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1
Bansal, Sahil, Rani MedhaShree, Himanshi Nimesh, and Ranganath M. Singari. "Study of BS6 Technology in Automobiles and the Indian Economy." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING 5, no. 2 (April 5, 2020): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35121/ijapie202004246.
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The BS or Bharat Stage are emission standards bought in existence by the Government of India to keep a check on the emission of air pollutants from vehicles. These standards and the given norms were passed and instituted in 2000. With upgraded technology being implemented in the generation of new fuels and upgraded Automobile technology, they limit and control the emission levels and content of pollutants such as Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxide, other hydrocarbons, also many particulate matters (PM) alongside sulphur oxides from motor vehicles which are using internal combustion engine (IC). When the norms or stage gets upgraded, the control levels on the emissions become much stricter. Thus BS-VI is a two-level upgraded version of BS-IV. These norms are inspired by norms instituted in Europe namely Euro 4 and Euro 6. Along with the environmental aspect of the BS-VI norms, there are bigger concerns in the economic influences it. This paper will put light on the basic study of the BS-VI norm and the implementation of it, concluding with what was its effect on the Indian Industries and Indian economy.
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Hayakawa, Kazuichi, Ning Tang, Edward Nagato, Akira Toriba, Jin-Min Lin, Lixia Zhao, Zhijun Zhou, et al. "Long-Term Trends in Urban Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: China, Russia, and Korea from 1999 to 2014." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2 (January 8, 2020): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020431.
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Total suspended particulate matter (TSP) was collected during the summer and winter in five cities in China (Shenyang, Beijing, and Shanghai), Russia (Vladivostok), and Korea (Busan) from 1997 to 2014. Nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with four to six rings, including pyrene (Pyr) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Two nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs), 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) and 6-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene (6-NBaP), were also determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with online reduction/chemiluminescence detection. Two Chinese cities, Beijing and Shenyang, showed very high concentrations of total PAHs (ΣPAH) and total NPAHs (ΣNPAH) with a large seasonal difference (winter > summer), although the concentrations decreased over time. In both cities, maximum mean concentrations of ΣPAH over 200 ng m−3 were observed in the winter. In Beijing, an increase in the ΣPAH concentration was observed in the winter of 2010, which was after the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. The [1-NP]/[Pyr] ratio, a diagnostic parameter for source, was smaller in the winter than in the summer over the monitoring period, suggesting a large contribution of coal heating systems in the winter. In Vladivostok, concentrations of ΣPAH and ΣNPAH were lower than in the above two Chinese cities. The [1-NP]/[Pyr] ratio was larger than in the above Chinese cities even in the winter, suggesting that the contribution of coal combustion facilities, such as power plants for heating, was not very large. In Shanghai and Busan, concentrations of ΣPAH and ΣNPAH were much lower than in the above three cities. At the beginning of the monitoring periods, the [1-NP]/[Pyr] ratios, which were as large as those of Japanese commercial cities, suggested a large contribution from automobiles. After that, the contribution of automobiles decreased gradually. However, BaP concentrations were still over 1 ng m−3 in all cities monitored in China, Russia, and Korea, suggesting that the urban air pollution of PAHs and NPAHs in these regions should not be ignored.
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Rakhmanin, Yu A., and Aleksandr V. Levanchuk. "Hygienic assessment of atmospheric air in the areas with different degrees of the development of the road-traffic complex." Hygiene and sanitation 95, no. 12 (October 28, 2019): 1117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-12-1117-1121.
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The paper presents the results of a study of the qualitative composition and quantity of pollutants in atmospheric air in the course of operational wear of the road surface, braking system and tire treads of automobiles. On the basis of field research in samples ofatmospheric air ofthe city of St. Petersburg there were identified compounds of heavy metals andpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). There was established the dependence of the level of air pollution on traffic flows in locations of the city. Pollutants were shown to enter the air environment mainly in the form offine dust particles. There was justified the need for the control ofproducts of wear the road traffic complex in the hygienic assessment of the quality of ambient air ofmegalopises.
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Lakhani, Anita. "Source Apportionment of Particle Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at an Industrial Location in Agra, India." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/781291.
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16 US EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantified in total suspended ambient particulate matter (TSPM) collected from an industrial site in Agra (India) using gas chromatography. The major industrial activities in Agra are foundries that previously used coal and coke as fuel in cupola furnaces. These foundries have now switched over to natural gas. In addition, use of compressed natural gas has also been promoted and encouraged in automobiles. This study attempts to apportion sources of PAH in the ambient air and the results reflect the advantages associated with the change of fuel. The predominant PAHs in TSPM include high molecular weight (HMW) congeners BghiP, DbA, IP, and BaP. The sum of 16 priority PAHs had a mean value of 72.7 ± 4.7 ng m−3. Potential sources of PAHs in aerosols were identified using diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis. The results reflect a blend of emissions from diesel and natural gas as the major sources of PAH in the city along with contribution from emission of coal, coke, and gasoline.
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Akbar, Ali. "Theorizing the Effect of Smog on Public Health in Lahore, Pakistan." Environment and Pollution 9, no. 2 (September 28, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ep.v9n2p14.
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SMOG is a form of horrible air pollution that has recently been declared as a public health emergency in Southeast Asia. This article will talk about the drawback of smog pollution and its outcomes on human health. Smog has become the most important issue for Pakistan, from some past years. Since 2011, nearly all areas of Pakistan especially Lahore has been repeatedly affected by smog. In Many previous types of research, the focus is on Smog and, its source, alarm systems, and safeguard, when a risky Environmental event like smog, the conclusion may be riskier than the event itself will cause if people take irrational actions due to lack of relevant awareness. So, examine people's attitudes and a reaction to smog is theoretically and realistically meaningful. Recent projects of coal as a source of energy, high rates of outpouring from unmonitored industries, a large number of automobiles on roads, play a major role in trends of deforestation to construct new roads and recently the burning of crops leftovers has added fuel to the fire. Vehicles increase by 9% compared to the last five years due to a lack of public transport systems. Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh emit the most hydrocarbons in their fuel emissions compared to SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) countries. As a result of these problems, Pakistan is facing its relatives, losses and various dangerous human diseases.
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Yang, Jin Xiang, and Xiao Long Li. "Study on Emission Characteristics of Automobile Exhaust and Control Measures with Environmental Materials." Advanced Materials Research 600 (November 2012): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.600.55.
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With the rapid development of automobile industry and the accelerated process of urbanization, pollution caused by automobile exhaust had become one of the major sources of urban environment and atmospheric environment pollution. According to the automobile exhaust emission characteristics in this paper, the generation mechanism of major automobile exhaust pollutants which were suspended solid particles, carbon monoxide nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons, were described, as well as emission control measures with environmental materials.
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Lentinello, Richard A. "Motoring Madness." Mechanical Engineering 122, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2000-nov-3.
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This article highlights that the today automobile remains at the forefront of noteworthy technical achievements. Some of the more recent ideas that have emerged as a result of mankind’s quest for safety, efficiency and performance are the air bag, computer-controlled electronic fuel injection, run-flat tires and compact global positioning systems. Like most remarkable objects that are incessantly redesigned and refined until the end result meets, and often exceeds, the goal of the initial concept, the blueprint for the automobile actually started out as one man’s crusade—in this case, to produce a self-propelled, steam-powered carriage. Due to ever-increasing emission standards, the automobile is forever linked to the catalytic converter, oxygen sensor, air pump, and the electronic control module. The control module is designed to adjust the engine’s ignition tinting thousands of times every second to ensure that the smallest amount of hydrocarbons are released into the atmosphere. The automobile continues to clean up its own act and inspire the development of increasingly sophisticated technology, which underpins the prosperity of North America.
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Voloshkina, Olena, Rostyslav Sipakov, Olena Zhykova, and Julia Bereznitska. "A study of air pollution with formaldehyde along the highways in Kyiv city." USEFUL online journal 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32557/useful-2-2-2018-0001.
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The problem of air pollution in the cities of Ukraine was described. The methodology of calculation of hydrocarbon emission on automobile overpasses and crossroads of Kyiv was suggested. By the number of bands, the number of cars was determined. The calculation has shown that at the same time near 300 cars can be on the overpass during peak hours. The average concentration of formaldehyde according to the calculations and observation data in 2016 was presented.
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Kudanova, Alina, and Ekaterina Yakovleva. "Automotive industry ecologization: advantages and challenges of alternative fuel vehicles implication." Moscow University Economics Bulletin, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 176–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/01300105202128.
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In this research we investigate the ecologization process of automotive market. It is a replacement of internal combustion engine (ICE) working on oil derivatives with hybrid or electric vehicles and automobiles on methane, hydrogen or biofuel. Growing demand for alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) should trigger technology and infrastructure development, alternative energy elaboration and more environment- friendly means of hydrogen production. Besides, AFVs expansion should be an incentive to decrease hydrocarbons dependence in automotive industry, to diminish anthropogenic influence on environment, as well as to generate eco-friendly lifestyle and driving habits. In Russia’s climate and economic conditions, expansion of methane fuel automobiles maybe a priority. At an initial stage it will insignificantly reduce greenhouse gas emission, but later on will lower particulate matters emissions and raise public awareness of AFVs.
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Simmons, R. B., L. J. Rose, S. A. Crow, and D. G. Ahearn. "Microbial Ecology of Extreme Environments: Automobile Air Conditioning Systems." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 658–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600035789.
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Automobile air conditioning systems (ACS) might be considered an extreme environment for many microorganisms. Organisms surviving and proliferating in these systems may be presented with temperature changes ranging from subzero to over 140°F, water activity from saturation to dryness and a nutrient complexity including varying levels of hydrocarbons. Microbial communities develop in ACS and sometimes proliferate to the extent of massive colonization and production of objectionable odors.In a few instances microorganisms emanating from ACS have been associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis and other allergic reactions. Previously we demonstrated that foam insulation and glues, in particular, on ACS insulations were colonized by fungi such as Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Cladosporium, and Penicillium. Such fungi often are implicated in colonization of similar substrates in buildings categorized with the sick building syndrome.A total of 42 ACS from the United States, Europe and Central America have been examined by cabin air sampling culture swab, direct microscopy or a combination of these techniques.
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Miller, A. L., D. Ginter, J. P. Seaba, S. K. Loyalka, and T. K. Ghosh. "A study to investigate the capability of adsorbents for reduction of cold-start emissions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 212, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 525–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407981526154.
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Most of the emissions (about 60 per cent) from automobiles occur during a cold start before the catalytic converter becomes active. The use of an adsorbent trap for temporary storage of emitted hydrocarbons before catalysts attain the light-off temperature in the converter has been investigated as a means for reduction of cold-start emissions. The hydrocarbon emissions can be reduced significantly if the hydrocarbons are retained by the trap until catalysts reach the light-off temperature. The effect of engine speed on the emission of NO x, CO and hydrocarbons and their subsequent retention in the adsorption trap was studied. A hydrophobic adsorbent, Hisiv-1000, and molecular sieve 13X were used individually and in conjunction in the trap to adsorb hydrocarbons. Although significant amounts of hydrocarbons were adsorbed in the trap initially, they were released from the trap rather quickly even before catalysts reached the light-off temperature.
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Haglund, Peter, Tomas Alsberg, Ake Bergman, and Bo Jansson. "Analysis of halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air, snow and automobile exhaust." Chemosphere 16, no. 10-12 (January 1987): 2441–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(87)90303-1.
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Okuda, Tomoaki, Hideshige Takada, and Hiroshi Naraoka. "Thermodynamic Behavior of Stable Carbon Isotopic Compositions of Individual Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Derived from Automobiles." Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds 23, no. 2 (January 2003): 219–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10406630308060.
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Kawai, Takahiro, Atsushi Ichiki, and Yasunori Sawada. "Adsorption experiment of toxic micro-pollutants derived from automobiles using red soil." Water Science and Technology 72, no. 11 (August 18, 2015): 2082–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.431.
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In some countries, non-point source pollution derived from a city's economic activities tends to be a barrier to the improvement of water quality. Roadway runoff is known to contain toxic micro-pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Conversely, red soil is known to adsorb some organic matter. In this study, artificial roadway runoff water containing toxic micro-pollutants was made using roadway dust collected from a highway, and used for both batch-type tests and soil column tests with red soil in order to understand adsorption ability of the red soil on such toxic micro-pollutants, especially PAHs. In the batch-type tests, PAHs could be removed by approximately 40% when the contact time was 90 minutes. In the soil column tests, PAHs were removed by more than 80% while suspended solids were removed by more than 90%. Notably, PAHs with a high molecular weight were removed more readily in the tests than PAHs with a low molecular weight.
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Frolov, S. M., V. I. Zvegintsev, V. S. Aksenov, I. V. Bilera, M. V. Kazachenko, I. O. Shamshin, P. A. Gusev, and M. S. Belotserkovskaya. "Deflagration-to-detonation transition in air mixtures of polypropylene pyrolysis products." Доклады Академии наук 488, no. 2 (September 24, 2019): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-56524882162-166.
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A new method for determining the detonability of fuel is proposed based on the measured values of the detonation run-up distance and time in the standard pulsed detonation tube (PDT). Granulated polypropylene (GP) was used as a fuel. A test bench with the PDT and a gas generator was designed and manufactured for the preparation of the GP pyrolysis products at a decomposition temperature of up to 800 °C. Experiments on deflagration-to-detonation transition in air mixtures of pyrolysis products of the GP showed that such mixtures exhibit detonability close to that of liquefied hydrocarbon gas (LPG) of the propane-butane automobile brand in a stoichiometric mixture with air under normal conditions.
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Sipakov, Rostyslav, Olena Voloshkina, Julia Bereznitska, and Volodimir Trofimovich. "Assessment and forecast for the creation of photochemical smog over transport overpasses in Kyiv." DSpace at USEFUL.academy, no. 2018 (February 23, 2018): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32557/dsua/20.500.12334/24.
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This article deals with the analysis of existing models of smog situation formation over automobile overpasses and in places of substantial congestion of transport in large cities, for example, in Kyiv. A mathematical model consisting of two blocks – dynamic and kinetic, which allows determining the formation of the thermal dome of pollution and the concentration of hydrocarbon emissions in the air, depending on the number of working engines, is proposed. The kinetic block of the model allows determining the level of formaldehyde, as an indicator of the appearance of photochemical smog in conditions of atmospheric constancy. The concentration of emissions from motor vehicles in the air is calculated over the main transport overpasses of the city of Kyiv at their full load (peak hours).
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Patil, Smita V., Sumangala Patil, and Sampada Kanitkar. "MICRONUCLEI - AS A BIOMARKER OF GENOTOXICITY IN AUTOMOBILE MECHANICS OF WESTERN MAHARASHTRA." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 8 (August 7, 2018): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i8.23005.
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Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the potential cytogenetic damage associated with occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) among automobile mechanics (AMs) using micronuclei (MNs) and other nuclear abnormalities (NAs) such as binucleate cell (BN), karyorrhexis (KR), and karyolysis (KL) as biomarkers of genotoxicity.Methods: The study was conducted on 60 AMs between age group of 20–40 years who were working in automobile garages for more than 1 year from western Maharashtra, and 60 healthy males with same socioeconomic status were chosen as controls. AMs were divided into three groups based on their duration of exposure, i.e. 1–5 years, 6–10 years, and more than 11 years. The exfoliated buccal cells were obtained and fixed with methanol for 10 min. Then, air-dried and stained it with Giemsa stain. Statistical analysis was done using unpaired t-test for two groups and one-way ANOVA for multiple groups of exposures.Results: The mean values of MN, BN, KR, and KL in AMs (8.20, 13.57, 16.70, and 22.10, respectively) are significantly increased as compared to controls (5.10, 8.82, 12.30, and 16.12, respectively). As the year of exposure increased, the mean values of MN and other NAs were significantly increased in AMs (p<0.05).Conclusion: MN and other NAs reflect genetic changes and events associated with carcinogenesis. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that AMs exposed to PAHs are under risk of significant cytogenetic damage. Therefore, it is important to provide and to create better awareness of occupational hazards among these workers to promote occupational safety.
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Weng-Sieh, Zara, Ronald Gronsky, and Alexis T. Bell. "Microstructural evolution of γ-alumina supported rhodium catalysts." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 400–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100138373.
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In an era of increasing environmental awareness, stricter federal and state regulation of pollutant emissions are emerging. A major source of pollution arises from automobiles which inadvertently form gaseous products such as nitric oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbons (HC). Since the early 1980's, these effluents have been converted to safer forms using a three-way catalytic converter that employs a high dispersion of rhodium and platinum particles supported on a large surface area of transitional γ-phase alumina. Unfortunately such a converter is susceptible to decreased performance over time, and this degradation has been attributed to changes in the catalyst microstructure. The nanoscaled nature of the transition metal catalysts and the submicron-scaled size of the transitional alumina necessitates the use of the high spatial resolution analyses made possible by transmission electron microscopy.
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Hoeft, Stephen, and Robert Fletcher. "Analysis of size-segregated samples from vehicular exhaust using laser microprobe mass spectrometry." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (August 1992): 1708–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100133175.
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Because of their potential adverse health effects, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are significant environmental pollutants. Many studies have demonstrated the presence of PAHs in vehicular exhaust by using chromatographic analysis techniques on filter samples. Most of these studies do not correlate the aerosol size distribution with that of the composition and occurrence of the PAHs, other than collecting the aerosol into a 'coarse' and a 'fine' (< 2.5 μm diameter) fraction and then determining the PAH content for each fraction. The goal of this study is to characterize the 'fine' fraction aerosol by further segregating it into six size fractions and then using laser microprobe mass spectrometry (LMMS) to analyze each fraction.Samples were collected from the exhaust rooms of traffic tunnels at the Fort McHenry Tunnel in Baltimore, Maryland. This highway tunnel complex separates heavy diesels (trucks) from automobiles. Since each traffic tunnel is independently ventilated, it is possible to collect samples of emissions from either type of vehicular traffic.
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Scheeren, H. A., J. Lelieveld, G. J. Roelofs, J. Williams, H. Fischer, M. de Reus, J. A. de Gouw, et al. "The impact of monsoon outflow from India and Southeast Asia in the upper troposphere over the eastern Mediterranean." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 3, no. 3 (May 12, 2003): 2285–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-3-2285-2003.
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Abstract. A major objective of the Mediterranean INtensive Oxidant Study (MINOS) was to investigate long-range transport of pollutants (notably ozone precursor species). Here we present trace gas measurements from the DLR (German Aerospace Organization) Falcon aircraft in the eastern Mediterranean troposphere. Ten day backward trajectories and a coupled chemistry-climate model (ECHAM4) were used to study the nature and origin of pollution observed in the upper troposphere between 6 and 13 km altitude. We focus on a large pollution plume encountered over the eastern Mediterranean between 1 and 12 August originating in South Asia (India and Southeast Asia), referred to as the Asian plume, associated with the Asian Summer Monsoon. Vertical as well as longitudinal gradients of methane, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons including acetone, methanol, and acetonitrile, halocarbons, ozone and total reactive nitrogen (NOy) are presented, showing the chemical impact of the Asian plume compared to westerly air masses containing pollution from North America. The Asian plume is characterized by enhanced concentrations of biomass burning tracers (acetylene, methyl chloride, acetonitrile), notably from biofuel use. Concentrations of the new automobile cooling agent HFC-134a were significantly lower in the Asian plume than in air masses from North America. Relatively high levels of ozone precursors (CO, hydrocarbons) were found in both air masses, whereas lower ozone concentrations in the Asian plume suggest NOx-limited conditions. Consistently, ECHAM model simulations indicate that the expected future increase of NOx-emissions in Asia enhances the photochemical ozone production in the Asian plume. The size and location of the Asian plume near the tropopause provides an important potential for pollution transport into the lowermost stratosphere. We present observations indicative of Asian pollution transport into the lower stratosphere.
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Scheeren, H. A., J. Lelieveld, G. J. Roelofs, J. Williams, H. Fischer, M. de Reus, J. A. de Gouw, et al. "The impact of monsoon outflow from India and Southeast Asia in the upper troposphere over the eastern Mediterranean." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 3, no. 5 (October 1, 2003): 1589–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-1589-2003.
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Abstract. A major objective of the Mediterranean INtensive Oxidant Study (MINOS) was to investigate long-range transport of pollutants (notably ozone precursor species). Here we present trace gas measurements from the DLR (German Aerospace Organization) Falcon aircraft in the eastern Mediterranean troposphere. Ten day backward trajectories and a coupled chemistry-climate model (ECHAM4) were used to study the nature and origin of pollution observed in the upper troposphere between 6 and 13 km altitude. We focus on a large pollution plume encountered over the eastern Mediterranean between 1 and 12 August originating in South Asia (India and Southeast Asia), referred to as the Asian plume, associated with the Asian Summer Monsoon. Vertical as well as longitudinal gradients of methane, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons including acetone, methanol, and acetonitrile, halocarbons, ozone and total reactive nitrogen (NOy) are presented, showing the chemical impact of the Asian plume compared to westerly air masses containing pollution from North America. The Asian plume is characterized by enhanced concentrations of biomass burning tracers (acetylene, methyl chloride, acetonitrile), notably from biofuel use. Concentrations of the new automobile cooling agent HFC-134a were significantly lower in the Asian plume than in air masses from North America. Relatively high levels of ozone precursors (CO, hydrocarbons) were found in both air masses, whereas lower ozone concentrations in the Asian plume suggest NOx-limited conditions. Consistently, ECHAM model simulations indicate that the expected future increase of NOx-emissions in Asia enhances the photochemical ozone production in the Asian plume. The size and location of the Asian plume near the tropopause provides an important potential for pollution transport into the lowermost stratosphere. We present observations indicative of Asian pollution transport into the lower stratosphere.
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Karlik, John F., and Arthur M. Winer. "306 Implications for Biogenic Hydrocarbon Inventory Development from Leafmass Measurements of Urban Trees." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 495C—495. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.495c.
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More than 70 biogenic hydrocarbon (BHC) compounds are known to be emitted by plants, but only a few are emitted in relatively large quantities. The magnitude of BHC emissions from individual trees is affected by ambient light and temperature, species-specific emissions rates, and leafmass. Like other volatile organic compounds (VOC), BHC emissions react with oxides of nitrogen (NOx) to form ozone and, thus, can contribute to urban air pollution. On average, BHC emissions are as reactive or more reactive than the VOC emissions from automobiles and can have higher ozone-forming potential. An accurate estimate of the overall magnitude of BHC contributions is important in formulating strategies to reduce peak ozone concentrations because an effective strategy will take into account the relative strengths of NOx and VOC emissions. The choice between NOx and VOC controls is crucial since an incorrect emphasis may result in non-attainment of ozone-reduction goals and control measures for either NOx or VOC involve enormous costs. As part of a program to develop a reliable BHC emission inventory for the Central Valley of California, a quantitative investigation of the leafmass of urban trees was conducted. Twenty-one trees in Bakersfield, Calif., were harvested and leaves removed, dried, and weighed. Leaf masses per tree ranged from 1.5 to 89.6 kg. Leaf mass densities (dry leaf mass per area of crown projection) ranged from 150 to 3200 g·m-2, as much as eight times greater than leaf mass densities for deciduous forests and more than twice those for coniferous forests. These data suggest the BHC contributions of urban trees may be underestimated if their foliar masses are calculated using forest-based leaf mass density data.
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Arai, Masataka, Kenji Amagai, and Toshio Mogi. "Catalytic Combustion of Pre-Vaporized Liquid Fuel." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 123, no. 1 (October 30, 2000): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1345893.
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Fundamental characteristics of the catalytic combustion of vaporized kerosene spray were experimentally investigated. This study is a part of the development of a ceramic gas turbine engine for automobiles. Kerosene was used as a test fuel and its spray was injected from a swirl atomizer into a hot air stream. The inlet air temperature was elevated up to 900 K to vaporize the kerosene spray. Premixed gas of air and kerosene vapor was introduced into the catalyst. The total equivalence ratio was controlled from ϕ=0.18–0.32. The palladium catalyst was supported on a cordierite honeycomb monolith. Catalytic combustion phenomena were categorized in three typical states: (a) state of partial reaction in the catalytic monolith, (b) state of homogeneous reaction in the monolith, (c) state of homogeneous reaction with a blue flame supposed on the monolith. A parabolic shape blue flame in the state of (c) appeared downstream of the monolith. This flame was very stable and its temperature was relatively low compared with conventional premixed flames of hydrocarbon fuel because the equivalence ratio was much lower than those of premixed flames. The distance from the monolith to the ignition point of this flame became short with a rise of the inlet air temperature, even if the volumetric airflow rate increased with the air temperature. Spontaneous emission spectra of radiation from the blue flame were measured. Strong spectral peaks of OH, CH, and CO+ radicals were observed in the spectra. This spectral structure was quite different from that of a blue flame of premixed propane.
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Mamilla, Venkata Ramesh, G. Lakshmi Narayana, A. Rakesh, and B. Vamsi Krishna. "Optimal Blend for the Performance and Emission Analysis of C.I & V.C.R Engine Fuelled with Animal Tallow Methyl Esters (ATME) Blended with Diesels." Applied Mechanics and Materials 812 (November 2015): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.812.79.
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This Paper deals with the study of the potential substitution of Animal Tallow Methyl Ester (ATME) Blends for diesel as fuel for automobiles and other industrial purpose.The objective of this paper is to analyse the performance and emission characteristics of the animal tallow methyl esters and comparing them with petroleum diesel. The tests were carried out on a 3.5 KW, single cylinder, and direct injection engine. Engine tests have been carried out on 20% increase in steps of ATME blends with the aim of obtaining comparative measures of brake power, specific fuel consumption and emissions such as CO2, CO, HC, smoke density and NOx to study the behavior of the diesel engine. The performance and emission characteristics affected by various parameters like compression ratio which shows the major impact on engine performance by fuelling with biodiesel.Tests are also carried out on Variable Compression Ratio Engine B20 (ATME) which results in minor decrease in thermal efficiency with significant improvement in reduction of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons when compared to diesel. The experimental result shows that 20% of blend shows better performance with reduced pollution on V.C.R engine.
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Karthickeyan, V., and P. Arulraj. "Experimental Investigation on Emission Characteristics of Catalytic Converter Using Different Wash Coat Material." Applied Mechanics and Materials 550 (May 2014): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.550.62.
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Almost all automobiles in the world are emitting a huge amount of exhaust gases to the atmosphere every day. These exhaust gas contains harmful substances like carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, and other toxic substances. If these substances go on increasing they will cause several diseases like blood circulatory problem, lung diseases, bronchitis, blood cancer, etc. Also they may cause different environmental problems like acid rain, green house effect, etc. So, the emission of these substances should be controlled as far as possible. This project work presents a new catalytic converter to be used for compressed ignition engine. The catalytic converter is developed based on the catalyst materials consisting of metal oxides such as aluminum oxide and cerium oxide coated with wire mesh filter. Both the catalyst materials - aluminum oxide and cerium oxide are inexpensive in comparison with conventional catalysts such as palladium or platinum. The main objective of this work is to control the NOx, CO emission and to develop a low-cost three way catalytic converter. This catalytic converter is assembled in the exhaust manifold region of a computerized single cylinder four stroke diesel engine.
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Baek, Kyung-Min, Young-Kyo Seo, Jun-Young Kim, and Sung-Ok Baek. "Monitoring of particulate hazardous air pollutants and affecting factors in the largest industrial area in South Korea: The Sihwa-Banwol complex." Environmental Engineering Research 25, no. 6 (December 17, 2019): 908–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2019.419.
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Ambient air monitoring of particulate hazardous air pollutants was performed from 2005 to 2007 in the Sihwa-Banwol industrial complexes, which is the largest industrial area in Korea. The occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals, their spatial and seasonal distributions, and the factors affecting the variations in concentrations were investigated. The annual average concentration of benzo[a]pyrene was 1.27 ng/m<sup>3</sup>, with a maximum of 10.41 ng/m<sup>3</sup>. The PAH levels between the industrial and residential sites did not differ significantly, although heavy metals strongly related to industrial activities showed a clear variation between the two groups. Thus, industrial activities were not the only sources of PAHs; they also included automobile emissions and residential heating fuels. Coal-fired power plants outside the city and transboundary contributions from China and North Korea also affected the PAH levels in the area. Although ambient levels of heavy metals had no specific seasonal pattern, PAH levels showed distinct seasonal variations, with the highest level in winter. Factors affecting the PAH concentrations were vehicle exhaust, domestic heating, industrial activities, incineration within the area, and fuel combustion outside the area. The Sihwa-Banwol industrial complexes can be regarded as a hot-spot of PAH pollution in the Seoul metropolitan area.
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Cheng, Xiao Liang, and Shao Dong Xie. "Characteristics of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Gas and Particle Phase in April and July 2011 in Beijing, China." Advanced Materials Research 664 (February 2013): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.664.99.
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Presence of atmospheric PAHs in urban and suburban region (Beijing, China) was studied in April and July 2011. Forty-four pairs of gas and particle (TSP) phase samples were collected every six day by high volume (Hi-Vol) air samplers at four sampling sites, and determined separately by GC/MS based on USEPA Method TO-13A. Average total concentration (gas + particles) of PAHs (T-PAHs) was 135.1±49.0 ng/m3 and 181.2±40.9 ng/m3 in April and July, respectively. Gas phase PAHs (G-PAHs) was the major fraction, comprising 63–92% of T-PAHs. Lighter (2-, 3-, 4-ring) and heavier (5-,6-ring) PAHs were found predominantly in gas and particle phase, respectively. 2- to 6- ring PAHs contributed 10%, 53%, 26%, 7% and 4% of T-PAHs, respectively. Five major PAHs, naphthalene (NAP), fluorene (FLU), PHE, fluoranthene (FLA), and pyrene (PYR) contributed 70 – 90% of T-PAHs. G-PAHs increased significantly while PAHs in particle phase (P-PAHs) decreased from April to July. Volatilization from soil and more emission from power generation increase might explain the increase of G-PAHs, and the washout of P-PAHs along with particles might explain the decrease of P-PAHs. Given particulate organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) being well correlated, P-PAHs was moderately correlated with OC and EC, suggesting that there were other mechanisms contributing to P-PAHs different from those of OC/EC. Significant correlation between P-PAHs with SO2 and NO2 suggested coal combustion and automobile exhaust to be contamination contributors.
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Lioy, Paul J. "Airborne Toxic Elements and Organic Substances (Ateos) Project: Overview." Toxicology and Industrial Health 6, no. 5 (October 1990): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823379000600504.
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The approach and conclusions of the ATEOS project will be examined with an emphasis on future design considerations and strategies to address and reduce exposures. The ATEOS was a five year project that conducted field sampling in the summer and winter for the years 1981 through 1983. Eighty-five outdoor air pollutants were measured including the composition of inhalable particulate mass, and volatile organic compounds. The particulate mass components measured were the non-polar through polar organic fractions, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, SO-24, trace elements and alkylating agents. From the numerous volatile organic compounds present in the atmosphere measurements were made of 10 chlorinated compounds, the automobile by products, e.g., benzene, o and p xylene, and 13 solvents. Other measurements included local meteorology. Besides the wealth of variables an important component of the study was the selection of the outdoor sites. The approach was to choose specific types of population — industrial-commercial locales with increasing (or decreasing) complexity. The sites were located in the New Jersey urban centers of Newark, Elizabeth and Camden, and a rural setting in Ringwood, N. J. The Newark site was the most complex industrial-commercial-residential interface followed in decreasing order by Elizabeth, Camden and Ring-wood. The manuscript will emphasize the characteristics of the measured variables in relation to the differences in the neighborhoods surrounding each site. Summary information on source — receptor modeling, pollution accumulation processes, episode analyses, and exposure assessment studies will be presented. These will be all evaluated with respect to future study design questions, including monitoring frequency, epidemiological exposure assessments and indoor air pollution.
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Sui, Congbiao, Peter de Vos, Douwe Stapersma, Klaas Visser, and Yu Ding. "Fuel Consumption and Emissions of Ocean-Going Cargo Ship with Hybrid Propulsion and Different Fuels over Voyage." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 8 (August 6, 2020): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8080588.
Full textAbstract:
Hybrid propulsion and using liquefied natural gas (LNG) as the alternative fuel have been applied on automobiles and some small ships, but research investigating the fuel consumption and emissions over the total voyage of ocean-going cargo ships with a hybrid propulsion and different fuels is limited. This paper tries to fill the knowledge gap by investigating the influence of the ship mission profile, propulsion modes and effects of different fuels on the fuel consumption and emissions of the ship over the whole voyage, including transit in open sea and manoeuvring in close-to-port areas. Results show that propulsion control and electric power generation modes have a notable influence on the ship’s fuel consumption and emissions during the voyage. During close-to-port manoeuvres, propelling the ship in power-take-in (PTI) mode and generating the electric power by auxiliary engines rather than the main engine will reduce the local NOx and HC (hydrocarbons) emissions significantly. Sailing the ship on LNG will reduce the fuel consumption, CO2 and NOx emissions notably while producing higher HC emissions than traditional fuels. The hybridisation of the ship propulsion and using LNG together with ship voyage optimisation, considering the ship mission, ship operations and sea conditions, will improve the ship’s fuel consumption and emissions over the whole voyage significantly.
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Castoldi, Lidia. "An Overview on the Catalytic Materials Proposed for the Simultaneous Removal of NOx and Soot." Materials 13, no. 16 (August 12, 2020): 3551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13163551.
Full textAbstract:
Vehicular pollution has become a major problem in urban areas due to the exponential increase in the number of automobiles. Typical exhaust emissions, which include nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), soot, and particulate matter (PM), doubtless have important negative effects on the environment and human health, including cardiovascular effects such as cardiac arrhythmias and heart attacks, and respiratory effects such as asthma attacks and bronchitis. The mitigation measures comprise either the use of clean alternative fuels or the use of innovative technologies. Several existing emission control technologies have proven effective at controlling emissions individually, such as selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and lean NOx trap (LNT) to reduce NOx and diesel particulate filter (DPF) specifically for PM abatement. These after-treatment devices are the most profitable means to reduce exhaust emissions to acceptable limits (EURO VI norms) with very little or no impact on the engine performances. Additionally, the relative lack of physical space in which to install emissions-control equipment is a key challenge for cars, especially those of small size. For this reason, to reduce both volume and cost of the after-treatment devices integrated catalytic systems (e.g., a sort of a “single brick”) have been proposed, reducing both NOx and PM simultaneously. This review will summarize the currently reported materials for the simultaneous removal of NOx and soot, with particular attention to their nature, properties, and performances.
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Merkisz, Jerzy, Jacek Pielecha, and Remigiusz Jasiński. "Remarks about Real Driving Emissions tests for passenger cars." Archives of Transport 39, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/08669546.1225449.
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New test procedures for determining exhaust emission from passenger vehicles will be introduced in 2017. For several years, the European Commission has been developing new procedures, which aim is to perform tests in road conditions. The purpose is to determine the real values of emissions, which are not always reflected by the level of emissions obtained in the laboratory. Proper and accurate procedures for determining emissions in real traffic conditions (RDE – Real Driving Emission) have not yet been approved (as opposed to Heavy Duty Vehicles for which such conditions already exist), but there are proposals that are currently being analyzed by major research centers in Europe. There are many differences between those proposals such as determining road emission or research methodology related to emission measurement of hydrocarbons. The work compares the results of emissions measured in road tests using the latest legislative proposals related to passenger cars. The results are shown in relation to the used measurement method: classic method of determining exhaust emission; uses all measurement data determining the mass of harmful compounds and distance travelled during the test; method of averaging the measuring windows (MAW – moving average windows), also in the literature called EMROAD method, which determines the measurement windows (on the basis of carbon dioxide emissions from the WLTC test) and on its basis determines the road emission in RDE test; generalized method of instantaneous power (Power Binning), known in the literature as CLEAR – Classification of Emissions from Automobiles in Real driving, determines road emissions on the basis of generalized instantaneous power during the RDE test.
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Merkisz, Jerzy, and Jacek Pielecha. "Selected remarks about RDE test." Combustion Engines 166, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2016-340.
Full textAbstract:
New test procedures for determining exhaust emission from passenger vehicles will be introduced in 2017. For several years, the European Commission has been developing new procedures, which aim is to perform tests in road conditions. The purpose is to determine the real values of emissions, which are not always reflected by the level of emissions obtained in the laboratory. Proper and accurate procedures for determining emissions in real traffic conditions (RDE – Real Driving Emission) have not yet been approved (as opposed to Heavy Duty Vehicles for which such conditions already exist), but there are proposals that are currently being analyzed by major research centers in Europe. There are many differences between those proposals such as determining road emission or research methodology related to emission measurement of hydrocarbons. The work compares the results of emissions measured in road tests using the latest legislative proposals related to passenger cars. The results are shown in relation to the used measurement method: classic method of determining exhaust emission; uses all measurement data determining the mass of harmful compounds and distance travelled during the test; method of averaging the measuring windows (MAW – moving average windows), also in the literature called EMROAD method, which determines the measurement windows (on the basis of carbon dioxide emissions from the WLTC test) and on its basis determines the road emission in RDE test; generalized method of instantaneous power (Power Binning), known in the literature as CLEAR – Classification of Emissions from Automobiles in Real driving, determines road emissions on the basis of generalized instantaneous power during the RDE test.
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Liu, Y., B. Yuan, X. Li, M. Shao, S. Lu, Y. Li, C. C. Chang, et al. "Impact of pollution controls in Beijing on atmospheric oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) during the 2008 Olympic Games: observation and modeling implications." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 6 (March 18, 2015): 3045–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3045-2015.
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Abstract. Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) are important products of the photo-oxidation of hydrocarbons. They influence the oxidizing capacity and the ozone-forming potential of the atmosphere. In the summer of 2008, 2 months of emission restrictions were enforced in Beijing to improve air quality during the Olympic Games. Observational evidence reported in related studies that these control measures were efficient in reducing the concentrations of primary anthropogenic pollutants (CO, NOx and non-methane hydrocarbons, i.e., NMHCs) by 30–40%. In this study, the influence of the emission restrictions on ambient levels of OVOCs was explored using a neural network analysis with consideration of meteorological conditions. Statistically significant reductions in formaldehyde (HCHO), acetaldehyde (CH3CHO), methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and methanol were found to be 12.9, 15.8, 17.1 and 19.6%, respectively, when the restrictions were in place. The effect of emission controls on acetone was not detected in neural network simulations, probably due to pollution transport from surrounding areas outside Beijing. Although the ambient levels of most NMHCs were reduced by ~35% during the full control period, the emission ratios of reactive alkenes and aromatics closely related to automobile sources did not present much difference (< 30%). A zero-dimensional box model based on the Master Chemical Mechanism version 3.2 (MCM3.2) was applied to evaluate how OVOC production responds to the reduced precursors during the emissions control period. On average, secondary HCHO was produced from the oxidation of anthropogenic alkenes (54%), isoprene (30%) and aromatics (15%). The importance of biogenic sources for the total HCHO formation was almost on par with that of anthropogenic alkenes during the daytime. Anthropogenic alkenes and alkanes dominated the photochemical production of other OVOCs such as acetaldehyde, acetone and MEK. The relative changes of modeled HCHO, CH3CHO, methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein (MVK + MACR) before and during the pollution controlled period were comparable to the estimated reductions in the neural network, reflecting that current mechanisms can largely explain secondary production of those species under urban conditions. However, it is worth noting that the box model overestimated the measured concentrations of aldehydes by a factor of 1.4–1.7 without consideration of loss of aldehydes on aerosols, and simulated MEK was in good agreement with the measurements when primary sources were taken into consideration. These results suggest that the understanding of the OVOCs budget in the box model remains incomplete, and that there is still considerable uncertainty in particular missing sinks (unknown chemical and physical processes) for aldehydes and absence of direct emissions for ketones.
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Sarkar, Hari Sadhan, and Oly Sarkar Ghosh. "Refurbishment of Environmental Damage and Socio-Economic Consciousness Relate to Improvement of Climate Change." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, June 16, 2020, 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2020/v10i830214.
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Demand for energy, water, food and shelter for raising the standard of lifestyle of country people is the driving force of democracy in modern days but that cause the environmental damages through Green House Gas, micro-particles emission from combustion of fossil fuels like coal, oil as well as fuel gases and incessant emissions of hydrocarbons from automobiles, oil fields, oil refineries besides industrial activities in the globe along with horizontal land encroachment decreasing greeneries in the planet earth with the decrease of oxygen/nitrogen ratio. The emissions are the main causes for increase in environmental pollution and responsible for climate change in contrast to the idea expressed by various researchers about the impact of climate change on environment. Mechanisms on interaction of solar/electro- magnetic radiation with PM1-2.5 and hydrocarbons in air play a role on degradation of stratospheric ozone as well as accumulation of ozone in troposphere which manifests in various episodes and global warming. Increasing population, increasing urbanization with growing carbon footprint, deceasing greeneries in the planet, the carbon-dioxide: oxygen: Nitrogen ratios in the atmosphere suffered for the last 1000 years or more. The initiatives that are needed to promote the environmental capacity through replacement of fossil fuel energy by green energy establishments, socital up-liftment through intercontinental sweet relations instead of power supremacy depriving 80% global population to refurbish the health of environment with improvement of climate. The fruit of green energy to reach all classes of people in this earth is the immediate need of the globe. The flaws of environmental laws are to be tightened and socio-environmental economic culture is to be inculcated among citizens of states for environmental health improvement vis-a-vis control on climate change to save the planet from extinction of dominant human lives.
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Ganesh, M., A. Sriramarvind, and P. K. Saran Kumar. "Design and Fabrication of Two-Wheeler Silencer Using Catalytic Convertor." International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, March 10, 2019, 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32628/ijsrset196247.
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Air pollution is the biggest cause of environmental degradation in the world and it also cause health problems. The major source for these pollutions are industries & automobiles. In automobile pollutants can be reduced by using a catalytic converter the main aim of our project is fabricate the low cost catalytic converter for two wheeler. The emission contents namely NOx and HC are 90% reduced. From the public health point of view the is most important is Air pollution , because every individual person breathes approximately 22000 times a day, inhaling about 15 to 22 Kg of air daily. Polluted air causes physical ill effects and undesirable aesthetic and physiological effects. The main pollutants are contributed by automobiles which include carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and Lead. So it is imperative that serious attempts should be made to conserve earth’s environment from degradation
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"Pollutant emission in the air of Mogilev region." Geographical Education and Cartography, no. 29 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2075-1893-2019-29-03.
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The purpose of this article is to highlight and analysis of trends in total emissions of polluting substances in atmospheric air of Mogilev region. The main material. A brief overview of Belarusian scientistsʹ research in the fi eld of geoecological conditions of atmospheric air is given in the article. The article deals with pollutants accumulation in the air of Mogilev region from various sources. Mobile sources (64.1% in 2015) are mainly responsible for air pollution in the region. In 2015 in comparison with 2010 there was a decrease in pollutant emissions as a result of transport functioning. Sources of pollutants accumulating in the air are exhaust gases from internal combustion engines, crankcase gases and fuel evaporation from fuel systems. Automobiles dominate in the structure of vehicles (85.3% in 2015). The article considers dynamics of pollutant emissions from stationary sources. The majority of pollutants are found in the air because of technological processes. Hydrocarbons and sulfur dioxide prevail in the structure of emissions of these sources. Chemical industry enterprises (Mogilev chemical fiber, Mogilev artificial fiber plant, etc.) are the sources of air pollution. Substances of the 4th and 3d danger classes predominate in the structure of pollutants in Mogilev region. Substances of the 1st and 2nd danger classes are insignificant. Conclusions. As a result of the conducted research uneven territorial distribution of emission density of the main pollutants in the air of Mogilev region has been established. Kostiukovich and Krichevsk districts are characterized by high level of emission density of suspended substances, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide in the air from stationary sources. Cherikov district is characterized by a low level of carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide emissions per unit area. 71.4% of the administrative districts of Mogilev region are characterized by an average density level of carbon monoxide emissions from stationary sources in relation to the average regional level, 14.3% of districts by lower level, 4.8% by low level and 9.5% by high level. It is advisable to improve the production technology, to equip enterprises with new gas cleaning facilities in order to reduce the anthropogenic load on the environment.
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Agrawal, Namrata, and Arun Kulkarni. "Design, Development and Fabrication of Automobile Silencer for Exhaust Flow." International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, February 9, 2019, 367–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32628/ijsrset196171.
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Air pollution is most important from the public health point of view, because every individual person breathes approximately 22000 times a day, inhaling about 15 to 22 Kg of air daily. Polluted air causes physical ill effect decides undesirable aesthetic and physiological effects. Air pollution can be defined as addition to our atmosphere of any material, which will have a dexterous effect on life upon our planet. The main pollutants contribute by automobiles are carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and Lead. Automobiles are not the only source of air pollution, other sources such as electric power generating stations, industrial and domestic fuel consumption, refuse burning, industrial processing etc. also contribute heavily to contamination of our environment so it is imperative that serious attempts should be made to conserve earth’s environment from degradation. An aqua silencer is an attempt in this direction, it is mainly dealing with control of emission and noise. An aqua silencer is fitted to the exhaust pipe of engine. Sound produced under water is less hearable than it produced in atmosphere. This mainly because of small sprockets in water molecules, which lowers its amplitude thus, lowers the sound level. Because of this property water is used in this silencer and hence its name AQUA SILENCER. The noise and smoke level is considerable less than the conventional silencer, it is cheaper, no need of catalytic converter and easy to install.
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Jahangiri, Mehdi, Javad Adl, Seyed Jamaleddin Shahtaheri, Hossein Kakooe, Abbas Rahimi Forushani, and Mohammad Reza Ganjali. "Air monitoring of aromatic hydrocarbons during automobile spray painting for developing change schedule of respirator cartridges." Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering 12, no. 1 (January 27, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2052-336x-12-41.
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"Modeling with Multilayer Perceptron for Detection of Fuel Adulteration using Python Programming." Petroleum and Chemical Industry International 1, no. 1 (October 30, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.33140/pcii/00001.
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Adulteration of fuel is introduction of an unknown substance into motor spirit unlawfully or not permitted resulting the product does not conform to the needs and specifications. Normally cheaper boiling point range hydrocarbons having more or less similar composition are added as additives leading to alter and degrade the quality of the base fuels. This method is adopted by the trading community for their quick illegal profits. This is coming as tail pipe exhaust in automobile lead to environmental pollution as well as human hazard. Ethanol and methanol added illegally to increase octane levels caused fuel pipes to leak exhaust. In order to detect the pollutants there shall be proper way both at laboratory level as well as statute. Artificial Neural Networks technique to analyze the fuel adulteration is a precise technique than any other existing methods. The gasoline, hydrocarbon fractions are detected at the in-situ with the help of Internet of Things and can be controlling through the remote and that data can be collected through the smattering. This data will help in the finding the impurities in the gasoline, diesel pollutants released into the air from tailpipe exhaust. So in this paper we are using some advance computational technique called Multilayer perceptron (MPL) to identify the impurities in the fuels. This will reduce the global warming and toxic diseases. Multilayer perceptron (MLP) is one of the most efficient techniques for Detection of fuel adulterants; MLP is class of feed forward in the artificial neural network. It consists of Three layers i.e., input layer, hidden layer and output layer. For the recognition and 3D objects estimation from a 2D single perspective view Multilayer perceptron is used.
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"An experimental and theoretical study of a catalytic monolith to control automobile exhaust emissions." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences 439, no. 1907 (December 8, 1992): 465–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1992.0162.
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Experimental investigations of automobile exhaust emissions were examined by combusting a mixture of propane and air within a multi-channel monolith. Chemical kinetics, mass transfer and heat transfer effects were studied using appropriate temperature and flow conditions to separate the effects. The results were used to construct both a one- and two-dimensional mathematical model. Simulations of monolith behaviour were then compared with observed performance. First-order chemical kinetics were observed for the low hydrocarbon concentrations examined in the temperature range 557–648 K, while mass transfer limitation was apparent at temperatures between 736 K and 769 K. Perturbations to inlet concentration and temperature were effected while studying monolith performance, and the responses recorded. Computer simulations using the two mathematical models predicted correct trends, but did not agree quantitatively with the experimental results. The one-dimensional model predicts both concentration and temperature responses to a change in inlet conditions better than the more comprehensive two-dimensional model, even when heat losses are taken into account. This is because experimentally determined heat and mass transfer coefficients are used for computations relating to the one-dimensional model, whereas these parameters were calculated theoretically in the two-dimensional model. Further computer simulations revealed discontinuities in the values of Nusselt numbers, values depending on elapsed time following a step change in inlet conditions and axial position along the monolith channel. This unusual feature is accounted for by a reversal in heat transfer between wall and bulk fluid as the reaction develops along the monolith channel.
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"Aqua Power Generating Silencer." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 9, no. 7 (May 10, 2020): 656–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.g5638.059720.
Full textAbstract:
Management of Air contamination is most significant issue from the general public health of view, because each distinctive individual breaths around 22000 times each day. Air contamination causes around 7,000,000 deaths per year around the world. Development and convergence of the population in urban communities, just as the manner by which we consume various sources of energy in urban zones through transport or air conditioning and heating systems, among others, causes the emission of harmful gases at huge quantity that are dangerous to people health. Automobile vehicles are a significant pollution contributor, delivering critical measures of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and other contamination. In 2013, transportation contributed the greater part of the carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), and one-fourth of the hydrocarbons (HC) emitted into atmosphere. These vehicles don't seem to be the only sources of pollution, different sources like power generating stations, Exhaust from industries and factories, refuse burning etc. and also contribute intensely to defilement of our environment. So it is crucial that serious endeavors should be made to protect our environment from degradation. In the present study an Aqua Power Generating Silencer is an attempt, in this direction; it is mainly dealing with control of emission, noise & recovery of waste heat from exhaust gases to generate electricity.
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Meena, Khem Raj, Rajni Dhiman, Kailash Singh, Sachin Kumar, Abhishek Sharma, Shamsher S. Kanwar, Rittick Mondal, Sandip Das, Octavio L. Franco, and Amit Kumar Mandal. "Purification and identification of a surfactin biosurfactant and engine oil degradation by Bacillus velezensis KLP2016." Microbial Cell Factories 20, no. 1 (January 28, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12934-021-01519-0.
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AbstractEngine oil used in automobiles is a threat to soil and water due to the recalcitrant properties of its hydrocarbons. It pollutes surrounding environment which affects both flora and fauna. Microbes can degrade hydrocarbons containing engine oil and utilize it as a substrate for their growth. Our results demonstrated that cell-free broth of Bacillus velezensis KLP2016 (Gram + ve, endospore forming; Accession number KY214239) recorded an emulsification index (E24%) from 52.3% to 65.7% against different organic solvents, such as benzene, pentane, cyclohexane, xylene, n-hexane, toluene and engine oil. The surface tension of the cell-free broth of B. velezensis grown in Luria–Bertani broth at 35 °C decreased from 55 to 40 mN m−1at critical micelle concentration 17.2 µg/mL. The active biosurfactant molecule of cell-free broth of Bacillus velezensis KLP2016 was purified by Dietheylaminoethyl-cellulose and size exclusion chromatography, followed by HPLC (RT = 1.130), UV–vis spectrophotometry (210 nm) and thin layer chromatography (Rf = 0.90). The molecular weight of purified biosurfactant was found to be ~ 1.0 kDa, based on Electron Spray Ionization-MS. A concentration of 1980 × 10–2 parts per million of CO2 was trapped in a KOH solution after 15 days of incubation in Luria–Bertani broth containing 1% engine oil. Our results suggest that bacterium Bacillus velezensis KLP2016 may promise a new dimension to solving the engine oil pollution problem in near future.
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Singh, Manpreet, A. Sharma, and S. Sharma. "Influence of Fuel Consumption and Instantaneous Exhaust Pollutants on Euro 4 Gasoline Vehicles at Traffic Signalized Intersections: Idling and Start/Restart Manoeuvre." International Journal of Vehicle Structures and Systems 9, no. 1 (February 28, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.4273/ijvss.9.1.06.
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Despite the more contribution of personal vehicles and transportation automobiles to environmental change, diminutive work has been done to overcome the arising issue regarding exhaust pollutants and fuel consumption. This paper includes the gasoline motor vehicle idling at red traffic signalized intersections using actual world operation statistics. The experimental work has been carried on gasoline vehicles under idling and start/restart manoeuvres on urban plain road conditions. The instantaneous exhaust pollutants such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxides were evaluated using exhaust gas analyzer and fuel consumption was measured by precise instrument named as fuel flow meter in the Maruti-Suzuki authorized workshop. The results reveal that Maruti Alto vehicle and Maruti Swift vehicle engine should be turned off, if idling is to be over 10 and 11 seconds in duration at traffic signalized intersections respectively. Furthermore, during idling condition, the instantaneous pollutants are almost constant and hydrocarbons are decreased as idling time increased. Nitrogen oxides are function of high combustion temperature formed in an engine.
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Vadivel, B., and V. Kanagasubramanian. "Multiple Exhaust Gas Sensor for Automobile." International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, July 13, 2021, 625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.48175/ijarsct-1697.
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The exhaust gases of automobiles causes many serious health and environmental issues. The existing challenge is to reduce the released unburnt fuel and to create a smart fuel injection control which will result in better performance and fuel efficiency. This can be made possible only with the ability to sense and analyze the exhaust in real time. The objective of the project is to develop an integrated exhaust gas sensor using MEMS technology. It can sense four main harmful constituents of the exhaust gases from an automobile. The gases that can be sensed are Nitrogen dioxide (NOx) and Hydrocarbons (HC) . The two gas sensors are integrated into a single package. The main sensing element is the micro cantilever used as a resonator. The measurement value of the change in the resonant frequency of the cantilever beam gives the amount of the corresponding gas present in the given sample. Simulation is done to derive the relation between the mass of the cantilever beam and its corresponding resonant frequency. COMSOL Multiphysics is the numerical solver used here. This design will also help us to design a real time exhaust gas monitoring system.
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A, Abdulrahman, Adisa A. B., and Dandakouta H. "Performance and Emissions Analysis of N-Butanol Blended with Gasoline in Spark Ignition Engine." International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 8, no. 4 (September 12, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.8.4.19.
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The power developed by an internal-combustion engine depends upon the fuel used for combustion. Fuels commonly used in internal combustion engines are derived from crude oil, which are depleting and are important sources of air pollution. In this study, n-butanol was used as an additive with gasoline as fuel in spark ignition engine. N-butanol exhibits good burning characteristics, contain oxygen, reduces some exhaust emissions and as well, has energy density and octane rating close to that of gasoline. The various blend rates (4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 percent by volume) were used in the engine performance analysis using a TD110-115 single cylinder, four-stroke air-cooled spark ignition engine test rig, under different loading conditions. An SV-5Q automobile exhausts gas analyzer was used to measure the concentration of gaseous emissions such as unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) from the engine tail pipe. The results of engine performance showed reduction in the exhaust temperature was observed for the blends than to that of gasoline. It was observed that all the blends improved the brake thermal efficiency and exhibited high fuel consumption, lower specific energy consumption and lower emissions than gasoline. All the blends performed satisfactorily on spark-ignition engine without engine modification.
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"The Importance of Thermal Barrier Coating in Compression and Spark Ignition Engines." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 9, no. 4 (April 30, 2020): 1738–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.c6011.049420.
Full textAbstract:
This paper explains the importance of applying thermal barrier coating (TBC) technique in internal combustion engines by providing an effective way of reducing gas emission which are carbon monoxide (CO), oxide of nitrogen (NOX), hydrocarbon (HC) including particulate matter (PM) thereby increasing engine performance (brake thermal efficiency) achieved by applying coating layers on some internal combustion engine parts using materials with low thermal conductivities and matched coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE close to the substrate material) which are mainly ceramics. Energy demand for various activities of life is increasing on a daily basis. The world depends majorly on non-renewable energy sources from fossil fuels to meet these energy demands. To be comfortable in life, better means of transportation and provision of power are required. Compression and spark ignition engines which are also called Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) provide better transport facilities and power. However, combusting these fuels in automobile and stationary engines produces unfriendly atmosphere, contaminates water and air that are consumed by man. Pollution created as a result of combustion of gases in ICE is one of the worst man made contribution to atmospheric pollution.
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Anh, Hoang Quoc, Shin Takahashi, Duong Thi Thao, Nguyen Hung Thai, Pham Thanh Khiet, Nguyen Thi Quynh Hoa, Le Thi Phuong Quynh, Le Nhu Da, Tu Binh Minh, and Tran Manh Tri. "Analysis and Evaluation of Contamination Status of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Settled House and Road Dust Samples from Hanoi." VNU Journal of Science: Natural Sciences and Technology 35, no. 4 (December 23, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.25073/2588-1140/vnunst.4943.
Full textAbstract:
Concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in settled house dust and road dust samples collected from a core urban area of Hanoi. Levels of PAHs ranged from 830 to 3500 (median 2000) ng/g in house dust, and from 1400 to 4700 (median 1700) ng/g in road dust. Concentrations of PAHs in dust samples of this study were within the moderate range as compared with those from other countries in the world. Toxic equivalents to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP-EQs) in our samples ranged from 81 to 850 (median 330) ng BaP-EQ/g with principal contributors as BaP and dibenz[a,h]anthracene, which accounted for 69% to 93% of BaP-EQs. In almost all the samples, proportions of high-molecular-weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs with 4–6 rings) were higher than those of low-molecular-weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs with 2–3 rings), suggesting emission sources from combustion processes rather than direct contamination by petrogenic sources. Traffic activities were estimated as important sources of PAHs in the studied areas, for example, vehicular exhaust and tire debris.
Keywords: PAHs, house dust, road dust, traffic emission, urbanization.
References
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"Modifying Exhaust After-Treatment Device for Complying with Future Emission Norms." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 9, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.b3068.129219.
Full textAbstract:
Day to day increase in air pollution is one of the serious issues nowadays. One of the main contributors is automobile emissions. It contains gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxides, and particular matters. In order to address such issues, this paper is focused on the reduction of emissions by modifying the design of an exhaust after-treatment device. The analysis is carried out on a 4-stroke single-cylinder 149cc FZ-S BS4 bike two-wheeler gasoline engine.CO and HC emissions absorbed by an aqueous solution having different TDS of aqua 90ppm RO water, 1000ppm Municipality water, and 10000ppm seawater. Such aqueous solution contains calcium powder and activated carbon in 10:0.5:0.5, 10:1:1 and 10:2:2 in proportion respectively. An optimum solution derived which having a mixture of 10:1:1 proportion having 10000ppm seawater is derived which shows reduction in CO by 50% and HC emission by 40% as compare conventional muffler exhaust emission. The IoT device is used with the MQ-7 sensor to measure CO emission from a modified device and data obtained are compared with PUC (Pollution under control) certified center. This research is to optimize emission from the existing gasoline engine, from April 2017 BS4 is implemented in INDIA nationwide & BS6 will be going to implement by 2020. From April 2017 manufacturer are not allowed to build new engines below BS4 standard but customer those who are having an older version of engines are not having any effect of BS4 & their engines are still emitting more pollution than the current emission norms. More than 100 million of twowheeler engines were sold in between Feb‘06- March’17. This study aims to provide a solution for such engines not from the manufacturer side but from the consumer side to upgrade their vehicle to satisfy future emission norms so that human health will be less affected by such emissions.