the biodegradation was investigated using separate amendments of cadmium and lead to give respective total concentrations ranging from 133 to 620 mg kg-1 and 340 to 817 mg kg-1. Mercury amendment was used to give an abiotic control. The study was carried out over 40 weeks. For all treatments, the degradation of PAHs was observed to be biphasic. A novel kinetic model was developed to explain this dependence. In the absence of metal amendment, it was found that PAHs comprising two and three benzene rings generally degrade at a faster rate than four- five and six-membered rings. In the presence of metal amendments, overall % biodegradation after 40 weeks is relatively unaffected for two to four-ring PAHs but shows significant impairment for five and six-ring PAHs. Nevertheless, degradation rates generally decrease with increasing metal concentration, as do soil respiration rate, Shannon Diversity Index, and microbial biomass content. Lead appears to exert the greatest inhibitory effect. The novelty of this study arises from the integrated approach to investigating the effect of metal co-contaminants on the biodegradation of all 16 US EPA priority PAHs together with parameters relating to the functioning and diversity of the soil microbial community.
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Snežana, Maletić. "Karakterizacija biodegradabilnosti naftnih ugljovodonika u zemljištu i bioremedijacionih procesa u toku tretmana biogomilama i površinskom obradom." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2010. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=73221&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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U okviru ovog istraživanja ispitani su: (1) Procesi koji se odvijaju prilikom bioremedijacije zemljišta zagađenog naftom i derivatima nafte, koje je bilo izloženo spontanim abiotičkim i biotičkim procesima degradacije u toku 8 godina, tehnikama biogomila i površinske obrade na poluindustrijskoj (pilot) skali uz optimizaciju tehnoloških parametara sa ciljem povećanja efikasnosti i efektivnosti biodegradacije ugljovodonika; (2) Uticaj starenja, koncentracije, biodsotupnosti i strukture zagađujućih materija na procese biodegradacije i biotransformacije u kontrolisanim laboratorijskim uslovima. Tokom dve godine bioremedijacionog tretmana sadržaj mineralnih ulja opao je za 52% (od 27,8 g/kg do 13,2 g/kg) i 53% (od 23,2 g/kg do 10,8 g/kg), dok je sadržaj ukupnih ugljovodonika opao za 43% (od 41,4 g/kg do 23,4 g/kg) i 27% (od 35,3 g/kg do 25,8 g/kg) u biogomili i površinskoj obradi respektivno. Efikasnost uklanjanja mineralnih ulja iz zemljišta u dva posmatrana bioremedijaciona tretmana je praktično ista. Međutim, u pogledu sadržaja ukupnih ugljovodonika u biogomili uklonjeno je dva puta više ukupnih ugljovodonika (gledajući apsolutnu količinu ukupno uklonjenih ugljovodonika). Kinetika biodegradacije mineralnih ulja i ukupnih ugljovodonika u toku tretmana u biogomili u saglasnosti je sa kinetičkim modelima lnC=lnC0-kt i lnC=lnC0-kt0,5. Kinetika biodegradacije mineralnih ulja u toku površinske obrade relativno se dobro može opisati sa dva pomenuta kinetička modela, međutim, znatno bolju korelaciju pokazao je linearni model (C=C0-kt) primenjen na prvih 92 i poslednjih 200 dana eksperimenta. Promena sadržaja ukupnih ugljovodonika u toku površinske obrade zagađenog zemljišta relativno je u dobroj korelaciji samo sa kinetičkim modelom lnC=lnC0-kt0,5. Laboratorijska ispitivanja pokazala su da biodegradabilnost i sudbina ugljovodonika u životnoj sredini jako zavise od tipa, starosti i koncentracije zagađujućih materija. Naime, u slučaju zemljišta sveže kontaminiranog dizel uljem, već pri koncentracijama od 20 mg/g uočen toksičan efekat koji je prevaziđen nakon dve nedelje tretmana kao posledica smenjenja prekomerne koncentracije rastvorenih ugljovodonika biotičkim i abiotičkim putem i adaptacije prisutne mikroflore. U slučaju većih koncentracija ovaj efekat je bio još izraženiji. Kod zemljišta kontaminiranog sirovom naftom isti efekat se javlja tek pri koncentraciji od 35 mg/g, kao posledica toga da sirova nafta sadrži manju količinu lako rastvornih ugljovodonika. Za razliku od sveže kontaminiranog zemljišta, na biodegradaciju starog naftnog zagađanja u zemljištu koncentracija nije imala uticaj, u ovakvom zemljištu respiracija je bila na veoma niskom nivou pri svim ispitivanim koncentracijama, ali ne kao posledica toksičnosti, već kao posledica činjenice da se degradabilni deo zagađujućih materija degradirao tokom procesa starenja, tako da su u zemljištu zaostali visokomolekularni teško rastvorni ugljovodonici (smole, asfaltne komponente i dr.) sekvestrovani u zemljištu. Merenja biodostupnosti ugljovodonika (ekstrakcijom sa Tween80) pokazala su da je u zemljištu sveže kontaminiranom dizel uljem i sirovom naftom i starim naftnim zagađenjem oko 95%, 85% i 40% ugljovodonika biodostupno, respektivno. Koncentracija rezidualne frakcije mineralnih ulja i ukupnih ugljovodonika dobijena nakon 48 dana laboratorijskog tretmana u skoro svim probama je veća od predviđenih, što je posledica bifaznog ponašanja ugljovodonika u zemljištu, gde se jedan deo uklanja biodegradacijom, dok drugi deo difunduje u pore zemljišta i kompleksira se sa zemljišnom organskom materijom. Količina ugljovodonika iz starog naftnog zagađenja zemljišta koja može da pređe u vodenu fazu je mala reda veličine nekoliko mg/l, međutim, u prirodnim uslovima usled spiranja ugljovodonika sa zemljišta kišom, postoji verovatnoća da ovi ugljovodonici dospeju u podzemnu vodu iznad maksimalno dozvoljene koncentracije za vodu za piće (MDK = 10 μg/l) i na taj način degradiraju njen kvalitet. Zbog nemogućnosti daljag uklanjanja zagađenja bioremedijacijom, preostala količina zagađujućih materija koja može dospeti u vodenu fazu bi trebalo da se ukloni nekim drugim remedijacionim tehnikama pre njegovog konačnog bezbednog odlaganja u životnu sredinu.The aims of this study were to examine: (1) the processes that occur during bioremediation of soil contaminated by oil and oil derivatives, which was exposed to spontaneous abiotic and biotic degradation processes over 8 years, using pilot scale biopiles and landfarming techniques to optimise technological parameters with the aim of increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of hydrocarbons biodegradation. (2) the effect of contaminants weathering, concentration, bioavailability and structure on the biodegradation and biotransformation process under controlled laboratory conditions. Over the two years of bioremediation treatment by biopiles and landfarming, the mineral oil content decreased by 52% (from 27.8 g/kg to 13.2 g/kg) and 53% (from 23.2 g/kg to 10.8 g/kg), and the total hydrocarbon content decreased by 43% (from 41.4 g/kg to 23.4 g/kg) and 27% (from 35.3 g/kg to 25.8 g/kg), respectively. The efficiency of mineral oil removal from soil in these two applied bioremediation treatments was practically the same. However, in terms ofthe absolute amount of total hydrocarbons, twice as many total hydrocarbons were removed in the biopile. The mineral oil and total hydrocarbons biodegradation kinetics in the biopile were in good agreement with the kinetic models lnC = lnC0-kt and lnC = lnC0-kt0.5. The mineral oil biodegradation kinetics during the landfarming treatment is relatively well described with those two kinetic models, however, significantly better correlation is obtained by the linear model (C = C0-kt) applied to the first 92 and last 200 days of the experiment. The change in total hydrocarbons content during the landfarming treatment is in relatively good correlation only with the kinetic model lnC = lnC-kt0.5. The laboratory biodegradation investigation showed that hydrocarbon biodegradability and its fate in the environment strongly depend upon the structure, concentration and weathering of the hydrocarbons. Thus, in the case of diesel contaminated soil, as a consequence of its structure, i.e. the presence in a higher concentration of the soluble and toxic midrange n-alkanes, a toxic effect is detected at a diesel oil concentration of 20 mg/g, although this effect is overcome after two weeks, as a consequence of the decreasing concentration of soluble hydrocarbons in biotic and abiotic processes and microbial adaptation. This effect was more pronounced in the case of the soil withthe highest diesel oil concentration. In crude oil contaminated soil, a toxic effect was observed at a much higher hydrocarbon concentration (35 mg/g) than in the diesel oil contaminated soil, which corresponds to the fact that crude oil contains significantly less soluble hydrocarbon. In contrast to these two freshly contaminated soils, the weathered contaminated soil contaminant concentration did not have an effect on hydrocarbon biodegradation, with biodegradation in this soil actually at a low level at all concentrations, not as a consequence of toxicity, but because the degradable part of the contaminant was already degraded during the weathering process, leaving behind only highly condensed hydrophobic organic contaminants (asphaltenes, resins, etc.) sequestered in the soil. The data obtained for hydrocarbons bioavailability (by Tween80 extraction) showed that the bioavailable hydrocarbon fraction from soils freshly contaminated with diesel oil and crude and weathered oil contamination were approximately 95%, 85% and 40%, respectively. The concentration of residual mineral oil fractions and total hydrocarbons obtained after 48 days of laboratory biodegradability treatment in almost all batches was greater than predicted, as a result of the biphasic behaviour of hydrocarbons in the soil, where some were degraded or lost from the soil and some transformed into the recalcitrant fraction. The amount of hydrocarbons from the weathered soil contamination that can be transferred into the water phase is small, of the order of a few mg/l in magnitude, however, under natural conditions, due to hydrocarbons leaching by rainfall, it is possible that these hydrocarbons infiltrate groundwater above the maximum permissible concentration for drinking water (MAC = 10 μg/l) and thus degrade its quality. As it is not possible to achieve further contamination degradation by bioremediation, the remaining amount of pollutants which can be transferred into the water phase should be removed by some other remediation techniques before its final safe disposal in the environment.
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Jeanbille, Mathilde. "Réponse des consortia microbiens benthiques à une contamination chronique aux hydrocarbures." Thesis, Pau, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PAUU3043/document.
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Les communautés microbiennes procèdent au recyclage des nutriments et à la degradation de la matière organique, et sont ainsi essentielles aux cycles biogéochimiques dans le sédiment et plus largement dans les océans. La contamination chronique aux hydrocarbures représente près de 80% des déversements totaux dans les océans. Toutefois, en comparaison des marées noires, son impact sur les communautés microbiennes est encore mal compris. Dans cette étude, nous avons d’abord utilisé une approche de type méta-analyse pour élucider l’effet global de la contamination aux hydrocarbures dans différents habitats. La réponse des communautés bactériennes à la contamination s’est révélée être dépendante du type d’habitat, les sols étant plus impactés que d’autres habitats, comme par exemple les sédiments marins. Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés aux communautés microbiennes des trois domaines du vivant de sédiments côtiers provenant des côtes méditerranéennes et atlantiques. La contamination chronique n’influençait que marginallement les communautés benthiques, et la diversité alpha n’était pas réduite dans les sédiments contaminés. Cedendant, la comparaison des réseaux de co-occurrence des échantillons contaminés et non-contaminés a montré que le réseau des communautés contaminées présentait une topologie différente, indiquant une vulnérabilité plus importante à d’éventuelles perturbations environnementales. Des indicateurs potentiels de la contamination identifiés avec la méta-analyse ont été ciblés pour étudier l’impact de la contamination chronique aux hydrocarbures sur les services écologiques qu’ils assurent (i.e. la dégradation de la matière organique et des hydrocarbures) en utillisant la technique de Micro-FISHWithin the sediment, microbial communities play a pivotal role by driving essential processes such as nutrient cycling and organic matter degradation. Chronic hydrocarbons contamination represents almost 80% of the total input in the oceans. However, as compared to oil spills, its impact on microbial communities remains poorly understood. In this study, we first used a meta-analysis approach to decipher the global effect of hydrocarbons contamination in different habitats. Bacterial community response to the contamination was found to be dependant of the habitat studied, with soils being more impacted than other habitats, like marine sediments. Because bacteria are in interactions with other important members of microbial communities such as Archaea and Eukaryotes, we focused on microbial communities from the three domains of life in coastal marine sediments from the Mediterrranean and the French Atlantic coasts. Independently of the domains of life, chronic hydrocarbons contamination appeared to be a poor driver of communities structuration, and alpha diversity was not reduced in contaminated sediments. However, the comparison of co-occurences networks of contaminated and non-contaminated samples showed that the network from the contaminated samples exhibited a different topology, which suggests a higher vulnerability to eventual environmental perturbations. Potential indicators species identified using the meta-analysis approach were targeted to study the impact of chronic contamination on the ecological services they provide (i.e. organic matter and hydrocarbons degradation) using the Micro-FISH method
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Garrison, Trent. "The Environmental Effects of Coal Fires." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ees_etds/31.
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There are thousands of subterranean coal fires in the world that, because of incomplete combustion, emit a wide variety of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds to the atmosphere, water, and soil at concentrations that could pose health risks to humans and wildlife. The main goals of this study were to (1) review methods that are used to characterize physical and chemical characteristics of coal-fire sites, (2) determine relationships between gas emissions and physical and chemical characteristics of coal-fire sites, using a combination of regression and multivariate statistical methods, and (3) determine the concentrations of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds in water and soil at two coal-fire sites in eastern Kentucky. More specifically:
The objective of Chapter 1 was to review past works and list technologies used over time. Eight years of coal-fire collection technologies were reviewed. A variety of methods and technologies were identified. Qualitative and quantitative preferences were noted.
The objective of Chapter 2 was to identify and list uncontrolled coal-fire variables. These variables include complete/incomplete combustion; fire temperature and size; distance to fire; relative humidity and moisture in the system; geology, geochemistry, and age of coal; condition of the mine, sampling time of day; sampling equipment differences; and human error. A secondary objective of this chapter was to determine which coal-fire gases have strong relationships by using the principal component analysis (PCA) software JMP. The strongest relationship was between CO and H2S. Temperature and CH4 were also important. This indicates that incomplete combustion and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) formation are likely occurring, setting the stage for Chapter 3.
The objective of Chapter 3 was to identify and define the extent of soil and water hydrocarbon contamination at the Truman Shepherd and Lotts Creek coal fires in eastern Kentucky. No groundwater contamination was detected at either location. Soil contamination was found at both, but was much higher at Lotts Creek, potentially because of sorption onto soil organic matter (which is reduced at Truman Shepherd by an excavation attempt) and other physicochemical mechanisms. Soil contamination was localized to relatively small areas around coal-fire vents.
Based on the results, future studies should consider: Attempting to duplicate these results in other geologic regions Quantifying greenhouse gas emissions from coal fires to consider their contribution to climate change. Coal-fired power plants are regulated, but coal fires, which produce many more harmful gases, are not Determining the feasibility of an oxygen-injection system to engender more complete combustion, therefore possibly reducing harmful gases Determining the feasibility of electricity production from coal fires Adopting a consistent federal coal-fire policy
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MINDRISZ, ANA C. "Avaliação da contaminação da água subterrânea de poços tubulares, por combustíveis fósseis, no município de Santo André, São Paulo: uma contribuição à gestão ambiental." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2006. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11428.
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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:51:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:10:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Barros, Regina Mambeli. "Estudo do risco de poluição das águas subterrâneas causada por vazamentos em postos de abastecimento de combustível, no município de Ribeirão Preto-SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-17072018-094350/.
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No município de Ribeirão Preto - SP, a qualidade das águas subterrâneas está diante de uma ameaça potencial por vazamento dos diversos tanques de armazenamento de combustíveis. O abastecimento público de água é realizado totalmente a partir do manancial subterrâneo. Tendo em vista a toxidade de muitos dos componentes de derivados de petróleo, é de elevada importância a avaliação do risco de contaminação por tais substâncias, que é alvo do estudo aqui proposto. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as distribuições espaciais e temporais das concentrações de hidrocarbonetos em torno dos poços de bombeamento ativados e delinear as áreas de proteção em torno dos poços de abastecimento público de água susceptíveis à contaminação por hidrocarbonetos. Para execução do objeto da presente pesquisa foram utilizados modelos semi-analíticos, através do software Well Head Protection Area (WHPA) e modelos da API (American Petroleum Institute), como SESOlL, AT123D e JURY, contidos no pacote DSS (Decision Support System), APIDSS. Foram aplicados os modelos SESOlL (zona não saturada) e AT123D (zona saturada) e avaliadas as concentrações nos pontos receptores (poços tubulares em operação). Também foi aplicado o módulo de entrada química para cálculo do risco para saúde humana para estes modelos tendo sido utilizadas as rotas de exposição de ingestão de água contaminada, inalação durante o banho e contato dermal com água contaminada. Analisou-se a sensibilidade dos modelos do APIDSS, simulando vazamentos baseados no trabalho de OLIVEIRA (1992) para valores de dispersividade longitudinal de 15 m e 20 m. A etapa seguinte foi a identificação dos pontos de maior risco e delimitação das Áreas de Proteção de Poços (APPs) através do software WHPA. A seguir estas áreas foram sobrepostas à carta de vulnerabilidade à contaminação das águas subterrâneas na região de Ribeirão Preto - SP (FERREIRA, 1992). Em torno dos poços de abastecimento de água foram observadas concentrações de BTEX fazendo-se uso do fotoionizador modelo DL-101.In the city of Ribeirão Preto - SP, the quality of groundwater is in front of a potential threat by leaching of several fuels storage tanks. The public supply is fully performed from ground source. In the view of toxility of many of components of petroleum deriveds, it is high importance the assessment of risk of contamination by such substances, that is target of study intended here. The goal of this work was to assess the spatial and time distribution of hydrocarbons concentrations around the actived pumping wells and to outline the well head protection area around the public supply wells susceptibles to contamination by hyclrocarbons. For to perform the goal this research were used semi analytical models, by software well head protection area (WHPA) and API\'s models (American Petroleum Institute), like SESOIL, AT123D and Jury, inside of DSS package (Decision Support System) , APlDSS. It were applied the SESOIL (non satured) and AT123D (satured zone) models and assessed the receiver points concentrations. Also it were applied the chemical input module for risk assessment for human health for that models had been used contaminated water intake, inhalation during shower and dermal contact with contaminate water routes of exposition. It was assessed the sensibility of APIDDS\'s models, simulating leaching based on work of OLIVEIRA (1992) for values of longitudinal dispersivities of 15 and 20 meters. The following stage was the identification of greatest risk points and delimitation of well heads protection areas (WHPAs) throught software WHPA. Following these areas were puted on to vulnerability chart to groundwater contamination at the region of Ribeirão Preto - SP (FERREIRA, 1992). Around these water supply wells were observated BTEX concentrations throught use of photoionizatior DL-101.
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Tedoldi, Damien. "Mesure et modélisation de la contamination du sol dans les ouvrages de gestion à la source du ruissellement urbain." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1201/document.
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L'essor que connaît aujourd'hui la gestion intégrée des eaux pluviales s'accompagne d'un recours croissant à des techniques favorisant l'infiltration de l'eau “à la source”, disséminées sur des bassins versants urbains. Néanmoins, de telles pratiques suscitent des interrogations sur la capacité du sol à jouer le rôle de “filtre” vis-à-vis des polluants présents dans le ruissellement. Ces travaux de thèse s'intéressent à la contamination du sol par les métaux et les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) dans ces dispositifs, avec trois objectifs : (i) évaluer les niveaux et l'étendue spatiale de la contamination, (ii) mieux comprendre les mécanismes qui gouvernent le devenir de ces contaminants dans le sol des ouvrages, et (iii) proposer des recommandations sur la conception et la maintenance de ces installations, afin de leur assurer un fonctionnement épuratoire durable.La première partie du travail consiste en une série d'investigations expérimentales sur dix sites d'étude aux caractéristiques contrastées, en service depuis plus de dix ans. Cette phase donne lieu à des cartographies de la contamination superficielle en éléments traces métalliques, puis à des profils verticaux de métaux et HAP, accompagnés de différentes variables explicatives. La distribution spatiale des métaux en surface, qui est toujours structurée autour de la zone d'arrivée de l'eau, porte la signature du fonctionnement hydraulique réel des dispositifs, et révèle le caractère non-uniforme de l'infiltration lors des événements pluvieux courants, qui représentent la plus grande partie du flux polluant à l'échelle annuelle. Dans la zone la plus contaminée des ouvrages, métaux et HAP présentent un enrichissement significatif sur 10 à 40 centimètres de profondeur. La rétention des contaminants résulte de la combinaison de processus physico-chimiques (adsorption) et mécaniques (sédimentation et filtration) ; leur importance relative peut être quantifiée grâce au déficit de zirconium dans le sédiment urbain par rapport au bruit de fond géochimique local. La variabilité inter-sites des niveaux de contamination s'explique à la fois par les capacités de rétention du sol et par les flux de polluants issus du bassin versant d'apport. Bien que les teneurs de surface excèdent, sur certains sites, les seuils internationaux de remédiation du sol pour des espaces “multifonctionnels”, la zone concernée représente — latéralement et verticalement — une région assez limitée dans les ouvrages.La seconde partie de la thèse consiste en une approche de modélisation, dont la finalité est de décrire l'évolution à long terme de la contamination du sol, et d'évaluer l'incidence de différentes pratiques de conception ou de gestion. Une analyse de sensibilité est d'abord mise en œuvre afin d'identifier les “éléments-clés” dans la description du système, et d'orienter le choix du modèle. Les résultats montrent qu'une mauvaise estimation de la dispersivité ou de l'isotherme d'adsorption du sol est susceptible de biaiser significativement la prévision des profils de contamination. Dans la suite du travail, on propose une méthode visant à décrire l'infiltration non-uniforme et la filtration des polluants particulaires. Le modèle ainsi construit est validé via une comparaison entre mesures et simulations sur l'un des sites d'étude faisant l'objet d'une nouvelle caractérisation approfondie. Enfin, une analyse de scénarios illustre les bénéfices d'un amendement de l'horizon superficiel par un matériau adsorbant, ainsi que d'une répartition homogène des flux d'eau en surface, en matière de durée de vie des installations et de fréquence d'interventionSustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) are increasingly used for stormwater management. However, the generalization of runoff infiltration in urban watersheds raises some concerns regarding the soil's ability to retain ubiquitous micropollutants. The present work addresses soil contamination by trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in such infiltration devices, with the aims of: (i) appraising the levels and spatial extent of soil contamination, (ii) better understanding the mechanisms which govern the fate of contaminants in these systems, and (iii) identifying design and maintenance guidelines which may enhance long-term pollutant control through SUDS.The first part of the study consists in a series of experimental investigations in ten contrasting study sites, which have been in operation for more than ten years. The two-stage methodology successively leads to cartographies of metal contamination in the surface soil, and vertical profiles of metal and PAH concentrations, along with different explanatory variables. The spatial distribution of trace metals in the upper horizon displays a systematic structure with respect to the inflow area, and bears the time-integrated signature of the infiltration fluxes and flow pathways at the surface. In the most contaminated zone of the facilities, a significant enrichment of metals and PAHs is detectable until 10 to 40 cm depth. Contaminant retention results from the combination of different physicochemical and mechanical processes (resp. sorption and sedimentation/filtration), the contribution of which can be assessed via the zirconium deficit in urban sediment in comparison to the soil's geochemical background. The inter-site variability of contamination levels is attributable to (i) differences in the soil's retention capacities, and (ii) differences in pollutant loads from the watershed. Although surface contents may exceed intervention thresholds for “multi-functional” spaces in several study sites, the area which would require soil remediation is laterally and vertically limited.These experimental assessments are complemented by a modelling approach, to describe the long-term evolution of soil contamination, and to evaluate the effect of various SUDS designs and maintenance operations. A sensitivity analysis is first carried out so as to identify the “key elements” in the system description: the results show that a wrong estimation of the soil's dispersivity or sorption isotherm is likely to induce significant biases in the predicted contamination profiles. A method is then proposed to describe non-uniform water infiltration fluxes, and the filtration of particle-bound contaminants. The model is validated via a comparison between measured and predicted metal profiles in one of the study sites, where a comprehensive soil characterization is undertaken. Finally, a “scenario analysis” illustrates the benefits of (i) using soil enrichment products with enhanced sorption capacities, and (ii) facilitating water spreading at the surface, in terms of “lifespan” of the devices and maintenance requirements
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Puerari, Lucas. "Avaliação ambiental dos rios Barigüi E Alto Iguaçu (Paraná): a contaminação atual e a contaminação residual relacionada ao acidente da repar (2000)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/56290.
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Os rios Iguaçu e Barigüi, nos trechos afetados pelo vazamento da REPAR (2000), foram amostrados em 18 pontos, em 3 campanhas (2007-2008). TPH, BTEX e HPA ocorrem na água com concentrações muito baixas ou nem foram detectados. Não há aporte de hidrocarbonetos proveniente da REPAR. No sedimento, não foram detectados BTEX, HPA têm concentrações baixas ou não foram detectados; TPH ocorre em concentrações 10 vezes menores que o padrão ambiental, mas foi detectado em todas as amostras. As maiores concentrações ocorrem no rio Iguaçu, a jusante da foz do Barigüi. Alguns HPA presentes no óleo derramado só ocorrem neste trecho, sugerindo origem a partir do rio Barigüi. As razões diagnósticas de HPA no sedimento não estabelecem ligação direta com o vazamento da REPAR, por predominarem indicações de fonte pirolítica ou mista. Entretanto, estudo do sedimento do Banhado 4 mostrou que muitas das razões diagnósticas de HPA que indicavam fonte petrogênica no óleo original passaram a indicar fonte pirolítica 7 anos após o acidente. O índice pirogênico é a única razão que manteve indicação de fonte petrogênica. Na estação seca, as concentrações médias de esteróis no sedimento do rio Barigüi são coprostanol (25,97 μg/g), coprostanona (4,67 μg/g), colesterol (9,02 μg/g), colestanol (4,15 μg/g) e colestanona (0,42 μg/g). Na estação chuvosa, as concentrações reduzem-se pela metade (colestanona não foi detectada). O rio Iguaçu apresenta resultados similares a montante de Fazenda Rio Grande. Mas, nesta localidade, as concentrações aumentam apenas na estação chuvosa para coprostanol (249,63 μg/g), coprostanona (11,6 μg/g), colesterol (81,85 μg/g) e colestanol (49,99 μg/g), o que é atribuído à lavagem do solo pela água pluvial. A influência de Araucária é marcada por altas concentrações de coprostanol (329,8 μg/g na estação seca e 229,25 μg/g na estação chuvosa). Daí até General Lúcio as maiores concentrações ocorrem no canal principal, na campanha seca (média de 246,08 μg/g); na campanha chuvosa, a média cai para 101,51 μg/g. Nos canais secundários, o comportamento é contrário, relacionado ao acúmulo de sedimentos contaminados ocorrer aí apenas na cheia. No rio Iguaçu, os valores médios de COT na estação chuvosa e na seca são semelhantes (~28 mg/g) e bem maiores do que no rio Barigüi (estação chuvosa 5,2 μg/g; seca 8,9 mg/g). As relações entre coprostanol e COT indicam que o aporte de esgoto é o principal fator de definição do teor de carbono orgânico sedimentar apenas para o canal principal do rio Iguaçu e na estação chuvosa. Nos canais secundários deste rio e no rio Barigüi, em qualquer estação, ocorre contribuição importante de outras fontes (vegetação e/ou produção primária in situ). Coprostanol e coprostanona apresentam forte correlação nas duas estações. A ausência de correlação entre coprostanol e colesterol na estação seca, nos dois rios, pode ser explicada pela degradação do colesterol e/ou por parte deste provir de fonte diferente do coprostanol. As razões [5β/(5α+5β)estanona] e [5β/(5α+5β)estanol] são superiores a 7 (altamente contaminado) em 16 pontos na estação chuvosa e em todos os 18 pontos na estação seca.The Iguaçu and Barigui rivers in parts affected by leakage REPAR (2000), were sampled in 18 points in three campaigns (2007-2008). TPH, BTEX and PAH occurring in water with very low concentrations or not detected. There is no input of oil from the REPAR. In the sediment, were not detected BTEX, PAH concentrations are low or not detected; TPH occurs in concentrations 10 times lower than the environmental standard, but was detected in all samples. The highest concentrations occur in the Iguaçu river, downstream from the mouth of Barigui. Some PAHs present in the oil spill occur only in this stretch, suggesting origin from the river Barigüi. The reasons diagnostic of PAH in the sediment do not establish a direct connection with the leaking of REPAR, predominate source of indication by pyrolytic or mixed. However, a study of sediment from the Wetland 4 showed that many of the reasons diagnostic for PAH that indicated petrogenic source in the original oil passed indicate source pyrolytic seven years after the accident. Pyrogenic index is the only reason that kept indication of petrogenic source. In the dry season, the average concentrations of sterols in the sediment of Barigüi river are coprostanol (25.97 μg/g), coprostanona (4.67 μg/g), cholesterol (9.02 μg/g), cholestanol (4.15 μg/g) and Cholestanones (0.42 μg/g). In the rainy season, the concentrations are reduced by half (Cholestanones was not detected). The Iguaçu river shows similar results upstream of Fazenda Rio Grande. But in this location the concentrations increase only during the rainy season to coprostanol (249.63 μg/g), coprostanona (11.6 μg/g), cholesterol (81.85 μg/g) and cholestanol (49.99 μg/g), which is assigned to wash the soil by rainwater. The influence of Araucaria is marked by high concentrations of coprostanol (329.8 μg/g dry season and 229.25 μg/g in the rainy season). Thence to General Lúcio the highest concentrations occur in the main channel in the dry campaign (average of 246.08 μg/g) in the rainy campaign, the average falls to 101.51 μg/g. In the secondary channels, the behavior is opposite, related to the accumulation of contaminated sediments occur there only in full. In the Iguaçu River, the average values of TOC in the rainy and dry seasons are similar (~ 28 mg/g) and much larger than the Barigüi river (wet season 5.2 μg/g dry 8.9 mg/g). The relationships between coprostanol and TOC indicate that the sewage discharges are the main factor defining the sedimentary organic carbon content just for the main channel of the Iguaçu river and the rainy season. In secondary channels this river and in the river Barigüi, in any season, there is significant contribution from other sources (vegetation and/or primary production in situ). Coprostanol and coprostanona have strong correlation in both seasons. The lack of correlation between cholesterol and coprostanol in the dry season in the two rivers can be explained by the degradation of cholesterol and/or part of this come from different source of coprostanol. The reasons [5β / (5α +5 β) estanona] and [5β / (5α +5 β) stanol] are superior to 7 (highly polluted) on 16 points in the rainy season and all 18 points in the dry season.
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Caetano, Marcelo Oliveira. "Equipamento compacto para o tratamento de águas subterrâneas contaminadas por BTEX e TPH." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/100131.
Full textAbstract:
O objetivo desta tese foi o desenvolvimento de um equipamento compacto para o tratamento de águas subterrâneas contaminadas por BTEX e TPH em postos de combustíveis. Esta questão ambiental é uma preocupação mundial devido ao nível de contaminação e a quantidade de vazamentos existentes, toxicidade dos poluentes e a necessidade de uso de aquíferos para consumo humano. O equipamento é composto por unidades que contemplam as seguintes etapas: (a) sucção e volatilização de compostos orgânicos voláteis; (b) injeção de ar (“air sparging”) para remoção de substâncias orgânicas voláteis; e (c) filtro de adsorção com recheio composto por mistura de 50% de carvão ativado e 50% de cinza de casca de arroz para a remoção de TPH. A parte experimental envolveu a caracterização de águas subterrâneas contaminadas e estudos em escala piloto e real. Os resultados obtidos demostraram que o equipamento de remediação desenvolvido é altamente eficiente para o tratamento de águas subterrâneas contaminadas. Com um tempo de detenção de 8 horas, obtiveram-se decréscimos superiores a 96% de BTEX e TPH. Nesta situação, a água contaminada tratada alcança valores que atendem aos critérios de lançamento estabelecidos pelas legislação nacional vigente.This study describes the development of a compact device to treat groundwater contaminated with BTEX and TPH in gas stations. This environmental issue raises concerns worldwide, due to the level of contamination, the high occurrence of leaks, the toxicity of contaminants, and the importance of aquifers for human consumption. The equipment was formed by: a) a suction and treatment stage using vacuum and aeration with injectors (to replace the suction system based on a conventional vacuum pump and the air stripping and/or air sparging system); b) small-scale surface aerators (to replace the air stripping and/or air sparging system); c) an adsorption filter using a mixture of activated carbon (50%) and rice husk ash (50%) (to replace the activated carbon system). The experiment was conducted in four stages: a) characterization of groundwaters; b) presentation of the adsorbents used in the filter; c) pilot test (under controlled conditions to measure the efficiency to remove BTEX and TPH); and d) the full-scale tests (observation and confirmation of equipment efficiency). The results show that the remediation equipment developed is highly efficient to treat contaminated groundwater. An 8-h retention time afforded to reduce BTEX and TPH levels by over 96%. In this scenario, the treated water parameters meet the current legal requirements for discharge.
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NEVES, ROBERTA LYRIO SANTOS. "EVALUATION OF THE OIL CONTAMINATION OF THE ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT OF THE GUANABARA BAY (RJ) BY THE FLUOROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS) IN THE MUGIL LIZA FISH BILE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2006. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=8681@1.
Full textAbstract:
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOOs Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos (HPAs) são poluentes ubíquos na natureza sendo os derrames de óleo uma das principais fontes destes compostos para os ambientes aquáticos costeiros. Este trabalho avalia a possibilidade de uso dos metabólitos de HPAs na bílis do peixe Mugil liza (tainha) como biomarcadores no monitoramento ambiental de ecossistemas aquáticos. Para esta avaliação realizou-se um monitoramento sazonal na Baía de Guanabara, RJ, área cronicamente contaminada por óleo, e em Itaipu, Niterói, RJ, como área controle. Nos locais de coleta foram medidos parâmetros físico-químicos tais como, pH, oxigênio dissolvido, entre outros e selecionados os peixes variando entre 35 e 51 cm para maior homogeneidade das amostras. Em laboratório foram feitas medidas morfométricas dos indivíduos e retirado o seu líquido biliar. O método analítico foi otimizado e seus parâmetros de desempenho analítico foram determinados. As amostras de líquido biliar foram diluídas em etanol 48% (1:2000 v/v) e analisadas por fluorescência nos comprimentos de onda de excitação e emissão, respectivamente, 332 nm e 383 nm. A média das concentrações de HPAs totais na bílis dos peixes coletados na Baía de Guanabara foi significativamente diferente da área controle, Itaipu. Na Baía de Guanabara, valores de 7,0 ± 3,4 (n=19) e 10,4 ± 6,4 (n=12) mg de equivalentes (eqv.) de pireno L-1 foram obtidos, respectivamente, no inverno e no verão. Em Itaipu, a concentração de HPAs foi de 1,8 ± 0,7 (n=11) mg de eqv. de pireno L-1. Estes resultados indicam que o método é capaz de diferenciar áreas recentemente contaminadas por óleo de áreas não contaminadas, sendo o peixe Mugil liza um possível biomonitor para esta área. Este método analítico apresenta vantagens em relação a outros métodos, tais como tempo e custo de análise reduzidos, podendo ser usado em levantamento de dados preliminares nos programas de monitoramento ambiental.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in the environment. The main source of contamination is antropogenic, and oil spills are one of the main PAHs sources for the aquatic environment. This work evaluates the usage of PAH metabolites in fish bile (Mugil liza) as biomarkers in the aquatic environment. For this evaluation two distinct areas were monitores: Guanabara Bay, RJ, known for its chronic oil contamination, and Itaipu, Niterói, RJ, the control area. Physico-chemical measurements: pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity and transparency were made in situ and fish varying from 35 to 50 cm were selected for sampling homogeneity and sexual maturity. In the laboratory, morphometric measures were taken and the fish bile was extracted. After optimizing the analytical method the samples were analysed by diluting each bile sample in ethanol 48% (1:2000 v/v) and fluorimetric measurements were made in excitation/emission wavelengths of 332 nm/383 nm. The mean total PAHs concentrations in the bile samples collected in the Guanabara Bay were significantly different from the control area, Itaipu. In the Guanabara Bay the means were 7,0 ± 3,4 (n=19) and 10,4 ± 6,4 (n=12) mg L-1 pyrene equivalents, in winter and summer, respectively. In Itaipu, the mean HPA concentration was 1,8 ± 0,7 (n=11) mg L-1 pyrene equivalents. These results indicate that this method can differentiate contaminated areas from non contaminated ones, making the fish Mugil liza one possible biomonitor in the Guanabara Bay, RJ. Additionally, this analytical method has advantages compared to other methods because it is less time consuming and is inexpensive and therefore could be used as a preliminary monitoring tool.