Academic literature on the topic 'Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons Automobiles Automobiles Automobiles Air'
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Journal articles on the topic "Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons Automobiles Automobiles Automobiles Air"
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Bansal, Sahil, Rani MedhaShree, Himanshi Nimesh, and Ranganath M. Singari. "Study of BS6 Technology in Automobiles and the Indian Economy." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING 5, no. 2 (April 5, 2020): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35121/ijapie202004246.
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The BS or Bharat Stage are emission standards bought in existence by the Government of India to keep a check on the emission of air pollutants from vehicles. These standards and the given norms were passed and instituted in 2000. With upgraded technology being implemented in the generation of new fuels and upgraded Automobile technology, they limit and control the emission levels and content of pollutants such as Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxide, other hydrocarbons, also many particulate matters (PM) alongside sulphur oxides from motor vehicles which are using internal combustion engine (IC). When the norms or stage gets upgraded, the control levels on the emissions become much stricter. Thus BS-VI is a two-level upgraded version of BS-IV. These norms are inspired by norms instituted in Europe namely Euro 4 and Euro 6. Along with the environmental aspect of the BS-VI norms, there are bigger concerns in the economic influences it. This paper will put light on the basic study of the BS-VI norm and the implementation of it, concluding with what was its effect on the Indian Industries and Indian economy.
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Hayakawa, Kazuichi, Ning Tang, Edward Nagato, Akira Toriba, Jin-Min Lin, Lixia Zhao, Zhijun Zhou, et al. "Long-Term Trends in Urban Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: China, Russia, and Korea from 1999 to 2014." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2 (January 8, 2020): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020431.
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Total suspended particulate matter (TSP) was collected during the summer and winter in five cities in China (Shenyang, Beijing, and Shanghai), Russia (Vladivostok), and Korea (Busan) from 1997 to 2014. Nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with four to six rings, including pyrene (Pyr) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Two nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs), 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) and 6-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene (6-NBaP), were also determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with online reduction/chemiluminescence detection. Two Chinese cities, Beijing and Shenyang, showed very high concentrations of total PAHs (ΣPAH) and total NPAHs (ΣNPAH) with a large seasonal difference (winter > summer), although the concentrations decreased over time. In both cities, maximum mean concentrations of ΣPAH over 200 ng m−3 were observed in the winter. In Beijing, an increase in the ΣPAH concentration was observed in the winter of 2010, which was after the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. The [1-NP]/[Pyr] ratio, a diagnostic parameter for source, was smaller in the winter than in the summer over the monitoring period, suggesting a large contribution of coal heating systems in the winter. In Vladivostok, concentrations of ΣPAH and ΣNPAH were lower than in the above two Chinese cities. The [1-NP]/[Pyr] ratio was larger than in the above Chinese cities even in the winter, suggesting that the contribution of coal combustion facilities, such as power plants for heating, was not very large. In Shanghai and Busan, concentrations of ΣPAH and ΣNPAH were much lower than in the above three cities. At the beginning of the monitoring periods, the [1-NP]/[Pyr] ratios, which were as large as those of Japanese commercial cities, suggested a large contribution from automobiles. After that, the contribution of automobiles decreased gradually. However, BaP concentrations were still over 1 ng m−3 in all cities monitored in China, Russia, and Korea, suggesting that the urban air pollution of PAHs and NPAHs in these regions should not be ignored.
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Rakhmanin, Yu A., and Aleksandr V. Levanchuk. "Hygienic assessment of atmospheric air in the areas with different degrees of the development of the road-traffic complex." Hygiene and sanitation 95, no. 12 (October 28, 2019): 1117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-12-1117-1121.
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The paper presents the results of a study of the qualitative composition and quantity of pollutants in atmospheric air in the course of operational wear of the road surface, braking system and tire treads of automobiles. On the basis of field research in samples ofatmospheric air ofthe city of St. Petersburg there were identified compounds of heavy metals andpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). There was established the dependence of the level of air pollution on traffic flows in locations of the city. Pollutants were shown to enter the air environment mainly in the form offine dust particles. There was justified the need for the control ofproducts of wear the road traffic complex in the hygienic assessment of the quality of ambient air ofmegalopises.
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Lakhani, Anita. "Source Apportionment of Particle Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at an Industrial Location in Agra, India." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/781291.
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16 US EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantified in total suspended ambient particulate matter (TSPM) collected from an industrial site in Agra (India) using gas chromatography. The major industrial activities in Agra are foundries that previously used coal and coke as fuel in cupola furnaces. These foundries have now switched over to natural gas. In addition, use of compressed natural gas has also been promoted and encouraged in automobiles. This study attempts to apportion sources of PAH in the ambient air and the results reflect the advantages associated with the change of fuel. The predominant PAHs in TSPM include high molecular weight (HMW) congeners BghiP, DbA, IP, and BaP. The sum of 16 priority PAHs had a mean value of 72.7 ± 4.7 ng m−3. Potential sources of PAHs in aerosols were identified using diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis. The results reflect a blend of emissions from diesel and natural gas as the major sources of PAH in the city along with contribution from emission of coal, coke, and gasoline.
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Akbar, Ali. "Theorizing the Effect of Smog on Public Health in Lahore, Pakistan." Environment and Pollution 9, no. 2 (September 28, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ep.v9n2p14.
Full textAbstract:
SMOG is a form of horrible air pollution that has recently been declared as a public health emergency in Southeast Asia. This article will talk about the drawback of smog pollution and its outcomes on human health. Smog has become the most important issue for Pakistan, from some past years. Since 2011, nearly all areas of Pakistan especially Lahore has been repeatedly affected by smog. In Many previous types of research, the focus is on Smog and, its source, alarm systems, and safeguard, when a risky Environmental event like smog, the conclusion may be riskier than the event itself will cause if people take irrational actions due to lack of relevant awareness. So, examine people's attitudes and a reaction to smog is theoretically and realistically meaningful. Recent projects of coal as a source of energy, high rates of outpouring from unmonitored industries, a large number of automobiles on roads, play a major role in trends of deforestation to construct new roads and recently the burning of crops leftovers has added fuel to the fire. Vehicles increase by 9% compared to the last five years due to a lack of public transport systems. Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh emit the most hydrocarbons in their fuel emissions compared to SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) countries. As a result of these problems, Pakistan is facing its relatives, losses and various dangerous human diseases.
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Yang, Jin Xiang, and Xiao Long Li. "Study on Emission Characteristics of Automobile Exhaust and Control Measures with Environmental Materials." Advanced Materials Research 600 (November 2012): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.600.55.
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With the rapid development of automobile industry and the accelerated process of urbanization, pollution caused by automobile exhaust had become one of the major sources of urban environment and atmospheric environment pollution. According to the automobile exhaust emission characteristics in this paper, the generation mechanism of major automobile exhaust pollutants which were suspended solid particles, carbon monoxide nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons, were described, as well as emission control measures with environmental materials.
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Lentinello, Richard A. "Motoring Madness." Mechanical Engineering 122, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2000-nov-3.
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This article highlights that the today automobile remains at the forefront of noteworthy technical achievements. Some of the more recent ideas that have emerged as a result of mankind’s quest for safety, efficiency and performance are the air bag, computer-controlled electronic fuel injection, run-flat tires and compact global positioning systems. Like most remarkable objects that are incessantly redesigned and refined until the end result meets, and often exceeds, the goal of the initial concept, the blueprint for the automobile actually started out as one man’s crusade—in this case, to produce a self-propelled, steam-powered carriage. Due to ever-increasing emission standards, the automobile is forever linked to the catalytic converter, oxygen sensor, air pump, and the electronic control module. The control module is designed to adjust the engine’s ignition tinting thousands of times every second to ensure that the smallest amount of hydrocarbons are released into the atmosphere. The automobile continues to clean up its own act and inspire the development of increasingly sophisticated technology, which underpins the prosperity of North America.
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Voloshkina, Olena, Rostyslav Sipakov, Olena Zhykova, and Julia Bereznitska. "A study of air pollution with formaldehyde along the highways in Kyiv city." USEFUL online journal 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32557/useful-2-2-2018-0001.
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The problem of air pollution in the cities of Ukraine was described. The methodology of calculation of hydrocarbon emission on automobile overpasses and crossroads of Kyiv was suggested. By the number of bands, the number of cars was determined. The calculation has shown that at the same time near 300 cars can be on the overpass during peak hours. The average concentration of formaldehyde according to the calculations and observation data in 2016 was presented.
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Kudanova, Alina, and Ekaterina Yakovleva. "Automotive industry ecologization: advantages and challenges of alternative fuel vehicles implication." Moscow University Economics Bulletin, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 176–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/01300105202128.
Full textAbstract:
In this research we investigate the ecologization process of automotive market. It is a replacement of internal combustion engine (ICE) working on oil derivatives with hybrid or electric vehicles and automobiles on methane, hydrogen or biofuel. Growing demand for alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) should trigger technology and infrastructure development, alternative energy elaboration and more environment- friendly means of hydrogen production. Besides, AFVs expansion should be an incentive to decrease hydrocarbons dependence in automotive industry, to diminish anthropogenic influence on environment, as well as to generate eco-friendly lifestyle and driving habits. In Russia’s climate and economic conditions, expansion of methane fuel automobiles maybe a priority. At an initial stage it will insignificantly reduce greenhouse gas emission, but later on will lower particulate matters emissions and raise public awareness of AFVs.
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Simmons, R. B., L. J. Rose, S. A. Crow, and D. G. Ahearn. "Microbial Ecology of Extreme Environments: Automobile Air Conditioning Systems." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 658–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600035789.
Full textAbstract:
Automobile air conditioning systems (ACS) might be considered an extreme environment for many microorganisms. Organisms surviving and proliferating in these systems may be presented with temperature changes ranging from subzero to over 140°F, water activity from saturation to dryness and a nutrient complexity including varying levels of hydrocarbons. Microbial communities develop in ACS and sometimes proliferate to the extent of massive colonization and production of objectionable odors.In a few instances microorganisms emanating from ACS have been associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis and other allergic reactions. Previously we demonstrated that foam insulation and glues, in particular, on ACS insulations were colonized by fungi such as Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Cladosporium, and Penicillium. Such fungi often are implicated in colonization of similar substrates in buildings categorized with the sick building syndrome.A total of 42 ACS from the United States, Europe and Central America have been examined by cabin air sampling culture swab, direct microscopy or a combination of these techniques.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons Automobiles Automobiles Automobiles Air"
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Tsai, Wai Yan. "Non-methane hydrocarbon characteristics of motor vehicular emissions in the Pearl River Delta region." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 2006. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3282320.
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Santiago, Lynn Marie. "Study of air-borne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in El Paso, TX." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2008. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.
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Miller, David J. "Effect of oil age on polyaromatic hydrocarbon emissions from automobiles." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101130.
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Automobiles are known to emit polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The literature indicates that the emission levels of these compounds are correlated with oil age, and it has been hypothesized that entry of oil into the combustion chamber is a major cause of these emissions. This experiment investigated the relationship between oil age and these polyaromatic hydrocarbon emissions. It was found that the three polyaromatics of interest seem to be emitted inconsistently and irregularly. It is possible that this was due to a buildup on the combustion chamber walls of these compounds: polyaromatics are formed in the quench layer near these walls and can accumulate there until dynamic equilibrium is reached. This may not have been reached at the time of the investigation since the engine was relatively new. This would be of interest for future investigations.M.S.
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Lodi, Faisal Samad. "Reducing cold start fuel consumption through improved thermal management." Connect to thesis, 2008. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/3601.
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The thesis presents research in achieving faster warm-up of an SI engine, thereby affecting the fuel economy penalty. The faster warm-up relates to faster heating of the cylinder head and engine block, targeting reducing viscous friction in the cold oil as the most likely candidate to improve. The strategy applied was to reduce the coolant flow circulation rate to achieve a faster warm-up of the engine. A lumped parameter model for engine heat transfer, coolant flow and heat capacities, in a single cylinder, based on engine operating points like spark advance, engine speed and MAP was built in Modelica.The engine used for experimentation was a Ford in-line, 4 stroke, 6-cylinder engine, with a compression ratio of 10.3:1, in which 56 K-type thermocouples were installed at different locations to measure the temperature. The experiments were performed with varying coolant flow rate from normal down to zero, utilizing an electric water pump, over an approximation to the New European Drive Cycle (NEDC), at a speed of 1161 rev/min and load of 48 Nm. The selected speed and load were the average operating condition for 180 seconds of engine running over the urban part of a simulated NEDC. In addition, the coolant circuit was modified to a split cooling supply and the sets of results analyzed to find the reduction in engine warm-up time and fuel consumption.
It is shown from the results that the warm-up time of the engine and the fuel consumption were notably reduced, as the flow was reduced from maximum to minimum in steps. On average over an interval of engine running for 300 seconds from cold start, the cylinder head temperature was increased by about 2°C , the average engine block temperature was increased by about 6.5°C and the average cylinder head coolant temperature was increased by about 4°C . However, the bulk temperature of the oil in the oil sump showed marginal improvement and remained consistent, even at the lowest coolant flow rate. Nonetheless, the improvements in block temperature had significant effects on reducing the friction between the piston and cylinder walls.
Analysis of the results show that the coolant flow pattern changed with the use of an electric water pump. The flow is less evenly distributed around the cylinders with the use of an electric water pump, whilst retaining the mechanical water pump body, compared to the mechanical water pump operation.
The model was applied to simulate for two engine operating points, i.e., 1161 rev/min, 48 Nm load and 700 rev/min and 0 Nm load. The model was calibrated at 1161 rev/min, 48 Nm load and validated at 700 rev/min, 0 Nm load. The modeling results were in fair agreement with the experimental results. The model can be employed to investigate electric water pump control.
The important finding is that around 3% fuel consumption savings are possible over the NEDC by management strategies that lead to faster cylinder block warm up, even though this may result in little or no change in oil temperature as measured in the sump.
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Chu, Tsung-Chih, and 朱聰智. "The Study on Exhaust of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Automobiles and Motorcycles." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11599149415405840024.
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碩士中山醫學院
毒理學研究所
86
Based on the research findings of many scholars in the recent years, the PAHs in the air on the Taiwan urban area are mainly from the exhaust of automobiles and motorcycles. For understanding the emission of PAHs from motor vehicles, power engine of two stroke motorcycles and automobiles at Chung-Shing university were chosen. The emission amount of PAHs from two stroke motorcycles and automobiles at four different speeds were investigated, and the effects of there different brands of engine oil which were added to two stroke motorcycles were also studied. The results show that amount of PAHs increases as the speed increases. The amount of PAHs emitted from motorcycles of high speed (5500rpm) are 98.8 times higher than that of low speed (2000rpm), while the amount of PAHs emitted from automobiles of high speed (2800rpm) are 9.02 times higher than that of low speed (820rpm) . When comparing the exhausting amount of PAHs by adding different brand engine oil, the difference is 1.14~1.42 times between the highest speed and the lowest speed. From this, we know that the impact from engine oil is less than from the speed of the engine. Regarding the study on the formation of PAHs, Comparison of the component of PAHs in automobiles, motorcycles, intersections and motorcycle shops, we found that the PAHs is mainly four-rings for the exhaust of automobiles and motorcycles, while high percentage of sevenrings were found in the samples of cross and motorcycle repair place. With PAHs emission facter of automobiles and motorcycles, we attempted to estimate the total PAHs emitted from motor vehicles on intersections (stopping) and roads (circulating) in urban. The results show that the emission amount of PAHs on the section of road is 4.22 times that of PAH at the intersection. Moreover, we asked motorcycle riders to take personal air sampler to evaluate how much is a rider exposed to PAHs? The results indicate that each rider breathes in about 11.1ng of PAHs per minute in the Taichung City. This amount of PAHs is 6.37 times that of a person breathes in at an intersection. Based on the total amount of PAHs emitted from of automobiles and motorcycles at major intersections and roads in this city, we attempted to estimate the risk of residents exposed to BaP compound. The results show that there will be 3.23 people to get cancer among 100000 people during long term exposure (70 years) in this city.
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Lin, Chun-Ming, and 林俊明. "Exposurement Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Microenvironment of an Automobiles Recycling Plant." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32878908034747044852.
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碩士國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系所
103
This study investigated the exposure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere and the working areas of an automotive dismantler yard in Changjhih Township, Pingtung County, Taiwan. Sampling was administered at four spots in the yard: (a) the office area, (b) dismantling site, (c) waste oil recycling area, and (d) road area. For these four sampling spots, Teflon and quartz filter papers were attached to a personal cascade impactor (Marple) and personal sampling impactor (PM2.5 and PM10) set at a fixed flow of 3 mL/min to collect specimens for 4 consecutive days (9:00 a.m.–6:00 p.m.). For the atmosphere, a high volume sampler (PS1) was used to sample the total suspended particulates (TSP) by employing the NIEA A102.12A high-volume sampling technique established by the Environment Analysis Laboratory of Taiwan. Environmental factors (e.g., temperature, humidity, illuminance, wind velocity, and atmospheric pressure) were recorded on site. After the humidity of the sampled specimens was controlled and the specimens weighed, the specimens were tested in a Soxhlet extraction experiment by using the NIEA M165.00C technique. Finally, the PAHs were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The results showed that (a) the average TSP in the automotive dismantler yard was 133.43 μg/m3. (b) The average mass concentration of the TSP in the working areas of the dismantler yard ranged from 57.75 to 144.2 μg/m3 (c) The Marple in the working areas has a peak value at a particle size of PM14.8–21.3, and (d) the PAHs in the working areas ranged between 1802.1 and 6606.8 ng/m3. Among the four sampling spots investigated, the road area has the highest concentrations of PAHs, whereas most of the working area was dominated by low-molecular-weight PAHs (2- and 3-ring). (e) In the automotive dismantler yard, PAH exposure was the highest at the dismantling site, at 19820.41 ng/d.
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Wu, Guo-Rong, and 吳國榮. "Characterization of the Phase Distributions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Indoor Air of Automobile Garages." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/03704948598404344646.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
環境工程研究所
82
Due to poor ventilation the air pollutants in semi-closed garages are frequently been accumulated during working hours, causing the deterioration of the indoor air. Since among all air pollutants found in the automobile exhaust some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known to be carcinogenic or mutagenic, their concentrations and phase distributions in the indoor and outdoor air at garages are of great concern. In this study three automobile garages were selected, whose indoor and outdoor air were sampled by PS-1 samplers, and analyzed by a gas chromatograph for 21 PAHs. The total suspended particulates (TSP), total PAHs concentrations (TPAH), and the total PAHs in the particle phase (TPAHP) were determined. At all garages, the TPAH were 50% to 100% higher than the outdoor values. Inside the garages, most PAHs, mainly 2- or 3-ring, existed in the gas phase, accounting for more than 80% of all PAHs. In contrast, PAHs with 4-ring or more, including the carcinogenic ones, were mainly found to reside on the suspended particulates. Inside all three garages the carcinogenic PAHs in the suspended particle phase all accounted for more than 70% of the PAHs, signifying the potential health risk to the garage workers. At two among the three garages, no significant differences were found in the TSP and the TPAH in the particle phase between the indoor and outdoor air. This implies that a large portion of PAHs found in both the indoor and outdoor air at the garages were contributed by other pollution sources, such as the automobile emissions. Inside the third garage, which was relatively closed with poor ventilation, the TSP, TPAH, and the TPAHP, were respectively 40%, 100%, and 60% higher than their outdoor values. It was also found that these air pollutants were been accumulated with time.
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Yuan, Hsiu-Chen, and 袁琇甄. "Influences of Liquefied Petroleum Gas on the Emissions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Retrofit Automobiles." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63267706778198043304.
Full textAbstract:
碩士朝陽科技大學
環境工程與管理系碩士班
98
Air pollutant emissions from vehicles include CO, HC, NOX, CO2 and non-regulated air pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). It is essential to analyze PAH emissions from gasoline/LPG dual-fuel retrofits to fully evaluate the reduction of air pollution emission from LPG usage. The results of this study are as follows: (1) The emission factors of PAHs are 532, 342, 138, 82.6
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Godefroy, Susan Jessica. "The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content and mutagenicity of the residue from cane burning and vehicle emissions." Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5834.
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Polycyclic (or polynuclear) aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
are environmental pollutants produced during the incomplete
combustion of organic matter. Since many of these compounds
have been shown to be mutagenic and/or carcinogenic, an
investigation was initiated into determining the PAH
content and mutagenicity of the ash that remains after
sugar cane crop burning, and the soot deposited on toll
booths by vehicle exhaust emissions.
Due to the large amount of sugar cane farming in the Natal
coastal region and that the favoured method of disposing
unwanted leafy trash is crop burning, concern was expressed
as to the nature of the residue that is formed. PAHs have
been identified in the residues from combusted wood and
straw and, due to their intrinsic similarity to sugar cane,
it was considered that the burning of sugar cane could
generate PAHs.
It is well documented that vehicle exhaust emissions
exhibit mutagenic properties and PAHs have been identified
as the major contributors of this observed mutagenicity.
Since a toll plaza is an area of high traffic density, it
was considered to be an ideal location for an investigation
into the build-up of particles emitted by the passing
vehicles, and to study to what extent the operators are
exposed to harmful compounds. In addition, this sample
acted as a control, since the detection of PAHs and
mutagenic activity in the soot would be an indication that
the correct experimental techniques were being employed.
Samples were collected on site. The sugar cane ash was
collected off a field immediately after burning had taken
place, and the soot was collected either by scraping the
toll booth walls and surrounding areas or by wiping the
surfaces with cotton wool swabs. The organic portion of the
samples was separated from the inorganic and carbonaceous
substances by extraction into a suitable solvent; the use
of both acetone and dichloromethane was investigated. The
extracts were divided into two portions - one was used for
the analysis of PAHs and the other for determining
mutagenic activity. Analysis for PAHs involved subjecting
the extracts to a sample clean-up routine and the use of a
number of analytical techniques to characterise the
components. The mutagenic properties of the samples were
investigated by means of two bacterial mutagenicity tests:
the Salmonella typhimurium assay (the Ames test) and a new
commercially available test kit, the SOS Chromotest.
A number of PARs were identified in the extracts by means
of reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC) with both ultraviolet and fluorescence detection,
the latter being the more sensitive method. Mutagenic
activity was detected for both samples in the Ames test and
for the toll booth soot in the SOS Chromotest, and this
observed mutagenicity was attributed to the presence of the
PAHs.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1992.
Books on the topic "Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons Automobiles Automobiles Automobiles Air"
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International Agency for Research on Cancer Staff. Bitumens and Bitumen Emissions, and Some N- and S-Heterocyclic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. World Health Organization, 2013.
Find full textConference papers on the topic "Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons Automobiles Automobiles Automobiles Air"
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Krumpelt, Michael, Theodore R. Krause, and John P. Kopasz. "Fuel Processing for Mobile Fuel Cell Systems." In ASME 2003 1st International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2003-1700.
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Fuel cells may in the future compete with heat engines in automobiles and motor generators and with batteries in portable electronics. Hydrogen, either in compressed, cryogenic, or chemically stored form is a good fuel if the storage density can be improved. Alternatively, the hydrogen could be obtained by converting gasoline, alcohols or other liquid hydrocarbons into a hydrogen-rich gas in a fuel processor that is a component of the fuel cell system. Such processors will have to be small, light, and inexpensive, and will have to have rapid ramp-up and ramp-down capabilities to follow the power demands of the applications. Traditional steam reforming technology does not meet these requirements, but newly developed catalytic auto-thermal reformers do. The principles of operation and the status of the technology are discussed.
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Warner, Brent L., Ayele A. Tegegne, and Muhammad K. Akbar. "Design of an Efficient Catalytic Converter Using CFD Techniques." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-67181.
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This study presents the design of an efficient catalytic converter with increased flow rate and minimum pressure drop using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques. Automobile engines produce undesirable emissions during the combustion process, such as NOx, CO, and unburned hydrocarbons. In addition to these harmful gases, particulate matter, such as lead and soot, is created. As a countermeasure, automobiles are equipped with catalytic converters, which are designed to play a vital role in eradicating emissions. However, due to the catalyst and filler materials found inside the converters, an increase in backpressure develops which leads to an increase in fuel consumption. The gas must pass through a low-porosity substrate to increase the reaction rate, which was simulated using parametric geometry. In this study, parametric simulations of the fluid flow were conducted, utilizing CFD techniques, to determine the optimum parameters that would create a minimal pressure drop while maintaining a high chemical reaction rate.
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Botsaris, P. N., D. Bechrakis, and P. D. Sparis. "An Estimation of 3-Way Catalyst Performance Using Artificial Neural Networks During Idle Speed." In ASME 2004 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2004-0858.
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The intelligent control as fuzzy or artificial is based on either expert knowledge or experimental data and therefore it possesses intrinsic qualities like robustness and ease implementation. Lately, many researchers present studies aim to show that this kind of control can be used in practical applications such as the idle speed control problem in automotive industry. In this study, an estimation of an automobile three-way catalyst performance with artificial neural networks is presented. It may be an alternative approach for an on board diagnostic system (OBD) to predict the catalyst performance. This method was tested using data sets from two kind of catalysts, a brand new and an old one on a laboratory bench at idle speed. The catalyst operation during the “steady state” phase (the phase that the catalyst has reached its operating conditions and works normally) is examined. Further experiments are needed for different catalyst typed before the methods is proposed generally. It consists of 855 elements of catalyst inlet-outlet temperature difference (DT), hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The simulation: detects the values of HC, CO, CO2 using the DT as an input to our network forms a neural network. Results showed serious indications that artificial neural networks (or fuzzy logic control laws) could estimate the catalyst performance adequately depending their training process, if certain information about the catalyst system and the inputs and output of such system are known. In this study the “steady state” period experimental results are presented. In this paper the “steady state” period experimental results are presented.
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Lopez, Oscar, Tian Tian, and Victor W. Wong. "Experimental Study of Lube Oil Characteristics in the PCV System and Effects on Engine Oil Consumption." In ASME 2004 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2004-0928.
Full textAbstract:
Engine oil consumption is an important source of hydrocarbon and particulate emissions in modern automobile engines. Great efforts are being made in recent years to minimize the impact of oil consumption on engine emissions. Research engineers continue to study the sources and driving mechanisms of oil consumption. Of these mechanisms, the contribution from the Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) system is the least investigated. However, recent studies have shown that the blowby contribution to oil consumption could be significant under certain conditions. The PCV system refers to the system that vents the blowby gases loaded with oil back to the engine air intake system. It includes oil separators, air breather connecting the intake with the crankcase, and a flow-regulating valve. In a closed crankcase ventilation system, the oil-loaded blowby and crankcase gases are fed back into the air intake. Blowby gases are formed during engine operation by leakage of unburdened and compressed air-fuel mixture from the combustion chamber past the engine piston and ring pack into the crankcase. The oil that is circulated back into the intake through the PCV system could leave deposits in the intake manifold, and thus both the quantity and physical characteristics of the re-circulated oil are of great interest. This study analyzes the PCV blowby-oil consumption mechanisms and examines the main oil sources and oil characteristics by combining oil-consumption with in-cylinder measurements. A sulfur-tracer method was used along with a gravimetric method to measure the blowby oil consumption dependence on oil level, coolant outlet temperature, operating speed and load in a production spark ignition engine. Liquid oil distribution on the liner and piston was also studied using a Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) technique. In addition, in-cylinder variables such as the liner temperature and cylinder pressure that affect the oil evaporation and blowby flow rates were also measured. The blowby oil consumption map showed an increase in oil consumption with load and speed. Further analysis showed that the blowby flow was mainly dependent on the load of the engine, whereas the oil concentration in the blowby did not show this strong relationship. Whether the blowby gases pick up more oil in the ring-pack region than oil in the crankcase was thus carefully analyzed. Supplementally, a strong relationship was observed between oil consumption and sump oil level, showing that oil in the crankcase is an important source of oil in the blowby. More experiments were run at different coolant outlet temperatures to study the blowby oil consumption aimed at identifying the sources of oil in the blowby. The results show that oil evaporation is dependent on the liner temperatures that increase with load and speed. These data provided additional information to distinguish among the possible sources of blowby oil consumption. Additional experimentation was carried out to estimate drop-size distribution of oil suspended in the ventilated gases, which showed that entrainment of small oil droplets in the PCV flow varied with both speed and load.