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1
Walsh, Justin, Luigi Pontieri, Patrizia d'Ettorre, and Timothy A. Linksvayer. "Ant cuticular hydrocarbons are heritable and associated with variation in colony productivity." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1928 (June 10, 2020): 20201029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1029.
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In social insects, cuticular hydrocarbons function in nest-mate recognition and also provide a waxy barrier against desiccation, but basic evolutionary features, including the heritability of hydrocarbon profiles and how they are shaped by natural selection are largely unknown. We used a new pharaoh ant ( Monomorium pharaonis ) laboratory mapping population to estimate the heritability of individual cuticular hydrocarbons, genetic correlations between hydrocarbons, and fitness consequences of phenotypic variation in the hydrocarbons. Individual hydrocarbons had low to moderate estimated heritability, indicating that some compounds provide more information about genetic relatedness and can also better respond to natural selection. Strong genetic correlations between compounds are likely to constrain independent evolutionary trajectories, which is expected, given that many hydrocarbons share biosynthetic pathways. Variation in cuticular hydrocarbons was associated with variation in colony productivity, with some hydrocarbons experiencing strong directional selection. Altogether, this study builds on our knowledge of the genetic architecture of the social insect hydrocarbon profile and indicates that hydrocarbon variation is shaped by natural selection.
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Fan, Yongliang, Jody Chase, Veeresh L. Sevala, and Coby Schal. "Lipophorin-facilitated hydrocarbon uptake by oocytes in the German cockroachBlattella germanica(L.)." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 6 (March 15, 2002): 781–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.6.781.
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SUMMARYLarge amounts of hydrocarbons accumulate during vitellogenesis in the developing basal oocytes of the German cockroach Blattella germanica (L.), and all ovarian hydrocarbons are deposited into an egg case (ootheca) during oviposition. Hydrocarbons are not synthesized by the ovaries, but are delivered by hemolymph lipoproteins and accumulate within the basal oocytes. A native B. germanica hydrocarbon, [3H]3,11-dimethylnonacosane, injected into adult females of various ages, was taken up by the ovaries in relation to oocyte growth. Ovarian uptake of the hydrocarbon was low in day 0–1 females, increased dramatically between days 3 and 6 and declined sharply through oviposition on day 8–9; ovarian uptake of the hydrocarbon was low during a 21-day pregnancy that followed. [1-14C]Propionate, which becomes incorporated into methyl-branched hydrocarbons, was injected into 5-day-old vitellogenic females to monitor the de novo biosynthesis of hydrocarbons and the time course of hydrocarbon deposition in the ovary. Propionate was rapidly incorporated into hydrocarbons within 4 h. Hydrocarbon uptake by the ovaries, however, was three times higher 24 h after injection than 4 h after injection, showing that hydrocarbons are slowly and continuously deposited in oocytes. This result was confirmed with topical application of [3H]3,11-dimethylnonacosane: ovarian uptake was three times higher after 24 h than after 4 h. In vitro incubations of sternites, which synthesize hydrocarbons, with [14C]propionate and ovaries, showed that both hemolymph and purified high-density lipophorin facilitated ovarian uptake of newly synthesized hydrocarbons; maximum uptake occurred with 10 % hemolymph or 1 mg ml–1 high-density lipophorin. These results were confirmed with sternites treated with [3H]3,11-dimethylnonacosane and co-incubated with ovaries. This is the first report to show that copious amounts of maternal hydrocarbons are provisioned in oocytes and to demonstrate the existence of a hydrocarbon transport pathway involving hemolymph high-density lipophorin.
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Rida, Siddique* Komal Siddiqui Noor-e.-Saba and Faria Aslam. "SCREENING OF ASPERGILLUS NIGER FOR BIODEGARADATION OF DIFFERENT HYDROCARBONS." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 05, no. 09 (September 23, 2018): 9084–90. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1433697.
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Today hydrocarbons/oil pollution causes serious damage to our environment. Chemical or physical methods are failed to degrade such contaminants hence biodegradation provides simple and cost effective process. In this study the biodegradation potential of Aspergillus niger for different hydrocarbons was analyzed. Two kinds of hydrocarbons i.e. edible (almond oil, mustard oil and cooking oil) and non-edible (engine oil, diesel and petrol) were used. For the initial screening, culture was inoculated in Bushnell-Haas (BH) plate assay each plate containing respective hydrocarbon. Aspergillus niger displayed highest growth on medium containing cooking oil. While least growth was noted on petrol and diesel. Furthermore to analyze the degradation ability of Aspergillus niger, dextrose media was used. The biodegradable efficiency of Aspergillus niger was noted on the basis of dry weight, total protein, total sugar and reducing sugar in presence of hydrocarbons. The highest growth of Aspergillus niger was noted on media containing 2% cooking oil after 6 days of incubation. Among the non-edible hydrocarbons highest growth was noted on 3% engine oil after 6 days of incubation. Total protein content on edible hydrocarbon was found to be higher than non-edible hydrocarbons. Total sugar content showed great variation among edible and non-edible hydrocarbons. Reducing sugar was found to be very low in both edible and non edible hydrocarbon containing media. 2, 6-dichlorophenol indophenols (DCPIP) dye assay was also used for detection. The highest reduction in absorbance was observed on edible hydrocarbons than non-edible hydrocarbons. Hence Aspergillus niger have ability to degrade hydrocarbons at different rate. Key words: Biodegradation, Aspergillus niger, edible hydrocarbons, non edible hydrocarbons.
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Petrů, Jiří, Tomáš Herink, Jan Patera, and Petr Zámostný. "Co-Pyrolysis of Unsaturated C4 and Saturated C6+ Hydrocarbons—An Experimental Study to Evaluate Steam-Cracking Performance." Materials 16, no. 4 (February 8, 2023): 1418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16041418.
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Unsaturated C4 hydrocarbons are abundant in various petrochemical streams. They can be considered as a potential feedstock for the steam-cracking process, where they must be co-processed with C6 and higher (C6+) hydrocarbons of primary naphtha fractions. Co-pyrolysis experiments aiming at the comparison of different C4 hydrocarbon performances were carried out in a laboratory micro-pyrolysis reactor under standardized conditions: 820 °C, 400 kPa, and 0.2 s residence time in the reaction zone. C4 hydrocarbons were co-pyrolyzed with different co-pyrolysis partners containing longer hydrocarbon chain to study the influence of the co-pyrolysis partner structure on the behavior of C4 hydrocarbons. The yields of the pyrolysis products and the conversion of C4 hydrocarbons were used as the performance factors. A regression model was developed and used as a valuable tool for quantifying the inhibition or acceleration effect of co-pyrolysis on the conversion of co-pyrolyzed hydrocarbons. It was found that the performance of different C4 hydrocarbons in co-pyrolysis is substantially different from the separate pyrolysis of the individual components.
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Lea-Smith, David J., Steven J. Biller, Matthew P. Davey, Charles A. R. Cotton, Blanca M. Perez Sepulveda, Alexandra V. Turchyn, David J. Scanlan, Alison G. Smith, Sallie W. Chisholm, and Christopher J. Howe. "Contribution of cyanobacterial alkane production to the ocean hydrocarbon cycle." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 44 (October 5, 2015): 13591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1507274112.
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Hydrocarbons are ubiquitous in the ocean, where alkanes such as pentadecane and heptadecane can be found even in waters minimally polluted with crude oil. Populations of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria, which are responsible for the turnover of these compounds, are also found throughout marine systems, including in unpolluted waters. These observations suggest the existence of an unknown and widespread source of hydrocarbons in the oceans. Here, we report that strains of the two most abundant marine cyanobacteria,ProchlorococcusandSynechococcus, produce and accumulate hydrocarbons, predominantly C15 and C17 alkanes, between 0.022 and 0.368% of dry cell weight. Based on global population sizes and turnover rates, we estimate that these species have the capacity to produce 2–540 pg alkanes per mL per day, which translates into a global ocean yield of ∼308–771 million tons of hydrocarbons annually. We also demonstrate that both obligate and facultative marine hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria can consume cyanobacterial alkanes, which likely prevents these hydrocarbons from accumulating in the environment. Our findings implicate cyanobacteria and hydrocarbon degraders as key players in a notable internal hydrocarbon cycle within the upper ocean, where alkanes are continually produced and subsequently consumed within days. Furthermore we show that cyanobacterial alkane production is likely sufficient to sustain populations of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria, whose abundances can rapidly expand upon localized release of crude oil from natural seepage and human activities.
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Alaidaroos, Bothaina A. "Advancing Eco-Sustainable Bioremediation for Hydrocarbon Contaminants: Challenges and Solutions." Processes 11, no. 10 (October 22, 2023): 3036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11103036.
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In an era of rising population density and industrialization, the environment confronts growing challenges. Soil, agricultural land, and water bodies are becoming increasingly polluted by petroleum waste and hydrocarbons. While hydrocarbons are naturally present in crude oil, refining processes compound the complexity and toxicity of hydrocarbons. This is particularly evident in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) found in the air and soil, known for their carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties. In response, biodegradation emerges as an eco-friendly, cost-effective solution, especially in petroleum-contaminated settings. Biodiverse microbial communities play a pivotal role in managing hydrocarbon contamination, contingent on location, toxicity, and microbial activity. To optimize biodegradation, understanding its mechanisms is essential. This review delves into varied bioremediation techniques, degradation pathways, and the contributions of microbial activities to efficiently removing hydrocarbon pollutants. Recent research spotlights specific microorganisms like bacteria, microalgae, and fungi adept at hydrocarbon degradation, offering a contemporary perspective on petroleum hydrocarbon pollutant bioremediation. These microorganisms efficiently break down petroleum hydrocarbons, with enzymatic catalysis markedly accelerating pollutant breakdown compared to conventional methods. Given the intricate nature of hydrocarbon contamination, cooperative bacterial consortia are instrumental in effective cleanup, driven by specific genes guiding bacterial metabolism. For cost-effective and efficient removal from compromised environments, it is advisable to adopt an integrated approach that combines biostimulation and bioaugmentation.
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ANDREEV, A. P., R. B. BITUEV, A. V. MESHCHERYAKOV, M. I. SAUTIEV, and D. V. FROLOV. "Investigation of hydrocarbon absorption by foam." Fire and Emergencies: prevention, elimination 2 (2024): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/fe.2024.2.39-45.
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Purpose. To explain the behavior of air-mechanical foam in contact with hydrocarbons, there are generally accepted ideas about the thermodynamic stability of asymmetric aqueous films. These concepts cannot be considered exhaustive, since they do not explain the phenomena of foam stabilization in contact with hydrocarbons. The reason for the stabilization of foam films is the formation of stable emulsions in them caused by mass transfer. The aim of the work is to investigate the phenomenon of mass transfer between the aqueous phase and hydrocarbons on the stability of foam in contact with hydrocarbons. The following tasks are set in the work: to experimentally establish the effect of mass transfer on the contact destruction/stabilization of foam and the effect of hydrocarbon emulsification on the stability of foam from foaming agents of various nature. Methods. The experimental research method consists in measuring the rate of destruction of foam in contact with liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons, as well as with hydrocarbon vapors. Findings. The paper presents the results of experimental studies, on the basis of which it is shown that the intensification of the mass transfer process between the aqueous phase and the hydrocarbon contributes to the stabilization of foam in contact with hydrocarbons. A study of the destruction of foam in hydrocarbon vapors has shown that, regardless of the nature of foaming agents, the greatest stabilization of foam is observed in the case of compliance of the foaming agent with the optimal hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of hydrocarbon, at which its emulsification occurs. Research application field. In this paper, the effect of mass transfer between the aqueous and hydrocarbon phases on the stabilization of foam in contact with hydrocarbons is investigated. The results obtained can be used for scientific and educational purposes in the study of the physicochemical properties of air-mechanical foam. Conclusions. It has been experimentally shown that the intensification of mass transfer contributes to a more intensive formation of an emulsion, which helps to stabilize the foam. All other things being equal, a foam more stable on the surface of hydrocarbons makes it possible to obtain a foaming agent, which in this system exhibits the properties not only of a foaming agent, but also of a good emulsifier.
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Bekturova, Assemgul, Zhannur Markhametova, and Zhaksylyk Masalimov. "Plasmids Role in Survival of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus A1 Exposed to UV-Radiation and Hydrocarbons." Advanced Materials Research 905 (April 2014): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.905.151.
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The role of plasmids in hydrocarbon-degrading bacteriaAcinetobacter calcoaceticus A1survival to UV-radiation and hydrocarbons was studied. Natural plasmids-containingA. calcoaceticus A1showed high resistance to UV-radiation.A. calcoaceticus A1showed active growth under exposed to UV-radiation for up to 30 minutes. Combined effects of UV-radiation and petroleum hydrocarbons did not considerably reduce the growth of strains. It was shown a stimulating effect of UV-radiation on the growth curves of strains ofA. calcoaceticus A1. Constructed recombinant strain (E.coli XL blueRec) showed the ability to grow on medium with addition petroleum hydrocarbons. Combined effects of UV-radiation and petroleum hydrocarbons have had a negative effect on the growth ofE.coli XL blueRec. Thus, results showed that the plasmid DNA of natural hydrocarbon-degrading bacteriaA. calcoaceticus A1may contain genes of microbial resistance to UV - radiation and petroleum hydrocarbons.
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Pang, Xiongqi, Zhenxue Jiang, Shengjie Zuo, and Ian Lerche. "Dynamics of Hydrocarbon Expulsion from Shale Source Rocks." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 23, no. 5 (October 2005): 333–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/014459805775992735.
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Expulsion of hydrocarbons from a shale source rock can be divided in four stages. In the first stage, only a small amount of hydrocarbons can be expelled in water solution and by diffusion. Compaction and hydrocarbon concentration gradient are the major driving forces, whereas their corresponding hydrocarbon expulsion amounts make up 30% and 70% to the total, respectively. In the second stage, in addition to transport by water solution and by diffusion, source rocks expel a large quantity of gas in free phase. In the third stage, the most important feature is that source rocks expel oil as a separate phase and gas in oil solution. Hydrocarbon expulsion by diffusion through the source rock organic network, dehydration of clay minerals, and thermal expansion of fluids and rocks are the three major driving forces in the second and the third stages, whereas the corresponding hydrocarbon expulsion accounts for 40–60%, 10–20%, and 5–10%, respectively, of the total amount expelled. In the fourth stage, source rocks mainly expel dry gas as a free phase. Volume expansion of kerogen products and capillary force are the two major driving forces for hydrocarbon expulsion. The expulsion accounts for 60% and 30% to the total gas expulsion of this stage, respectively, for each driving force. Hydrocarbon expulsion, including the hydrocarbon expulsion threshold (HET), the relative phases and the dynamics, are controlled by two factors: the hydrocarbon generation amount, and the ability of source rocks to retain hydrocarbons. Source rocks cross the HET and begin to expel a large quantity of hydrocarbons when the generated hydrocarbons have met all of the needs for hydrocarbon retention. HET is divides the processes of hydrocarbon expulsion into the various four stages.
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MERKISZ, Jerzy, and Stanisław RADZIMIRSKI. "The analysis of the methods of hydrocarbon emission measurement according to European vehicle emission legislation." Combustion Engines 136, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117223.
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The paper discusses the measurement methods of methane hydrocarbons, non-methane hydrocarbons and total hydrocarbons set forth in the European emission regulations pertaining to M and N vehicle types and their engines. A model for the determining of the concentration of the said hydrocarbons and mathematical formulas have been derived. The concentration of the hydrocarbons determined as per the standards and the actual hydrocarbon concentration have been compared. Based on the above, changes have been proposed in the methodology set forth in the regulations.
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Lopez, Eric Sanchez, Temidayo Oluyomi Elufisan, Patricia Bustos, Claudia Paola Mendoza Charles, Alberto Mendoza-Herrera, and Xianwu Guo. "Complete Genome Report of a Hydrocarbon-Degrading Sphingobium yanoikuyae S72." Applied Sciences 12, no. 12 (June 18, 2022): 6201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12126201.
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Sphingobium yanoikuyae S72 was isolated from the rhizosphere of sorghum plant in Mexico and we evaluated its survival and role in the degradation of some selected monoaromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using minimal medium (Bushnell Hass medium (BH)) in which each of the hydrocarbons (naphthalene, phenanthrene, xylene, toluene, and biphenyl) served as sole carbon source. Gas column chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis was used to evaluate the effect of S72’s growth in the medium with the hydrocarbons. The genome of the S72 was sequenced to determine the genetic basis for the degradation of the selected hydrocarbon in S72. The genome was assembled de novo with Spades assembler and Velvet assembler and the obtained contigs were reduced to 1 manually using Consed software. Genome annotation was carried out Prokka version 1.12, and gene calling and further annotation was carried out with NCBI PGAAP. Pangenome analysis and COG annotation were done with bacteria pangenome analysis tool (BPGA) and with PATRIC online server, respectively. S72 grew effectively in the culture medium with the hydrocarbon with concentration ranging from 20–100 mg/mL for each hydrocarbon tested. S72 degraded biphenyl by 85%, phenanthrene by 93%, naphthalene by 81%, xylene by 19%, and toluene by 30%. The sequenced S72 genome was reduced to 1 contig and genome analysis revealed the presence of genes essential for the degradation of hydrocarbons in S72. A total of 126 unique genes in S72 are associated with the degradation of hydrocarbons and xenobiotics. S72 grew effectively in the tested hydrocarbon and shows good degradation efficiency. S72 will therefore be a good candidate for bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soil.
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Gargouri, Boutheina, Najla Mhiri, Fatma Karray, Fathi Aloui, and Sami Sayadi. "Isolation and Characterization of Hydrocarbon-Degrading Yeast Strains from Petroleum Contaminated Industrial Wastewater." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/929424.
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Two yeast strains are enriched and isolated from industrial refinery wastewater. These strains were observed for their ability to utilize several classes of petroleum hydrocarbons substrates, such asn-alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons as a sole carbon source. Phylogenetic analysis based on the D1/D2 variable domain and the ITS-region sequences indicated that strains HC1 and HC4 were members of the generaCandidaandTrichosporon, respectively. The mechanism of hydrocarbon uptaking by yeast,Candida,andTrichosporonhas been studied by means of the kinetic analysis of hydrocarbons-degrading yeasts growth and substrate assimilation. Biodegradation capacity and biomass quantity were daily measured during twelve days by gravimetric analysis and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry techniques. Removal ofn-alkanes indicated a strong ability of hydrocarbon biodegradation by the isolated yeast strains. These two strains grew on long-chainn-alkane, diesel oil, and crude oil but failed to grow on short-chainn-alkane and aromatic hydrocarbons. Growth measurement attributes of the isolates, usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil, and crude oil as substrates, showed that strain HC1 had better degradation for hydrocarbon substrates than strain HC4. In conclusion, these yeast strains can be useful for the bioremediation process and decreasing petroleum pollution in wastewater contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons.
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Parnell, John, and Paul Eakin. "The replacement of sandstones by uraniferous hydrocarbons: significance for petroleum migration." Mineralogical Magazine 51, no. 362 (October 1987): 505–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1987.051.362.05.
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AbstractHydrocarbons (bitumens sensu lato) in sandstones have been recorded in several instances to have partially replaced their host rock, including quartz grains. Many replacive hydrocarbons are uranium-rich: associated non-uraniferous hydrocarbons are not replacive. Uranium is transported as carbonate complexes, which may be decomposed by organic acids to yield UO22+ ions and CO2. The UO22+ will be absorbed onto hydrocarbons before reduction to a mineral phase, generally uraninite; and the CO2 may be aggressive towards the silicate grains of the host sandstone. Accretionary nodules of replacive uraniferous hydrocarbon in red beds (e.g. at the cores of reduction spots) can provide valuable information about petroleum migration. They occur particularly in the vicinity of faults, and may record the interactions between metal-rich groundwaters and hydrocarbons leaking along a fault from an underlying reservoir. A trial study in Devonian sandstones of Easter Ross successfully traced a hydrocarbon-bearing sandstone reservoir from an occurrence of uraniferous hydrocarbon nodules.
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Mansurov, Z., Y. O. Doszhanov, Y. K. Ongarbaev, N. Sh Akimbekov, and A. A. Zhubanova. "The Evaluation of Process of Bioremediation of Oil-Polluted Soils by Different Strains of Pseudomonas." Advanced Materials Research 647 (January 2013): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.647.363.
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The determination of content hydrocarbon of diesel fuels and individual hydrocarbons in oil-polluted soil before and after bioremediation by oil-oxidational microorganisms was carried out by method of chromato-mass-spectrometry. It has been shown that changes in composition hydrocarbons of diesel fuels and individual hydrocarbons in soil observe during growth of microorganisms on this soil.
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Obilor, M.C.I, S.A Ngah, and T. J. K. Ideriah. "Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total Hydrocarbon Contents in Boreholes Water from Some Communities in Obio-Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria." Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Total Hydrocarbon Contents in Boreholes Water from Some Communities in Obio-Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria 9, no. 1 (January 24, 2024): 12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10560748.
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The study focused primarily on the assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Total Hydrocarbon content of groundwater in Obio-Akpor. Groundwater (boreholes) samples were randomly collected from 21 sampling locations in six different communities and Rivers State University in Obio-Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State. Standard analytical techniques were employed in the investigation. The study showed that in all the 21 stations, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) had concentrations below the SON (0.007ppm) limit. The study recommended regular monitoring of the water from the area. Keywords:- Boreholes, Groundwater, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Total Hydrocarbon Contents, Obio-Akpor, Nigeria.
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Doszhanov, Ye O., Z. A. Mansurov, Ye K. Ongarbaev, Ye Tileuberdi, and A. A. Zhubanova. "The Study of Biodegradation of Diesel Fuels by Different Strains of Pseudomonas." Applied Mechanics and Materials 467 (December 2013): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.467.12.
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The analysis of diesel fuels hydrocarbon composition before and after biodegradation is carried out by the methods of photocolorimetry. It was determinated, that the hydrocarbon composition of the diesel fuels is changed on influence of microorganisms. It has been shown that changes in composition hydrocarbons of diesel fuels and individual hydrocarbons in soil observe during growth of microorganisms on this soil.
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Malysheva, Anna. "Calculation of a two-phase system of a liquified hydrocarbon gas." E3S Web of Conferences 135 (2019): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913504003.
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Liquefied hydrocarbon gases are a mixture of chemical compounds, consisting mainly of hydrogen and carbon with different molecular structures. The main components of liquefied hydrocarbon gases are propane and butane, containing lighter hydrocarbons (methane and ethane) and heavier ones (pentane) in the form of impurities. All of these components are saturated hydrocarbons. The composition of liquefied hydrocarbon gases can also include unsaturated hydrocarbons: ethylene, propylene, butylene. Butane-butylenes may be present as isomeric compounds (isobutane and isobutylene). When designing and operating liquefied petroleum gas systems, it is necessary to take into account the external equilibrium between the liquid and the gas. The paper analyzes the change in the ratio of components, in which the relative content of lighter hydrocarbons will decrease, while the content of heavier ones will increase. With an intensive flow of gas, the temperature of the liquid will drop sharply, estimation will be disturbed, and the vessel will freeze. Therefore, when operating balloon installations, it is very important to consider safety issues that are associated with containers’ filling, as well as with the change in the composition of hydrocarbon gases mixture. The discussed issues related to the calculation of a two-phase system of liquefied hydrocarbon gas can improve the operating conditions of the systems.
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Mahmud, Tasiu, Ibrahim Alhaji Sabo, Zakari Nuhu Lambu, Dauda Danlami, and Adamu Abdullahi Shehu. "Hydrocarbon Degradation Potentials of Fungi: A Review." Journal of Environmental Bioremediation and Toxicology 5, no. 1 (August 5, 2022): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.54987/jebat.v5i1.681.
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One of the serious problems affecting the environment nowadays is petroleum hydrocarbon contaminations resulting from the activities in the oil and gas sector, these include: oil-spill, tank leakage, lubrication, petroleum exploitation, transportation, and services. Various techniques including mechanical and chemical methods have been employed for the bioremediation and degradation of hydrocarbons pollutants from the environments, however, some of these methods are generally expensive and may have detrimental effects on the environment, hence bioremediation is the alternative solution to hydrocarbon pollutants. Among microorganisms used in bioremediation technology nowadays, fungi are efficient, reliable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly that can be used to cleanup and detoxify hydrocarbons contaminants from the environment viz; soil, water, and sediments. Bioremediation using fungi ensures the complete degradation and mineralization of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants into carbon dioxide, water, inorganic compounds, and cell biomass. This review focuses on the potentials of fungi in the bioremediation of total petroleum hydrocarbons including the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We reviewed and discussed current approaches in the bioremediation of hydrocarbon including the mechanisms of fungal bioremediation of hydrocarbon, which involves biosurfactants production and the use of fungal enzymes in the degradation of hydrocarbon pollutants. In general, fungi are more efficient and effective in the removal of hydrocarbon contaminants from the environments viz., water, soil, and sediments. However, the potentiality of fungi has not been exploited fully, hence further studies are recommended especially in the current genomic and proteomic era.
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Meng, Qingqiang, Jiajun Jing, Jingzhou Li, Dongya Zhu, Ande Zou, Lunju Zheng, and Zhijun Jin. "New exploration strategy in igneous petroliferous basins – Enlightenment from simulation experiments." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 36, no. 4 (March 11, 2018): 971–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598718758338.
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There are two kinds of relationships between magmatism and the generation of hydrocarbons from source rocks in petroliferous basins, namely: (1) simultaneous magmatism and hydrocarbon generation, and (2) magmatism that occurs after hydrocarbon generation. Although the influence of magmatism on hydrocarbon source rocks has been extensively studied, there has not been a systematic comparison between these two relationships and their influences on hydrocarbon generation. Here, we present an overview of the influence of magmatism on hydrocarbon generation based on the results of simulation experiments. These experiments indicate that the two relationships outlined above have different influences on the generation of hydrocarbons. Magmatism that occurred after hydrocarbon generation contributed deeply sourced hydrogen gas that improved liquid hydrocarbon productivity between the mature and overmature stages of maturation, increasing liquid hydrocarbon productivity to as much as 451.59% in the case of simulation temperatures of up to 450°C during modelling where no hydrogen gas was added. This relationship also increased the gaseous hydrocarbon generation ratio at temperatures up to 450°C, owing to the cracking of initially generated liquid hydrocarbons and the cracking of kerogen. Our simulation experiments suggest that gaseous hydrocarbons dominate total hydrocarbon generation ratios for overmature source rocks, resulting in a change in petroleum accumulation processes. This in turn suggests that different exploration strategies are warranted for the different relationships outlined above. For example, simultaneous magmatism and hydrocarbon generation in an area means that exploration should focus on targets likely to host large oilfields, whereas in areas with magmatism that post-dates hydrocarbon generation the exploration should focus on both oil and gas fields. In addition, exploration strategies in igneous petroliferous basins should focus on identifying high-quality reservoirs as well as determining the relationship between magmatism and initial hydrocarbon generation.
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Truskewycz, Adam, Taylor D. Gundry, Leadin S. Khudur, Adam Kolobaric, Mohamed Taha, Arturo Aburto-Medina, Andrew S. Ball, and Esmaeil Shahsavari. "Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contamination in Terrestrial Ecosystems—Fate and Microbial Responses." Molecules 24, no. 18 (September 19, 2019): 3400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24183400.
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Petroleum hydrocarbons represent the most frequent environmental contaminant. The introduction of petroleum hydrocarbons into a pristine environment immediately changes the nature of that environment, resulting in reduced ecosystem functionality. Natural attenuation represents the single, most important biological process which removes petroleum hydrocarbons from the environment. It is a process where microorganisms present at the site degrade the organic contaminants without the input of external bioremediation enhancers (i.e., electron donors, electron acceptors, other microorganisms or nutrients). So successful is this natural attenuation process that in environmental biotechnology, bioremediation has developed steadily over the past 50 years based on this natural biodegradation process. Bioremediation is recognized as the most environmentally friendly remediation approach for the removal of petroleum hydrocarbons from an environment as it does not require intensive chemical, mechanical, and costly interventions. However, it is under-utilized as a commercial remediation strategy due to incomplete hydrocarbon catabolism and lengthy remediation times when compared with rival technologies. This review aims to describe the fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment and discuss their interactions with abiotic and biotic components of the environment under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Furthermore, the mechanisms for dealing with petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in the environment will be examined. When petroleum hydrocarbons contaminate land, they start to interact with its surrounding, including physical (dispersion), physiochemical (evaporation, dissolution, sorption), chemical (photo-oxidation, auto-oxidation), and biological (plant and microbial catabolism of hydrocarbons) interactions. As microorganism (including bacteria and fungi) play an important role in the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons, investigations into the microbial communities within contaminated soils is essential for any bioremediation project. This review highlights the fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in tertial environments, as well as the contributions of different microbial consortia for optimum petroleum hydrocarbon bioremediation potential. The impact of high-throughput metagenomic sequencing in determining the underlying degradation mechanisms is also discussed. This knowledge will aid the development of more efficient, cost-effective commercial bioremediation technologies.
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Dunmore, R. E., J. R. Hopkins, R. T. Lidster, J. D. Lee, M. J. Evans, A. R. Rickard, A. C. Lewis, and J. F. Hamilton. "Diesel-related hydrocarbons can dominate gas phase reactive carbon in megacities." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 6 (March 31, 2015): 9541–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-9541-2015.
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Abstract. Hydrocarbons are key precursors to two priority air pollutants, ozone and particulate matter. Those with two to seven carbons have historically been straightforward to observe and have been successfully reduced in many developed cities through air quality policy interventions. Longer chain hydrocarbons released from diesel vehicles are not considered explicitly as part of air quality strategies and there are few direct measurements of their gaseous abundance in the atmosphere. This study describes the chemically comprehensive and continuous measurements of organic compounds in a developed megacity (London), which demonstrate that on a seasonal median basis, diesel-related hydrocarbons represent only 20–30% of the total hydrocarbon mixing ratio but comprise more than 50% of the atmospheric hydrocarbon mass and are a dominant local source of secondary organic aerosols. This study shows for the first time that, 60% of the winter primary hydrocarbon hydroxyl radical reactivity is from diesel-related hydrocarbons and using the maximum incremental reactivity scale, we predict that they contribute up to 50% of the ozone production potential in London. Comparing real-world urban composition with regulatory emissions inventories in the UK and US highlights a previously unaccounted for but, very significant under-reporting of diesel related hydrocarbons; an underestimation of a factor ~ 4 for C9 species rising to a factor of over 70 for C12 during winter. These observations show that hydrocarbons from diesel vehicles can dominate gas phase reactive carbon in cities with high diesel fleet fractions. Future control of urban particulate matter and ozone in such locations requires a shift in policy focus onto gas phase hydrocarbons released from diesels as this vehicle type continues to displace gasoline world-wide.
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Dunmore, R. E., J. R. Hopkins, R. T. Lidster, J. D. Lee, M. J. Evans, A. R. Rickard, A. C. Lewis, and J. F. Hamilton. "Diesel-related hydrocarbons can dominate gas phase reactive carbon in megacities." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 17 (September 7, 2015): 9983–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9983-2015.
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Abstract. Hydrocarbons are key precursors to two priority air pollutants, ozone and particulate matter. Those with two to seven carbons have historically been straightforward to observe and have been successfully reduced in many developed cities through air quality policy interventions. Longer chain hydrocarbons released from diesel vehicles are not considered explicitly as part of air quality strategies and there are few direct measurements of their gaseous abundance in the atmosphere. This study describes the chemically comprehensive and continuous measurements of organic compounds in a developed megacity (London), which demonstrate that on a seasonal median basis, diesel-related hydrocarbons represent only 20–30 % of the total hydrocarbon mixing ratio but comprise more than 50 % of the atmospheric hydrocarbon mass and are a dominant local source of secondary organic aerosols. This study shows for the first time that 60 % of the winter primary hydrocarbon hydroxyl radical reactivity is from diesel-related hydrocarbons and using the maximum incremental reactivity scale, we predict that they contribute up to 50 % of the ozone production potential in London. Comparing real-world urban composition with regulatory emissions inventories in the UK and US highlights a previously unaccounted for, but very significant, under-reporting of diesel-related hydrocarbons; an underestimation of a factor ~4 for C9 species rising to a factor of over 70 for C12 during winter. These observations show that hydrocarbons from diesel vehicles can dominate gas phase reactive carbon in cities with high diesel fleet fractions. Future control of urban particulate matter and ozone in such locations requires a shift in policy focus onto gas phase hydrocarbons released from diesels as this vehicle type continues to displace gasoline world-wide.
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Gurov, Yuri P., Evgeny О. Zemlianskii, Andrey G. Mozyrev, and Slavik G. Agaev. "PARAMETERS CRYSTALLIZATION PROCESSES AND SOLID PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS DISSOLUTION." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 63, no. 6 (May 13, 2020): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20206306.6181.
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In the proposed work, the experimental data on the processes of crystallization and different nature waxy hydrocarbons recrystallization in hydrocarbon solvents have been compared. T-1 technical paraffin (GOST 23683-89) with the melting point of 54 °С and ceresin-80 (GOST 2488-79) with the dropping temperature of 80 °C have been used. РТ-1 kerosene (GOST 10227-86) and de-waxed oil of fraction 420-490 °С have been used as hydrocarbon solvents. The experimental data on crystallization and recrystallization processes of paraffin wax with a melting temperature of 54 ºC and ceresin with a dropping temperature of 80 °C in kerosene and dewaxed oil are presented in this paper. It is shown that chemical structure has the main influence on the processes of crystallization and recrystallization of solid petroleum hydrocarbons. An exceedance of solid hydrocarbons solution temperatures tр above their cloud points tп has been observed which is explained by hysteretic processes. The temperature difference Δt = tр- tп depends on the solid hydrocarbons nature and their content in solvents. Wax solutions in kerosene have higher values Δt relative to ceresin solutions in kerosene, which can be explained by the difference in chemical structure of solid hydrocarbons. With the increase in solid hydrocarbons content in their solvents due to the differences in solid hydrocarbons diffusion rate, Δt decreases. The discovered regularities of solid hydrocarbons crystallization and recrystallization should be taken into account in the processes of paraffin oil production, transportation and processing.
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Pang, Xiongqi, Ian Lerche, Haiyan Zhou, and Zhengxue Jiang. "Hydrocarbon Accumulation Control by Predominant Migration Pathways." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 21, no. 3 (June 2003): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/014459803769520034.
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Geological analysis and physical analogy experiments indicate that, under geological conditions, hydrocarbon tends to migrate along a path of least resistance and attempt to follow the largest buoyancy component. There are four generalized modes of possible transport. First, hydrocarbons tends to migrate along the pathways with high porosity and permeability, and with a large grade difference relative to surrounding rocks (grade difference predominance); second, hydrocarbons tends to migrate in the opposite direction in overlying formations to the nadir of the sedimentation centre (divided syncline predominance); third, hydrocarbons tends to migrate in the direction of lower fluid pressure (fluid pressure predominance); fourth, hydrocarbons tends to migrate in the direction vertical to buoyancy (flow direction predominance). This paper reports on field observations in the Daqing oilfield area of China and also on physical analog experiments used to illuminate the four basic modes of transport. Under geological conditions, the hydrocarbon migration pathways are controlled by these four basic modes, which can be used to predict the directions of hydrocarbons migration and select favourable exploration locations.
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Tan, Yew Ai, and Ainte Kuntom. "Hydrocarbons m Crude Palm Kernel Oil." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 77, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/77.1.67.
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Abstract The sources of hydrocarbons in crude palm kernel oil were investigated by a series of laboratory-controlled oil extractions of kernels of varying quality. Site examinations of palm kernel-crushing plants were also conducted to determine possible sources of hydrocarbon contamination of palm kernels throughout the process of kernel extraction. Parallel to these studies, a random survey of crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) produced by different kernel crushers was also carried out to determine the range of hydrocarbon concentrations in locally produced CPKO. This study showed that hydrocarbons can be picked up from sources such as glassware, extracting apparatus, and plastic containers and stoppers. Extraction of oil from low-quality kernels that were both moldy and rancid, broken kernels, and kernels plus added shells also resulted in a higher hydrocarbon level in the final CPKO. Overheating and cooking of the kernels before extraction also contributed to the overall hydrocarbon content. The random survey of hydrocarbon level showed a range of 0.6–7.1 ppm.
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Irene, Desy Shintya, I. Gusti Ngurah Putra Dirgayusa, and Ni Luh Putu Ria Puspitha. "Identifikasi Bakteri yang Berpotensi Mendegradasi Hidrokarbon dari Substrat Mangrove dengan Tekstur Berpasir, Berlumpur, dan Tanah Liat." Journal of Marine and Aquatic Sciences 6, no. 2 (December 3, 2020): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmas.2020.v06.i02.p4.
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Hydrocarbon compounds are commonly found in petroleum and gas, plastics, paraffins, and bitumen. Although hydrocarbons are the constituent compounds of the materials used by humans, some hydrocarbon compounds have adverse effects on the environment and humans. One alternative to solve this problem is by using Mangrove substrate in Ngurah Rai Forest Park, Bali which is the habitat of several species of bacteria that interfere with degrading hydrocarbons. This study aims to identify the bacteria that interfere with hydroxon, through macroscopic observation, microscopic and biochemical tests. The results of this study showed six isolate bacteria that interfere with degrading hydrocarbon compounds. Six isolates were from the genus Alcaligenes of sandy mangroves, Pseudomonas and Bacillus genus from muddy mangrove soils, and two genera of bacteria from clay substrate namely Alcaligenes and Bacillus. The disturbing bacterial proposals underlying the highest hydrocarbon were found on clay with a value of 58.51% and the lowest on sandy substrates, with a discount value of 0%. The highest value on the clay substrate can cause the clay substrate to bind hydrocarbons, air, nutrients, and oxygen higher than sandy and muddy soils. The lowest value on sandy substrate can lead to low bacterial capability and it takes a long time for bacteria to degrade hydrocarbons.
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Ohwovorione, Lucky, and Onoriode Emoyan. "CONCENTRATIONS AND ASSOCIATED RISK OF SELECTED ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS IN SEDIMENTS FROM RIVER ETHIOPE, SOUTHERN NIGERIA." Nigerian Journal of Science and Environment 22, no. 1 (April 30, 2024): 194–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.61448/njse2212415.
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The contamination of aquatic ecosystems by hydrocarbon compounds poses severe environmental and human health concerns. Hence this study aimed to investigate the concentrations and associated risk of selected aliphatic hydrocarbons in sediments from the River Ethiope, an important water resource in Nigeria. A comprehensive sampling was conducted, collecting sediment samples at various locations (Umuaja, Obinoba, Abraka, Eku, Okpara, Aghalokpe, and Sapele) along the river. The samples were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) to quantify the concentrations of hydrocarbons, with a specific focus on aliphatic hydrocarbons. These compounds are known for their potential adverse effects on human health and the environment. From the results obtained in this study, the total concentrations of Aliphatic compounds at various site from sites ranged from 10897 -316783 μg/kg in (C8-C39), with Okpara containing the highest concentration and Eku with the lowest concentration. Hydrocarbon C36was not detected in Umuaja while hydrocarbon C37was not discovered in Aghalokpe, Okpara-Waterside and Sapele. Also, hydrocarbon C10, C11and C12was not detected in Okpara-Waterside and Sapele. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in all hydrocarbons detected among the different sampling locations except in hydrocarbon C34which showed no significant different (p>0.05). The outcome of this study from carbon preference index (CPI) reveals that the major source of hydrocarbon contamination is associated with petroleum activities and have contributed valuable information for environmental monitoring programs, policymaking, and decision-making processes aimed at safeguarding water quality and mitigating the potential detrimental effects of hydrocarbon contamination in similar aquatic environments.
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Malina, I., K. Malins, M. Strods-Vavilovs, and V. Uleiskis. "Renewable Hydrocarbon Production via Rapeseed Oil Hydrotreatment Over Palladium Catalysts." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 897, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/897/1/012012.
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Abstract The effect of SiO2-Al2O3 (Pd5%/SA), activated carbon (Pd5%/C) and Al2O3 (Pd5%/A) supported palladium (5%) catalysts on renewable hydrocarbon synthesis via rapeseed oil hydrotreatment was investigated. The hydrotreatment experiments were carried out in solvent free medium under initial H2 pressure 100 bar and at 340 °C temperature for 120 min using catalyst amount 5%. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis were used for estimation of hydrocarbon content in the obtained samples. Pd5%/SA catalyst provided complete conversion of rapeseed oil into marketable liquid renewable hydrocarbons without presence of oxygen containing substances under studied hydrotreatment conditions. Moreover, all tested Pd catalysts gave narrow range of linear saturated hydrocarbons (n-C15-C19). Pd5%/C and Pd5%/A catalysts gave partial feedstock conversion into hydrocarbons even in long residence time. Overall liquid hydrocarbon yields were from 55.3% to 82.3%.
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Wang, Zhendi, and Mervin F. Fingas. "Identification of the Source(s) of Unknown Spilled Oils." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-211.
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ABSTRACT The ability to unambiguously identify spilled oils and petroleum products in complex contaminated environmental samples and to link them to the known sources is extremely important in settling questions of environmental impacts and liability. This paper will briefly review advanced chemical fingerprinting and data interpreting techniques used to identify sources of spilled oils. The chemical fingerprinting techniques discussed include pattern recognition evaluation of target petroleum hydrocarbon distributions; determination of major oil components and hydrocarbon groups; determination of diagnostic ratios of source-specific marker compounds such as PAHs and biomarkers; target PAH isomer analysis; and carbon isotopic ratio analysis. Methods for distinguishing biogenic and pyrogenic hydrocarbons from petrogenic hydrocarbons are also addressed. Several examples are presented to illustrate approaches to identifying and allocating multiple sources of hydrocarbons in complex hydrocarbon mixtures using these advanced chemical fingerprinting techniques.
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Thomas, Melissa L., and Leigh W. Simmons. "Short-term phenotypic plasticity in long-chain cuticular hydrocarbons." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1721 (March 2, 2011): 3123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0159.
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Cuticular hydrocarbons provide arthropods with the chemical equivalent of the visually extravagant plumage of birds. Their long chain length, together with the number and variety of positions in which methyl branches and double bonds occur, provide cuticular hydrocarbons with an extraordinary level of information content. Here, we demonstrate phenotypic plasticity in an individual's cuticular hydrocarbon profile. Using solid-phase microextraction, a chemical technique that enables multiple sampling of the same individual, we monitor short-term changes in cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of individual crickets, Teleogryllus oceanicus , in response to a social challenge. We experimentally manipulate the dominance status of males and find that dominant males, on losing fights with other dominant males, change their hydrocarbon profile to more closely resemble that of a subordinate. This result demonstrates that cuticular hydrocarbons can be far more responsive to changes in social dominance than previously realized.
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Yusne, Nurul Izzati Liyana, and Wan Razarinah Wan Abdul Razak. "Ability of Pseudomonas sp. and Aspergillus sp. on the Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons Contaminated Water: A Review." Bioresources and Environment 1, no. 3 (October 30, 2023): 76–89. https://doi.org/10.24191/bioenv.v1i3.46.
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In the year 2022, an estimated 41,000 tonnes of petroleum hydrocarbon spills were officially reported, underscoring the urgent environmental concern linked with the contamination of water bodies. This comprehensive analysis highlights the notable species engaged in the process of bioremediation for petroleum hydrocarbons within marine environments, specifically focusing on the Pseudomonas and Aspergillus species. Petroleum hydrocarbons pose multifaceted toxicological hazards to both human and animal well-being. The objective of this study is to review the distinctive attributes of Pseudomonas and Aspergillus species that render them suitable candidates for the bioremediation of hydrocarbon-polluted water, encompassing their capacity to flourish in hydrocarbon-laden conditions, generate biosurfactants as emulsifying agents, and degrade a diverse spectrum of petroleum hydrocarbons. Furthermore, this review aims to assess how the formation of a consortium enhances the efficiency of the bioremediation process.
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Nadjafova, S. I., and N. M. Ismaylov. "Screening of Active Oil Destructors from Various Zones of Urban Soils (on the Example of Baku)." Агрохимия, no. 6 (August 15, 2024): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0002188124060098.
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Active cultures of hydrocarbon-decomposing microorganisms from soils of various functional zones of Baku were screened. It was shown that 15 cultures of hydrocarbon-decomposing microorganisms isolated as a result of continuous screening belonged to the genera Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Mycobacterium, Actinomyces, Arthrobacter, Micrococcus and were able to use various hydrocarbons (crude oil, paraffin and aromatic hydrocarbons and petroleum products) as the only source of carbon and energy. According to the degree of decomposition, petroleum hydrocarbons were ranked in the series: a mixture of paraffins petroleum products aromatic hydrocarbons crude oil, while the most active strains of microorganisms were isolated from the soils of the industrial and transport zones of Baku, compared with the soils of the recreational zone. The isolated active strains can be considered promising for the creation of biological products to increase soil resistance to pollutants and activate the processes of self-purification of already contaminated soils.
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Ponomareva, Anna L., Alena I. Eskova, Renat B. Shakirov, Nadezhda S. Syrbu, Aleksey A. Legkodimov, and Roman A. Grigorov. "Groups of Geomicrobiological Indicators Are Spread across Gas-Hydrate and Non-Gas-Hydrate Areas in the Northern Part of the Sea of Japan." Biology 11, no. 12 (December 12, 2022): 1802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11121802.
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The bioindication of oil and gas fields is a field of geomicrobiology that is mainly devoted to the detection of hydrocarbon-oxidizing microbial indicator species or functional genes in total DNA. However, it appears promising to use the physiological properties of microorganisms detection deposit type of hydrocarbons, in particular their ability to oxidize hydrocarbons under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In this study, the most promising approach in this area was the method used for assessing the anaerobic degradation of hydrocarbons. When comparing molecular genetics and cultured methods of bioindication, it can be concluded that molecular biomarkers of functional genes for the anaerobic destruction of hydrocarbons (masD) make it possible to separate areas with traditional and gas-hydrate types of deposits. Using cultured methods, we found that representatives of the Nocardiaceae family of the phylum Actinomycetota were tied to the areas where gas hydrates were found. The ability of aerobic and facultative anaerobic hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms to anaerobically utilize hydrocarbons was determined with cultured methods. For the first time, this ability was revealed for the genera Stenotrophomonas, Psychrobacter, Micrococcus and Peribacillus. The wide distribution of this ability that we found in strains isolated from both study regions suggests its prominent role in the destruction of hydrocarbons in marine sediments.
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Abdulhussein, Hassan Muslem, Sahira Nsayef Muslim, and Wafaa Hassan Muslem. "Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil by xylanase enzyme." Advancements in Life Sciences 12, no. 1 (January 29, 2025): 255. https://doi.org/10.62940/als.v12i1.3125.
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Background: The global spread of petrochemical and petroleum contamination, such as petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs), is currently a significant environmental risk. The global biosphere is badly harmed by these pollutants, and biodiversity is significantly reduced. This study was to screen for xylanase synthesis in Pseudomonas spp. and evaluate its efficiency as a bioremediator in removal of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbon-contaminated soil.Methods: Soil samples from Al-Dora oil plant Baghdad, Iraq, were cultured in nutritional agar medium containing 0.5% of corn cob xylan for determination of xylanase producers and measuring of xylanase activity, after that xylanaseproducers were identified. The xylanase was purified with DEAE-cellulose chromatography and the percentage of hydrocarbon degradation was calculated after treatment of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil with purified xylanase and detection of hydrocarbon degradation percentage.Results: Pseudomonas putida had the highest productivity for xylanase in comparison with other Pseudomonas species such as Pseudomonas syringae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which revealed lower levels in xylanase production. Ammonium salt saturation and ion exchange chromatography were used to purify the xylanase enzyme on a DEAE-cellulose column with ultimate recovery of 43% and 4.3 fold of purification. With pure xylanase, hydrocarbons degraded over time, peaking after two weeks and then progressively diminishing.Conclusions: Pseudomonas putida is the best producer foe xylanase than other species. The purified xylanase led to removal of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbon-contaminated soil with time increasing manner until maximum removal after 15 days. Authors recommend using xylanase for cleaning up of oil-contaminated areas. Therefore, employing microorganisms as biological tools may be a more feasible way to handle one of the most serious issues in modern society which might be a more workable and affordable way to minimize waste and preserve natural resources.Keywords: Petroleum hydrocarbons; Pseudomonas putida; Xylanase; Bioremediation; Soil contamination
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Parinos, C., A. Gogou, I. Bouloubassi, R. Pedrosa-Pàmies, I. Hatzianestis, A. Sanchez-Vidal, G. Rousakis, D. Velaoras, G. Krokos, and V. Lykousis. "Occurrence, sources and transport pathways of natural and anthropogenic hydrocarbons in deep-sea sediments of the eastern Mediterranean Sea." Biogeosciences 10, no. 9 (September 24, 2013): 6069–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6069-2013.
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Abstract. Surface sediments collected from deep basins (1018–4087 m depth) of the eastern Mediterranean Sea (Ionian Sea, southern Aegean Sea and northwestern Levantine Sea) were analyzed for aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as tracers of natural and anthropogenic inputs. Concentrations of total aliphatic hydrocarbons, n-alkanes and the unresolved complex mixture (UCM) of aliphatic hydrocarbons varied significantly, ranging from 1.34 to 49.2 μg g−1, 145 to 4810 ng g−1 and 0.73 to 36.7 μg g−1, respectively, while concentrations of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) ranged between 11.6 and 223 ng g−1. Molecular profiles of determined hydrocarbons reflect a mixed contribution from both natural and anthropogenic sources in deep-sea sediments of the eastern Mediterranean Sea, i.e., terrestrial plant waxes, degraded petroleum products, unburned fossil fuels and combustion of grass, wood and coal. Hydrocarbon mixtures display significant variability amongst sub-regions, reflecting differences in the relative importance of inputs from various sources and phase associations/transport pathways of individual hydrocarbons that impact on their overall distribution and fate. Hydrocarbon concentrations correlated significantly with the organic carbon content of sediments, indicating that the latter exerts an important control on their transport and ultimate accumulation in deep basins. Additionally, water masses' circulation characteristics also seem to influence the regional features and distribution patterns of hydrocarbons. Our findings highlight the role of deep basins/canyons as repositories of both natural and anthropogenic chemical species.
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Tian, Shansi, Zhentao Dong, Bo Liu, Haitao Xue, Valentina Erastova, Min Wang, and Haiyang Yan. "Characteristics of Gaseous/Liquid Hydrocarbon Adsorption Based on Numerical Simulation and Experimental Testing." Molecules 27, no. 14 (July 19, 2022): 4590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27144590.
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Hydrocarbon vapor adsorption experiments (HVAs) are one of the most prevalent methods used to evaluate the proportion of adsorbed state oil, critical in understanding the recoverable resources of shale oil. HVAs have some limitations, which cannot be directly used to evaluate the proportion of adsorbed state oil. The proportion of adsorbed state oil from HVA is always smaller than that in shale oil reservoirs, which is caused by the difference in adsorption characteristics of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons. The results of HVA need to be corrected. In this paper, HVA was conducted with kaolinite, an important component of shale. A new method is reported here to evaluate the proportion of adsorbed state oil. Molecular dynamics simulations (MDs) of gaseous/liquid hydrocarbons with the same temperature and pressure as the HVAs were used as a reference to reveal the errors in the HVAs evaluation from the molecular scale. We determine the amount of free state of hydrocarbons by HVAs, and then calculate the proportion of adsorbed state oil by the liquid hydrocarbon MD simulation under the same conditions. The results show that gaseous hydrocarbons adsorptions are monolayer at low relative pressures and bilayer at high relative pressures. The liquid hydrocarbons adsorption is multilayer adsorption. The adsorption capacity of liquid hydrocarbons is over 2.7 times higher than gaseous hydrocarbons. The new method will be more effective and accurate to evaluate the proportion of adsorbed state oil.
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Taylor, Nicole M., Courtney R. A. Toth, Victoria Collins, Paolo Mussone, and Lisa M. Gieg. "The Effect of an Adsorbent Matrix on Recovery of Microorganisms from Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Groundwater." Microorganisms 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9010090.
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The microbial degradation of recalcitrant hydrocarbons is an important process that can contribute to the remediation of oil and gas-contaminated environments. Due to the complex structure of subsurface terrestrial environments, it is important to identify the microbial communities that may be contributing to biodegradation processes, along with their abilities to metabolize different hydrocarbons in situ. In this study, a variety of adsorbent materials were assessed for their ability to trap both hydrocarbons and microorganisms in contaminated groundwater. Of the materials tested, a porous polymer resin (Tenax-TA) recovered the highest diversity of microbial taxa in preliminary experiments and was selected for additional (microcosm-based) testing. Oxic and anoxic experiments were prepared with groundwater collected from a contaminated aquifer to assess the ability of Tenax-TA to adsorb two environmental hydrocarbon contaminants of interest (toluene and benzene) while simultaneously providing a surface for microbial growth and hydrocarbon biodegradation. Microorganisms in oxic microcosms completely degraded both targets within 14 days of incubation, while anoxically-incubated microorganisms metabolized toluene but not benzene in less than 80 days. Community analysis of Tenax-TA-associated microorganisms revealed taxa highly enriched in sessile hydrocarbon-degrading treatments, including Saprospiraceae, Azoarcus, and Desulfoprunum, which may facilitate hydrocarbon degradation. This study showed that Tenax-TA can be used as a matrix to effectively trap both microorganisms and hydrocarbons in contaminated environmental systems for assessing and studying hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms of interest.
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Doley, Ruby, and Manoj Barthakur. "Biotransformation of aromatic hydrocarbon: Naphthalene to Aliphatic Hydrocarbons through Staphylococcus pasteuri RD2." Annals of Plant Sciences 7, no. 5 (April 30, 2018): 2247. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/aps.2018.7.5.7.
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Aromatic hydrocarbons like naphthalene are common environmental pollutants of petrochemical waste. Microorganisms have been exploited since long back to clean up such pollutants by converting them in to either non- toxic or less toxic aromatic or aliphatic compounds. A bacterial strain have been isolated from oil sludge of Guwahati Refinery, Assam and was identified as Staphylococcus pasteuri RD2 (NCBI accession number MG680735) through 16srDNA sequence analysis and molecular phylogeny. The bacterial strain transforms Naphthalene, a common hazardous aromatic hydrocarbon found in petrochemical waste, into a number of less hazardous aliphatic hydrocarbons. Detection of compounds such as Decane, Dodecane, tetradecane, Hexadecane, Eicosane, and heptane by GC-MS analysis of naphthalene enrichment culture broth suggested that the bacterial strain was able to transform naphthalene in to different aliphatic hydrocarbons with less toxicity and having chain length of C7 to C20. It has also been depicted a pathway to obtain aliphatic hydrocarbons with higher caloric value from aromatic hydrocarbon waste.
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Fan, Li, Xianhe Gong, Quanwei Lv, Denghui Bin, and Li’Ao Wang. "Construction of Shale Gas Oil-Based Drilling Cuttings Degrading Bacterial Consortium and Their Degradation Characteristics." Microorganisms 12, no. 2 (February 2, 2024): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12020318.
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Oil-based drilling cuttings (OBDCs) contain petroleum hydrocarbons with complex compositions and high concentrations, which have highly carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic properties. In this study, three highly efficient petroleum hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were screened from OBDCs of different shale gas wells in Chongqing, China, and identified as Rhodococcus sp. and Dietzia sp. Because of their ability to degrade hydrocarbons of various chain lengths, a new method was proposed for degrading petroleum hydrocarbons in shale gas OBDCs by combining different bacterial species. Results showed that the bacterial consortium, consisting of the three strains, exhibited the highest degradation rate for petroleum hydrocarbons, capable of degrading 74.38% of long-chain alkanes and 93.57% of short-chain alkanes, respectively. Moreover, the petroleum hydrocarbon degradation performance of the bacterial consortium in actual OBDCs could reach 90.60% in the optimal conditions, and the degradation kinetic process followed a first-order kinetic model. This study provides a certain technical reserve for the bioremediation of shale gas OBDCs.
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YEN, T. F., J. F. KUO, and G. V. CHILINGARIAN. "Note on Hydrocarbon 2. Naphthenic Hydrocarbons." Energy Sources 9, no. 2 (January 1987): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908318708908689.
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Nemirovskaya, I. A., V. D. Oneginа, A. P. Lisitzin, and B. V. Konovalov. "Origin of hydrocarbons in suspended matter and bottom sediments near the Crimean peninsula." Доклады Академии наук 484, no. 5 (May 16, 2019): 600–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-56524845600-604.
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It was established that the content of hydrocarbons in the surface waters of the Feodosia Gulf fluctuated were varied a wide range (11–179 μg/l), and exceeded the MPC values for petroleum hydrocarbons in individual samples. The highest concentrations were observed in 2016. The composition of alkanes suggested their mixed (autochthonous and allochthonous) origin. The weathered petroleum hydrocarbons have been identified only in a few cases. In bottom sediments, the concentrations of hydrocarbons depended on their grain size distribution, and terrigenous alkanes were dominated in their composition. The oil and pyrogenic hydrocarbons’ pollution were established based on the composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In the open part of the Black Sea, southward the Crimean peninsula, the hydrocarbon content in surface waters and bottom sediments were at the level of background concentrations, and homologs of terrigenous origin dominated in their composition.
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Yin, Xiafei, Xin Wang, Minjun Qiu, Wei Shao, Min Ai, and Guobin Liang. "Two types of microorganisms isolated from petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants: Degradation characteristics and metabolic pathways analysis of petroleum hydrocarbons." PLOS ONE 19, no. 11 (November 13, 2024): e0312416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0312416.
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The petroleum hydrocarbons in seawater have been worldwide concern contaminants. Biological method, with the advantages of low cost, minimal environmental impact, and no secondary pollution, is a promising method for petroleum hydrocarbon treatment. In this study, two strains, identified as Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila and Ochrobactrum, were demonstrated to possess the ability to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons. The mixed culture composed of Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila and Ochrobactrum at a 2:1 ratio was able to achieve 79.41% degradation of the total petroleum hydrocarbons after 5 days. Besides, the average removal efficiencies of C10-C30 components in petroleum hydrocarbons by Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila, Ochrobactrum, and mixed culture were 62.98%, 59.14% and 73.30%, respectively. The possible degradation pathways of petroleum hydrocarbons had been speculated through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and differential gene expression metabolomics analyses. The toxicity of products from the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons was greatly reduced.
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Liang, Xiaofei, Qinhong Hu, Xiugang Pu, Wei Li, Qiming Wang, Mengdi Sun, and Wenzhong Han. "Multifractal Methods in Characterizing Pore Structure Heterogeneity During Hydrous Pyrolysis of Lacustrine Shale." Fractal and Fractional 8, no. 11 (November 11, 2024): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract8110657.
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By using gas physisorption and multifractal theory, this study analyzes pore structure heterogeneity and influencing factors during thermal maturation of naturally immature but artificially matured shale from the Kongdian Formation after being subjected to hydrous pyrolysis from 250 °C to 425 °C. As thermal maturity increases, the transformation of organic matter, generation, retention, and expulsion of hydrocarbons, and formation of various pore types, lead to changes in pore structure heterogeneity. The entire process is divided into three stages: bitumen generation stage (250–300 °C), oil generation stage (325–375 °C), and oil cracking stage (400–425 °C). During the bitumen generation stage, retained hydrocarbons decrease total-pore and mesopore volumes. Fractal parameters ΔD indicative of pore connectivity shows little change, while Hurst exponent H values for pore structure heterogeneity drop significantly, indicating reduced pore connectivity due to bitumen clogging. During the peak oil generation stage, both ΔD and H values increase, indicating enhanced pore heterogeneity and connectivity due to the expulsion of retained hydrocarbons. In the oil cracking stage, ΔD increases significantly, and H value rises slowly, attributed to the generation of gaseous hydrocarbons further consuming retained hydrocarbons and organic matter, forming more small-diameter pores and increased pore heterogeneity. A strongly negative correlation between ΔD and retained hydrocarbon content, and a strongly positive correlation with gaseous hydrocarbon yield, highlight the dynamic interaction between hydrocarbon phases and pore structure evolution. This study overall provides valuable insights for petroleum generation, storage, and production.
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Conway, Lewis J., and Andreas Hermann. "High Pressure Hydrocarbons Revisited: From van der Waals Compounds to Diamond." Geosciences 9, no. 5 (May 16, 2019): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9050227.
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Methane and other hydrocarbons are major components of the mantle regions of icy planets. Several recent computational studies have investigated the high-pressure behaviour of specific hydrocarbons. To develop a global picture of hydrocarbon stability, to identify relevant decomposition reactions, and probe eventual formation of diamond, a complete study of all hydrocarbons is needed. Using density functional theory calculations we survey here all known C-H crystal structures augmented by targeted crystal structure searches to build hydrocarbon phase diagrams in the ground state and at elevated temperatures. We find that an updated pressure-temperature phase diagram for methane is dominated at intermediate pressures by CH 4 :H 2 van der Waals inclusion compounds. We discuss the P-T phase diagram for CH and CH 2 (i.e., polystyrene and polyethylene) to illustrate that diamond formation conditions are strongly composition dependent. Finally, crystal structure searches uncover a new CH 4 (H 2 ) 2 van der Waals compound, the most hydrogen-rich hydrocarbon, stable between 170 and 220 GPa.
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Pattanayak, Rojalin, Geetanjali Mishra, Chandan Singh Chanotiya, Prasant Kumar Rout, Chandra Sekhar Mohanty, and Omkar. "Semiochemical profile of four aphidophagous Indian Coccinellidae (Coleoptera)." Canadian Entomologist 148, no. 2 (August 3, 2015): 171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2015.45.
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AbstractThe emitted aliphatic hydrocarbon profile of four Indian Coccinellidae (Coleoptera), Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus) (C7), Coccinella transversalis Fabricius (Ct), Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius) (Ms), and Propylea dissecta (Mulsant) (Pd) has been investigated by simple solvent-less headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technique coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Identified volatile and non-volatile compounds were confirmed by running corresponding standards and comparing with the National Institute of Standards and Technology library. Among the 56 identified aliphatic hydrocarbons, saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons were more in number than unsaturated ones. Among saturated hydrocarbons, methyl branched hydrocarbons were more in number in C7 and Ct than Ms and Pd. Menochilus sexmaculatus and Pd had higher percentages of unsaturated hydrocarbons than C7 and Ct. Among branched chain-hydrocarbons, mono-methylated saturated hydrocarbons were more in number than dimethylated saturated hydrocarbons. Further analysis of the semiochemical profile revealed a closeness between C7 and Ct, and between Ms and Pd. Quantitative analysis revealed that straight chain hydrocarbons form separate clusters to branched chain methylated hydrocarbons. This is the first attempt to identify the semiochemical profile of some Indian coccinellids using the headspace solid phase micro-extraction technique coupled with the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. This report will be helpful for various chemotaxonomic studies of the species in the future.
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MIKHAILOVA, A. N., SH A. SAID, M. A. SUWEID, A. A. AL-MUNTASER, S. ZHOU, V. P. MOROZOV, D. A. FEOKTISTOV, D. A. EMELYANOV, and E. V. MOROZOVA. "HYDROTHERMAL CONVERSION OF ORGANIC MATTER OF LOW-PERMEABILITY DOMANIC SHALE ROCK INTO GASEOUS AND LIQUID HYDROCARBONS UNDER A CARBON DIOXIDE ENVIRONMENT." Herald of Technological University 27, no. 7 (2024): 86–92. https://doi.org/10.55421/1998-7072_2024_27_7_86.
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A study was conducted to determine whether temperature influences the nature of organic matter transformation in low-permeable rock of the Mendym deposits Upper Devonian of the Tavel oil field (Tatarstan). An experiment was conducted at 250°C, 300°C, and 350°C in a carbon dioxide environment with a 1:1 water to rock ratio and an exposure time of 24 hours in a carbon dioxide environment. The degree of kerogen conversion in the rock was determined, changes in the composition of the formed gases, group and hydrocarbon composition were assessed extracts (composed of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons) from the rock before and after hydrothermal experiments. It was established that under these experimental conditions at a temperature of 250°C, a decrease in the content of saturated hydrocarbons and an increase in asphaltenes is observed in the extract composition, which indicates the process of desorption of asphaltenes from the kerogen surface and extraction of free hydrocarbons from the rock. At a temperature of 300°C, the yield of the extract increases slightly, however, as a result of the destruction of kerogen and high-molecular components (mainly resins), new hydrocarbons are formed, the content of saturated hydrocarbons increases from 14.53 to 27.34% compared to the original extract. The greatest changes in the composition of gaseous products and extract occur at 350°C, which is reflected in the almost complete extraction of hydrocarbons from the rock, the greatest increase in the yield of hydrocarbon and inorganic gases, and an increase in the content of light hydrocarbons in the composition of the extracts obtained. The content of saturated hydrocarbons increases to 35.29%, aromatic hydrocarbons from 23.11 to 31.11%, while the asphaltenes content decreases by more than 2.5 times. According to the molecular weight distribution data of aromatic hydrocarbons, it has been established that the transformation of organic matter at 350°C is most accompanied by the separation of di-, tricyclic and heterocyclic sulfur-containing aromatic fragments from polycondensed structures.
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S., Mikhailov,, Brovko, R., Lakina, N., and Doluda, V. "Mixed Structure MFI-MORD Zeolite Deactivation in Micro Structured Fluid Conditions in Methanol to Hydrocarbons Transformation Reaction Study." Bulletin of Science and Practice, no. 1 (January 15, 2023): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/86/01.
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Microstructured reaction systems are attracting considerable attention from both the scientific and industrial communities due to their high efficiency, the ability to precisely control the technological processes, and the ability scale up processes. One of the positive effects of using microstructured reaction systems is a decrease in the diffusion coefficient, which in turn has a positive effect on the transfer rates of reactants and reaction products. This should lead to an increase in the reaction rate and a decrease in the deactivation of catalytic systems, if they are used. The article presents the results of studying the activity and stability of a mixed zeolite of the MFI-MORD type in a microreactor and traditional reaction system in the reaction of methanol transformation into hydrocarbons. When carrying out the process in a tubular reactor, an increase in temperature from 350℃ to 450℃ leads to an increase in the rate of formation of hydrocarbons from 0.08 kg(coal)/(kg(cat)×h) to 0.16 kg(Hydrocarbons)/(kg(cat) )×h), and the catalyst deactivation rate increases from 8×10−5 kg(Hydrocarbons)/(kg(Cat)*h) to 4×10−4 kg(Hydrocarbons)/(kg(Cat)×h). When using a microreactor, increasing the temperature from 350℃ to 450℃ leads to an increase in the rate of hydrocarbon production from 0.12 kg (Hydrocarbons)/(kg(Cat)×h) to 0.22 kg(Hydrocarbons)/(kg(Cat)×h), the catalyst deactivation rate also increases from 6×10−6 kg(Hydrocarbons)/(kg(Cat)×h) to 8×10−5kg(Hydrocarbons)/(kg(Cat)×h). Thus, in the case of using a microreactor, an increase in the rate of formation of hydrocarbons by 20-30% and a decrease in the rate of deactivation of the zeolite by 5-10 times are observed. An increase in the rate of the hydrocarbon formation reaction and a decrease in the rate of zeolite deactivation are probably the result of a decrease in diffuse inhibitions in the catalyst bed in the case of using microreactor systems.
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Qu, Yiqian, Siqi Ouyang, Jianwen Gao, Jian Shi, Yiying Wu, Yuting Cheng, Zhen Zhou, Zhou Lyu, Wei Sun, and Hanning Wu. "Pore Space Characteristics and Migration Changes in Hydrocarbons in Shale Reservoir." Fractal and Fractional 8, no. 10 (October 4, 2024): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract8100588.
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The pore structure and mineral characteristics affect the accumulation and migration of hydrocarbons in shale, which determines the production capacity of shale oil. In this study, shale samples from the Chang 7 member of the Ordos Basin in China were selected to investigate the pore space characteristics, the effect of hydrocarbon accumulation on pore heterogeneity, and the hydrocarbon migration changes based on fractal theory, and a series of experiments were conducted involving X-ray diffraction (XRD), total organic carbon (TOC), Soxhlet extraction, and low-temperature nitrogen (N2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption. Then, the factors affecting extraction efficiency in shale pores were discussed. The interparticle pores contributed most to the accumulation of shale oil, and the organic matter (OM) pores contributed positively to the adsorption of hydrocarbons. The accumulation of hydrocarbons in the pore space did not increase the heterogeneity of the shale pore structure. The contents, states, and positions of hydrocarbons changed during the extraction process. Hydrocarbons were redistributed on the pore surface after Soxhlet extraction, and the heterogeneity of hydrocarbon adsorption and pore surface roughness were improved. Some heavy hydrocarbons and adsorbed components were pyrolyzed, resulting in the gradual escape of the adsorbed layer in the large pores. However, the free oil in the small pores diffused to the large pores and reaggregated on the surface, restoring a stable adsorption layer. The extraction rate was closely related to the pore throat structure and the wettability of mineral surfaces. The configuration between pores and throats had a crucial influence on the extraction rate. A high proportion of meso-pores, which effectively connect micro- and macro-pores, had a higher diffusion efficiency and a higher extraction rate. The OM pores with high energy adsorption were located in the micro-pores, and the shale oil existed in a dissolved state with high mobile capacity. The wettability of mineral surfaces affected the adsorption behavior during extraction, and strong oil wetting promoted hydrocarbon re-adsorption in clay minerals, so that the volume of micro-pores was smaller after extraction.
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Māliņš, Kristaps, Ilze Malina, and Mara Legzdina. "The Synthesis of Renewable Hydrocarbons from Different Vegetable Oils and Soapstock by Hydrotreatment over High Metal Loading Supported Ni Catalyst." Key Engineering Materials 903 (November 10, 2021): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.903.81.
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The catalytic hydrotreatment of sunflower (SO), linseed (LO), coconut (CO), rapeseed (RO), and its soapstock derived acid oil (RS) over commercial Ni65%/SiO2-Al2O3 catalyst was investigated to evaluate utilization feasibility of various vegetable oil feedstocks with different fatty acid content, composition, and saturation for marketable hydrocarbon production. The active metal loading of catalyst was characterized by XRF and its textural properties by N2 sorption analysis. The hydrotreatment tests of different vegetable oils were carried out in solvent free medium, under initial H2 pressure 10 MPa, at operating temperature 340 oC, and residence time 15 min using catalyst amount 5%. GC-FID and GC-MS analysis were used for estimation of dominant n-pentadecane, n-hexadecane, n-heptadecane, n-octadecane, and other hydrocarbon contents in obtained samples. Under studied hydrotreatment conditions complete conversion of different vegetable oils into marketable liquid renewable hydrocarbons without presence of oxygen containing substances was achieved. Highly active Ni65%/SiO2-Al2O3 has remarkable selectivity to hydrocarbons produced by reaction pathways, where elimination of carbonyl groups occurs. The saturation of fatty acids in feedstock determines H2 consumption, but influence on produced hydrocarbon production is insignificant. Depending on the fatty acid composition different saturated linear hydrocarbons with wide range of carbon chain length C5-C19 and similar calorific value 47.16-47.34 MJ/kg were produced in process. Overall liquid hydrocarbon yields were from 44.6 % to 78.1 %. The highest overall liquid saturated linear hydrocarbon yield was observed for feedstock with high amount of long chain fatty acids – SO, LO, RO and RS. Pure hydrocarbons obtained from vegetable oils depending on hydrocarbon composition can be used in various areas.
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Baek, Seunghwan, and I. Yucel Akkutlu. "Produced-Fluid Composition Redistribution in Source Rocks for Hydrocarbon-In-Place and Thermodynamic Recovery Calculations." SPE Journal 24, no. 03 (April 5, 2019): 1395–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/195578-pa.
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Summary Source rocks, such as organic-rich shale, consist of a multiscale pore structure that includes pores with sizes down to the nanoscale, contributing to the storage of hydrocarbons. In this study, we observed hydrocarbons in the source rock partition into fluids with significantly varying physical properties across the nanopore-size distribution of the organic matter. This partitioning is a consequence of the multicomponent hydrocarbon mixture stored in the nanopores, exhibiting a significant compositional variation by pore size—the smaller the pore size, the heavier and more viscous the hydrocarbon mixture becomes. The concept of composition redistribution of the produced fluids uses an equilibrium molecular simulation that considers organic matter to be a graphite membrane in contact with a microcrack that holds bulk-phase produced fluid. A new equation of state (EOS) was proposed to predict the density of the redistributed fluid mixtures in nanopores under the initial reservoir conditions. A new volumetric method was presented to ensure the density variability across the measured pore-size distribution to improve the accuracy of predicting hydrocarbons in place. The approach allowed us to account for the bulk hydrocarbon fluids and the fluids under confinement. Multicomponent fluids with redistributed compositions are capillary condensed in nanopores at the lower end of the pore-size distribution of the matrix (&lt;10 nm). The nanoconfinement effects are responsible for the condensation. During production and pressure depletion, the remaining hydrocarbons become progressively heavier. Hence, hydrocarbon vaporization and desorption develop at extremely low pressures. Consequently, hydrocarbon recovery from these small pores is characteristically low.