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Journal articles on the topic 'Hydrocephalus. Microdialysis. Cerebrospinal Fluid'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Karimy, Jason K., Daniel Duran, Jamie K. Hu, et al. "Cerebrospinal fluid hypersecretion in pediatric hydrocephalus." Neurosurgical Focus 41, no. 5 (2016): E10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.8.focus16278.

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Hydrocephalus, despite its heterogeneous causes, is ultimately a disease of disordered CSF homeostasis that results in pathological expansion of the cerebral ventricles. Our current understanding of the pathophysiology of hydrocephalus is inadequate but evolving. Over this past century, the majority of hydrocephalus cases has been explained by functional or anatomical obstructions to bulk CSF flow. More recently, hydrodynamic models of hydrocephalus have emphasized the role of abnormal intracranial pulsations in disease pathogenesis. Here, the authors review the molecular mechanisms of CSF sec

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2

Limbrick Jr, David D., Leandro Castaneyra-Ruiz, Roland H. Han, Daniel Berger, James P. McAllister, and Diego M. Morales. "Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Pediatric Hydrocephalus." Pediatric Neurosurgery 52, no. 6 (2017): 426–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000477175.

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3

Rutka, James T. "Cerebrospinal fluid production in patients with hydrocephalus." Journal of Neurosurgery 97, no. 6 (2002): 1269–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2002.97.6.1269.

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4

Limbrick, David D., Brandon Baksh, Clinton D. Morgan, et al. "Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of infantile congenital hydrocephalus." PLOS ONE 12, no. 2 (2017): e0172353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172353.

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P�rez-F�gares, Jos� Manuel, Antonio J. Jimenez, and Esteban M. Rodr�guez. "Subcommissural organ, cerebrospinal fluid circulation, and hydrocephalus." Microscopy Research and Technique 52, no. 5 (2001): 591–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0029(20010301)52:5<591::aid-jemt1043>3.0.co;2-7.

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6

Czosnyka, Marek, and Zofia H. Czosnyka. "Overdrainage of cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus shunts." Acta Neurochirurgica 159, no. 8 (2017): 1387–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00701-017-3251-8.

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7

Hoekstra, A. "Artificial Shunting of Cerebrospinal Fluid." International Journal of Artificial Organs 17, no. 2 (1994): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139889401700208.

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A compact three-stage shunt valve system (Orbis Sigma™ Valve) which operates as a flow regulator within certain differential pressure values has been clinically evaluated in the treatment of hydrocephalus. Clinical trials were performed in 134 cases, covering 128 patients aged from 1 day to 79 years with a mean age at implantation of 11.4 years. One-third of the implants was performed to replace failed DP shunts. Using actuarial statistics, 83.9% of the shunts continued to adequately manage hydrocephalus at three years. Overdrainage occurred in 2 cases (1.5%) and insufficient drainage occurred

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8

Kang, Kyunghun, Pan-Woo Ko, Myungwon Jin, Kyoungho Suk, and Ho-Won Lee. "Idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, and the cerebrospinal fluid tap test." Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 21, no. 8 (2014): 1398–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2013.11.039.

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9

Symss, Nigel Peter, and Shizuo Oi. "Theories of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and hydrocephalus: historical trend." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 11, no. 2 (2013): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2012.3.peds0934.

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According to the CSF bulk flow theory, hydrocephalus is caused by an imbalance between CSF formation and absorption, or a block at various locations in the major CSF pathway. New theories, however, have been proposed in which minor CSF pathways may play a significant role in the development of congenital hydrocephalus. The authors review major contributions to the literature and analyze the evolution of theories of CSF dynamics in relation to hydrocephalus, dividing their development into 4 stages on the basis of historical trends. In Stage I (prior to 1950), 2 systems of classifying hydroceph

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10

Mahaney, Kelly B., Chandana Buddhala, Mounica Paturu, Diego Morales, David D. Limbrick, and Jennifer M. Strahle. "Intraventricular Hemorrhage Clearance in Human Neonatal Cerebrospinal Fluid." Stroke 51, no. 6 (2020): 1712–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.119.028744.

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Background and Purpose— Preterm neonates with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) are at risk for posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus and poor neurological outcomes. Iron has been implicated in ventriculomegaly, hippocampal injury, and poor outcomes following IVH. We hypothesized that levels of cerebrospinal fluid blood breakdown products and endogenous iron clearance proteins in neonates with IVH differ from those of neonates with IVH who subsequently develop posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Methods— Premature neonates with an estimated gestational age at birth <30 weeks who underwent lumbar punctur

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11

Basati, Sukhraaj, Bhargav Desai, Ali Alaraj, Fady Charbel, and Andreas Linninger. "Cerebrospinal fluid volume measurements in hydrocephalic rats." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 10, no. 4 (2012): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2012.6.peds11457.

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Object Experimental data about the evolution of intracranial volume and pressure in cases of hydrocephalus are limited due to the lack of available monitoring techniques. In this study, the authors validate intracranial CSF volume measurements within the lateral ventricle, while simultaneously using impedance sensors and pressure transducers in hydrocephalic animals. Methods A volume sensor was fabricated and connected to a catheter that was used as a shunt to withdraw CSF. In vitro bench-top calibration experiments were created to provide data for the animal experiments and to validate the se

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12

Leinonen, Ville, Lata G. Menon, Rona S. Carroll, et al. "Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus." International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/312526.

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The diagnosis of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is still challenging. Alzheimer's disease (AD), along with vascular dementia, the most important differential diagnosis for iNPH, has several potential cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers which might help in the selection of patients for shunt treatment. The aim of this study was to compare a battery of CSF biomarkers including well-known AD-related proteins with CSF from patients with suspected iNPH collected from the external lumbar drainage test (ELD). A total of 35 patients with suspected iNPH patients were evaluated with EL

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13

Johanson, Conrad E., and Hazel C. Jones. "Promising vistas in hydrocephalus and cerebrospinal fluid research." Trends in Neurosciences 24, no. 11 (2001): 631–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-2236(00)02040-3.

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14

Strecker, Ernst-Peter, Gary R. Novak, G. Kauffmann, R. Hemmer, and Everette James, Jr. "Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure Alterations in Experimental Communicating Hydrocephalus." European Neurology 25, no. 2 (1986): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000116000.

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15

Adleyba, B. G., G. V. Gavrilov, A. V. Stanishevsky, et al. "Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus." Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics 11, no. 1 (2019): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2019-1-53-58.

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16

Filis, Andreas K., Kamran Aghayev, and Frank D. Vrionis. "Cerebrospinal Fluid and Hydrocephalus: Physiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment." Cancer Control 24, no. 1 (2017): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107327481702400102.

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17

Jamjoom, A. B., A. A. Mohammed, A. Al-Boukai, Z. A. Jamjoom, N. Rahman, and H. T. Jamjoom. "Multiloculated hydrocephalus related to cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection." Acta Neurochirurgica 138, no. 6 (1996): 714–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01411477.

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18

Metzemaekers, J. D. M., J. W. F. Beks, and J. S. van Popta. "Cerebrospinal fluid shunting for hydrocephalus: A retrospective analysis." Acta Neurochirurgica 88, no. 3-4 (1987): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01404141.

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19

Silverberg, Gerald D., Stephen Huhn, Richard A. Jaffe, et al. "Downregulation of cerebrospinal fluid production in patients with chronic hydrocephalus." Journal of Neurosurgery 97, no. 6 (2002): 1271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2002.97.6.1271.

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Object. The goal of this study was to determine the effect of hydrocephalus on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production rates in patients with acute and chronic hydrocephalus. Methods. The authors studied CSF production both in patients presenting with acute and chronic hydrocephalus, and patients with Parkinson disease (PD) of a similar mean age, whose CSF production was known to be normal. A modification of the Masserman method was used to measure CSF production through a ventricular catheter. The CSF production rates (means ± standard deviations) in the three groups were then compared. The pati

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20

Bim, C., M. Pinotti, J. R. Camilo, A. L. Maset, S. S. Mansur, and E. D. R. Vieira. "CEREBROSPINAL FLUID DRAINAGE DEVICES: EXPERIMENTAL CARACTERIZATION." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 12, no. 2 (2013): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v12i2.62047.

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Hydrocephalus is a pathophysiology due to the excess of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricles and it can be caused by congenital defects, brain abnormalities, tumors, inflammations, infections, intracranial hemorrhage and others. Hydrocephalus can be followed by significant rise of intraventricular pressure due to the excess of production of cerebrospinalfluid over the absorption, resulting in a weakening of intellectual functions, serious neurological damage (decreased movement, sensation and functions), critical physical disabilities and even death. A procedure for treatment involves t

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21

Lolansen, Sara Diana, Nina Rostgaard, Eva Kjer Oernbo, Marianne Juhler, Anja Hviid Simonsen, and Nanna MacAulay. "Inflammatory Markers in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with Hydrocephalus: A Systematic Literature Review." Disease Markers 2021 (February 2, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8834822.

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Objective. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate existing literature on inflammatory markers in CSF from patients with hydrocephalus and identify potential markers capable of promoting hydrocephalus development and progression. Methods. Relevant studies published before December 3rd 2020 were identified from PubMed, Embase, and reference lists. Studies were screened for eligibility using the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data from eligible studies were extracted, and sources of bias were evaluated. We included articles written in English investigating inflammatory ma

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22

Penn, Richard D., Sukhraaj Basati, Brian Sweetman, Xiaodong Guo, and Andreas Linninger. "Ventricle wall movements and cerebrospinal fluid flow in hydrocephalus." Journal of Neurosurgery 115, no. 1 (2011): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2010.12.jns10926.

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Object The dynamics of fluid flow in normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) are poorly understood. Normally, CSF flows out of the brain through the ventricles. However, ventricular enlargement during NPH may be caused by CSF backflow into the brain through the ventricles. A previous study showed this reversal of flow; in the present study, the authors provide additional clinical data obtained in patients with NPH and supplement these data with computer simulations to better understand the CSF flow and ventricular wall displacement and emphasize its clinical implications. Methods Three NPH patient

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23

Black, P. M., A. Tzouras, and L. Foley. "Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and hydrocephalus after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage." Neurosurgery 17, no. 1 (1985): 57???62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-198507000-00009.

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24

Sakellaridis, Nikolaos, Demetrius Panagopoulos, and Antonios Androulis. "Neuroleptospirosis with Hydrocephalus and Very Elevated Cerebrospinal Fluid Protein." Southern Medical Journal 102, no. 5 (2009): 549–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/smj.0b013e3181a0ae80.

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25

Nussinovitch, M., B. Volovitz, Y. Finkelstein, J. Amir, and D. Harel. "Lactic dehydrogenase isoenzymes in cerebrospinal fluid associated with hydrocephalus." Acta Paediatrica 90, no. 9 (2007): 972–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2001.tb01350.x.

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26

Wu, Chia-Chen, Chi-Che Huang, Chi-Cheng Chung, and Ta-Jen Lee. "Acute hydrocephalus after endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 139, no. 4 (2008): 602–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2008.04.031.

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27

Black, Peter McL, Argyris Tzouras, and Lorraine Foley. "Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics and Hydrocephalus after Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage." Neurosurgery 17, no. 1 (1985): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198507000-00009.

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28

Del Bigio, Marc R. "Hydrocephalus-Induced Changes in the Composition of Cerebrospinal Fluid." Neurosurgery 25, no. 3 (1989): 416–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198909000-00016.

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29

Schirinzi, Tommaso, Giulia Maria Sancesario, Giulia Di Lazzaro, et al. "Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers profile of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus." Journal of Neural Transmission 125, no. 4 (2018): 673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00702-018-1842-z.

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30

Gjerris, A., F. Gjerris, E. Widerlöv, and R. Ekman. "Dementia in normal pressure hydrocephalus and cerebrospinal fluid peptides." European Neuropsychopharmacology 3, no. 3 (1993): 202–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-977x(93)90025-h.

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31

Grazzini, Irene, Francesco Redi, Karima Sammartano, and Gian Luca Cuneo. "Diffusion tensor imaging in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: clinical and CSF flowmetry correlations." Neuroradiology Journal 33, no. 1 (2019): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1971400919890098.

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Purpose Diffusion tensor imaging is a magnetic resonance technique that provides information about the orientation and anisotropy of the white matter tracts. The aim of this study was to analyse diffusion tensor imaging quantitative parameters in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus patients, in order to determine whether this method could correlate to clinical scores and cerebrospinal fluid flowmetry data. Methods and materials Fifteen consecutive patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus and 15 age-matched controls underwent cerebrospinal fluid flowmetry and diffusion tensor

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32

Shevchenko, K. V., V. N. Shimansky, S. V. Tanyashin, et al. "Adult idiopathic hydrocephalus: current state of the problem." Siberian Medical Review, no. 1 (2021): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20333/2500136-2021-1-20-33.

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The term "idiopathic hydrocephalus" in adults is a broader concept that includes larger spectrum of patients compared to "idiopathic normotensive hydrocephalus". It includes both young and elderly patients with various forms of the disease, patients with various levels of obstruction. Th ere is no general classification and general approach to treat patients with such a pathology. Endoscopic triventriculostomy in idiopathic aqueductal stenosis and cerebrospinal fluid shunting after a positive test of cerebrospinal fluid (tap test) evacuation in idiopathic normotensive hydrocephalus are proved

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Bergsneider, Marvin, Chad Miller, Paul M. Vespa, and Xiao Hu. "SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF ADULT HYDROCEPHALUS." Neurosurgery 62, suppl_2 (2008): SHC643—SHC660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000316269.82467.f7.

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Abstract THE MANAGEMENT OF adult hydrocephalus spans a broad range of disorders and ages. Modern management strategies include endoscopic and adjustable cerebrospinal fluid shunt diversionary techniques. The assessment and management of the following clinical conditions are discussed: 1) the adult patient with congenital or childhood-onset hydrocephalus, 2) adult slit ventricle syndrome, 3) multicompartmental hydrocephalus, 4) noncommunicating hydrocephalus, 5) communicating hydrocephalus, 6) normal pressure hydrocephalus, and 7) the shunted patient with headaches. The hydrodynamics of cerebro

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34

Lalou, Afroditi Despina, Marek Czosnyka, Joseph Donnelly, et al. "Cerebral autoregulation, cerebrospinal fluid outflow resistance, and outcome following cerebrospinal fluid diversion in normal pressure hydrocephalus." Journal of Neurosurgery 130, no. 1 (2018): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2017.7.jns17216.

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OBJECTIVENormal pressure hydrocephalus is not simply the result of a disturbance in CSF circulation, but often includes cardiovascular comorbidity and abnormalities within the cerebral mantle. In this study, the authors have examined the relationship between the global autoregulation pressure reactivity index (PRx), the profile of disturbed CSF circulation and pressure-volume compensation, and their possible effects on outcome after surgery.METHODSThe authors studied a cohort of 131 patients in whom a clinical suspicion of normal pressure hydrocephalus was investigated. Parameters describing C

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35

Zavala, L. Manuel, John R. Adler, Clarence S. Greene, and Ken R. Winston. "Hydrocephalus and Intraspinal Tumor." Neurosurgery 22, no. 4 (1988): 751–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198804000-00024.

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Abstract Hydrocephalus with spinal subarachnoid obstruction is rare, and its cause is obscure. Two such patients are presented. The pathophysiology is reviewed. Spinal absorptive pathways for cerebrospinal fluid are postulated to play a critical role in such cases.

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36

Melo, José Roberto Tude, Rosane Klein Passos, and Marcelo Liberato Coelho Mendes de Carvalho. "Cerebrospinal fluid drainage options for posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in premature neonates." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 75, no. 7 (2017): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20170060.

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ABSTRACT Objective The literature describes various cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage techniques to alleviate posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in preterm newborns; however, consensus has not been reached. The scope of this study was describing a case series of premature neonates with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus and assessing the outcomes of different approaches used for CSF diversion. Methods A consecutive review of the medical records of neonates with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus treated with CSF drainage was conducted. Results Forty premature neonates were included. Serial lumbar puncture,

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37

Greenberg, Benjamin M., and Michael A. Williams. "INFECTIOUS COMPLICATIONS OF TEMPORARY SPINAL CATHETER INSERTION FOR DIAGNOSIS OF ADULT HYDROCEPHALUS AND IDIOPATHIC INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION." Neurosurgery 62, no. 2 (2008): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000316010.19012.35.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE Spinal catheters are often inserted for treatment of cerebrospinal fluid leaks; however, they have recently been recommended for elective cerebrospinal fluid drainage to identify patients with possible normal pressure hydrocephalus who are most likely to respond to shunt surgery. The rate of spinal catheter-associated meningitis with elective spinal catheter insertion is unknown. The objective was to determine the rate of infection and risk factors associated with elective spinal catheter insertion for evaluation of hydrocephalus and idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH

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38

Parmar, Amit, Kristian Aquilina, and Michael R. Carter. "Spontaneous third ventriculostomy: definition by endoscopy and cerebrospinal fluid dynamics." Journal of Neurosurgery 111, no. 3 (2009): 628–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2008.5.jns08286.

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Chronic obstructive hydrocephalus is known to cause ventricular diverticula and, rarely, spontaneous ventriculostomy. The authors present the case of a patient in whom a spontaneous third ventriculostomy was identified with long-standing hydrocephalus secondary to aqueductal stenosis. To their knowledge, this is the first report in which a spontaneous stoma in the floor of the third ventricle was evaluated using endoscopy and cerebrospinal fluid dynamics studies. Both studies confirmed that the spontaneous stoma is similar in structure and function to surgical third ventriculostomy.

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39

Rinaldo, Lorenzo, Desmond Brown, Giuseppe Lanzino, and Ian F. Parney. "Outcomes following cerebrospinal fluid shunting in high-grade glioma patients." Journal of Neurosurgery 129, no. 4 (2018): 984–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2017.6.jns17859.

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OBJECTIVEThe clinical course of high-grade central nervous system gliomas is occasionally complicated by hydrocephalus. The risks of shunt placement and clinical outcome following CSF diversion in this population are not well defined.METHODSThe authors retrospectively reviewed the outcomes of patients with pathologically confirmed WHO grade III or IV gliomas with shunt-treated hydrocephalus at their institution. Outcomes of patients in this cohort were compared with those of patients who underwent shunt treatment for normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). Hospital-reported outcomes in a national

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40

Zhang, Tong, Yawei Zhou, Guohua Su, et al. "Hydrocephaly Analysis Supported by Computerized Tomography and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2019 (September 30, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5872347.

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Hydrocephalus is widely known as “hydrocephaly” or “water in the brain,” a building up of abnormal cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricles. Due to this abnormality, the size of the head becomes larger and increases the pressure in the skull. This pressure compresses the brain and causes damage to the brain. Identification by imaging techniques on the hydrocephalus is mandatory to treat the disease. Various methods and equipment have been used to image the hydrocephalus. Among them, computerized tomography (CT) scan and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are the most considered methods and gi

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Kramer, Kim, Heather J. McCrea, Cheryl Fischer, and Jeffrey P. Greenfield. "Establishing successful cerebrospinal fluid flow for radioimmunotherapy." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 9, no. 3 (2012): 316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.12.peds11433.

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Successful delivery of intraventricular radioimmunotherapy is contingent on adequate CSF flow. The authors present a patient with medulloblastoma in whom obstructed CSF flow was causing hydrocephalus, which was initially corrected by implantation of a programmable shunting device. While managing the hydrocephalus, an endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) needed to be performed in a collapsed ventricular system to ensure adequate radioimmunotherapy distribution. This 18-month-old patient with medulloblastoma involving leptomeningeal dissemination presented for intraventricular radioimmunothera

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Budiman, Astrid Tamara Maajid, Nida Suraya, Ahmad Faried, and Ida Parwati. "Characteristics of Cerebrospinal Fluid in Tuberculous Meningitis Patients with Hydrocephalus." International Journal of Integrated Health Sciences 6, no. 2 (2018): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15850/ijihs.v6n2.1129.

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Arifin, Muhamad Thohar, Febriyanto Purnomo, Zainal Muttaqin, et al. "Cerebrospinal fluid contents and risk of shunt exposure in hydrocephalus." Bali Medical Journal 8, no. 3 (2019): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v8i3.1667.

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44

Klarica, M., B. Miše, A. Vladić, M. Radoš, and D. Orešković. "“Compensated hyperosmolarity” of cerebrospinal fluid and the development of hydrocephalus." Neuroscience 248 (September 2013): 278–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.06.022.

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Yamada, Shinya, and Erin Kelly. "Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics and the Pathophysiology of Hydrocephalus: New Concepts." Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI 37, no. 2 (2016): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.sult.2016.01.001.

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Fasano, Alfonso, and David F. Tang-Wai. "Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers and Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: A Perfect Duo?" Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 45, no. 1 (2017): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2017.264.

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Habiyaremye, Gakwaya, Diego M. Morales, Clint D. Morgan, James P. McAllister, and David D. Limbrick. "Novel cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory biomarkers in neonatal post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus." Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 12, Suppl 1 (2015): O19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2045-8118-12-s1-o19.

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Katsuragi, Shoichi, Kazuhiro Teraoka, Ken Ikegami, et al. "Late onset X-linked hydrocephalus with normal cerebrospinal fluid pressure." Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 54, no. 4 (2000): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1819.2000.00740.x.

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Orešković, Darko, Milan Radoš, and Marijan Klarica. "New Concepts of Cerebrospinal Fluid Physiology and Development of Hydrocephalus." Pediatric Neurosurgery 52, no. 6 (2016): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000452169.

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Wikkelsö, Carsten, Rolf Ekman, Irena Westergren, and Barbro Johansson. "Neuropeptides in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus and Dementia." European Neurology 31, no. 2 (1991): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000116653.

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