Journal articles: 'Hydrochloric acid'

1

&NA;. "Hydrochloric acid." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1081 (December 2005): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200510810-00043.

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De Backer, A., P. Haentjens, and G. Willems. "Hydrochloric acid." Digestive Diseases and Sciences 30, no. 9 (September 1985): 884–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01309520.

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Aljeboree, Aseel M., Faraj Mohammed, Mohammed A. Jawad, and Ayad F. Alkaim. "Exploiting the Diazotization Reaction of 8-hydroxyquinoline for Determination of Metoclopramide-hydrochloric acid in Pharmaceutical Preparations." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY TECHNOLOGY 13, no. 02 (June 25, 2022): 703–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.13.2.37.

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A sample, fast, precise and accurate spectrophotometric method to the quantitative determination of metoclopramide hydrochloride (MCP) in pure and pharmaceutical preparations, a simple, sensitive and high-purity method has been developed. This method is based on the diazotization of the primary amine group of metoclopramide hydrochloride by reaction hydrochloric acid with sodium nitrite followed by conjugation in an alkaline medium with 8-hydroxyquinoline against the reagent blank. The effect of several acids like hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, and sulfuriHc acid. That found hydrochloric acid the most excellent acid, to give the maximum absorption and sensitivity and the best volume NaNO2 solution about 1 and 3 mL of an 8-hydroxyquinoline reagent gives high intensity and stability to the color formed, also azo dye give a maximum absorption and best sensitivity after 10 minutes and the color remains stable about 1-hour. Where the concentration range was 1-20 mg/L, it was found that it obeys law Beer-Lambert correlation coefficient (R2 =0.9997). They have a detection limit LoD (0.274 μg mL-1) and limit of Quantitation LoQ (0.915 μg mL-1), respectively. This method has also been used in many pharmaceutical preparations (capsules, tablets and syrup) to determine the drug metoclopramide.

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Zhou, Hengcheng, Peihai Ju, Shaowei Hu, Lili Shi, Wenjing Yuan, Dongdong Chen, Yujie Wang, and Shaoyuan Shi. "Separation of Hydrochloric Acid and Oxalic Acid from Rare Earth Oxalic Acid Precipitation Mother Liquor by Electrodialysis." Membranes 13, no. 2 (January 27, 2023): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13020162.

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In this study, the hydrochloric acid from rare earth oxalic acid precipitation mother liquor was separated by electrodialysis (ED) with different anion exchange membranes, including selective anion exchange membrane (SAEM), polymer alloy anion exchange membrane (PAAEM), and homogenous anion exchange membrane (HAEM). In addition to actual wastewater, nine types of simulated solutions with different concentrations of hydrochloric acid and oxalic acid were used in the experiments. The results indicated that the hydrochloric acid could be separated effectively by electrodialysis with SAEM from simulated and real rare earth oxalic acid precipitation mother liquor under the operating voltage 15 V and ampere 2.2 A, in which the hydrochloric acid obtained in the concentrate chamber of ED is of higher purity (>91.5%) generally. It was found that the separation effect of the two acids was related to the concentrations and molar ratios of hydrochloric acid and oxalic acid contained in their mixtures. The SEM images and ESD–mapping analyses indicated that membrane fouling appeared on the surface of ACS and CSE at the diluted side of the ED membrane stack when electrodialysis was used to treat the real rare earth oxalic acid precipitation mother liquor. Fe, Yb, Al, and Dy were found in the CSE membrane section, and organic compounds containing carbon and sulfur were attached to the surface of the ACS. The results also indicated that the real rare earth precipitation mother liquor needed to be pretreated before the separation of hydrochloric acid and oxalic acid by electrodialysis.

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5

Kafka, Stanislav, Jan Kytner, Alexandra Šilhánková, and Miloslav Ferles. "Hydroboration of 1-(5-hexenyl)piperidine and trans–1-(3-hexenyl)piperidine." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 52, no. 8 (1987): 2035–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19872035.

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1-(5-Hexenyl)piperidine (Ia) and trans-1-(3-hexenyl)piperidine (Ib) were hydroborated with tetrahydrofuran-borane, diborane in situ, 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane and triethylamine-borane. The hydroboration products were converted to 1-piperidinylhexanols IIa-IIe by hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid and subsequent oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in an alkaline medium. In addition to the alcohols IIa-IIe, the reaction also gave 1-hexylpiperidine (Ic). In the reactions with diborane in situ and triethylamine-borane, thermal isomerization of the hydroboration products was also studied. Hydroboration of Ia with triethylamine-borane afforded a mixture of spirocyclic amine-boranes IIIa-IIIc from which 6-(1-piperidinyl)-3-hexylboronic acid hydrochloride (IV) was obtained by hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid. Compounds IIIa-IIIc were slowly decomposed with ethanol to give esters of boronic acids Id-If. The synthesis of compounds Ia and Ib is described.

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Huang, Kun, Hui Zhou, Anqi He, Yan Sun, Yufeng Liu, Xiuxiang Gao, Ying Zhao, et al. "Superconcentrated Hydrochloric Acid." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 115, no. 24 (June 23, 2011): 7823–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp109551z.

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7

Bennett, GaryF. "Sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid." Journal of Hazardous Materials 33, no. 1 (January 1993): 148–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(93)85074-o.

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8

Li, Yu Feng, Xi Luo, and Lei Wang. "Preparation of Conductive Fine Flake Expanded Graphite/Polyaniline Composites." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 910–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.910.

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Conductive fine flake expanded graphite/polyaniline composites was prepared by emulsion polymerization with sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS) as emulsifying agent, ammonium persulfate as initiator, hydrochloride and fine flakeexpanded graphite as dopants. Effects of hydrochloric acid, dopant, emulsifier and initiator to the conductivity has also been found through orthogonal experiment. The best condition, under which the conductivity is over 2.0S/cm, is 6% doped graphite, 6ml hydrochloric acid, 5.00g emulsifier and 3.25g initiator. It also demonstrates the improvement of the conductivity of polyaniline (PANI) via addition of graphite.

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9

Guerriero, Massimiliano. "Killer Nurse with Hydrochloric Acid, Autopsy Report." International Journal of Forensic Sciences 8, no. 3 (2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ijfsc-16000318.

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This particular example is known in the news as the case of the killer nurse. In the end, the nurse was sentenced to 30 years in prison. We describe the unusual case (both the reasons for and the use of an unusual substance in these cases) of a nurse who used hydrochloric acid to kill a patient. To date we are not aware of any such cases having been described in the medical literature. This is a very special case because the nurse did not use a drug to kill the patient, as already described in numerous previous cases, but used a caustic substance: hydrochloric acid.

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10

Edward, Mouli, Ferdiansyah Mahyudin, Mohammad Hardian Basuki, Heri Suroto, and Ferdiansyah Danang Perwira. "Growth Factor Comparison in Cortical Demineralized Bone Matrix that Demineralized Using Chloric and Acetic Acid." (JOINTS) Journal Orthopaedi and Traumatology Surabaya 12, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/joints.v12i1.2023.1-9.

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Background: Demineralized Bone Matrix (DBM) is an alternative biomaterial that needs particular acid and a specific time to optimize the growth factors preservation. The best demineralization protocol for preserving growth factors in DBM is currently unavailable. This study aimed to investigate DBM extraction methods using different acids and times to maintain the optimum growth factors.Methods: This in vitro experimental laboratory study used a randomized controlled post-test-only group design. We characterized the IGF-1, BMP2, and TGF-β content of 1 gram of New Zealand White Rabbit cortical bone immersed in 0.6 M hydrochloric and 0.5 M acetic acid at 3, 6, and 9 days. We then analyzed the differences in growth factor levels in each acid and analyzed them statistically.Results: IGF-1 levels were higher in DBM demineralized acetic acid than hydrochloric acid. BMP-2 and TGF-β levels were higher in DBM demineralized using hydrochloric acid. The concentration of growth factors decreased with time in DBM demineralized using acetic acid. The highest growth factor level was obtained after six days of immersion in hydrochloric acid.Conclusion: The average value of IGF-1 in DBM demineralized with acetic acid was higher than in hydrochloric acid. Otherwise, BMP 2 and TGF-β were better in hydrochloric acid. We also found that the growth factor level in hydrochloric acid reached its peak level at six days and then decreased. These results suggest the importance of not over-demineralizing the bone to maintain growth factors, and further research should be conducted to improve DBM processing.

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11

Hastuty, Sri, Anang Widiatmoko, Toto Sudiro, Muhammad Awwaluddin, and Poppy Puspitasari. "Corrosion Behavior of Hastelloy C-276 in Hydrochloric and Sulfuric Acid." Key Engineering Materials 940 (January 30, 2023): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-182v0d.

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This research was conducted to determine the corrosion rate by varying the concentration of the solution against hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. The method used is open circuit potential (OCP) and Tafel plot. Based on the research conducted, Hastelloy C-276 was more prone to get oxidized in sulfuric acid rather than hydrochloric acid. It can be seen from the OCP value of sulfuric acid was much more negative than that of hydrochloric acid as of-1.5 V for 0.5 M sulfuric acid and-0.2 V for hydrochloric acid. The corrosion rate of Hastelloy C-276 in sulfuric acid was also higher compared to same alloy in hydrochloric acid. At the most concentrated solution, 0.5 M, the corrosion rate of sulfuric acid reached 0.39 mmpy and as for corrosion cate in hydrochloric acid, only at 0.16 mmpy. It is thought that there was a difference of passive film composition for both solutions. Keywords: Hastelloy C-276, Corrosion, Hydrochloric acid, Sulfuric acid.

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12

Liu, Tao, Nan Nan Xia, Xu Tang, and Gui Zhen Gong. "Degradation of Rice Straw with Dilute Hydrochloric Acid." Advanced Materials Research 1033-1034 (October 2014): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1033-1034.101.

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Rice straw was degraded with different concentration hydrochloric acid solution.The reaction mixture was extracted with petroleum ether and ethyl acetate, respectively. The effects of different concentration dilute hydrochloric acids on the yields of residue were investigated. The extracts were analyzed with gas chromatography (GC) and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The results indicated that hydrochloric acid solution can convert most of the organic matters contained in rice straw into solvent-soluble species. The research is significance in the high value added utilization of rice straw.

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13

Wang, Xiao Mei, and Yan Ming Zhang. "Study on One-Step Process of the Size Mixture Blending and Acidolysis Modification of Starch." Advanced Materials Research 821-822 (September 2013): 1122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.821-822.1122.

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Taking cassava starch as the raw materials and hydrochloric acid (HCL) as the catalyst, the acidolysis modification of starch was performed combining with the size mixture blending process. The results show that when the concentration of cassava starch is in the range of 8%~12%, the dosage of 6% hydrochloride acid for 1000g starch milk is about 0.8g~1.2g, and the viscosity of acidolysis starch decreases with the increase of hydrochloric acid dosage. The viscosity can reach the stable level when the reaction time is about 2 hours for the size mixture of low viscosity, and is about 3 hours for that of the high viscosity. Also, the viscosity thermal stability of size mixture is verified to be good.

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14

Hill, D. L. "Development of taste responses in the rat parabrachial nucleus." Journal of Neurophysiology 57, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 481–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1987.57.2.481.

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Extracellular responses from neurons in the parabrachial nuclei (PBN) were studied in rats 4 days old to adulthood during chemical stimulation of the tongue with monochloride salts, citric and hydrochloric acids, sucrose, sodium saccharin, and quinine hydrochloride. Multiunit taste responses were recorded in rats at 4-7 days of age and single-unit responses were recorded from 121 neurons in four other age groups of 14-20 days, 25-35 days, 50-60 days, and adults. PBN neurons in rats 4-7 days old consistently responded to 0.1 M solutions of NH4Cl and NaCl, to 0.5 M solutions of NH4Cl, NaCl, and KCl, and to 1.0 M sucrose, 0.1 M sodium saccharin, 0.1 M citric acid, and 0.1 N HCl. They often did not respond, however, to 0.1 M KCl and 0.01 M quinine hydrochloride. Single PBN neurons in rats 14 days old and older characteristically responded to all stimuli, which consisted of 0.1 and 0.5 M salts, acids, sucrose, sodium saccharin, and quinine hydrochloride. Thus no developmental differences occurred in the number of stimuli to which neurons responded after rats were 14 days old. With the exception of responses to hydrochloric acid, there were significant increases in response frequencies to all stimuli after 14 days of age. Average response frequencies to NH4Cl and citric acid increased after 20 days of age and those to NaCl, LiCl, KCl, sucrose, sodium saccharin, and quinine hydrochloride increased after 35 days of age. Average response frequencies for hydrochloric acid did not alter after 14 days of age. The proportion of single PBN neurons that responded maximally to specific monochloride salts did not change during development. Most single neurons in all age groups responded equally well to NH4Cl, NaCl, and LiCl. No PBN neuron responded maximally to KCl. Developmental differences in response frequencies of third-order gustatory neurons in the PBN generally reflect developmental response changes in first-order neurons of the chorda tympani nerve and second-order neurons of the solitary nucleus. However, unique developmental changes are evident in the PBN. Thus the ontogenetic changes that occur in PBN responses likely relate to modifications of lower-order peripheral and central nervous system afferents and peripheral receptor sensitivities.

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15

Shevchuk, V. V., T. N. Potkina, and O. V. Smetanina. "Decomposition of polyhalite with hydrochloric acid." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Chemical Series 57, no. 3 (September 5, 2021): 340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8331-2021-57-3-340-345.

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Due to the fact that polyhalite ores are poorly soluble in water, it was of interest to study the method of their processing using acids. The influence of polyhalite size, the hydrochloric acid concentration and consumption, the ratio of L: S, the temperature and time of mixing the pulp on the useful components extraction into the solution have been studied. The optimal conditions for the decomposition of polyhalite with hydrochloric acid have been determined. The degree of useful components extraction into the solution depends on the concentration of hydrochloric acid or on the L:S ratio of the pulp, but in all cases the decomposition of polyhalite occurs without secondary crystal formation, as evidenced by the same degree of potassium and magnesium ions extraction. The degree of potassium and magnesium ions extraction from polyhalite into solution increases with decomposition process temperature, an increase in the consumption of acid and the duration of the reagents interaction, and decreases with increasing acid concentration. The CaSO4 content in the solution increases sharply with an increase in the HCl concentration and is practically independent of the process temperature. Hydrochloric acid extract can be used for phosphate raw decomposition in order to obtain complex fertilizers.

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16

Zhong, Xue Ming, Mao Sheng Fu, and Yuan Cheng Qin. "Study on the Decomposition of the Tungsten Residue Using Concentrated Hydrochloric Acid by Reflux Method." Advanced Materials Research 1033-1034 (October 2014): 395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1033-1034.395.

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A method of decomposition for tungsten residue using concentrated hydrochloric acid by reflux is presented. The hydrochloric acid concentration, hydrochloric acid consumption and reflux time were investigated. The decomposition of tungsten residue using concentrated hydrochloric acid by reflux was compared to non-reflux. The results show that the reflux method is significantly better than the non-reflux method. The optimum decomposition conditions for tungsten residue are that the hydrochloric acid consumption is at 38.55 mmol/g and the mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and tungsten residue are heated to reflux under stirring for 4 h. The decomposition ratio is Fe 98.88%, Mn 98.63%, RE 99.13%, Sc 98.78%, Th 97.84%, Ti 97.11%, U 96.92%, Zr 95.76%, Nb 6.65%, Ta 3.54%, and W 0.89%.

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17

Said, Nurdin, Shahroom M. Shah Ahmad, V. Sivaguru Malar, A. Khairuddin Syafiqah, Athirah M. Sukri Hajar, and A. Rahman Aina. "Precious Nickel Recovery from Palm Oil Mill Fuel Ash Waste (Ni-POMFAW) Using Acidic Leaching Extraction (ALE)." Key Engineering Materials 705 (August 2016): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.705.374.

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This paper demonstrates precious recovery of nickel from physical pre-treated raw palm oil mill fuel ash waste (POMFAW). The acidic leaching extraction (ALE) using sulphuric and hydrochloric acids agents were carried out in a bath stirrer flask. Process parameter effects of acid concentration, solution pH and treatment time were investigated in the nickel recuperation. The highest nickel recovery (96.83%) was found by treatment time of 1 h, pH of 2.5 and hydrochloric acid concentration of 2.0 M. At the acids leaching higher than 2 M, the nickel recovery decreased. Results from acids leaching imply that nickel complex can be formed at substantial percentages within the acid concentration higher than 1 M. The hydrochloric acid provides impressive nickel compared sulphuric acid, and the POMFAW can be proposed as a substitute of non-renewable sources derived nickel for a promising material and the used ALE can be considered as a beneficial technique.

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18

Soni, Neil, Ian O'Rourke, and Ian Pearson. "Ingestion of hydrochloric acid." Medical Journal of Australia 142, no. 8 (April 1985): 471–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1985.tb113459.x.

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19

Kang, Eun Seok, Sik Lee, Won Kim, and Sung Kyew Kang. "Hydrochloric Acid Induced Hyperkalemia." Korean Journal of Electrolyte Metabolism 2, no. 1 (2004): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5049/kjem.2004.2.1.65.

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20

Young, Jay A. "Hydrochloric Acid (approx 36%)." Journal of Chemical Education 78, no. 7 (July 2001): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed078p873.

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21

Luttrell, William E. "Toxic tips: hydrochloric acid." Chemical Health and Safety 8, no. 4 (July 2001): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1074-9098(01)00221-0.

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22

Lindheimer, A., M. Boudet-Dummy, and C. Gavach. "Electrodialysis of hydrochloric acid." Desalination 94, no. 2 (December 1993): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(93)eo127-j.

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23

Chandwadkar, Chandrashekhar, Ghodaratollah Nasiri, and Ali Seyfzadeh. "Hydrochloric acid tank explosion." Process Safety Progress 28, no. 3 (June 23, 2009): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.10321.

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Sun, Jian, Shan Shan Gong, and Qi Sun. "A Novel Strategy for the Synthesis of Azetidine." Advanced Materials Research 830 (October 2013): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.830.135.

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A novel method for the synthesis of azetidine via phosphoramidate intermediate has been developed. In the key step, cleavage of the PN bond in azetidin-1-ylphosporamidate with hydrochloric acid furnished a high-yielding conversion to azetidine hydrochloride.

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25

Shi, Pei Yang, Xiao Liang Li, Ying Ying Yue, Cheng Jun Liu, and Mao Fa Jiang. "Electrochemical Behavior of 430 Ferritic Stainless Steel in HCl Solution at Different Temperatures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 446-447 (November 2013): 394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.394.

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The environmental concerns brought during pickling process of stainless steel in HNO3-containing acids need urgent attention. Choosing the hydrochloric acid pickling process as study object, this paper conducted a systematic study of the effect of temperature on the electrochemical behavior of stainless steel in hydrochloric acid solution. Research indicated that as temperature rose, the corrosion potential of 430SS in hydrochloric acid solution moved to positive direction with band to a narrow 0.1V. Meanwhile, the current intensity increased which indicated the acceleration of corrosion rate. In addition, the anode Tafel slope increased firstly and decreased later while the cathode Tafel slope increased slightly.

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26

Masrukan, Masrukan, and Umar Santoso. "PENGARUH KONSENTRASI ASAM KLORIDA DAN LAMA PERENDAMAN TERHADAP SIFAT FISIK DAN KIMIA GELATIN TULANG IKAN TUNA (Thunnus albacare)." AGROTECH : JURNAL ILMIAH TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN 1, no. 1 (March 18, 2019): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37631/agrotech.v1i1.6.

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Type A gelatin was extracted from partial hydrolysis of collagen from tuna fish bone. The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of hydrochloride acid solution and soaking time on physical and chemical properties of tuna fish bone gelatin and to determine optimum conditions for extraction of tuna fish bone gelatin which is based on the highest yield and gel strength. The experiment used randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors. The first factor was concentration of hydrochloric acid consisting of 3 level (1, 3, and 5% v/v) and the second factor was soaking time (24, 48, and 72 hours). The results showed that concentration of hydrochloric acid and soaking time significantly affect at the physical and chemical properties of tuna fish bone gelatin. The optimum condition obtained the treatment of gelatin was concentration of hydrochloric acid 3% and soaking time 72 hours. Physical and chemical properties of gelatin from tuna fish bone, which is 120.37 gram Bloom gel strength; viscosity 4.75 cP; melting point 20.37 ° C; color was yellowish brown, moisture content 11.85%, protein content 80.90%.; fat content 2.73% and ash content 8.12%.

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Yang, Xiong, Jian Tong, and Xiao Ming Li. "Corrosion of 434 Stainless Fibres in Hydrochloric Acid." Applied Mechanics and Materials 318 (May 2013): 312–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.318.312.

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The effects of concentration and temperature of hydrochloric acid and etching time on the corrosion rates of 434 stainless steel fibres are investigated by using weight loss method,The results show that with the concentration of hydrochloric acid increase,the temperature of hydrochloric acid rise, etching time prolonging, the corrosion rate of 434 stainless steel fibres is increased, and the corrosion rate of smalldimension of 434 stainless steel fibres faster.Though Cl- of hydrochloric acid doesn’t take direct part in the reaction,the corrosion rate is significantly accelerated.

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Zhang, Lei, Hao Wang, and Yu Li. "Research on the Extract Al₂O₃ from Coal Gangue." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 1947–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.1947.

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The experiments selected Wang Taipu gangue as raw materials and adopted single factor experimental method to study the leaching of aluminum oxide from gangue by using hydrochloric acid as leaching medium. The experiments studied solvent/sample mass ratio, hydrochloric acid/sample, liquid-solid ratio, hydrochloric acid concentration, leaching time and leaching temperature on Al2O3 leaching rate of coal gangue. Through the parallel experiment of the above factors, we can found that optimization conditions of hydrochloric acid leaching of alumina were: solvent /sample mass ratio: 0.20, solvent: NaF, liquid-solid ratio: 1:10, hydrochloric acid concentration: 6mol/L, leaching time: 150min, leaching temperature:110°C. In this case, the aluminum oxide of optimal leaching rate was 79.33%.

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Fu, Ren Chun, Jun Du, Hui Huang, and Zhong Cheng Guo. "The Electrical Conductivity Stability of Polyaniline Doped with Three Different Acids." Advanced Materials Research 774-776 (September 2013): 803–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.774-776.803.

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The doping acid will obviously effect on the properties of polyaniline. In order to investigate the industrial acids influence the electrical conductivity stability of polyaniline, the hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (SA) and methanesulfonic acid (MSA) in industrial degree were chosen as doping acids to synthesize polyaniline. The stability of electrical conductivity was measured by in situ temperature. The mechanism of temperature dependence of electrical conductivity was discussed. The results revealed that the stability of polyaniline doped by hydrochloric acid (HCl) was better than that of polyaniline doped by other acids. The variable-range hopping (VRH) model could explain the temperature dependence of electrical conductivity of polyaniline.

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Villaverde, Juan José, Pablo Ligero, and Alberto de Vega. "Miscanthus x giganteus as a Source Of Biobased Products Through Organosolv Fractionation: A Mini Review." Open Agriculture Journal 4, no. 1 (December 31, 2010): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331501004010102.

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This paper deals with the chemical treatments with selected organic compounds that have been applied to Miscanthus to upgrade it, for pulp production or fractionation purposes. Organosolv processes have demonstrated their effectiveness as fractionation treatments; therefore special emphasis is placed on these systems and, in particular, those making use of carboxylic acids. That is, Acetosolv process that uses acetic acid-water-hydrochloric acid mixtures as delignifying agents, the process with formic acid-water-hydrochloric acid and the Milox process, which replaces the hydrochloric acid in the medium by hydrogen peroxide, thus forming peroxyacetic acid. Furthermore, we present the results of the characterizations that have been made in relation to extractives and lignin of Miscanthus. It also is analyzed the major changes undergone by lignin during organosolv treatments. Finally, some progresses in the field of TCF bleaching of the cellulose pulps obtained are summarized.

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Monticelli, Damiano, Alessio Castelletti, Davide Civati, Sandro Recchia, and Carlo Dossi. "How to Efficiently Produce Ultrapure Acids." International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2019 (January 1, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5180610.

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Subboiling distillation has been used since two decades for the purification of analytical grade acids from inorganic contaminants and demonstrated an efficient method to obtain pure acids starting from reagent grade chemicals. Nevertheless, the effect of the subboiling parameters on the purity of the distilled acids has never been methodically investigated. Aim of the present research is a systematic evaluation of the subboiling distillation protocol for the production of pure hydrochloric and nitric acid. In particular, the effect of the subboiling temperature and the number of subsequent distillations was investigated as these parameters were recognised as the most important factors controlling acid purity, acid concentration, and distillation yield. The concentration of twenty elements in the purified acids was determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. As a result, the subboiling temperature (up to 82°C) and the number of subsequent distillations (up to four) were demonstrated not to affect the purity of the distilled nitric and hydrochloric acids. Under normal laboratory conditions, the residual elemental concentrations were in most cases below 10 ng/L in both nitric (2.75% w/w) and hydrochloric (0.1 M) blanks. Ultrapure nitric and hydrochloric acids could accordingly be produced under the most favorable conditions, i.e., the highest temperature and one distillation process only.

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Kitamura, Naoya, Yasunori Yamamoto, Naoki Yamamoto, and Takatoshi Murase. "Rosmarinic acid ameliorates HCl-induced cystitis in rats." PLOS ONE 18, no. 7 (July 18, 2023): e0288813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288813.

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Shiso (Perilla frutescens var crispa f. purprea) is a traditional medicinal herb that exerts anti-inflammatory effects and alleviates lower urinary tract symptoms. In this study, we examined the effects of rosmarinic acid, a major polyphenol in shiso, on urinary function and the bladder in a rat hydrochloric acid-induced cystitis model. Sprague–Dawley rats were administered intravesically with hydrochloric acid or saline solution (control) to induce cystitis. Afterwards, the rats were administered orally with distilled water or rosmarinic acid for three days and then the intravesical pressure was measured, a stretch stimulation test was performed using the harvested bladder, and histological and biochemical analyses were performed. In addition, we investigated the effects of rosmarinic acid on the expression of inflammation-related molecules in normal human bladder epithelial cells. Rosmarinic acid ameliorated hydrochloric acid-induced shortening of micturition interval by 49%. In hydrochloric acid-treated bladders, significantly more prostaglandin E2 was released after stretching; however, rosmarinic acid suppressed its release to control levels. Rosmarinic acid also reduced hydrochloric acid-induced epithelial thickening and the levels of inflammatory molecules in the bladder. Furthermore, rosmarinic acid suppressed interleukin 1β-induced increases in Cox2 and Il6 expression in bladder epithelial cells. These findings indicate that rosmarinic acid can ameliorate hydrochloric acid-induced cystitis in rats and that these effects are due, at least in part, to its anti-inflammatory effects on the bladder and inhibition of stretch-induced prostaglandin E2 release.

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Pospiech, Beata. "Effective Transport Recovery of Palladium(II) from Hydrochloric Acid Solutions Using Polymer Inclusion Membrane with Tetrabutylammonium Bromide." Molecules 29, no. 13 (June 25, 2024): 3009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29133009.

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This article reports on the extraction of palladium(II) from hydrochloric acid (HCl) solutions using polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) containing tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) as the ion carrier. The membranes were based on cellulose triacetate (CTA) as the polymer support. The main aim of this study is to determine the possibility of TBAB’s application as the effective ion carrier/extractant of Pd(II) from hydrochloric acid solutions. At first, the effect of the hydrochloric acid concentration in the aqueous phase on palladium(II) extraction was investigated. Next, cellulose triacetate membranes with TBAB as the carrier were prepared and applied for the recovery of Pd(II) from HCl solutions. As a result of the investigations, the optimal composition of the receiving phase was determined to be 0.5 M thiourea in 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. The effect of the acid concentration in the source phase was investigated. The results show a linear decrease in the permeability coefficient and initial flux of palladium(II) with an increase in the hydrochloric acid concentration in the source phase. The separation of Pd(II) from Pt(IV) from the hydrochloric acid solution was also studied. The transport rate of Pd(II) was higher than Pt(IV). The separation coefficient SPd/Pt was 1.3. The results show that transport through PIMs with TBAB can be used as an effective method to recover Pd(II) from hydrochloric acid, especially at a low concentration of this acid.

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Lai, Chuan, Bin Xie, Bin Yi, Zhen Xiang, Xue Yang, Ni Zeng, Li Ke Zou, and Zhong Ming Lu. "Study on Preparation and Corrosion Inhibition by the Distiller's Grains Extract." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 2025–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.2025.

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The environment-friendly hydrochloric acid pickling inhibitor was extracted from distiller's grains (DG). By comparing a variety of extraction methods of DG, the effect of different extraction method on inhibition efficiency of extraction was investigated, and the inhibition efficiency for Q235 steel in hydrochloric acid medium was studied by weight loss measurements, electrochemical measurements and SEM. The results show that the distiller's grains extract (DGE) acts as an excellent acid pickling corrosion inhibitor for the corrosion of Q235 steel in hydrochloric acid. The studies of inhibitor preparation methods show that the ultrasonic technology is the best method. The effective constituent of DGE is a mixed-type inhibitor in hydrochloric acid medium.

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35

Ma, Guo Xian, and Hai Ying Zhang. "Extraction of Heavy Metals from the Ash Using Hydrochloric Acid." Advanced Materials Research 811 (September 2013): 277–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.811.277.

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This study aims to develop a methodology for analysis of extraction of heavy metals from air pollution control (APC) ash using hydrochloric acid. In this work, the ash was firstly characterized and then hydrochloric acid was used to extract Ni, Zn, Pb and Cu out from the ash. In addition, influence of hydrochloric acid concentration on removal ratio of the four heavy metals was studied. It was found that removal ratio followed the decreasing sequence of Pb > Zn > Cd > Cu for acid extraction using hydrochloric acid. The optimal acid concentration was 4 mol/L, which resulted in a removal ratio of 91% for Pb, 84% for Zn, around 53% for Cd and around 41% for Cu.

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Li, Zi Cheng, Ai Ju Zhang, Zhi Hong Li, and Yu Mei Zhu. "Surface Treatment of Cubic Boron Nitride Grains Applied to Vitrified Bond Grinding Tools." Materials Science Forum 675-677 (February 2011): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.675-677.167.

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Cubic boron nitride (cBN) grains treated with hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and sulphuric acid were investigated, respectively. The results indicated that the surface treatment technique with hydrochloric acid was an excellent method for improving the properties of cBN grains. After hydrochloric acid treating, cBN grains with clean surface and satisfied strength were obtained. Moreover, the bonding strength between cBN grains and vitrified bond was increased significantly for application in vitrified bond grinding tools.

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37

Kasikov, Alexander G., Elena A. Shchelokova, Olga A. Timoshchik, and Artem Yu Sokolov. "Utilization of Converter Slag from Nickel Production by Hydrometallurgical Method." Metals 12, no. 11 (November 11, 2022): 1934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12111934.

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The possibility of hydrometallurgical processing of converter slag from nickel production aimed at integrated use of mineral raw materials and environmental protection is shown. The scheme of hydrometallurgical processing of slag using hydrochloric acid is proposed. The method involves leaching the slag with hydrochloric acid in the presence of ferric ions. The high values of iron and nonferrous metals extraction into the leaching solution are achieved during hydrochloric acid leaching. Silicon is concentrated in an insoluble residue. Liquid extraction was used to extract iron from hydrochloric acid leaching solutions. Silica-containing residues can be successfully used in the construction industry.

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Hua, Wei Dong, Hong Yi Jiang, and Zi Xia Zhou. "Resistance to Hydrochloric Acid Corrosion of Latex Modified Sulphoaluminate Cement Mortar." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 1372–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.1372.

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The correlation between the ratio of styrene-acrylic latex to sulphoaluminate cement and the resistance of latex modified sulphoaluminate cement mortar to hydrochloric acid corrosion was investigated. The weight change rate, compressive strength, and flexural strength of various latex modified cement mortar in the hydrochloric acid solution at different ages were tested and the samples appearance was observed. The results show that the resistance of latex modified sulphoaluminate cement mortar to hydrochloric acid corrosion is related to the latex/cement ratio. With the increase of the latex/cement ratio, the resistance performance of sulphoaluminate cement mortar to hydrochloric acid corrosion was improved firstly and then decreased. When the polymer/cement ratio was 0.2, the latex modified cement mortar presented the highest ability in compressive strength, flexural strength, weight change rate, and the appearance, showing its excellent resistance to hydrochloric acid corrosion.

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Martynov, I. V., V. K. Brel', and V. I. Uvarov. "Reaction of fluoronitroacetic acid with hydrochloric acid." Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Division of Chemical Science 34, no. 6 (June 1985): 1301–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00956109.

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Shafiq, Mian Umer, Aung Kyaw, and Muhannad Talib Shuker. "A Comprehensive Research to Find Suitable Acid for Sandstone Acidizing." Advanced Materials Research 787 (September 2013): 274–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.787.274.

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Stimulation of sandstone formations is a challenging task, which involves several chemicals and physical interactions of the acid with the formation. Some of these reactions may result in formation damage. Matrix acidizing may also be used to increase formation permeability in undamaged wells. Mud acid has been successfully used to stimulate sandstone reservoirs for a number of years. It is a mixture of hydrofluoric (HF) and hydrochloric (HCl) acids designed to dissolve clays and siliceous fines accumulated in the near-wellbore region. For any acidizing process, the selection of acid (Formulation and Concentration) and the design (Pre-flush, Main Acid, After-flush) is very important. Different researchers are using different combinations of acids with different concentrations to get the best results for acidization. Mainly the common practice is combination of Hydrochloric Acid and Hydrofluoric Acid with Concentration (3% HF 12% HCl). This paper presents the results of a laboratory investigation of orthophosphoric acid instead of hydrochloric acid in one combination and the second combination is fluoboric and formic acid and the third one is formic and hydrofluoric acid on undamaged low permeable sandstone formation. The results are compared with the mud acid and the results analyzed are permeability, color change and FESEM Analysis. All of these new combinations show that these have the potential to be used as acidizing acids in sandstone formations.

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Sidun, Iurii, Khrystyna Sobol, Yurii Novytskyi, and Sergii Rybchynskyi. "FEATURES OF THE MIX TIME OF BITUMEN EMULSIONS WITH CEMENT FOR SLURRY SURFACING TECHNOLOGY." Theory and Building Practice 2023, no. 2 (December 20, 2023): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jtbp2023.02.012.

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Pavement grade cationic bitumen emulsions formulations were developed for Slurry Surfacing based on orthophosphoric and hydrochloric acids with both all-purpose and specialized emulsifiers used. As a result, there were established relations of mix time upon cement - for Slurry Surfacing based on various acids and emulsifiers. Mix time of Slurry Surfacing mix (having different cement content) with bitumen emulsions on both orthophosphoric and hydrochloric acids is characterized by parabolic relation, branches of the parabola going down. Still, parabola slope steepness for Slurry Surfacing with cement and bitumen emulsions on orthophosphoric acid is higher than for emulsions on hydrochloric acid. The regularity investigated allows affirming that dosing cement for Slurry Surfacing with orthophosphoric-based bitumen emulsions shall be more diligently checked and controlled – so as to avoid the premature mix time.

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42

Gomelya, N. D., O. V. Hlushko, G. G. Trohymenko, and L. I. Butchenko. "ELECTROLYTIC REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS IONS FROM MURIATIC SOLUTIONS." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 1 (March 20, 2017): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.1.2017.07.

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The results of research on the electrochemical processing of acidic regeneration solutions containing heavy metals ions are presented. The use of a three-cell electrolyzer makes it possible to efficiently extract zinc, copper and nickel ions from muriatic solutions and to concentrate hydrochloric acid in the cell’s intermediate chamber. The paper studies the dependence of the current yield of heavy metals on the concentration of hydrochloric acid, the initial concentration of heavy metals in the cathode chamber, the duration of electrolysis and the concentration of hydrochloric acid in its concentrating zone. The yield of copper and zinc decreases with increasing of acidity in the initial solutions and in the intermediate chamber of the cell. The current yield of nickel is determined to be little depended on the initial concentration of hydrochloric acid. The results on the concentration of hydrochloric acid, depending on the duration of electrolysis, the initial concentration of acid and heavy metals in the catholyte are presented. Bibl. 9, Fig. 9.

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Upadhyay, Anima, and M. Chandrakala. "C orrosion Studies on Tinned Iron Plates From Infant Food Cans." Material Science Research India 13, no. 2 (November 26, 2016): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/130207.

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The corrosion on smooth tinned iron material has been studied in different media. Solutions of sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid and salt solutions of ammonium chloride and sodium chloride were prepared to investigate the corrosion on the metal plates. The plates was immersed in the solutions for a period of time same for all the solutions in order to determine the most aggressive environment. Weight loss technique was adopted to study the rate of corrosion. The result reveals that the material got corroded in this order sulphuric acid > hydrochloric acid > acetic acid > ammonium chloride > sodium chloride. It was therefore concluded that the rate of corrosion was high in strong acids compared to the weak acids and salts.

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Salomão, Priscila Maria Aranda, Daiana Moreli Soares Dos Santos, Camila Perfeito Evangelista Da Silva, Marília Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf, Annette Wiegand, and Ana Carolina Magalhães. "Erosive softening and erosive loss of enamel: Hardness and profilometry analysis." Brazilian Dental Science 19, no. 4 (November 29, 2016): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/bds.2016.v19i4.1330.

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Objective – This study aimed to determine and differentiate erosive softening and enamel erosive loss induced by citric and hydrochloric acids. Material and Methods – Forty enamel specimens were divided into 2 groups: 1) 0.05 M citric acid (pH 2.5) simulating extrinsic erosion and 2) 0.01 M hydrochloric acid (pH 2.2) simulating intrinsic erosion. The enamel specimens were submitted to erosive challenges. Surface microhardness (softening) or contact profilometry (loss) was done after 30 s, after each 60 s up to 10 min, after each 5 min up to 30 min and after 60, 90 and 120 min. Results – Erosive softening (enamel hardness loss) was measurable up to 1 and 2 min for hydrochloric and citric acids, respectively. Erosive loss was significantly increased over time for both types of acids. After 8 min, citric acid was more aggressive than hydrochloric acid (p < 0.001). Conclusion – The progression of enamel erosion from erosive softening to erosive loss is highly dependent on the type of acid, being citric acid more aggressive in later stages. Therefore, this finding should be considered when choosing the method of analysis for laboratory studies. Keywords: Enamel; Erosive wear; Microhardness; Profilometry; Tooth erosion.

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Li, Xiao Liang, Pei Yang Shi, Ying Ying Yue, Qiong Xie, Cheng Jun Liu, and Mao Fa Jiang. "Electrochemical Behavior of 430 Ferritic Stainless Steel in HCl Solution with Different Concentration of Hydrochloric Acid." Applied Mechanics and Materials 446-447 (November 2013): 390–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.446-447.390.

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The hydrochloric acid pickling process which is widely applied in carbon steel pickling ensures high speeds with little pollution. In this research, hydrochloric acid pickling process was introduced into stainless steel pickling to improve the surface integrity. Research indicated that the impedance spectrum obtained from 430SS in HCl solution consisted of a capacitive loop at high frequencies and an inductive loop at low frequencies. As the concentration of hydrochloric acid rose, the radiuses of the capacitive loop decreased.And the corrosion potential of 430SS in hydrochloric acid solution moved to positive direction with band to a narrow 0.1V.And high HCl concentration more markedly influenced the charge-transfer resistance.

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46

Takemura, Taro, Toshiyuki Ikoma, and Nobutaka Hanagata. "Effect of Acid Treated Hydroxyapatite on Osteoblast Maturation." Key Engineering Materials 361-363 (November 2007): 1029–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.361-363.1029.

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Surfaces of sintered hydroxyapatite (HAp) were treated with four kinds of acids, hydrochloric acid (HCl), nitric acid (HNO3), sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). On these acid-treated HAp surfaces, osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured for 20 days. The matrix mineralization was observed in HCl-treated HAp and HNO3-treated HAp, but not in non-treated HAp, H2SO4-treated HAp and H2O2-treated HAp. Gene expressions of Bglap2 encoding osteocalcin and Akp2 encoding alkaline phosphatase were higher in HCl-treated HAp and HNO3-treated HAp than those in the others. These results indicate that not only hydrochloric acid but also nitric acid improves performance of HAp to mature osteoblast.

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47

CONNER, DONALD E., VIRGINIA N. SCOTT, and DANE T. BERNARD. "Growth, Inhibition, and Survival of Listeria monocytogenes as Affected by Acidic Conditions." Journal of Food Protection 53, no. 8 (August 1, 1990): 652–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-53.8.652.

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Growth and survival of four strains of Listeria monocytogenes under acidic conditions were investigated. Tryptic soy broth with yeast extract (TSBYE) was acidified with acetic, citric, hydrochloric, lactic, or propionic acid to pH 4.0–6.0, inoculated with L. monocytogenes and incubated at 30 or 4°C. The minimum test pH at which L. monocytogenes did not grow (inhibitory pH) was determined for each acid. In the pH range tested, this inhibitory pH was 5.0 for propionic acid, 4.5 for acetic and lactic acids, and 4.0 for citric and hydrochloric acids. All four strains gave similar results. Subsequent studies were conducted at 10 and 30°C to determine changes in cell populations in TSBYE adjusted to each inhibitory pH. Initial populations of viable cells (104 CFU/ml) were reduced to <10 CFU/ml within 1–3 weeks at 30°C, whereas at 10°C, L. monocytogenes survived for 11–12 weeks in acetic, citric, or propionic acid-adjusted media and for 6 weeks in media adjusted with hydrochloric or lactic acid. The concentration of undissociated lactic acid was 0.002 M at pH 4.5.

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48

Fang, Yanhong, Ping Wang, Lifang Sun, and Linhong Wang. "Effect of Etching and Modification on the Hydrophobic Angle of Epoxy/Poss Nanomaterials." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 15, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 1502–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2020.2899.

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In this study, simple and feasible methods are used to increase the hydrophobicity of EP-POSS, that is, etching with concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated ammonia water, followed by modification with polytetrafluoroethylene and stearic acid. The principle of the study is to increase the hydrophobic angle of EP-POSS by immersion in concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated ammonia for a sufficiently long time, followed by modification with low-surface-energy materials, i.e., polytetrafluoroethylene and stearic acid. The contact angle of EP-POSS increased from 100° to 133° after immersing in 3 mol/L hydrochloric acid for 12 min. Compared to hydrochloric acid, the surface roughness and contact angel were not changed significantly by immersing in concentrated ammonia for 4 hours. The contact angle was not changed obviously after immersing in 0.1 mol/L polytetrafluoroethylene for 24 h, and only changed from 135° to 136° when immersed in 0.1 mol/L stearic acid. It shows that PTFE and stearic acid hasn?t effectively grafted to the surface of EP-POSS, and has no effect to the micro-nano structure of EP-POSS. According to the experimental results, hydrochloric acid etching is the proper way to enhance EP-POSS contact angel. According to further investigates, it can be determined that treating EP-POSS at 40 °C for 12 min with 3 mol/L hydrochloric acid can significantly improve its hydrophobicity, thus, the hydrophobic performance of EP-POSS is considerably improved.

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Skiba, G. S., N. B. Voskoboinikov, A. V. Solov'ev, V. I. Zakharov, V. T. Kalinnikov, V. N. Korovin, L. A. Nosova, and V. V. Komol'tsev. "Hydrochloric Acid Technology of Loparite." Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 76, no. 10 (October 2003): 1692–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:rjac.0000015740.38847.f0.

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50

Laasonen, Kari E., and Michael L. Klein. "AbInitioStudy of Aqueous Hydrochloric Acid." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 101, no. 1 (January 1997): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp962513r.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Hydrochloric acid'

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