Journal articles: 'Hydrocarbon contamination'

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Sun, Xiao Nan, An Ping Liu, Wen Ting Sun, and Shu Chang Jin. "The Remedial Effect of the Decomposing Bacteria on Different Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contamination." Advanced Materials Research 414 (December 2011): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.414.88.

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Petroleum contamination has become one of the major soil contaminations. Aiming at petroleum hydrocarbon contamination, the multi-group opposite experiments is set; this paper use some petroleum hydrocarbon-decomposing bacteria to remedy the soil contaminated by different carbon chain petroleum hydrocarbons. Compare and study the remedial results, and study the growth of the bacteria in the decomposing process. The Study shows that the degradation rate of the bacteria to short-chain petroleum hydrocarbons is relatively high; Within 40 days without nutrient substance, degradation rate of bacteria to gasoline and diesel is 80%, degradation rate of bacteria to aromatics and lubricants is 50%, the trend of bacteria’s growth curve and the degradation rate curve of each component are approximate.

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Truskewycz, Adam, Taylor D. Gundry, Leadin S. Khudur, Adam Kolobaric, Mohamed Taha, Arturo Aburto-Medina, Andrew S. Ball, and Esmaeil Shahsavari. "Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contamination in Terrestrial Ecosystems—Fate and Microbial Responses." Molecules 24, no. 18 (September 19, 2019): 3400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183400.

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Petroleum hydrocarbons represent the most frequent environmental contaminant. The introduction of petroleum hydrocarbons into a pristine environment immediately changes the nature of that environment, resulting in reduced ecosystem functionality. Natural attenuation represents the single, most important biological process which removes petroleum hydrocarbons from the environment. It is a process where microorganisms present at the site degrade the organic contaminants without the input of external bioremediation enhancers (i.e., electron donors, electron acceptors, other microorganisms or nutrients). So successful is this natural attenuation process that in environmental biotechnology, bioremediation has developed steadily over the past 50 years based on this natural biodegradation process. Bioremediation is recognized as the most environmentally friendly remediation approach for the removal of petroleum hydrocarbons from an environment as it does not require intensive chemical, mechanical, and costly interventions. However, it is under-utilized as a commercial remediation strategy due to incomplete hydrocarbon catabolism and lengthy remediation times when compared with rival technologies. This review aims to describe the fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment and discuss their interactions with abiotic and biotic components of the environment under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Furthermore, the mechanisms for dealing with petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in the environment will be examined. When petroleum hydrocarbons contaminate land, they start to interact with its surrounding, including physical (dispersion), physiochemical (evaporation, dissolution, sorption), chemical (photo-oxidation, auto-oxidation), and biological (plant and microbial catabolism of hydrocarbons) interactions. As microorganism (including bacteria and fungi) play an important role in the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons, investigations into the microbial communities within contaminated soils is essential for any bioremediation project. This review highlights the fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in tertial environments, as well as the contributions of different microbial consortia for optimum petroleum hydrocarbon bioremediation potential. The impact of high-throughput metagenomic sequencing in determining the underlying degradation mechanisms is also discussed. This knowledge will aid the development of more efficient, cost-effective commercial bioremediation technologies.

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Xu, J. G., and R. L. Johnson. "Nitrogen dynamics in soils with different hydrocarbon contents planted to barley and field pea." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 77, no. 3 (August 1, 1997): 453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s96-046.

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Nitrogen dynamics and cycling are important in plant-soil ecosystems, and they may differ between hydrocarbon-contaminated and uncontaminated soils. The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons and remediation methods on nitrogen dynamics and cycling in plant-soil ecosystems. The experiment involved two plant species (barley and field pea) grown in soils at four different hydrocarbon levels (0, 5, 25 and 55 g kg−1). Hydrocarbon contamination significantly reduced N uptake by plants, but increased N accumulation in soil microbial biomass. It widened the C:N ratio in soil and led to more available N being immobilized by soil microorganisms, which reduced available N for plantuptake. Urease activity increased with hydrocarbon content in soil due to the increase of microbial biomass and activity. Key words: Nitrogen dynamics, hydrocarbon contamination, microbial activity, remediation, Black Chernozem

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Morgan, J. D., G. A. Vigers, P. G. Nix, and J. M. Park. "Determination of Hydrocarbon Uptake and Effects on Mackenzie River Fishes Using Bile Analysis." Water Quality Research Journal 22, no. 4 (November 1, 1987): 604–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1987.049.

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Abstract Analysis of bile for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in resident freshwater fishes and experimentally exposed fish in the Mackenzie River indicated that bile analysis provided a more sensitive biochemical indicator of hydrocarbon contamination than analysis of water, sediments or suspended sediments. This paper reports the first estimates of hydrocarbon bioaccumulation in bile from controlled in situ exposures of fish to hydrocarbons, as well as preliminary evidence of effects on fish livers.

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Yong, Raymond N., and Sudhakar M. Rao. "Mechanistic evaluation of mitigation of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination by soil medium." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 28, no. 1 (February 1, 1991): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t91-009.

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Present in situ chemical treatment technologies for mitigation of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination are in the developmental stage or being tested. To devise efficient strategies for restricting the movement of petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) molecules in the contaminated soil, it is proposed to utilize the sorption–interaction relationships between the petroleum contaminants and the soil substrate. The basic questions addressed in this paper are as follows (i) What are the prominent chemical constituents of the various petroleum fractions that interact with the soil substrate? (ii) What are the functional groups of a soil that interact with the contaminants? (iii) What are the bonding mechanisms possible between the soil functional groups and the PHC contaminants? (iv) What are the consequent changes brought about the soil physical properties on interaction with PHC's? (v) What are the factors influencing the interactions between PHC molecules and clay particles of the soil substrate? (vi) What is the possibility of improving the soil's attenuation ability for PHC's? The development of answers to the basic questions reveal that petroleum hydrocarbons comprise a mixture of nonpolar alkanes and aromatic and polycyclic hydrocarbons, that have limited solubility in water. The bonding mechanism between the nonpolar PHC's and the clay surface is by way of van der Waals attraction. The adsorption of the nonpolar hydrocarbons by the clay surface occurs only when their (i.e., the hydrocarbon molecules) solubility in water is exceeded and the hydrocarbons exist in the micellar form. Dilute solutions of hydrocarbons in water, i.e., concentrations of hydrocarbons at or below the solubility limit, have no effect on the hydraulic conductivity of clay soils. Permeation with pure hydrocarbons invariably influences the clay hydraulic conductivity. To improve the attenuation ability of soils towards PHC's, it is proposed to coat the soil surface with "ultra" heavy organic polymers. Adsorption of organic polymers by the clay surface may change the surface properties of the soil from highly hydrophilic (having affinity for water molecules) to organophilic (having affinity for organic molecules). The organic polymers attached to the clay surface are expected to attenuate the PHC molecules by van der Waals attraction, by hydrogen bonding, and also by adsorption into interlayer space in the case of soils containing swelling clays. Key words: petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC's), bonding mechanisms, functional groups, PHC-soil interaction, permeation, hydraulic conductivity, attenuation, van der Waals, organic polymers, organophilic.

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Jurelevicius, Diogo, Vanessa Marques Alvarez, Joana Montezano Marques, Laryssa Ribeiro Fonseca de Sousa Lima, Felipe de Almeida Dias, and Lucy Seldin. "Bacterial Community Response to Petroleum Hydrocarbon Amendments in Freshwater, Marine, and Hypersaline Water-Containing Microcosms." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 19 (July 19, 2013): 5927–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02251-13.

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ABSTRACTHydrocarbon-degrading bacterial communities from freshwater, marine, and hypersaline Brazilian aquatic ecosystems (with water salinities corresponding to 0.2%, 4%, and 5%, respectively) were enriched with different hydrocarbons (heptadecane, naphthalene, or crude oil). Changes within the different microcosms of bacterial communities were analyzed using cultivation approaches and molecular methods (DNA and RNA extraction, followed by genetic fingerprinting and analyses of clone libraries based on the 16S rRNA-coding gene). A redundancy analysis (RDA) of the genetic fingerprint data and a principal component analysis (PCA) of the clone libraries revealed hydrocarbon-enriched bacterial communities specific for each ecosystem studied. However, within the same ecosystem, different bacterial communities were selected according to the petroleum hydrocarbon used. In general, the results demonstrated thatAcinetobacterandCloacibacteriumwere the dominant genera in freshwater microcosms; theOceanospirillalesorder and theMarinobacter,Pseudomonas, andCycloclasticusgenera predominated in marine microcosms; and theOceanospirillalesorder and theMarinobactergenus were selected in the different hydrocarbon-containing microcosms in hypersaline water. Determination of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in all microcosms after 32 days of incubation showed a decrease in the hydrocarbon concentration compared to that for the controls. A total of 50 (41.3%) isolates from the different hydrocarbon-contaminated microcosms were associated with the dominant operational taxonomic units (OTUs) obtained from the clone libraries, and their growth in the hydrocarbon contaminating the microcosm from which they were isolated as the sole carbon source was observed. These data provide insight into the general response of bacterial communities from freshwater, marine, and hypersaline aquatic ecosystems to petroleum hydrocarbon contamination.

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Vane, Ronald, and Vince Carlino. "Environmental Contamination Sources and Control in High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy." Microscopy Today 14, no. 4 (July 2006): 62–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s155192950005032x.

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Traditionally, contamination control in SEMs has focused on pump oils, finger prints, dirty specimens, and good vacuum practice in manufacturing. Now, the use of dry pumps at all stages of the vacuum system of new FE SEMs, and the use of better vacuum practices on the part on users and manufacturers have made environmental hydrocarbons, the hydrocarbon background contamination of our world, a significant source of the remaining hydrocarbons in electron microscope vacuum systems. These environment sources of hydrocarbons (HC) cause a loss of resolution and contrast in imaging at the highest levels of magnification.

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Kmiecik, Natalia, Krzysztof Jurek, and Adam Kowalski. "Assessment of soil contamination by oil-derived compounds in the Kielce agglomeration using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS)." E3S Web of Conferences 108 (2019): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910802005.

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Soil contamination with petroleum-derived compounds is one of the most serious ecological problems. Their main source in urbanized areas is public transport. According to the Regulation of the Polish Minister of Environment about the assessment of earth’s surface contamination, hydrocarbon compounds are divided into: gasolines and oils, aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The subject of the research is the use of a gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method to assess the degree of soil contamination in the vicinity of the main communication routes of the Kielce agglomeration. This method is useful for the detection and identification of many organic compounds occurring in samples in very small quantities, which cannot be determined by common methods. For the purpose of this study, 14 soil samples were collected. After carrying out extraction with various methods, the ultrasonic solvent extraction method was chosen as the most effective way of extracting hydrocarbon impurities for the GC-MS studies. During single analysis, both oil fraction and PAHs quantities were determined.

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Arena, Alessia, Mariosimone Zoccali, Alessandra Trozzi, Peter Q. Tranchida, and Luigi Mondello. "Occurrence of Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons in Omega-3 Fatty Acid Dietary Supplements." Foods 10, no. 10 (October 13, 2021): 2424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10102424.

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Omega-3 fatty acid dietary supplements have become increasingly popular with consumers due to their multiple health benefits. In this study, the presence of mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) was investigated in seventeen commercial samples of such supplements, characterized by different formulations. The analyses were performed using on-line liquid chromatography–gas chromatography (with flame ionization detection), which is considered the most efficient method for the determination of MOH in foodstuffs. Analyte transfer was performed by using the retention gap technique, with partially concurrent solvent evaporation. Various degrees of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbon contamination (from 2.4 ppm to 375.7 ppm) were found, with an average value of 49.9 ppm. Different C-number range contaminations were determined, with the >C25–≤C35 range always found with an average value of 26.9 ppm. All samples resulted free of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons, except for two samples in which a contamination was found at the 9.9 and 6.6 ppm levels, respectively.

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Tan, Yew Ai, and Ainte Kuntom. "Hydrocarbons m Crude Palm Kernel Oil." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 77, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/77.1.67.

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Abstract The sources of hydrocarbons in crude palm kernel oil were investigated by a series of laboratory-controlled oil extractions of kernels of varying quality. Site examinations of palm kernel-crushing plants were also conducted to determine possible sources of hydrocarbon contamination of palm kernels throughout the process of kernel extraction. Parallel to these studies, a random survey of crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) produced by different kernel crushers was also carried out to determine the range of hydrocarbon concentrations in locally produced CPKO. This study showed that hydrocarbons can be picked up from sources such as glassware, extracting apparatus, and plastic containers and stoppers. Extraction of oil from low-quality kernels that were both moldy and rancid, broken kernels, and kernels plus added shells also resulted in a higher hydrocarbon level in the final CPKO. Overheating and cooking of the kernels before extraction also contributed to the overall hydrocarbon content. The random survey of hydrocarbon level showed a range of 0.6–7.1 ppm.

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Suárez-Moo, Pablo, Araceli Lamelas, Itza Garcia-Bautista, Luis Felipe Barahona-Pérez, Gloria Sandoval-Flores, David Valdes-Lozano, Tanit Toledano-Thompson, Erik Polanco-Lugo, and Ruby Valdez-Ojeda. "Characterization of sediment microbial communities at two sites with low hydrocarbon pollution in the southeast Gulf of Mexico." PeerJ 8 (December 8, 2020): e10339. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10339.

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Background Coastal ecosystems are prone to hydrocarbon pollution due to human activities, and this issue has a tremendous impact on the environment, socioeconomic consequences, and represents a hazard to humans. Bioremediation relies on the ability of bacteria to metabolize hydrocarbons with the aim of cleaning up polluted sites. Methods The potential of naturally occurring microbial communities as oil degraders was investigated in Sisal and Progreso, two port locations in the southeast Gulf of Mexico, both with a low level of hydrocarbon pollution. To do so, we determined the diversity and composition of bacterial communities in the marine sediment during the dry and rainy seasons using 16S rRNA sequencing. Functional profile analysis (PICRUTSt2) was used to predict metabolic functions associated with hydrocarbon degradation. Results We found a large bacterial taxonomic diversity, including some genera reported as hydrocarbon-degraders. Analyses of the alpha and beta diversity did not detect significant differences between sites or seasons, suggesting that location, season, and the contamination level detected here do not represent determining factors in the structure of the microbial communities. PICRUTSt2 predicted 10 metabolic functions associated with hydrocarbon degradation. Most bacterial genera with potential hydrocarbon bioremediation activity were generalists likely capable of degrading different hydrocarbon compounds. The bacterial composition and diversity reported here represent an initial attempt to characterize sites with low levels of contamination. This information is crucial for understanding the impact of eventual rises in hydrocarbon pollution.

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Guo, Weijun, Xinggang Wang, Sihong Liu, Xiangpeng Kong, Pengcheng Wang, and Tiaojian Xu. "Long-Term Petroleum Hydrocarbons Pollution after a Coastal Oil Spill." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 10 (September 27, 2022): 1380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101380.

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The long-term status of petroleum hydrocarbons in both seawater and sediment contaminated by the Dalian New Port oil spill has been investigated since 2010. Seawater recovery is relatively swift and is complete within two years, while oil contamination persists in the coastal sediments for several years. Because of the slow degradation and low mobility in sediments, they serve as long-term reservoirs for residual oils. The erosion of sediments into the water column leads to an abrupt increase in hydrocarbons during storms. The cumulative results of hydrodynamic transport and ongoing industrial emissions lead to a spatial shift of hot spots with high petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations from the spill site to the inner corner of the bay. In addition to continuous petroleum hydrocarbon emissions from contiguous coastal outfalls, the regional oil contamination will persist indefinitely. The research provides comprehensive information for years to come to evaluate the long-term damage and multiphase medium impacts of a large oil spill.

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Margesin, R., D. LabbÃ¯Â¿Â½, F. Schinner, C. W. Greer, and L. G. Whyte. "Characterization of Hydrocarbon-Degrading Microbial Populations in Contaminated and Pristine Alpine Soils." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 6 (June 2003): 3085–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.6.3085-3092.2003.

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ABSTRACT Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in cold environments, including Alpine soils, is a result of indigenous cold-adapted microorganisms able to degrade these contaminants. In the present study, the prevalence of seven genotypes involved in the degradation of n-alkanes (Pseudomonas putida GPo1 alkB; Acinetobacter spp. alkM; Rhodococcus spp. alkB1, and Rhodococcus spp. alkB2), aromatic hydrocarbons (P. putida xylE), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (P. putida ndoB and Mycobacterium sp. strain PYR-1 nidA) was determined in 12 oil-contaminated (428 to 30,644 mg of total petroleum hydrocarbons [TPH]/kg of soil) and 8 pristine Alpine soils from Tyrol (Austria) by PCR hybridization analyses of total soil community DNA, using oligonucleotide primers and DNA probes specific for each genotype. The soils investigated were also analyzed for various physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters, and statistical correlations between all parameters were determined. Genotypes containing genes from gram-negative bacteria (P. putida alkB, xylE, and ndoB and Acinetobacter alkM) were detected to a significantly higher percentage in the contaminated (50 to 75%) than in the pristine (0 to 12.5%) soils, indicating that these organisms had been enriched in soils following contamination. There was a highly significant positive correlation (P < 0.001) between the level of contamination and the number of genotypes containing genes from P. putida and Acinetobacter sp. but no significant correlation between the TPH content and the number of genotypes containing genes from gram-positive bacteria (Rhodococcus alkB1 and alkB2 and Mycobacterium nidA). These genotypes were detected at a high frequency in both contaminated (41.7 to 75%) and pristine (37.5 to 50%) soils, indicating that they are already present in substantial numbers before a contamination event. No correlation was found between the prevalence of hydrocarbon-degradative genotypes and biological activities (respiration, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, lipase activity) or numbers of culturable hydrocarbon-degrading soil microorganisms; there also was no correlation between the numbers of hydrocarbon degraders and the contamination level. The measured biological activities showed significant positive correlation with each other, with the organic matter content, and partially with the TPH content and a significant negative correlation with the soil dry-mass content (P < 0.05 to 0.001).

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Kotova, V. E., Yu А. Andreev, О. А. Mikhaylenko, and I. А. Ryazantseva. "ASSESSMENT OF PETROLEUM COMPONENT CONTAMINATION OF WATER IN THE TEMERNIK RIVER AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE DON RIVER." Ecology. Economy. Informatics.System analysis and mathematical modeling of ecological and economic systems 1, no. 6 (2021): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.23885/2500-395x-2021-1-6-112-117.

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Here, we report the results of petroleum component contamination assessment of the Temernik river and the Don river. Our aim was to study the hydrocarbon group content of petroleum components in the river water. Thus, we determined the mass concentrations of chemical oxygen demand, petroleum components, and aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In the Temernik river, the concentrations of chemical oxygen demand, petroleum components, sum of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were 21.4–34.4 mg/L, 0.14–6.0 mg/L, 10–18 μg/L, and 0.17–2.9 μg/L, respectively. The concentrations of chemical oxygen demand, petroleum components, and benzo[a]pyrene exceeded the maximum permissible concentration by 1.4–2.3, 2.8-120, and 1.3–5.8 times, respectively. In the Don river, the concentrations of chemical oxygen demand, petroleum components, sum of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were 18.7-29.5 mg/L, 0.08- 0.16 mg/L, 8.2-12 μg/L, and 0.03-0.13 μg/L, respectively. The Severnoe reservoir was the less contaminated part of the river. The Temernik river estuary was the most contaminated part of the river. The pollutant concentrations increased in the Don River downstream of the Temernik river estuary. Therefore, the Temernik river influences on the Don river contamination. The chemical oxygen demand, petroleum components, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons had the close distribution of concentrations in the rivers. However, the aliphatic hydrocarbon concentration changed in another way. The results of the study showed that the hydrocarbon groups of petroleum components can have different sources.

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Kuyukina, Maria, Anastasiya Krivoruchko, and Irina Ivshina. "Hydrocarbon- and metal-polluted soil bioremediation: progress and challenges." Microbiology Australia 39, no. 3 (2018): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma18041.

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The problem of soil contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals is becoming particularly acute for large oil-producing countries, like the Russian Federation. Both hydrocarbon and metal contaminants impact negatively the soil biota and human health, thus requiring efficient methods for their detoxification and elimination. Bioremediation of soil co-contaminated with hydrocarbon and metal pollutants is complicated by the fact that, although the two components must be treated differently, they mutually affect the overall removal efficiency. Heavy metals are reported to inhibit biodegradation of hydrocarbons by interfering with microbial enzymes directly involved in biodegradation or through the interaction with enzymes involved in general metabolism. Here we discuss recent progress and challenges in bioremediation of soils co-contaminated with hydrocarbons and heavy metals, focusing on selecting metal-resistant biodegrading strains and biosurfactant amendments.

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Parga-Lozano, C. H., A. J. Marrugo-González, and R. Fernández-Maestre. "Hydrocarbon contamination in Cartagena Bay, Colombia." Marine Pollution Bulletin 44, no. 1 (January 2002): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-326x(01)00201-6.

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Illing, Christian J., Christian Hallmann, Kristen E. Miller, Roger E. Summons, and Harald Strauss. "Airborne hydrocarbon contamination from laboratory atmospheres." Organic Geochemistry 76 (November 2014): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2014.07.006.

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Kennicutt, M. C., T. J. McDonald, G. J. Denoux, and S. J. McDonald. "Hydrocarbon contamination on the Antarctic Peninsula." Marine Pollution Bulletin 24, no. 10 (October 1992): 499–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(92)90474-k.

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Kennicutt, M. C., T. J. McDonald, G. J. Denoux, and S. J. McDonald. "Hydrocarbon contamination on the Antarctic Peninsula." Marine Pollution Bulletin 24, no. 10 (October 1992): 506–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(92)90475-l.

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Onome Augustina Bubu-Davies, Benjamin Bameyi Otene, and Mpakaboari Vellington Cephas Ebini. "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in water, sediments and aquatic life of Nigerian inland and coastal waters." Magna Scientia Advanced Research and Reviews 1, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 01–012. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/msarr.2021.1.3.0014.

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formed during incomplete combustions of organic substances but few to be mention such as cigarettes, coal etc. They are usually found as a mixture containing two or more compounds such as soot. The emissions of PAHs in Nigeria have contributed significantly to the environment and live of aquatic organisms. Thus, this paper reviewed the contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in the water, sediments and organisms in inland and coastal waters. Methodology: Literatures of relevant and previous studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the water, sediment and organism within and outside Nigeria were reviewed. Results: The contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was known to be carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic and can cause adverse effect on human health, wildlife and aquatic lives with no report on mammals in the aquatic environments. Conclusion and Recommendation: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) reviewed displayed different effects caused in the lives of human and aquatic organism based on the concentration level. Their sources were more of anthropogenic than natural source with varied concentrations at various source points due to different activities in question. The positive impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon on fish and other aquatic organisms as a result of bioconcentration, biotransformation and biomagnification become a threat to humans that rely on eighty percent of aquatic resources. Therefore, conceived efforts should be made to reduce these effects, general public monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon on discharge sources in the biosphere.

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Al-Hassen, Shukri I., Hamid T. Al-Saad, and Dawod J. Al-Rubaiay. "An Analytical Study on Petroleum Hydrocarbons Contamination in the Urban Environment of Basra City, Southern Iraq." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 4, no. 2 (September 1, 2013): 12–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v4i2.97.

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The present study aims to analyze the spatial and seasonal variations in levels of petroleum hydrocarbons at the urban environment of Basra City. This is made by determination of their concentrations in water, ambient air, and soils. Several samples were collected from different sampling stations during 2009. The determination of hydrocarbons in water samples was carried out using the procedure of UNESCO, and the hydrocarbons in ambient air were measured by the portable gas detector of Drager CMS, whereas the determination of hydrocarbons in soils was conducted as described in Al-Saad. The findings demonstrated that seasonal variations in hydrocarbon concentrations which were increased during winter for both water and soil samples, while increased during summer for ambient air samples. Moreover, there were spatial variations in hydrocarbon concentrations which were significantly higher at the sampling stations located within the urban center in comparison with those in the suburbs. The recorded values were ranged from 0.11 to 190.5 µg/l in water samples, from ≥ 20 to 29.3 ppm in ambient air samples, and from 0.56 to 41.58 µg/gmdry weight in soil samples. Some concentrations lies within high levels of exposure, which may give rise to adverse health consequences.

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Vane, R. "Immobilization and Removal of Hydrocarbon Contamination Using the Evactron De-Contaminator." Microscopy and Microanalysis 12, S02 (July 31, 2006): 1662–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927606066803.

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Khan, Saimah, Ayush Kumar Tripathi, Rohan Srivastava, Mohd Saad Saleem, Sergiy Yeremenko, and Volodymyr Sydorenko. "Bioremediation of Petroleum Contamination: A Short Review." Ecological Questions 33, no. 2 (March 21, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/eq.2022.012.

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The pros and cons of using the bioremediation method for the removal of petroleum pollutants are discussed in this review article. Other methods along with bioremediation have been used to remediate petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants in the past. Bioremediation is cheap and efficient method than any other because major constituents of the crude oils are biodegradable. Despite the fact that, as compared to physicochemical strategies, longer periods are normally required, complete pollutant degradation can be achieved, and no further containment of the contaminated matrix is required. According to hydrocarbon present in the contaminants different strategies and organism are used for the bioremediation. Common strategies include controlling environmental factors such as oxygen availability, hydrocarbon solubility, nutrient balance and managing hydrocarbon degrading bacteria by eliminating the rate limiting factors that may slow down the bioremediation rate. Microorganism dynamics during bioremediation is most important for understanding how they respond, adapt and remediate pollution. However, bioremediation can be considered one of the best technologies to deal with petroleum product contaminants.

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Ismail, HY. "Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contamination: Its Effects and Treatment Approaches – A Mini Review." Arid-zone Journal of Basic & Applied Research 1, no. 6 (December 30, 2022): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.55639/607.3435.

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Petroleum hydrocarbons are among the major driving forces of advancement in the last Century. Some of the hydrocarbons are however of health and environmental significance, due to their recalcitrance and persistence leading to adverse effects on health and ecosystem stability. Environmental pollution with petroleum and petrochemical products has been recognized as a significant and serious problem. Most components of oil are toxic to humans and wildlife in general, as it is easily incorporated into the food chain. This fact has increased scientific interest in examining the distribution, fate and behaviour of oil and its derivatives in the environment. The potential danger which petroleum hydrocarbons pose to humans and the environment makes testing and treatment unavoidable. As a result, a number of investigations over several years have led to the discovery of treatment technologies including physical, chemical, thermal and biological processes. Attempts to present a concise review on the status of hydrocarbon contamination, its effects on microorganisms, plants, animals and the ecosystem have been made. Different treatment technologies with their advantages and setbacks are also presented. This would enlighten individuals and stakeholders on the dangers pose by the petroleum products especially that oil prospecting in the Northeastern Nigeria is been intensified

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Raman, Vedantham, Thomas Nguyen, and Jorge Escobar. "WeA-4-4 HYDROCARBON CONTAMINATION IN DISK DRIVES: ISSUES AND POTENTIAL REMEDIES." Proceedings of JSME-IIP/ASME-ISPS Joint Conference on Micromechatronics for Information and Precision Equipment : IIP/ISPS joint MIPE 2015 (2015): _WeA—4–4–1—_WeA—4–4–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemipe.2015._wea-4-4-1.

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Huntley, Sharon L., Lawrence J. Ritchie, Steven J. Setford, and Selwayan Saini. "The Development of a Sub-Surface Monitoring System for Organic Contamination in Soils and Groundwater." Scientific World JOURNAL 2 (2002): 1101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.203.

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A major problem when dealing with environmental contamination is the early detection and subsequent surveillance of the contamination. This paper describes the potential of sub-surface sensor technology for the early detection of organic contaminants in contaminated soils, sediments, and landfill sites. Rugged, low-power hydrocarbon sensors have been developed, along with a data-logging system, for the early detection of phase hydrocarbons in soil. Through laboratory-based evaluation, the ability of this system to monitor organic contamination in water-based systems is being evaluated. When used in conjunction with specific immunoassays, this can provide a sensitive and low-cost solution for long-term monitoring and analysis, applicable to a wide range of field applications.

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Boychenko, Sergey, Irina Shkilnuk, and Vladimir Turchak. "THE PROBLEMS OF BIOPOLLUTION WITH JET FUELS AND THE WAY OF ACHIEVING SOLUTION." TRANSPORT 23, no. 3 (September 30, 2008): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648-4142.2008.23.253-257.

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The article considers and presents the classification methods of identifying and assessing petroleum biological contamination and techniques in maintaining biological stability of hydrocarbon fuel. The article focuses on analysis, arrangement and classification of the methods for identifying petroleum biological contamination and maintaining microbiological stability of hydrocarbon fuels.

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Liu, Jinyan, Zhisong Cui, Tong Hao, Yingchao Li, Xiao Luan, Ke Feng, and Li Zheng. "Characterization and Hydrocarbon Degradation Potential of Variovorax sp. Strain N23 Isolated from the Antarctic Soil." Microbiology Research 14, no. 1 (January 20, 2023): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres14010009.

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Increasing pollution has significantly threatened the Antarctic ecosystem. The contamination of hydrocarbons has drawn a considerable amount of attention owing to their toxicity, recalcitrance, and persistence. Considering the Antarctic Treaty, only indigenous species are allowed to bioremediate the contaminated environment. However, the knowledge of the ecological role, physiology, function, and genomics of endemic hydrocarbon consumers is still limited. Here, we investigated the dynamics of phenanthrene-consuming communities derived from the Antarctic soil and found that Variovorax, Rhodocyclaceae, and Hydrogenophaga were differentiated in all the phenanthrene-consuming subcultures. We isolated a pure culture of the key hydrocarbon consumer Variovorax sp. strain N23. Moreover, the result of the polyphasic approach suggested that strain N23 represents a novel species of the genus Variovorax. In addition, the genomic characteristics of this strain revealed incomplete degradation pathways for diverse hydrocarbons. Overall, this study reveals the relatively weak hydrocarbon-degrading potential of the indigenous bacteria and suggests the need for more careful protection of the Antarctic ecosystem.

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POWELL, SHANE M., MARTIN J. RIDDLE, IAN SNAPE, and JONATHAN S. STARK. "Location and DGGE methodology can influence interpretation of field experimental studies on the response to hydrocarbons by Antarctic benthic microbial community." Antarctic Science 17, no. 3 (August 17, 2005): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102005002786.

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A field experiment investigating the effect of oil contamination on benthic microbial communities was conducted near Casey Station, East Antarctica. Defaunated sediment was treated with a mixture of Special Antarctic Blend diesel and lubricating oil and deployed in three different bays for eleven weeks. A molecular fingerprinting technique, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), was used to investigate the microbial community structure. The variation between replicate samples within treatment groups indicates that the benthic microbial populations are very diverse and evenly distributed. Comparisons to determine the significance of both deployment location and hydrocarbon treatment showed that the greatest effect was from a combination of location and treatment. Detailed analysis suggests that subtle differences may be obscured by variability introduced by PCR and gel stages in DGGE, undermining this experimental approach. It is concluded that both location and hydrocarbon contamination influenced the development of the microbial communities but that the effect of hydrocarbon treatment varied with location. This has important implications for the design of future experiments on the effect of hydrocarbons on benthic communities, especially if it is intended to generalize the conclusions drawn from site specific studies.

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Kota, M. F., Awang Ahmad Sallehin Awang Husaini, A. Zulkharnain, and H. A. Roslan. "Bioremediation of Crude Oil by Different Fungal Genera." Asian Journal of Plant Biology 2, no. 1 (July 2, 2014): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54987/ajpb.v2i1.83.

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One of the major environmental problems today is hydrocarbon contamination resulting from the activities related to the petrochemical industry. Bioremediation is the promising technology for treatment of these contaminated sites as it is cost effective and lead to complete mineralization. This research attempts to study the potential of different fungal genera in bioremediation of hydrocarbon. Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus versicolor, Bionectria ochroleuca, Penicillium chermisinum and Trichoderma virens was selected for the bioremediation purpose. Screening of fungi species sensitivity towards hydrocarbons was first conducted. To enhance the growth of fungi on hydrocarbon contaminated soil, suitable bulking agent was selected prior to addition into the soil. For the period of six weeks, hydrocarbon degradation trial was conducted followed by post-treatment tests. All fungal species shows high tolerance towards hydrocarbon. Sago waste (sago hampas) is the most suitable bulking agent as all fungal species capable to grow on it. Significant differences were found in the ability of Bionectria ochroleuca to degrade hydrocarbon. Bionectria ochroleuca was able to degrade more than 70 % of the C12 to C28, with 100 % degradation of C12 and C28.

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Castro, Ana R., Gilberto Martins, Andreia F. Salvador, and Ana J. Cavaleiro. "Iron Compounds in Anaerobic Degradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons: A Review." Microorganisms 10, no. 11 (October 29, 2022): 2142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10112142.

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Waste and wastewater containing hydrocarbons are produced worldwide by various oil-based industries, whose activities also contribute to the occurrence of oil spills throughout the globe, causing severe environmental contamination. Anaerobic microorganisms with the ability to biodegrade petroleum hydrocarbons are important in the treatment of contaminated matrices, both in situ in deep subsurfaces, or ex situ in bioreactors. In the latter, part of the energetic value of these compounds can be recovered in the form of biogas. Anaerobic degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons can be improved by various iron compounds, but different iron species exert distinct effects. For example, Fe(III) can be used as an electron acceptor in microbial hydrocarbon degradation, zero-valent iron can donate electrons for enhanced methanogenesis, and conductive iron oxides may facilitate electron transfers in methanogenic processes. Iron compounds can also act as hydrocarbon adsorbents, or be involved in secondary abiotic reactions, overall promoting hydrocarbon biodegradation. These multiple roles of iron are comprehensively reviewed in this paper and linked to key functional microorganisms involved in these processes, to the underlying mechanisms, and to the main influential factors. Recent research progress, future perspectives, and remaining challenges on the application of iron-assisted anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation are highlighted.

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Boll, Esther S., Jens Nejrup, Julie K. Jensen, and Jan H. Christensen. "Chemical fingerprinting of hydrocarbon-contamination in soil." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 17, no. 3 (2015): 606–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3em00631j.

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Faiza, Bendadeche Medjahed. "Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacterial Strain Pseudomonas mendocina Newly Isolated from Marine Sediments and Seawater of Oran Harbor (Algerian Coast)." Archives of Ecotoxicology 2, no. 2 (June 3, 2020): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ae.2020.2.2.22-29.

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Contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons causes serious dangers to human health and the environment, whether by accidental or chronic contamination. Due to the large flow of ships, the commercial harbor of Oran is subject to pollution particularly by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. For that, bioremediation by indigenous microorganisms is the most important method to eliminate or decrease this contamination. In the present paper, hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium strain SP57N has been studied, newly isolated from contaminated marine sediments and sea water from the harbor of Oran (Northwestern-Algeria), using of Bushnell-Hass salt medium (BHSM). The strain SP57N was Gram-negative, oxidase negative, catalase negative, motile, Rod-shaped bacteria, identified molecularly as Pseudomonas mendocina based on partial 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis, using the BLAST program on National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and the EzBioCloud 16S rDNA databases. This isolate could growth on high concentrations of crude oil (up to 10 %, v/v). The effects of some culture conditions such as temperature, NaCl concentration and pH on growth rate of strain SP57N on crude oil as the sole carbon and energy source were studied. In addition, growth kinetic of this isolate on crude oil during 20 days of culture at 140 rpm, under optimal culture conditions was considered. The results showed maximum growth rate at temperature 25°C, 3% (w/v) of NaCl concentration and pH 7. Results of growth kinetic on crude oil as sole carbon and energy source showed that the stationary phase was attained at day 12. Thus, Pseudomonas mendocina SP57N had effectively hydrocarbon-degrading potential, and could be used as an efficacy degrader to initiate a biological eco-friendly method for the bioremediation of the hydrocarbon pollution on the port of Oran, and marine environment.

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Gearing, Juanita N., Dale E. Buckley, and John N. Smith. "Hydrocarbon and Metal Contents in a Sediment Core from Halifax Harbour: A Chronology of Contamination." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 2344–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-275.

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In a dated core from the Northwest Arm of Halifax Harbour, pollutant hydrocarbon concentrations have increase 100-fold since about 1900 (15–20 cm depth). Aliphatic contaminants characteristic of sewage and urban runoff have had a steady, exponential growth overtime, while aromatic hydrocarbon combustion products are currently declining slightly from a subsurface maximum around 1950 (5–10 cm depth). Present levels of these compounds are among the highest reported in the literature. Similarly, contamination of sediments by the metals Cu, Zn, Pb, and Hg has also increased from 1890 to 1970, with maximum levels among the highest reported from other urban and industrialized coastal marine areas in the world. In contrast, the concentrations of natural product hydrocarbons such as squalene and perylene have not changed significantly in this century.

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Mercogliano, R., A. De Felice, G. Pezone, V. Raffone, G. Chirichiello, and M. L. Cortesi. "HYDROCARBON CONTAMINATION IN BREAST MILK: PRELIMINARY STUDY." Italian Journal of Food Safety 1, no. 1zero (January 8, 2011): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ijfs.2011.1s.67.

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Forté, Sarah, and Laurence R. Bentley. "Effect of hydrocarbon contamination on streaming potential." Near Surface Geophysics 11, no. 1 (October 1, 2012): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2012057.

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Abd‐Allah, Aly M. A., and Abd‐El‐Khalek El‐Sebae. "Hydrocarbon contamination of the Egyptian Mediterranean coast." Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 47, no. 1-2 (January 1995): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772249509358122.

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Zheng, Wenqing, and Edward S. Van Vleet. "Petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in the Dry Tortugas." Marine Pollution Bulletin 19, no. 3 (March 1988): 134–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(88)90710-2.

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39

Azevedo, Luís A., Inái M. R. de Andrade Brüning, and Isabel Moreira. "Hydrocarbon contamination in mussels from Guanabara Bay." Marine Pollution Bulletin 49, no. 11-12 (December 2004): 1120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.10.003.

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40

Albu, M. A., L. M. Morris, H. Nash, and M. O. Rivett. "Hydrocarbon contamination of groundwater at Ploiesti, Romania." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 193, no. 1 (2002): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2002.193.01.22.

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Hewelke, Edyta, and Dariusz Gozdowski. "Hydrophysical properties of sandy clay contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbon." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 9 (January 10, 2020): 9697–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07627-5.

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AbstractThe aim of the presented research was to assess the changes in hydro-physical properties of sandy clay under the influence of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination. An understanding of these changes is fundamental in the right remedial actions and for further use of soil. Laboratory tests of inherently wettable sandy clay showed that the petroleum hydrocarbon induced potential soil water repellency (SWR) of extremely repellent class at the contamination of 18 g kg−1. The relationship between soil water potential (pF) and SWR determined by the WDPT test for given hydrocarbon contamination, i.e., 6, 12, 18, 30, 100 g kg−1, showed that the critical soil moisture value (CSMC) corresponds to the pF = 1.0 ÷ 1.5. Soil retention characteristic (pF) showed that an increase in hydrocarbon contamination from 0 to 100 g kg−1 caused a reduction of total available water for plants from about 0.19 to 0.06 cm cm−3. At the same time, in the pF = 1.5 ÷ 2.0 range, intensive soil pore drainage was observed. Statistically, significant effect of hydrocarbon contamination and soil moisture potential on SWR was found. Soil hydrophobicity limits the addition of soil retention, because a significant part of the precipitation can be transformed by surface runoff. The carried out tests showed that at a hydrocarbon contamination of 30 g kg−1, total rainfall amount 14 mm with an intensity of 2 mm h−1 was transformed into a surface drain in approx. 40%. The conducted studies demonstrate the adverse impact of hydrocarbon contamination on the soil’s hydro-physical properties. The soil water retention reduction and launching of the surface outflow, as a result of limiting the water penetration process resulting from SWR, change the agrohydrological conditions of the contaminated area. It can result as the imbalance of the flow of energy and matter in the ecosystem. The scenarios of environmental effects, among others, depend on the type of soil, the degree of its pollution, the type of ecosystem, and supporting activities undertaken by man. It should be taken into account that the increasing frequency of drought occurrence associated with climate change is conducive to the phenomenon of SWR regardless of the reasons for its occurrence.

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D’Ugo, Emilio, Milena Bruno, Arghya Mukherjee, Dhrubajyoti Chattopadhyay, Roberto Giuseppetti, Rita De Pace, and Fabio Magurano. "Characterization of microbial response to petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in a lacustrine ecosystem." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 20 (April 19, 2021): 26187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13885-8.

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AbstractMicrobiomes of freshwater basins intended for human use remain poorly studied, with very little known about the microbial response to in situ oil spills. Lake Pertusillo is an artificial freshwater reservoir in Basilicata, Italy, and serves as the primary source of drinking water for more than one and a half million people in the region. Notably, it is located in close proximity to one of the largest oil extraction plants in Europe. The lake suffered a major oil spill in 2017, where approximately 400 tons of crude oil spilled into the lake; importantly, the pollution event provided a rare opportunity to study how the lacustrine microbiome responds to petroleum hydrocarbon contamination. Water samples were collected from Lake Pertusillo 10 months prior to and 3 months after the accident. The presence of hydrocarbons was verified and the taxonomic and functional aspects of the lake microbiome were assessed. The analysis revealed specialized successional patterns of lake microbial communities that were potentially capable of degrading complex, recalcitrant hydrocarbons, including aromatic, chloroaromatic, nitroaromatic, and sulfur containing aromatic hydrocarbons. Our findings indicated that changes in the freshwater microbial community were associated with the oil pollution event, where microbial patterns identified in the lacustrine microbiome 3 months after the oil spill were representative of its hydrocarbonoclastic potential and may serve as effective proxies for lacustrine oil pollution.

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Šyvokienė, Janina. "Changes in microbiota of rainbow trout caused by sediments contamination." Open Life Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2013): 1265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-013-0236-3.

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AbstractThe abundance, composition and hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria, as possible biomarkers of contamination with oil hydrocarbons, of autochthonous and alochtonous microbiota of the digestive tract of rainbow trout have been estimated. The samples of the bottom sediments for microbiological tests have been collected and a response of natural bacterial communities in the digestive tract of rainbow trout and nutritional changes has been investigated. Experimental fish have been fed with a mixture of three substances with the aim to assess the influence of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria contained in the sediments on the microbiota of rainbow trout’s digestive tracts. The abundance values of rainbow trout intestinal heterotrophic bacteria were found to change depending on alochtonous microbiota of different bottom sediments given to the experimental fish with food in vitro. According to the results of our research, it is likely that the changes in the abundance values of the microbiota of the digestive tract of fish and in the proportions of functional groups of the bacteria allow us to determine changes in the functional activity of bacteria depending on food composition. Any relative increase or decrease of abundance or activity of alochtonous microbiota allows the prediction of toxic effects of the contaminants on animals and the environment.

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Štyriaková, Iveta, R. Hampl, and I. Jech. "Ex Situ Biostimulation of Hydrocarbon Degradation by Organic and Inorganic Amendments." Advanced Materials Research 71-73 (May 2009): 713–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.71-73.713.

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To examine the effects of organic and inorganic amendments on the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons, we conducted a pilot-scale experiment during the winter and summer periods. Soil samples were analyzed periodically to determine the soil gas amount of volatile organic compound, carbon dioxide flux, consumption of O2 and indigenous bacterial numbers during bioremediation. The initial level of the most contaminated site (10 070 mg hydrocarbon kg-1 soil) was reduced successively to 4 800 mg kg-1 after 4 months and to 1 400 mg kg -1 after 6 months in ex-situ amended soils. The hydrocarbon-degrading microbial populations increased during the treatment as also did soil respiration. Both aerobic and methanogenic conditions appeared to be important at these sites. Methane concentration (500-23 000 ppm) and CO2 production (800-17 000 ppm) varied with the extent of contamination. The bioventing system used in this study aerated a wide area of soil. It was concluded that N and P availability within the organic and inorganic nutrients limited the biodegradation of hydrocarbon contamination. By combination of organic and inorganic amendments a 86% removal efficiency was achieved. Nutrient diffusion varied within the 3 m high decontamination biopile but was sufficient to promote bacterial proliferation in all layers.

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Akachukwu, D., J. C. Nnaji, P. Ojimelukwe, S. Onoja, and S. Odo. "Sediment Quality of Orashi River at Four Oil Producing Communities of Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 7 (August 7, 2020): 1145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i7.4.

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Bed Sediment samples were collected in the Dry Season from Orashi River at three sampling sites each located in Mmahu, Opuoma, Abacheke and Ogwu Aniocha communities. Physicochemical parameters, hydrocarbon and heavy metal (As, Cd, Fe and Pb) concentrations were determined with standard methods. Results showed that total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) ranged from 0.11 ±0.03 to 1.91 ±0.25 mg/kg while total hydrocarbon content (THC) and oil and grease had ranges of 0.28 ±0.06-2.98 ±0.19 and 0.69 ±0.09-3.60 ±0.57 mg/kg respectively. The sediment samples were classified as unpolluted in terms of TPH. Mean values for pH had a range of 4.33 ±0.22 - 6.60 ±0.52 while the texture of most samples was sandy. Mean organic carbon contents ranged from 0.58±0.07 to 3.15±0.66 % and mean total nitrogen and total phosphorus had ranges of 0.30±0.00 -2.77±0.46 and 17.34±1.65 - 29.48±1.63 mg/kg respectively. Mean Mg concentrations were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the concentrations of other exchangeable bases and mean As concentration had a range of 1.175±0.086-1.291±0.335 mg/kg. Mean Cd concentrations ranged from 0.948±0.072 to 3.120±0.131 mg/kg while mean Fe and Pb concentrations had ranges of 57.324±10.530-159.707±41.192 and 1.300±0.295-7.462±0.861 mg/kg respectively. As and Pb values were lower than the sediment quality guidelines (SQG) but Cd values were higher than the guidelines in all sites. Contamination factors (CFs) for As and Pb indicated low contamination while CFs for Cd indicated moderate to considerable contamination. Geo-accumulation index (Igeo) values for As and Pb at all sites and that of Cd at one site indicated unpolluted, Igeo values for Cd at all other sites ranged between 0.210 and 1.571 indicating unpolluted to moderately polluted status. Keywords: Sediment, Orashi, hydrocarbons, physicochemical, metals, contamination

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46

Putilina, V. S., I. V. Galitskaya, and T. I. Yuganova. "Plume of oil metabolites in groundwater: formation, evolution, and toxicity." Геоэкология. Инженерная геология. Гидрогеология. Геокриология, no. 1 (April 17, 2019): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-78092019138-45.

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The transformation of oil hydrocarbons in groundwater is mainly related to the processes of biodegradation. At sites where residual crude oil or petroleum hydrocarbon fuel contaminants are present in the environment, biodegradation reactions result in the formation of partial oxidation products, i.e., metabolites. These transformation products are more soluble than the parent petroleum hydrocarbons, due to their greater polarity and corresponding low volatility. Transformation products from residual source zones are distributed in aqueous phase to form a plume of contamination in groundwater. The content of metabolites depends on the redox conditions and the presence of the terminal electron acceptors, as well as on the structure of the original hydrocarbon compounds. The article considers the conditions for formation of metabolites, their degradation, migration to groundwater and plume formation, toxicity of metabolites. Examples of modeling the migration of metabolites in the saturated zone are given.

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Liu, An Ping, Xiao Nan Sun, Fan Yang, Xiao Song Sun, and Shu Chang Jin. "Quantitative Evaluation of a Typical Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Site." Advanced Materials Research 414 (December 2011): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.414.51.

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Petroleum contamination in soil has become one of the important contamination issues. Aiming at large areas petroleum contamination in soil, this paper introduce risk assessment and contamination quantitative calculation method. Based on risk assessment model and related quantitative calculation method, select a specific petroleum contaminated site, conduct risk assessment for it and then calculated the volume of contaminated soils. As a research case, the study can provide guidance to the preliminary investigation and a basis for effective remediation.

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Adeleye, A. O., M. B. Yerima, M. E. Nkereuwem, V. O. Onokebhagbe, I. S. Sadiq, A. O. Amoo, G. B. Bate, G. P. Shiaka, and M. Raji. "Bio-enhanced removal of hydrocarbon contents from spent engine oil contaminated soil using Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus co-culture." Agro-Science 20, no. 3 (September 29, 2021): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/as.v20i3.11.

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The study assessed the removal of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from spent engine oil (SEO) contaminated soil through bioenhancement of bacteria isolated from SEO polluted soil. Sterilized soil was subjected to a three level of SEO contamination before the addition of sterilized biostimulants including powdered cow dung (CD), powdered cocoa pod husk (CPH) and compost (made from fresh CPH and CD). Bacterial inoculum being Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus co-culture (150 mL) was added to the mixture in polyethylene bags. It was a factorial experiment that was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD). The TPH and PAHs were estimated in the first day, fifth week and the tenth week that the room incubation lasted. Results generated from the influence of biostimulants on TPH and PAHs degradation potential of the bacterial co-culture showed that degradation of the hydrocarbon contents was significantly enhanced (p < 0.05). At the tenth week, compost enhanced the most TPH reductions (315 and 380 mg kg–1) compared with other biostimulants on 5% and 15% SEO contamination levels, respectively. Compost equally enhanced the most PAHs reductions (48.8, 39.6 and 94.6 mg kg–1) compared with other biostimulants on 5%, 10% and 15% SEO contamination levels respectively. However, the quantity of SEO contents degraded was significantly higher in the bioaugmented and biostimulated soil samples compared with the control employed. The technology adopted in this study can be effectively employed for the bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon related pollution.

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F I, Onianwah, Nwaugo V C, Chikezie-Abba R O, and Onajafe J. "Microbial Diversity and Degradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Impacted Soils and Water Bodies in Niger Delta Area of Nigeria." Journal of Asian Scientific Research 12, no. 4 (November 15, 2022): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5003.v12i4.4653.

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Microbial diversity of hydrocarbon in polluted soil and water bodies explains the variability that exists among various species of microorganisms inhabiting such environments. Sources of these pollutions include among others polycyclic hydrocarbons, heavy metals contamination, industrial wastes and the unregulated use of pesticides. No doubt, Niger Delta region is heavily polluted due to unregulated exploration activities of the petroleum prospecting and exploration industries, including the illegal activities of the locals. This has grossly affected the distribution and existence of some species of microorganisms. The survival of microbes in such polluted sites depends largely on their ability to adapt, tolerate and/or degrade these pollutants. The degradation of these hydrocarbons has resulted in the formation of metabolites some of which influences diversity among the indigenous microbial species. There is a significant relationship between the level of contamination and alterations in the microbial community. Decontamination of polluted sites can be used to increase biodiversity. Therefore, biodiversity is influenced by the concentration of the pollutants. The ecotoxicological effect of petroleum pollution is the need for oxygen during degradation of the hydrocarbon. In a reduced oxygen supply, serious ecological damage may take place. Also, the presence of heavy metals and organic compounds may enhance toxicity to microorganisms.

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Roura, Ricardo. "Monitoring and remediation of hydrocarbon contamination at the former site of Greenpeace's World Park Base, Cape Evans, Ross Island, Antarctica." Polar Record 40, no. 1 (January 2004): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247403003292.

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This paper describes the results of a program for the monitoring and remediation of hydrocarbon contamination at the former Greenpeace base site, located at Cape Evans, Ross Island, Antarctica (77°38′S, 166°24′E). World Park Base operated year-round between 1987 and 1991. It was entirely removed in 1991–92. Increased levels of hydrocarbons occurred in sediments nearby the base. The total volume of fuel spilt during Greenpeace operations, estimated at less than 200 L, was less than what would now require reporting according to existing guidelines for national programs. Some fuel spills might have predated Greenpeace activities. Hydrocarbon contamination was highly localised and largely contained in the active layer. However, in one site hydrocarbons were detected to a depth of 70 cm into the permafrost. Low impact, low technology remedial action applied at some sites removed a significant percentage of fuel in the active layer, thus reducing the potential for secondary effects. The fuel that remains in the subsurface post-remediation, estimated in the order of some tens of litres, is contained in ‘lenses’ of contaminated sediment at the bottom of the active layer. These subsurface hydrocarbons may mobilise into the backfill cover above or in the upper part of the permafrost. Hydrocarbons were detected in previously uncontaminated backfill, which may have resulted from upward migration and re-deposition of hydrocarbons. During the monitoring period the interaction of contaminated sites with meltwater and aeolian processes did not significantly change the hydrocarbon distribution at spill sites, although limited mobilisation of hydrocarbons is likely to occur by these or other mechanisms. The difficulty of removing hydrocarbons from permafrost terrain underscores the legal (under the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty) and ethical responsibility of all operators to avoid their release into the Antarctic wilderness, including the areas that have been subject to earlier impacts. A no-action approach might in some cases be the best option available to deal with contaminants in freezing ground, but it is not acceptable unless it is preceded by the thoughtful consideration of all other alternatives. Ultimately, there is a need to find environmentally friendly alternatives to using fossil fuels as the primary source of energy in Antarctic stations.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Hydrocarbon contamination'

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