Relevant bibliographies by topics / Hydrochloric acid

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Hydrochloric acid'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 27 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Hydrochloric acid"

1

&NA;. "Hydrochloric acid." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1081 (December 2005): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200510810-00043.

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2

De Backer, A., P. Haentjens, and G. Willems. "Hydrochloric acid." Digestive Diseases and Sciences 30, no. 9 (September 1985): 884–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01309520.

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3

Aljeboree, Aseel M., Faraj Mohammed, Mohammed A. Jawad, and Ayad F. Alkaim. "Exploiting the Diazotization Reaction of 8-hydroxyquinoline for Determination of Metoclopramide-hydrochloric acid in Pharmaceutical Preparations." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY TECHNOLOGY 13, no. 02 (June 25, 2022): 703–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.13.2.37.

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A sample, fast, precise and accurate spectrophotometric method to the quantitative determination of metoclopramide hydrochloride (MCP) in pure and pharmaceutical preparations, a simple, sensitive and high-purity method has been developed. This method is based on the diazotization of the primary amine group of metoclopramide hydrochloride by reaction hydrochloric acid with sodium nitrite followed by conjugation in an alkaline medium with 8-hydroxyquinoline against the reagent blank. The effect of several acids like hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, and sulfuriHc acid. That found hydrochloric acid the most excellent acid, to give the maximum absorption and sensitivity and the best volume NaNO2 solution about 1 and 3 mL of an 8-hydroxyquinoline reagent gives high intensity and stability to the color formed, also azo dye give a maximum absorption and best sensitivity after 10 minutes and the color remains stable about 1-hour. Where the concentration range was 1-20 mg/L, it was found that it obeys law Beer-Lambert correlation coefficient (R2 =0.9997). They have a detection limit LoD (0.274 μg mL-1) and limit of Quantitation LoQ (0.915 μg mL-1), respectively. This method has also been used in many pharmaceutical preparations (capsules, tablets and syrup) to determine the drug metoclopramide.
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Zhou, Hengcheng, Peihai Ju, Shaowei Hu, Lili Shi, Wenjing Yuan, Dongdong Chen, Yujie Wang, and Shaoyuan Shi. "Separation of Hydrochloric Acid and Oxalic Acid from Rare Earth Oxalic Acid Precipitation Mother Liquor by Electrodialysis." Membranes 13, no. 2 (January 27, 2023): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13020162.

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In this study, the hydrochloric acid from rare earth oxalic acid precipitation mother liquor was separated by electrodialysis (ED) with different anion exchange membranes, including selective anion exchange membrane (SAEM), polymer alloy anion exchange membrane (PAAEM), and homogenous anion exchange membrane (HAEM). In addition to actual wastewater, nine types of simulated solutions with different concentrations of hydrochloric acid and oxalic acid were used in the experiments. The results indicated that the hydrochloric acid could be separated effectively by electrodialysis with SAEM from simulated and real rare earth oxalic acid precipitation mother liquor under the operating voltage 15 V and ampere 2.2 A, in which the hydrochloric acid obtained in the concentrate chamber of ED is of higher purity (>91.5%) generally. It was found that the separation effect of the two acids was related to the concentrations and molar ratios of hydrochloric acid and oxalic acid contained in their mixtures. The SEM images and ESD–mapping analyses indicated that membrane fouling appeared on the surface of ACS and CSE at the diluted side of the ED membrane stack when electrodialysis was used to treat the real rare earth oxalic acid precipitation mother liquor. Fe, Yb, Al, and Dy were found in the CSE membrane section, and organic compounds containing carbon and sulfur were attached to the surface of the ACS. The results also indicated that the real rare earth precipitation mother liquor needed to be pretreated before the separation of hydrochloric acid and oxalic acid by electrodialysis.
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Kafka, Stanislav, Jan Kytner, Alexandra Šilhánková, and Miloslav Ferles. "Hydroboration of 1-(5-hexenyl)piperidine and trans–1-(3-hexenyl)piperidine." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 52, no. 8 (1987): 2035–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19872035.

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1-(5-Hexenyl)piperidine (Ia) and trans-1-(3-hexenyl)piperidine (Ib) were hydroborated with tetrahydrofuran-borane, diborane in situ, 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane and triethylamine-borane. The hydroboration products were converted to 1-piperidinylhexanols IIa-IIe by hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid and subsequent oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in an alkaline medium. In addition to the alcohols IIa-IIe, the reaction also gave 1-hexylpiperidine (Ic). In the reactions with diborane in situ and triethylamine-borane, thermal isomerization of the hydroboration products was also studied. Hydroboration of Ia with triethylamine-borane afforded a mixture of spirocyclic amine-boranes IIIa-IIIc from which 6-(1-piperidinyl)-3-hexylboronic acid hydrochloride (IV) was obtained by hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid. Compounds IIIa-IIIc were slowly decomposed with ethanol to give esters of boronic acids Id-If. The synthesis of compounds Ia and Ib is described.
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6

Huang, Kun, Hui Zhou, Anqi He, Yan Sun, Yufeng Liu, Xiuxiang Gao, Ying Zhao, et al. "Superconcentrated Hydrochloric Acid." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 115, no. 24 (June 23, 2011): 7823–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp109551z.

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7

Bennett, GaryF. "Sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid." Journal of Hazardous Materials 33, no. 1 (January 1993): 148–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(93)85074-o.

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8

Li, Yu Feng, Xi Luo, and Lei Wang. "Preparation of Conductive Fine Flake Expanded Graphite/Polyaniline Composites." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 910–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.910.

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Conductive fine flake expanded graphite/polyaniline composites was prepared by emulsion polymerization with sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS) as emulsifying agent, ammonium persulfate as initiator, hydrochloride and fine flakeexpanded graphite as dopants. Effects of hydrochloric acid, dopant, emulsifier and initiator to the conductivity has also been found through orthogonal experiment. The best condition, under which the conductivity is over 2.0S/cm, is 6% doped graphite, 6ml hydrochloric acid, 5.00g emulsifier and 3.25g initiator. It also demonstrates the improvement of the conductivity of polyaniline (PANI) via addition of graphite.
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Guerriero, Massimiliano. "Killer Nurse with Hydrochloric Acid, Autopsy Report." International Journal of Forensic Sciences 8, no. 3 (2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ijfsc-16000318.

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This particular example is known in the news as the case of the killer nurse. In the end, the nurse was sentenced to 30 years in prison. We describe the unusual case (both the reasons for and the use of an unusual substance in these cases) of a nurse who used hydrochloric acid to kill a patient. To date we are not aware of any such cases having been described in the medical literature. This is a very special case because the nurse did not use a drug to kill the patient, as already described in numerous previous cases, but used a caustic substance: hydrochloric acid.
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Edward, Mouli, Ferdiansyah Mahyudin, Mohammad Hardian Basuki, Heri Suroto, and Ferdiansyah Danang Perwira. "Growth Factor Comparison in Cortical Demineralized Bone Matrix that Demineralized Using Chloric and Acetic Acid." (JOINTS) Journal Orthopaedi and Traumatology Surabaya 12, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/joints.v12i1.2023.1-9.

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Background: Demineralized Bone Matrix (DBM) is an alternative biomaterial that needs particular acid and a specific time to optimize the growth factors preservation. The best demineralization protocol for preserving growth factors in DBM is currently unavailable. This study aimed to investigate DBM extraction methods using different acids and times to maintain the optimum growth factors.Methods: This in vitro experimental laboratory study used a randomized controlled post-test-only group design. We characterized the IGF-1, BMP2, and TGF-β content of 1 gram of New Zealand White Rabbit cortical bone immersed in 0.6 M hydrochloric and 0.5 M acetic acid at 3, 6, and 9 days. We then analyzed the differences in growth factor levels in each acid and analyzed them statistically.Results: IGF-1 levels were higher in DBM demineralized acetic acid than hydrochloric acid. BMP-2 and TGF-β levels were higher in DBM demineralized using hydrochloric acid. The concentration of growth factors decreased with time in DBM demineralized using acetic acid. The highest growth factor level was obtained after six days of immersion in hydrochloric acid.Conclusion: The average value of IGF-1 in DBM demineralized with acetic acid was higher than in hydrochloric acid. Otherwise, BMP 2 and TGF-β were better in hydrochloric acid. We also found that the growth factor level in hydrochloric acid reached its peak level at six days and then decreased. These results suggest the importance of not over-demineralizing the bone to maintain growth factors, and further research should be conducted to improve DBM processing.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hydrochloric acid"

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Chang, Bong-Kyu. "The solubility and purity of amino acid crystals : II. Preferential incorporation of L-valine over L-leucine into L-isoleucine crystal during the crystallization from HCl solution." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10951.

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Goveli, Ahmet. "Nickel Extraction From Gordes Laterites By Hydrochloric Acid Leaching." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607738/index.pdf.

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Leaching is the most widely used process for extraction of nickel metal from lateritic ores. In this study, nickel extraction from Manisa-Gö
rdes region laterites by hydrochloric acid leaching is aimed. The mineralogical analysis of sample showed that hematite, goethite, dolomite, quartz and smectite are the main minerals in the ore. Attrition scrubbing, cycloning and magnetic separation with permroll were used as preconcentration processes but results were unsatisfactory. HCl leaching experiments were conducted both at room temperature and at elevated temperatures. The effects of various parameters such as leaching duration, particle size, concentration of HCl, pulp density, Cl- concentration and temperature on nickel recovery were examined. The results showed that under the optimised leaching conditions (particle size: 100 % -1 mm, HCl concentration: 3 N, leaching duration: 3 hours, leaching temperature: 100 oC, pulp density: 1/30 solid to liquid ratio by volume) it was possible to extract 87.26 % of nickel in the ore.
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GAJAM, SOLIMAN YOUNES. "SOME ASPECTS OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID-LEACHING OF KAOLINITE CLAY." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/188000.

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A detailed investigation of the kinetics of dissolution of kaolinite clay in hydrochloric acid solution has been carried out. The rate of dissolution increases with calcination temperature, calcination time, and leach temperature. For example, almost 98% of the aluminum in the clay sample roasted at 540°C for 1 h can be dissolved in 20 min. The presence of fluoride ions in the leach solution significantly enhances aluminum dissolution. Changes in the pore structure of kaolinite clay due to calcination and hydrochloric acid leaching have been studied by a gas adsorption technique. The results obtained show that the surface area, macropore volume, and micropore volume of the leached residue increase with the extent of leaching up to a leach time of 1 h and thereafter decreases. Calcination at 500-750°C appears to destroy the structure of the clay but has no significant effect on the porous nature of the clay.
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Moloney, Jeremy John. "Electrochemical processes on aluminium and its alloys in hydrochloric acid." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.615755.

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Al-Othman, Amani Lutfi. "Gypsum production and hydrochloric acid regeneration by reaction of calcium chloride solution with sulfuric acid." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82463.

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One critical issue in chloride hydrometallurgy is the regeneration of the lixiviant HCl that is commonly achieved by pyrohydrolysis. It is the scope of this thesis to investigate a low temperature HCl regeneration process, which regenerates HCl and produces saleable gypsum. Experiments were performed to determine the optimum conditions of the chemical reaction that involved the reactive mixing of calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solution at low temperature and atmospheric pressure.
The results showed that the crystallization chemistry of the CaCl 2-H2SO4 reaction can be controlled in such away that favors the production of well grown gypsum crystals with the simultaneous regeneration of practical strength HCl. High strength HCl (= 4 M) was regenerated by the reaction of (3.5 M) CaCl2 leach solutions with (8 M) sulfuric acid in the temperature range of 20-60°C. Acid addition in stages to simulate the titration procedure, seeding and recycling, and increasing temperature were found to favor crystal growth and filterability. Finally, this research showed that there is negligible metal uptake with the exception of lead, making the production of marketable gypsum possible.
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Bryce, Christine. "The kinetics of copper etching in ferric chloride-hydrochloric acid solutions /." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61225.

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The kinetics of copper etching were studied using a ferric chloride-hydrochloric acid etchant in a stirred-tank reactor. At a constant acid molarity of about 0.84 and FeCl$ sb3$ concentrations varying from 0 to 3 M, the etch rate was found to reach a maximum at about 2 M FeCl$ sb3$. The use of a ferric nitrate-nitric acid solution yielded similar results but substantially reduced etch rates.
Since the nitrate ion is essentially non-complexing with the ferric ion, the presence of chloro complexes of the ferric ion in FeCl$ sb3$-HCl etchant solutions was investigated. The FeCl$ sb2 sp+$ and FeCl$ sb3 sp0$ complex ions were found to constitute the majority of ferric species at all concentrations, and their respective enhancing and inhibiting effects incorporated into a rate equation: = A {m sb{FeCl sbsp{2}{-}} over 1 + 0.25m sb{FeCl sbsp{3}{0}}} here m$ sb{ rm i}$ is the molality of species i. The rate constant, A, was found to fit an Arrhenius plot for a temperature range of 30-50$ sp circ$C.
Experiments performed with etchants containing both the chloride and nitrate ions showed etch rates increasing uniformly as the chloride fraction of total anion increased. The FeCl$ sb2 sp+$ complex continues to exhibit an enhancing effect in these solutions, but at the conditions chosen the concentration of FeCl$ sb3 sp0$ remains constant. The FeCl$ sp{2+}$, however, appears to inhibit the etch rate.
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Li, Yan. "Studies on Cellulose Hydrolysis and Hemicellulose Monosaccharide Degradation in Concentrated Hydrochloric Acid." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31151.

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Given the volatile, generally high price of crude oil, as well as environmental concerns associated with its use as a fuel, development of alternative energy sources is currently of considerable interest. Lignocellulose-derived energy has the potential to supplant traditional fossil fuels in the future because of its economic and environmental advantages. Lignocellulosic biomass is abundant and renewable. Lignocellulose is primarily composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, which can be converted by acid hydrolysis to simple sugars used in fermentation to produce biofuels. In this study, hemicellulose was hydrolyzed with different concentrations of hydrochloric acid at different temperatures. The resulting components were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The hydrolysis of cellulose was similarly characterized, with two additional parameters, the degree of polymerization (DP) and the crystallinity index (CrI), which were analyzed by Ubbelohde viscometer and X-ray diffraction respectively. The experimental results indicate that the hydrolysis rate of hemicellulose and the generation rate of furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) increased with increasing hydrochloric acid concentrations and reaction temperatures. In the selected five monosaccharides, xylose, glucose, mannose, arabinose and galactose, xylose has the highest hydrolysis rate and the accumulation of furfural during xylose hydrolysis is also the highest. Moreover, the hydrolysis rate of cellulose and the generation rate of glucose also increased with increasing hydrochloric acid concentrations and reaction temperatures. DP and CrI, both decreased when the cellulose was treated in concentrated hydrochloric acid. The rate of change of DP increased with the concentrations of acid and the reaction temperatures. The change rate of CrI increases by increasing concentration of acid and the temperature when it is above 0℃, while the CrI index decrease sharply when the reaction temperature was kept below 0℃. Experimental results also show that the hydrolysis rate of cellulose is much lower than that of hemicellulose.
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8

Jabit, Nurul Ain. "Chemical and electrochemical leaching studies of synthetic and natural ilmenite in hydrochloric acid solutions." Thesis, Jabit, Nurul Ain (2017) Chemical and electrochemical leaching studies of synthetic and natural ilmenite in hydrochloric acid solutions. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2017. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/36360/.

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The research interest for upgrading ilmenite to synthetic rutile has increased over the years due to the increasing demand for titanium dioxide white pigment and titanium metal. Sulfate and chloride leaching processes in the absence or presence of reducing agents are the most commonly tested leaching routes. However, chloride leaching is more economical and hence the preferred option. It allows relatively easy treatment of waste solutions and therefore the regeneration and recycling of hydrochloric acid. Despite the many attempts to develop chloride processes to upgrade ilmenite to synthetic rutile, systematic kinetic and mechanistic studies based on chemical and electrochemical dissolution are lacking in the literature. In addition, no comparison has been made between flat natural or synthetic ilmenite surfaces and particles of ilmenite concentrates of different origin and composition in chloride solutions. The main objective of this thesis is to bridge this gap and improve the understanding of the kinetics and reactions for the dissolution of synthetic ilmenite and natural ilmenite concentrates of different compositions, under non-reducing and reducing conditions. The measured dissolution rates of flat surfaces of synthetic ilmenite were found to decrease with time and obey a parabolic rate law, due to the blockage of the surface by an insoluble product. The dissolution rates of both iron and titanium were higher in the presence of tin(II) chloride as a reducing agent and remained unaffected over time. The reductive role of tin(II) ions appears to be that of inhibiting the formation of surface blocking solids, which can be used to propose a reaction sequence for ilmenite leaching. In electrochemical studies the measured rest potential of an ilmenite electrode in hydrochloric acid solutions was found to be lower compared to that measured in sulfuric acid solutions, indicating higher dissolution rates in the former case, due to reducing conditions. The measured potentials and surface characterisation studies indicated the reductive dissolution of titanium(IV) in the solid phase to titanium(III) in the aqueous phase, which facilitates the reductive leaching process by removing the insoluble product layers. Hematite mineral, which is found associated with weathered ilmenite, was also found to have a higher dissolution rate under the cathodic conditions which facilitated leaching. The leaching of three ilmenite samples of different compositions collected from local producers over the years, labelled as North Capel, Iluka and Tiwest, gave different results with regards to the iron and titanium dissolution as a result of different degrees of alteration. The leaching efficiency appeared to be in the descending order of North Capel > Iluka > Tiwest, which appeared to be inversely proportional to the degree of alteration. The highest extraction in hydrochloric acid alone was obtained from North Capel ilmenite (99% Ti and ~100% Fe) under conditions of 11 M HCl, pulp density of 4 g/L, 80 -110 °C and 2 h of leaching time. However, in the presence of a reducing agent, dissolution rates of iron and titanium increased in solutions of low acid concentrations and temperature. The initial rate of ilmenite dissolution in hydrochloric acid under reducing conditions was found to be half order with respect to the concentration of reducing agent, which suggests the involvement of an electrochemical reaction. However, the chemical/electrochemical leaching studies of rotating flat surfaces of ilmenite, based on the parabolic rate law and kinetic study revealed the same diffusivity of protons through the product layer. The batch leaching of ilmenite particles obeyed a shrinking core kinetic model, supporting the view that the proton diffusion through a product layer is the rate controlling step. The magnitude of proton diffusivity obtained using chemical leaching studies of rotating flat surfaces of synthetic or natural ilmenite or batch leaching studies of different ilmenite concentrates agree reasonably well despite the difference in mineral composition.
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Thomassen, Magnus Skinlo. "Hydrogen-chlorine fuel cell for production of hydrochloric acid and electric power : chlorine kinetics and cell design." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-775.

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This thesis work is the continuation and final part of a joint project between the Department of Materials Technology, NTNU and Norsk Hydro Research Center in Porsgrunn, looking at the possibility of using fuel cells for production of hydrogen chloride and electric power. The experimental work encompass an evaluation of three hydrogen - chlorine fuel cell design concepts, development and implementation of a mathematical fuel cell model and a kinetic study of the chlorine reduction reaction.

The evaluated fuel cell designs consisted of a) a conventional PEM fuel cell applying a Nafion membrane, b) a composite system applying an aqueous HCl electrolyte and Nafion membrane and c) a phosphoric acid doped PBI membrane fuel cell operating at intermediate temperatures of 150 - 175 ◦C. From the evaluation it was found that the chlorine reduction kinetics are much faster than the corresponding oxygen reduction reaction, leading to low activation losses on the fuel cell cathode. However, the nature of the reactant, chlorine, and the product, HCl, places strict demands on the corrosion resistance of the construction materials and drastically increases the difficulties related to water management in the cells. Due to these effects, none of the investigated systems were able to demonstrate stable operation under the conditions used in this study. The PBI cell showed best potential and seems to be the system in which the humidification and corrosion difficulties easiest can be remedied. The first design criteria for such a system should be the minimisation of the existence of liquid water, ideally a hydrogen - chlorine fuel cell system should operate in totally water free environment and consist of a high temperature proton conductor.

A two dimensional, isothermal mathematical model of a hydrogen - chlorine single fuel cell with an aqueous HCl electrolyte is presented. The model focuses on the electrode reactions in the chlorine cathode and also includes the mass and momentum balances for the electrolyte and cathode gas diffusion layer. There is good agreement between the model predictions and experimental results. Distributions of physical parameters such as reactant and product concentrations, solution and solid phase potentials and local current densities and overpotentials as a function of cell voltage are presented. Effects of varying the initial electrolyte concentration and operating pressure are analysed. It was found that an electrolyte inlet concentration of 6 mol dm−3 gave the best cell performance and that an increase of operating pressure gave a steady increase of the fuel cell performance.

The rate and mechanism of the electroreduction of chlorine on electrochemically oxidised Pt and Ru electrodes has been investigated relative to the state of oxide formation. Current/potential curves for the reduction process in 1 mol dm−3 HCl solution saturated with Cl2 have been obtained for electrode surfaces in various states of preoxidation with the use of the rotating disc electrode technique (RDE). In the case of chlorine reduction on platinum, the results indicate that adsorption of chlorine molecules with a subsequent rate determining electrochemical adsorption step is the dominant mechanism. The exchange current density seems to decrease linearly with the logarithm of the amount of surface oxide. Chlorine reduction on ruthenium is best described by a Heyrovsky-Volmer mechanism with the first charge transfer reaction as the rate determining step. The Krishtalik mechanism incorporating adsorbed O•Cl+ intermediates is also able to describe the reaction successfully. The reaction order is constant for all oxide coverages while the exchange current density apparently moves through a maximum at intermediate oxide coverages (∼100 mC cm−2). The results show that the electrocatalysis of the cathodic reduction of chlorine is very sensitive to the state of the oxidation of the electrode surface.

The rate and mechanism of the electroreduction of chlorine on electrooxidised ruthenium has further been investigated with focus on the effect of solution pH. Current/potential curves for the reduction process in solutions with constant chloride concentration of 1.0 mol dm−3 and varying H+ concentration have been obtained with the use of the rotating disk electrode technique (RDE). It was found that the chlorine reduction rate is highly inhibited in solutions with high H+ concentrations and that it can be satisfactorily described by the Erenburgh mechanism, previously suggested for the chlorine evolution on RuO2 and ruthenium titanium oxides (RTO). The expression of the kinetic current as a function of chlorine and H+ concentration was obtained by solving the elementary rate equations of the kinetic mechanism. The kinetic constants obtained from the correlation of the kinetic current expression to the experimental data were used to simulate the dependence of the surface coverages and elementary reaction rates on overpotential.

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Jefferies, P. J. "Role of free hydrochloric acid in the low-cost regeneration of ferric chloride etchant by oxygen gas." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2005. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/3793.

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This thesis concerns the development of a low cost and environment- friendly method for the regeneration of the most widely used aqueous etchant, ferric chloride, found in photochemical machining (PCM) facilities. In order to implement the above process a comprehensive and automated chemical analysis and control system was designed to fully investigate the key parameters which previous research has suggested play a major role in the analysis of ferric chloride. Monitoring methods have been developed and deployed in a commercial environment such that the etchant could be analysed remotely across the business network or via the internet. This level of monitoring has removed much of the 'black art' previously associated with etching and has allowed proactive control of the etchant and the PCM process in general. Detailed analysis of the data captured has resulted in a clear understanding of the role the free hydrochloric acid (HC1) level plays in prolonging the life of the etchant. By keeping the free acid level high, dissolved metals remain in solution. The regeneration uses oxygen from the air, combined with surplus HCI, to regenerate the etchant within the etching machine itself. This environment-friendly system has allowed etching to continue in a very controlled way for nearly one year, during which time some 500kg of metal have been dissolved. This has totally eliminated the need to change the etchant which otherwise would have been carried out every 16 weeks. The saving to the sponsoring company has been over £7000 per year. These combined activities are considered as a major advancement in knowledge and will be of considerable benefit to the PCM industry in general. The monitoring systems alone would significantly benefit any PCM company by reducing rejects and improving product quality and productivity.
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Books on the topic "Hydrochloric acid"

1

Maysilles, J. H. National emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP) for steel pickling-HCl process facilities and hydrochloric acid regeneration plants: Background information for promulgated standards. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, 1998.

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Comba, P. CaF2-enhanced HC1 leaching of a manganese-bearing silicate ore. Washington, DC: Bureau of Mines, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1991.

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P, Bennett James. Volume expansion of acidproof brick exposed to 20 wt pct HC1 at 90⁰ C. Avondale, Md: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1985.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards., ed. Economic impact analysis of the proposed hydrochloric acid (HCl) production NESHAP. Research Triangle Park, N.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, 2001.

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P, Bennett James. Volume expansion of acidproof brick exposed to 20 wt pct HCl at 90. Pittsburgh, Pa: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1985.

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Comba, P. CaF₂-enhanced HCl leaching of a manganese-bearing silicate ore. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1991.

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Smyres, G. A. Hydrochloric acid-oxygen leaching and metal recovery from copper-nickel bulk sulfide concentrate. Pittsburgh, Pa: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1985.

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Ziemacki, Giovanni, and G. Viviano. Rilevamento delle emissioni in flussi gassosi convogliati. Roma: Istituto superiore di sanità, 1998.

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Noble, E. G. Solubilities of chloride salts of alkali and alkaline-earth metals when sparged with hydrogen chloride. Pittsburgh, Pa: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1985.

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Corrosion resistance of nickel and nickel-containing alloys in hydrochloric acid, hydrogen chloride and chlorine (CEB-3). Toronto, Ont: Nickel Institute, 2020.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hydrochloric acid"

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "Hydrochloric Acid." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 263. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_4860.

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Jörissen, Jakob. "Hydrochloric Acid Electrolysis." In Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry, 1030–35. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_293.

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Davenport, Horace W. "Secretion of Hydrochloric Acid." In A History of Gastric Secretion and Digestion, 3–75. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7602-3_1.

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Hine, Fumio. "Electrolysis of Hydrochloric Acid Solution." In Electrode Processes and Electrochemical Engineering, 127–38. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0109-8_6.

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Champagne, Elaine T. "Low Gastric Hydrochloric Acid Secretion and Mineral Bioavailability." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 173–84. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-9111-1_12.

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Dutrizac, J. E., T. T. Chen, and C. W. White. "Fundamentals of Serpentine Leaching in Hydrochloric Acid Media." In Magnesium Technology 2000, 40–51. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118808962.ch9.

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Kobayashi, Yuto, Shota Yamada, and Takashi Nagai. "New Dissolution Process of Iridium to Hydrochloric Acid." In Rare Metal Technology 2019, 197–200. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05740-4_19.

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E., Omdal, Dirdal E., Ormark K., Vorland K. A. N., Korsnes R. I., Kristiansen T. G., Knutsen T. L., Hildebrand-Habel T., and Madland M. V. "Induced Geometry in Chalk during Hydrochloric Acid Stimulation." In Thermo-Hydromechanical and Chemical Coupling in Geomaterials and Applications, 187–94. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118623565.ch17.

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Schneider, Cornelia, and Sylvia Nürnberger. "Decellularization of Articular Cartilage: A Hydrochloric Acid–Based Strategy." In Cartilage Tissue Engineering, 301–11. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2839-3_21.

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Xu, Baoqiang, Dongsheng Wang, Bin Yang, and Yongnian Dai. "Hydrochloric Acid Leaching of Calcium Vapor Reduction Products of TiO2." In Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Titanium, 99–102. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119296126.ch14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Hydrochloric acid"

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Liao, Wen-sheng, Li-min Wang, Yi-xuan Yao, Guo-ping Jiang, Hai-jun Zhao, and Xin Huang. "Acid Stimulation Used in In-Situ Leaching Uranium." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29066.

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Acidization was studied on a uranium sandstone deposit in Inner Mongolia with low–permeability and heavy calcium cementation. Acid dissolving test indicates that hydrochloric acid, formic acid and mud acid can easily dissolve formation minerals. With proper volumes and concentrations of acids used, the risk of precipitation of reaction products could be minimized. Core flow acidizing trial shows that the acidic fluid systems of hydrochloride acid, formic acid or acetic acid can significantly improve the core permeability. The average permeability has increased by 763 percent for the above three systems. But mud acid didn’t increase the core permeability; on the contrary, it caused formation damage, and led to lowering permeability. In the pilot test, the injection rate has improved by 118 percent for 6 wells. The acid treatment results indicate that a significant production enhancement of wellfields can be achieved by acid stimulation.
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Kim, Daeyoung, Yunho Lee, Dong-Weon Lee, Wonjae Choi, and Jeong-Bong J. B. Lee. "Hydrochloric acid-impregnated paper for liquid metal microfluidics." In 2013 Transducers & Eurosensors XXVII: The 17th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems (TRANSDUCERS & EUROSENSORS XXVII). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/transducers.2013.6627343.

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Yan, Wu, Zheng Wei, Jia Qingzhu, and Wang Bingwen. "Study on the Retardation of Hydrochloric Acid Fume." In 2009 International Conference on Environmental Science and Information Application Technology, ESIAT. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/esiat.2009.468.

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Anggraeni, Venisa Mega Puteri, Chandra Wahyu Purnomo, and Himawan Bayu Tri Murti Petrus. "Optimization of banten ilmenite leaching using hydrochloric acid." In THE 7TH BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING’S RECENT PROGRESS IN BIOMATERIALS, DRUGS DEVELOPMENT, AND MEDICAL DEVICES: The 15th Asian Congress on Biotechnology in conjunction with the 7th International Symposium on Biomedical Engineering (ACB-ISBE 2022). AIP Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0200301.

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Nawik, Adisak, Kyle Taylor, and Reza Barati Ghahfarokhi. "An Environmentally Friendly Alternative for the Conventional Acids Used in Acid Fracturing of Carbonate Reservoirs." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54487.

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The acid fracturing techniques developed for well stimulation purposes have been applied to maximize oil production while bypassing the near wellbore damage. Commonly used acids such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hydrofluoric acid (HF) damage equipment, are not environmentally friendly and, most importantly, they are harmful to oil field workers. Moreover, transportation of such fluids to the well-head and neutralization of the flow-back products is costly. The Ultra Series FF-01 is an environmentally- and equipment-friendly alternative to the commercially available products. The Ultra Series FF-01 is very acidic, its pH is less than 1, and has a slower reaction rate compared to the HCl. It can work up to 72 times longer than hydrochloric acid. Most importantly, it is biodegradable and is non-corrosive to the field equipment. Acid conductivity measurement tests were designed to simulate acid fracturing for comparing the performance of acid fracturing fluids. The main objectives of this study is to compare the ability of Ultra Series FF-01 samples in etching the surface of carbonate rocks by measuring the conductivity of the simulated etched fracture. The two acid fracturing fluids that are used in these experiments are the Ultra series FF-01 and a conventional 15% hydrochloric acid with the iron control agent, non-emulsifier, and corrosion inhibitors. The injection rate is at 100 mL/min and the total time of injection is 1 hr. Experiments were performed on carbonate rocks at 40° C and 70° C and the leak-off pressure was set to be 100 psi lower than the overall pressure. Then the conductivity was measured at different closure stress after the injection time is complete. Conductivity after etching by the Ultra series FF-01 was significantly improved compared to that obtained with 15% hydrochloric acid with additives when the leak off was set at 100 psi lower than the system pressure for all values of closure stress. It was very evident from the difference in the etching patterns between the two fluids. The etching pattern that was created by the Ultra series FF-01 was in the shape of human veins, visible and connected. In contrast, the surface of the core samples that were etched by 15% hydrochloric acid with additive were bouncy but shallow, producing inferior conductivity. In addition, the performance of the Ultra series FF-01 was slightly better than 15% hydrochloric acid with additives when the leak off pressure was set at 50 psi lower than the system pressure for all closure stress pressure except for 1000 psi.
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Magadova, L. A., M. A. Silin, V. B. Gubanov, V. N. Marinenko, and V. R. Magadov. "Hydrochloric Acid Fracturing In Combination With Water Influx Isolation." In SPE Russian Oil and Gas Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/117366-ms.

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Magadova, L. A., M. A. Silin, V. B. Gubanov, V. N. Marinenko, V. R. Magadov, and N. A. Demianenko. "Hydrochloric Acid Fracturing Combined with Water Shut-Off (Russian)." In SPE Russian Oil and Gas Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/117366-ru.

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Liu, Jia, Daibin He, Mingjun Zhang, Juntao Dong, and Chang Xu. "Hexamethylenetetramine as a corrosion inhibitor in hydrochloric acid solution." In 2016 5th International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environment Engineering (ICSEEE 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icseee-16.2016.65.

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Imqam, Abdulmohsin, Hilary Elue, Farag A. Muhammed, and Baojun Bai. "Hydrochloric Acid Applications to Improve Particle Gel Conformance Control Treatment." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/172352-ms.

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Feng, Kesheng, Nilesh Kapadia, Brian Jobson, and Steve Castaldi. "Cupric Chloride-Hydrochloric Acid Microetch Roughening Process and its Applications." In 2008 10th Electronics Packaging Technology Conference (EPTC 2008). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eptc.2008.4763418.

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Reports on the topic "Hydrochloric acid"

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Palmer, M. J., and K. W. Fife. Magnesium hydroxide as the neutralizing agent for radioactive hydrochloric acid solutions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/116686.

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Pier, Rose Angeli C., and Rebecca M. Chamberlin. Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Iron in Hydrochloric Acid with Quaternary Amines in Microfluidic Devices. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1467377.

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Fife, K. W. A kinetic study of plutonium dioxide dissolution in hydrochloric acid using iron (II) as an electron transfer catalyst. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/378830.

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Jimenez, Stephen, and T. Burleigh. Corrosion Testing Proposal -1: Assessment of the Corrosion of Stainless Steel Subjected to an Aqueous Solution of Hydrochloric Acid. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1821356.

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