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Academic literature on the topic 'Hydrogels moléculaires'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hydrogels moléculaires"
Macron, Jennifer. "Hydrogels en milieux immergés : de l'adhésion macroscopique aux mécanismes moléculaires." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066400/document.
Full textAdhesion of hydrogels on thin polymer surfaces has been studied systematically via an underwater flat-flat contact test. Macroscopic adhesion at the [gel/thin surface] interface is due to reversible and specific interactions (hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions) created at molecular scale. We wondered about the key parameters that control the formation of these interactions in aqueous solution. Thus, we have established the importance of the composition of the hydrogel (initial concentration of polymer and cross-linking ratio), of the nature of the physical interactions involved in the system and of the interpenetrating distance of polymer chains. Furthermore, the results of the kinetics studies of the evolution of adhesion properties during the swelling of the networks were helpful to quantify the loss of adhesion between state preparation and swelling equilibrium of hydrogels, occurring even in the case of relatively low dilution factors. The kinetics slowdown of the formation of multiple interactions at the [gel/thin surface] interface is involved in the decrease of the energy of adhesion measured at swelling equilibrium compared to state preparation.However by mixing physical bonds with higher energy (electrostatic interactions) at greater interpenetrating distance of chains and elastic dissipation effects (thin polymer gel as thin surface), we have significantly improved the underwater adhesion of the system, while retaining the energy of adhesion constant, even at swelling equilibrium
Belal, Khaled. "Hydrogels stimulables à base de complexes de cyclobis paraquat paraphénylène." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10108/document.
Full textMultistimuli-responsive polymer materials play an important role in various fields of applications, (drug delivery system, tissue engineering, and self-healing materials. In the last past decades, supramolecular chemistry has emerged as a powerful tool to build such smart materials. Indeed, thanks to the inherent and/or induced dynamic behavior of supramolecular interactions, materials properties can be potentially tuned or even programmed. The main objective of this thesis, that have been carried out in the framework of the STRAPA ANR project, was to exploit host-guest interactions formed from the cyclobis paraquat paraphenylene (CBPQT4+) host molecule and electron-rich entities (tetrathiafulvalene, naphthalene) to conceive multi-stimuli responsive hydrogels. Two kind of smart hydrogels have been developed : physical hydrogels in which the sol-gel transition can be controlled upon heating or by adding competitive molecules, and chemical hydrogels with programmable swelling properties. In the last case, we have notably shown that the actuating behavior of hydrogels could be finely triggered by applying various environmental stimuli (T, red/ox, competitive macromolecules and surfactants)
Vialar, Pierre. "Propriétés mécaniques et nanotribologiques de monocouches auto-assemblées de microgels de poly(NIPAM) cationique en milieux aqueux." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0225/document.
Full textThe aim of this project is to advance the knowledge and understanding of lubricating systems, whether synthetic or biological, in aqueous media. For this purpose, we develop self-assem-bled monolayer 2D-arrays of cationic pNIPAM thermosensitive microgels in order to study their mechanical and nanotribological properties. We establish several synthetic routes to modulate the microgel rigidity and study its effect on the tribological behaviour. We also look at the effect of the grafting nature of microgels on the substrate, by developing an innovative chemical coupling method, to compare the properties of physisorbed and chemisorbed mon-olayers. We probe the mechanical properties of the microgel layers in aqueous environment while varying the temperature, the nature of the grafting and the salts added to the system, primarily by using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). The core of our study is performed using a modified Surface Forces Apparatus (SFA) which allows for tribological measurements, the results of which will be treated in two parts. First, we char-acterise the normal surface forces when compressing two surfaces decorated with the micro-gel layers. Second, we study the behaviour of these surfaces under compression and shear. We explore their lubricant properties and observe the appearance of a shear-induced velocity-dependent lift force, whose origin we seek to determine. We thus discovered a mechanism specific to a compliant substrate, decorated with discrete particles presenting a repulsive con-tact without friction at long range
Rodriguez, Vilches Seila. "Nanostructuration of innovative molecular imprinted polymers for their use in protein detection." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1387/.
Full textThe aim of this PhD work was to design and develop a new type of nanostructured material that could be further used in a biochip capable of selectively detecting proteins such cancer biomarkers. The chosen method to achieve this goal was the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) technique. The MIP had to be structured in nanometric lines to be coupled subsequently with the diffracting label-free detection. During the first part of this project, different hydrogel formulations were assessed, which needed to respond to several specifications: polymerization process at 25-37°C in phosphate buffer solution and a polymerization time of less than 15 minutes. In addition, the hydrogel required functional groups that can interact with the protein, it needed to be transparent and biocompatible. Finally, these materials had to have pore sizes compatible with that of the protein for successful surface recognition and exhibit mechanical properties which are compatible with routine technological processes. Three formulations for hydrogel synthesis were selected, including functional groups presenting either a positive or negative charge, or no charge at all. These materials were characterized by techniques such as piezorheometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), electron microscopy (SEM, TEM and cryoSEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and profilometry. By following the formation of the hydrogel under UV irradiation by piezorheometry, we showed that maximal crosslinking was achieved in less than 5 minutes when using a lamp with a power of 150 mW/cm2. In addition we also confirmed that these formulations were compatible with UV-nanoimprint lithography and that sub-micron periodic gratings could be obtained. The protein MIPs after batch rebinding experiments were evaluated by fluorescence, showing recognition for streptavidin with an imprinting factor of I. F= 1. 7
Delcey, Nicolas. "Tectonique moléculaire : réseaux moléculaires à propriétés optiques assemblées par des liaisons hydrogène chargées." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00832512.
Full textBoisselier, Julie. "Mise en œuvre d’un système de confinement et de délivrance moléculaire pour la production in situ de glucose au sein d’un hydrogel conçu pour l'ingénierie tissulaire." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CERG0830/document.
Full textIn tissue engineering, the in vivo survival of stem cells located within a biomaterial is limited by an ischemic environment characterized by a low supply of oxygen and nutrients. Recent studies on fibrin based hydrogels (designed to improve stem cells survival after implantation) have highlighted the need to control the spatiotemporal availability of glucose within a biomaterial scaffold. Glucose release occurs through the degradation of starch, a glucose polymer, at a rate controlled by the action of the enzyme amyloglucosidase (AMG), a specific catalyst for the hydrolysis of starch.In order to eventually be of clinical impact, critical parameters must be tuned, such as the AMG leakage outside the hydrogel and its loss of activity over time. In this context, AMG encapsulation within nanoparticles of a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer, here poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), is a promising means toward controlling the above parameters.The AMG-containing core-shell type nanoparticles (NPe) were synthesized by an adaptation of the double emulsion technique (water-oil-water). Different methods have been developed to determine the physicochemical and biochemical properties of the resulting nanoparticles. The synthesis was optimized to produce sterile and reproducible nanoparticles appropriate for in vivo implantable hydrogels.Nanoparticle stability and glucose release were investigated in solution and in hydrogels. A key specification of the hydrogel system, enriched in starch and NPe, is the continuous supply of glucose over 1 month. Glucose production was observed to meet this specification, highlighting the potential advantages of this approach
Valdivia, Valeska. "Impact of radiative transfer and chemistry on the formation of molecular clouds." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066709/document.
Full textThe interstellar medium (ISM) is a highly complex system. It corresponds to an intermediate scale between stars and galaxies. The interstellar gas is present throughout the galaxy, filling the volume between stars. A wide variety of coupled processes, such as gravity, magnetic fields, turbulence and chemistry, participate in its evolution, making the modeling of the ISM a challenging problem. A correct description of the ISM requires a good treatment of the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equations, gravity, thermal balance, and chemical evolution within the molecular clouds.This thesis work aims at a better understanding of the formation and evolution of molecular clouds, specially how they become "molecular", paying particular attention to the transition HI-to-H2. We have performed ideal MHD simulations of the formation of molecular clouds and the formation of molecular hydrogen under the influence of gravity and turbulence, using accurate estimates for the shielding effects from dust and the self-shielding for H2, calculated with a Tree-based method, able to provide fast estimates of column densities.We find that H2 is formed faster than predicted by the usual estimates due to local density enhancements created by the gas turbulent motions. Molecular hydrogen, formed at higher densities, could then migrate toward low density warmer regions.Total H2 column densities show that the HI-to-H2 transition occurs at total column densities of a few 10^20 cm−2. We have calculated the populations of rotational levels of H2 at thermal equilibrium, and integrated along several lines of sight. These two results reproduce quite well the values observed by Copernicus and FUSE, suggesting that the observed transition and the excited populations could arise as a consequence of the multi-phase structure of molecular clouds. As H2 formation is prior to further molecule formation, warm H2 could possibly allow the development of a warm chemistry, and eventually explain some aspects of the molecular richness observed in the ISM
Abdelmoneim, Ibrahim Mohamed Ibrahim. "Synthesis, structural and supramolecular studies of linear and cyclic 2 1-[α/aza]-oligomers." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0159.
Full textThe first part of this thesis reported the synthesis and structural studies of linear and cyclic 2:1-[α/aza]-oligomers possessing hydrophobic and/or basic amino acids (lysine). NMR and FTIR results demonstrated that the oligomers could adopt β-turn conformations in solution. Molecular dynamic calculations for oligomers based lysine residues reflected the important role of the aza-motif(s) in structuring the backbones regardless the chirality and nature of the amino acids. In the other hand, X-ray, FTIR, and NMR studies showed that homo- and heterochiral cyclo-(L- or D-Phe-azaPhe-Ala)2-hexamers adopt β-turn conformations in solution and solid states. Both molecules could organize into 3D highly ordered structures stabilized by hydrogen bonds and π-stacking. The second part reflected the propensity of some 2:1-[α/aza]-oligomers to self-assemble in some solvents to form supramolecular gels. Interestingly, the heterochiral cyclo-(D-Phe-azaPhe-Ala)2-hexamer could form organogels. The spectroscopic and rheological studies of the organogels revealed good thermal and mechanical stability with solid-like behavior. SEM and TEM images of the aerogel showed fibrous structure. Furthermore, two hydrogelators, Fmoc-D- or L-Phe-azaPhe-Ala-OH, have been developed and they could achieve hydrogels at pHs 7.0 and 10.0. UV and Flu studies demonstrated that the hydrogels are supported by π-stacking between the aromatic groups. CD analysis reflected that the two hydrogelators self-assemble into β-sheet like structure in consistent with ATR-FTIR results. Both hydrogels exhibited solid-like behavior through rheological studies and the SEM analysis of the xerogels revealed fibrous structure. The third part offered two applications; (i) oligomers based lysine residues reflected good performances in CO2/N2 separation when used as additives in polymeric Pebax® membrane, and (ii) the heterochiral cyclo-(D-Phe-azaPhe-Ala)2-hexamer is suitable for phase selective gelation with good recovery percentages
Kaeffer, Nicolas. "Construction de cathodes et photocathodes moléculaires pour la production d'hydrogène." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV024/document.
Full textSolar fuels generated from the light-induced splitting of water into H2 and O2 is an appealing strategy for securing future energy. The use of platinum for catalyzing hydrogen evolution may be bypassed with earth-abundant catalysts. In a previous study, our lab realized the immobilization of a proton reduction catalyst, the cobalt diimine-dioxime molecular complex, within a cathode material steadily evolving H2 from fully aqueous media. In this work, we report on the implementation of this catalyst into light-driven devices. Operating conditions in the solvent of interest, water, were screened. The molecular catalyst degrades when free in solution, but retains activity when supported on an electrode, even in the presence of O2, and could thus be integrated into a tandem cell. Further on, new derivatives of the catalyst were developed for the attachment onto transparent conducting oxides. Co-grafted photocathodes were constructed by anchoring a functionalized catalyst along with photosensitizers onto p-type NiO. These architectures were checked by a whole set of analytical techniques and light-driven catalytic hydrogen evolution was achieved by photocathodes assessed under device-related photoelectrochemical conditions. Immobilizable dye-catalyst dyads were also successfully synthetized as alternative derivatives and open up new possibilities to develop molecular photocathodes
Rguini, Noureddine. "Modélisation informatique de propriétés moléculaires." Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10209.
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