Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Hydrogels moléculaires'
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Macron, Jennifer. "Hydrogels en milieux immergés : de l'adhésion macroscopique aux mécanismes moléculaires." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066400/document.
Full textAdhesion of hydrogels on thin polymer surfaces has been studied systematically via an underwater flat-flat contact test. Macroscopic adhesion at the [gel/thin surface] interface is due to reversible and specific interactions (hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions) created at molecular scale. We wondered about the key parameters that control the formation of these interactions in aqueous solution. Thus, we have established the importance of the composition of the hydrogel (initial concentration of polymer and cross-linking ratio), of the nature of the physical interactions involved in the system and of the interpenetrating distance of polymer chains. Furthermore, the results of the kinetics studies of the evolution of adhesion properties during the swelling of the networks were helpful to quantify the loss of adhesion between state preparation and swelling equilibrium of hydrogels, occurring even in the case of relatively low dilution factors. The kinetics slowdown of the formation of multiple interactions at the [gel/thin surface] interface is involved in the decrease of the energy of adhesion measured at swelling equilibrium compared to state preparation.However by mixing physical bonds with higher energy (electrostatic interactions) at greater interpenetrating distance of chains and elastic dissipation effects (thin polymer gel as thin surface), we have significantly improved the underwater adhesion of the system, while retaining the energy of adhesion constant, even at swelling equilibrium
Belal, Khaled. "Hydrogels stimulables à base de complexes de cyclobis paraquat paraphénylène." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10108/document.
Full textMultistimuli-responsive polymer materials play an important role in various fields of applications, (drug delivery system, tissue engineering, and self-healing materials. In the last past decades, supramolecular chemistry has emerged as a powerful tool to build such smart materials. Indeed, thanks to the inherent and/or induced dynamic behavior of supramolecular interactions, materials properties can be potentially tuned or even programmed. The main objective of this thesis, that have been carried out in the framework of the STRAPA ANR project, was to exploit host-guest interactions formed from the cyclobis paraquat paraphenylene (CBPQT4+) host molecule and electron-rich entities (tetrathiafulvalene, naphthalene) to conceive multi-stimuli responsive hydrogels. Two kind of smart hydrogels have been developed : physical hydrogels in which the sol-gel transition can be controlled upon heating or by adding competitive molecules, and chemical hydrogels with programmable swelling properties. In the last case, we have notably shown that the actuating behavior of hydrogels could be finely triggered by applying various environmental stimuli (T, red/ox, competitive macromolecules and surfactants)
Vialar, Pierre. "Propriétés mécaniques et nanotribologiques de monocouches auto-assemblées de microgels de poly(NIPAM) cationique en milieux aqueux." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0225/document.
Full textThe aim of this project is to advance the knowledge and understanding of lubricating systems, whether synthetic or biological, in aqueous media. For this purpose, we develop self-assem-bled monolayer 2D-arrays of cationic pNIPAM thermosensitive microgels in order to study their mechanical and nanotribological properties. We establish several synthetic routes to modulate the microgel rigidity and study its effect on the tribological behaviour. We also look at the effect of the grafting nature of microgels on the substrate, by developing an innovative chemical coupling method, to compare the properties of physisorbed and chemisorbed mon-olayers. We probe the mechanical properties of the microgel layers in aqueous environment while varying the temperature, the nature of the grafting and the salts added to the system, primarily by using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). The core of our study is performed using a modified Surface Forces Apparatus (SFA) which allows for tribological measurements, the results of which will be treated in two parts. First, we char-acterise the normal surface forces when compressing two surfaces decorated with the micro-gel layers. Second, we study the behaviour of these surfaces under compression and shear. We explore their lubricant properties and observe the appearance of a shear-induced velocity-dependent lift force, whose origin we seek to determine. We thus discovered a mechanism specific to a compliant substrate, decorated with discrete particles presenting a repulsive con-tact without friction at long range
Rodriguez, Vilches Seila. "Nanostructuration of innovative molecular imprinted polymers for their use in protein detection." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1387/.
Full textThe aim of this PhD work was to design and develop a new type of nanostructured material that could be further used in a biochip capable of selectively detecting proteins such cancer biomarkers. The chosen method to achieve this goal was the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) technique. The MIP had to be structured in nanometric lines to be coupled subsequently with the diffracting label-free detection. During the first part of this project, different hydrogel formulations were assessed, which needed to respond to several specifications: polymerization process at 25-37°C in phosphate buffer solution and a polymerization time of less than 15 minutes. In addition, the hydrogel required functional groups that can interact with the protein, it needed to be transparent and biocompatible. Finally, these materials had to have pore sizes compatible with that of the protein for successful surface recognition and exhibit mechanical properties which are compatible with routine technological processes. Three formulations for hydrogel synthesis were selected, including functional groups presenting either a positive or negative charge, or no charge at all. These materials were characterized by techniques such as piezorheometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), electron microscopy (SEM, TEM and cryoSEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and profilometry. By following the formation of the hydrogel under UV irradiation by piezorheometry, we showed that maximal crosslinking was achieved in less than 5 minutes when using a lamp with a power of 150 mW/cm2. In addition we also confirmed that these formulations were compatible with UV-nanoimprint lithography and that sub-micron periodic gratings could be obtained. The protein MIPs after batch rebinding experiments were evaluated by fluorescence, showing recognition for streptavidin with an imprinting factor of I. F= 1. 7
Delcey, Nicolas. "Tectonique moléculaire : réseaux moléculaires à propriétés optiques assemblées par des liaisons hydrogène chargées." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00832512.
Full textBoisselier, Julie. "Mise en œuvre d’un système de confinement et de délivrance moléculaire pour la production in situ de glucose au sein d’un hydrogel conçu pour l'ingénierie tissulaire." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CERG0830/document.
Full textIn tissue engineering, the in vivo survival of stem cells located within a biomaterial is limited by an ischemic environment characterized by a low supply of oxygen and nutrients. Recent studies on fibrin based hydrogels (designed to improve stem cells survival after implantation) have highlighted the need to control the spatiotemporal availability of glucose within a biomaterial scaffold. Glucose release occurs through the degradation of starch, a glucose polymer, at a rate controlled by the action of the enzyme amyloglucosidase (AMG), a specific catalyst for the hydrolysis of starch.In order to eventually be of clinical impact, critical parameters must be tuned, such as the AMG leakage outside the hydrogel and its loss of activity over time. In this context, AMG encapsulation within nanoparticles of a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer, here poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), is a promising means toward controlling the above parameters.The AMG-containing core-shell type nanoparticles (NPe) were synthesized by an adaptation of the double emulsion technique (water-oil-water). Different methods have been developed to determine the physicochemical and biochemical properties of the resulting nanoparticles. The synthesis was optimized to produce sterile and reproducible nanoparticles appropriate for in vivo implantable hydrogels.Nanoparticle stability and glucose release were investigated in solution and in hydrogels. A key specification of the hydrogel system, enriched in starch and NPe, is the continuous supply of glucose over 1 month. Glucose production was observed to meet this specification, highlighting the potential advantages of this approach
Valdivia, Valeska. "Impact of radiative transfer and chemistry on the formation of molecular clouds." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066709/document.
Full textThe interstellar medium (ISM) is a highly complex system. It corresponds to an intermediate scale between stars and galaxies. The interstellar gas is present throughout the galaxy, filling the volume between stars. A wide variety of coupled processes, such as gravity, magnetic fields, turbulence and chemistry, participate in its evolution, making the modeling of the ISM a challenging problem. A correct description of the ISM requires a good treatment of the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equations, gravity, thermal balance, and chemical evolution within the molecular clouds.This thesis work aims at a better understanding of the formation and evolution of molecular clouds, specially how they become "molecular", paying particular attention to the transition HI-to-H2. We have performed ideal MHD simulations of the formation of molecular clouds and the formation of molecular hydrogen under the influence of gravity and turbulence, using accurate estimates for the shielding effects from dust and the self-shielding for H2, calculated with a Tree-based method, able to provide fast estimates of column densities.We find that H2 is formed faster than predicted by the usual estimates due to local density enhancements created by the gas turbulent motions. Molecular hydrogen, formed at higher densities, could then migrate toward low density warmer regions.Total H2 column densities show that the HI-to-H2 transition occurs at total column densities of a few 10^20 cm−2. We have calculated the populations of rotational levels of H2 at thermal equilibrium, and integrated along several lines of sight. These two results reproduce quite well the values observed by Copernicus and FUSE, suggesting that the observed transition and the excited populations could arise as a consequence of the multi-phase structure of molecular clouds. As H2 formation is prior to further molecule formation, warm H2 could possibly allow the development of a warm chemistry, and eventually explain some aspects of the molecular richness observed in the ISM
Abdelmoneim, Ibrahim Mohamed Ibrahim. "Synthesis, structural and supramolecular studies of linear and cyclic 2 1-[α/aza]-oligomers." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0159.
Full textThe first part of this thesis reported the synthesis and structural studies of linear and cyclic 2:1-[α/aza]-oligomers possessing hydrophobic and/or basic amino acids (lysine). NMR and FTIR results demonstrated that the oligomers could adopt β-turn conformations in solution. Molecular dynamic calculations for oligomers based lysine residues reflected the important role of the aza-motif(s) in structuring the backbones regardless the chirality and nature of the amino acids. In the other hand, X-ray, FTIR, and NMR studies showed that homo- and heterochiral cyclo-(L- or D-Phe-azaPhe-Ala)2-hexamers adopt β-turn conformations in solution and solid states. Both molecules could organize into 3D highly ordered structures stabilized by hydrogen bonds and π-stacking. The second part reflected the propensity of some 2:1-[α/aza]-oligomers to self-assemble in some solvents to form supramolecular gels. Interestingly, the heterochiral cyclo-(D-Phe-azaPhe-Ala)2-hexamer could form organogels. The spectroscopic and rheological studies of the organogels revealed good thermal and mechanical stability with solid-like behavior. SEM and TEM images of the aerogel showed fibrous structure. Furthermore, two hydrogelators, Fmoc-D- or L-Phe-azaPhe-Ala-OH, have been developed and they could achieve hydrogels at pHs 7.0 and 10.0. UV and Flu studies demonstrated that the hydrogels are supported by π-stacking between the aromatic groups. CD analysis reflected that the two hydrogelators self-assemble into β-sheet like structure in consistent with ATR-FTIR results. Both hydrogels exhibited solid-like behavior through rheological studies and the SEM analysis of the xerogels revealed fibrous structure. The third part offered two applications; (i) oligomers based lysine residues reflected good performances in CO2/N2 separation when used as additives in polymeric Pebax® membrane, and (ii) the heterochiral cyclo-(D-Phe-azaPhe-Ala)2-hexamer is suitable for phase selective gelation with good recovery percentages
Kaeffer, Nicolas. "Construction de cathodes et photocathodes moléculaires pour la production d'hydrogène." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV024/document.
Full textSolar fuels generated from the light-induced splitting of water into H2 and O2 is an appealing strategy for securing future energy. The use of platinum for catalyzing hydrogen evolution may be bypassed with earth-abundant catalysts. In a previous study, our lab realized the immobilization of a proton reduction catalyst, the cobalt diimine-dioxime molecular complex, within a cathode material steadily evolving H2 from fully aqueous media. In this work, we report on the implementation of this catalyst into light-driven devices. Operating conditions in the solvent of interest, water, were screened. The molecular catalyst degrades when free in solution, but retains activity when supported on an electrode, even in the presence of O2, and could thus be integrated into a tandem cell. Further on, new derivatives of the catalyst were developed for the attachment onto transparent conducting oxides. Co-grafted photocathodes were constructed by anchoring a functionalized catalyst along with photosensitizers onto p-type NiO. These architectures were checked by a whole set of analytical techniques and light-driven catalytic hydrogen evolution was achieved by photocathodes assessed under device-related photoelectrochemical conditions. Immobilizable dye-catalyst dyads were also successfully synthetized as alternative derivatives and open up new possibilities to develop molecular photocathodes
Rguini, Noureddine. "Modélisation informatique de propriétés moléculaires." Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10209.
Full textGiannoudis, Emmanouil. "Construction de photocathodes de production d'hydrogène optimisées par une approche moléculaire." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. https://thares.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/2020GRALV005.pdf.
Full textProduction of solar fuels in a dye-sensitized hydrogen-evolving photoelectrochemical cell, where splitting of water into H2 and O2 occurs is an attractive method in order to fulfill future energy demands and face the environmental problems arising by the combustion of fossil fuels. The group constructed a functional NiO DS-photocathode for H2 evolution, a counterpart of the tandem device, based on the first noble metal-free covalent dye-catalyst assembly. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of two novel dye-catalyst assemblies, both relying on the same ruthenium photosensitizer. The first dyad is based on the cobalt diimine-dioxime complex previously employed by the group and the second one on a cobalt tetraazomacrocyclic complex. Photoelectrochemical experiments under identical conditions enabled us to correlate the performance with the choice of the photosensitizer and the catalyst. Ruthenium outperformed in activity photocathodes based on organic dyes. Transient absorption spectroelectrochemistry revealed that one limiting factor for the activity of our systems is the thermal electron transfer from the reduced dye to the catalytic unit. In addition, post-operando analysis showed that desorption of the molecular architecture from the surface and decomposition of the cobalt diimine-dioxime also limits the efficiency. The second dye-catalyst assembly exhibits the higher TON ever reported for dye-sensitized hydrogen-evolving photocathodes, implying that more stable and robust catalysts are of significant importance. Finally, the second dyad was functional for PEC CO2 reduction to CO under aqueous media with promising preliminary results
Queyriaux, Nicolas. "Vers la construction d'une photocathode de production d'hydrogène par une approche moléculaire." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV033/document.
Full textThere is an urgent need to provide solutions for the energetic challenge our planet has to face. The production of “environmentally friendly” fuels such as dihydrogen H2 through sunlight-driven water splitting holds great promise. Hydrogen is indeed a carbon-free energy carrier that can be stored and used on request to produce electricity thanks to the mature fuel cell technology. Moreover, water and solar energy form the ideal couple for H2 production because they are both readily available and their use is considered to be safe for the environment. The design and study of molecular photocatalytic systems for H2 evolution from water has therefore been the subject of intensive research interest in the last decade and their implementation into functional dye-sensitized photoelectrocatalytic cells recently appeared in the literature. It is nevertheless necessary to optimize the efficiency of these molecular systems in order to reach the targeted solar-to-hydrogen conversion yield. In that context, this PhD thesis aimed at getting a better understanding of parameters relevant for the optimization of molecular H2-evolving photocathodes: first, different coupling strategies have been studied to covalently assemble a light-harvesting unit with a redox-active moiety; second, a synthetic methodology allowing introduction of robust anchoring groups in the coordination sphere of ruthenium photosensitizers has been widely studied and the first photoelectrodes characterized; finally, a new series of proton reduction catalysts featuring a polypyridinic ligand has been investigated, allowing important kinetic and mechanistic insights to be obtained
Carpanese, Cristina. "Simultaneous use of hydrogen and coordination bonds in molecular tectonics." Strasbourg, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STRA6064.
Full textEn utilisant les concepts de la "tectonique moléculaire", ce travail a été centré sur la conception, la synthèse ainsi que l'étude structurale d'architectures supramoléculaires hybrides, organiques/inorganiques, obtenues dans des conditions d'auto-assemblage. Dans la première partie, des nouveaux complexes métalliques, obtenus à partir de ligands mono- et di-carboxylate dérivés de 2,2’-bipyridine ou de 4,7-phenanthroline, ont été synthétisés. Des architectures bidimensionnelles isostructurales à quatre composants ont été obtenues en combinant un tecton dianionique 1,10-phenanthroline-4,7-dicarboxylate, un dication de type bisamidinium, le cation Ag+ ainsi que des anions XF6- (X= P, As, Sb). De plus, une architecture tridimensionnelle triplement interpénétrée a été formée à partir de 1,10-phenanthroline-4,7-dicarboxylate, dication bisamidinium et le cation Cu2+. Dans la deuxième partie, la coordination des cations métalliques Zn(II), Cu(I/II) and Ag(I) par les ligands 2,2’-bipyridine-6,6’- acide dicarboxylique ou 4,7-phenanthroline-2,9-acide dicarboxylique ainsi que la formation de réseaux moléculaires ont été étudiées. Cette investigation a conduit à la formation d'un réseau de coordination monodimensionnel basé sur des interactions Ag-Ag. Enfin, dans la dernière partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à une nouvelle famille de ligands basés sur des squelettes de type 2,2’-bipyridine, 2,2’-biquinoline ou 1,8-naphthyridine portant des groupes pyridyls. Ces ligands portent de sites de coordination pour les métaux et un motif de reconnaissance pour le groupe carboxylique, particulièrement utile pour la formation de réseaux hybrides
Davydova, Alexandra. "MD simulation of H2 plasma/graphene interaction for innovative etching processes development." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENT054.
Full textGraphene is a two-dimensional material with unique physical, chemical and mechanical properties. It could be promising for novel applications, but the nm-scale control of graphene processing challenges current technology, especially in plasma treatment, thus preventing the development of graphene based technology at industrial scale. The main issue associated with plasma/graphene processes is the atomic thickness of the material: graphene is easily damaged upon exposure to reactive plasma. One critical question to answer then: is it possible to use conventional plasma technologies to pattern/clean/dope graphene layers, as is done for other materials in the microelectronic industry?Hydrogen plasmas have been shown to be promising for graphene treatment with minimal damages, but little is known about the fundamental mechanisms involved in graphene etching. Thus, in our work, we applied classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of H2 plasma/graphene interaction to assist the development of three important processes. First, MD allowed us to explain the lateral etching mechanisms of graphene nanorribons (GNR) in downstream H2 plasmas, which is an important technological step to produce GNR with a width<10 nm. Second, we show that H2 plasmas can be used to clean polymeric residues from the graphene surface (selective removal of PMMA/photo-resist residues or atmospheric contaminant from its surface). Modeling results combined with experimental work shows very promising results in this application, which is demanded by the entire graphene community. Third, MD simulations were also used to assist the development of multilayer graphene processing by Atomic Layer Etching. Although irreversible damages of graphene are observed when the ion bombarding energy is in the 5-50 eV range, MD predicts a very interesting phenomenon at 20-25eV range: the implantation of hydrogen atoms and subsequent formation of H2 gas sandwiched between first two layers. This causes a pressure rise, which leads to a lift-off of the entire top graphene layer. This result from modeling suggests that H2 plasmas can be used to etch graphene layer by layer in a controlled way through an entirely new mechanism. However, in order to avoid damages of underneath layers during the processing, additional investigations should be provided.In conclusion, several novel and unexpected results were obtained during the present PhD study and MD simulations have proven to be a powerful tool to assist plasma process development. Indeed, based on this fundamental research work an ANR project was launched to develop cleaning, doping and etching processes of graphene in the ICP reactors available in the LTM laboratory, Grenoble, France. MD calculation developed during this PhD will therefore continue to be used to assist further the development of innovative processes.The current PhD project was held in LTM etching group Grenoble, France under supervision of Gilles Cunge and Emilie Despiau-Pujo in the framework of the Chair of Excellence 2010 of Prof. David Graves and financial support of Nanoscience Foundation. We would like to acknowledge collaboration with several groups from Institute Neel (Vincent Bouchiat, Laurence Magaud and Johann Coraux) and our colleagues from CEA-Grenoble, France (Okuno Hanako)
Cedano, Serrano Francisco Javier. "From molecular architecture and electrostatic interactions to underwater adherence of hydrogels." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS056.
Full textThis work attempts to unravel some of the intricacies of the aqueous adhesion of elastic or viscoelastic highly swollen charged polymers. In Part I the first model synthetic system permitted us to successfully link the molecular architecture of the elastic hydrogels, their interfacial charge density and the ionic strength of the medium with the underwater adhesion properties at a macroscopic level using probe-tack experiments and a microscopic level using atomic force microscopy. In Part II we successfully expanded the synthetic elastic system to measure macroscopic adhesion between oppositely charged gelatin-based hydrogels. Finally, in Part III we developed a synthetic and bio-inspired adhesive based on complex coacervation. This novel adhesive system combines the contribution of electrostatic interactions and thermoresponsive domains resulting in a material with promising properties as an injectable viscoelastic adhesive for medical applications
Pellegrin, Mathieu. "Nucléation et dynamique de bulles de cavitation dans des liquides confinés sous tension : expériences dans des systèmes microfabriqués et simulations de la dynamique moléculaire." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4061.
Full textIn this work, we have been interested in the cavitation process of vapor bubbles in a confined and stretched liquid. We have followed two complimentary points of view: numerical simulation and biomimetical experiments. For the numerical study we have used molecular dynamics simulations of a liquid confined in a solid cell. This method allows us to study precisely the effect of the interaction between the solid and the liquid (contact angle), and also the geometrical properties on the nucleation of vapor bubbles. We have also studied the interaction between two neighboring cells, and by comparing with a model, we have shown a correlation between two cavitation events and the important parameters taking place in this phenomenon. For the experimental study, we have used polymer hydrogel devices inspired from natural systems (ferns sporangia). This method allows us to study a system having almost the same mechanical properties as the natural one, and showing the possibility to control its geometry. We have shown that the wall thickness between the cells can control the propagation properties from isolated cavitation to grouped propagation (up to several hundreds of bubbles). The cell size controls the propagation velocity, up to values of 800 m/s. We have shown by comparing with an acoustical model the important parameters that control this phenomenon
Adolf, Cyril. "Cristaux moléculaires : des cristaux coeur-coquille aux réseaux de cristaux." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAF026/document.
Full textThe relative disposition of applicative molecular systems by an advanced organization method is a well-defined strategy (core-shell type crystals). It is aimed at developing innovative materials.The presented study deals with the elaboration of a new organization method concerning the crystalline matter to obtain “network of crystals”. This strategy of materials processing occurs at a macroscopic scale and in a hierarchical way.Firstly, series of isostructural crystalline molecular networks have been designed with a molecular tectonics approach. These series, formed by hydrogen bonds, are then used for the study of the epitaxial growth of crystal. The preparation of a single crystalline architecture with a defined sequenced area of different compositions is demonstrated: core-shell crystals and welded crystals.Finally, the developed strategy is applied to coordination networks exhibiting luminescent properties in order to generalize the described process
Verdiere, Jérémy. "Étude de propriétés photophysiques de protéines fluorescentes par dynamique moléculaire." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS450/document.
Full textFluorescent proteins are widely used in biology studies since 20 years. Yet, the origin of their photophysical properties aren’t totally explained. Here, we try to improve the understanding of two particular fluorescent proteins: Padron and EosFP.In the protein Padron, we work on the isomerization of chromophore and try to determine whether isomerization and protonation are simultaneous or successive processes. During the isomerization, the potential donor is Tyr159.First, we show that, in vacuum, the proton transfer is quite unlikely whatever the chromophore geometry.In the protein (where the environment effect isn’t negligible) we evidence with molecular dynamics that, during isomerization, proton transfer stays marginal.In addition, these dynamics shown the appearance, at the end of isomerization, of a lot of water molecules channel between the chromophore and the solvent allowing a proton transfer. We conclude that isomerization and protonation are successive processes.In the case of the protein EosFP, we first analyze the effect of a water molecule which is found only in some of the crystallographic structures.Molecular dynamics of the protein with the chromophore in the ground state show that the water molecule doesn’t play any role neither in the hydrogen bond network nor in the absorption spectra.On the contrary, in the excited state, dynamics without this water show a significant faster decay of fluorescence that those with the molecule.In addition, those dynamics have demonstrate that during long period, the protein retains the chromophore in geometries in which it is unable to convert to the ground state, neither by fluorescence nor by internal conversion. Those “dark” geometries play a crucial role in the photophysics.To take them into account, we calculate the quantum yield and the fluorescence lifetime by direct integration along trajectories and by a kinetic scheme. We obtain a good qualitative agreement with the two methods
Hilico, Laurent. "Mesures de fréquences et calculs de haute précision en physique atomique et moléculaire." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université d'Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00001922.
Full textFèvre, Maréva. "Phosphines, carbènes N-hétérocycliques (NHCs) et nouveaux précurseurs de NHCs pour la catalyse organique de réactions (macro)moléculaires." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14618/document.
Full textIn this thesis work, some points are adressed in order to broaden the scope of the application of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) as organic catalysts/activators.The novel NHC precursors studied first, i.e. azolium hydrogen carbonates, are synthesized in a one-step undemanding process, in contrast to NHCs whose synthesis and isolation is often a tedious procedure. We then showed that these species are air-stable and are at the equilibrium, in solution, with their azolium-2-carboxylates homologues (NHC-CO2 adducts). The use of such precatalysts thus allows facilitating the manipulation of NHCs, while maintaining an efficient catalytic activity in molecular chemistry as well as in polymer synthesis.We then proposed to use NHCs in conjunction with organic Lewis acids (silanes or boranes) as a possible means to induce a cooperative dual activation mechanism (Lewis acid/base) in order to increase the potential of NHCs for “model” (macro)molecular reactions.Finally, a commercial phosphine was used to trigger the group transfer polymerization of alkyl (meth)acrylates in a “controlled/living” fashion
Villagra, Angel Eduardo. "Photo-dissociation de l'eau et photo-réduction du CO₂ assistées par co-catalyse moléculaire." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS282/document.
Full textThe main objective of this research work was to put into evidence the co-catalytic effect of organo-metallic molecular complexes containing transition metals as reactive centers, adsorbed at the surface of doped semiconductors with photo-activity with regard to water photo-dissociation and carbon dioxide photo-reduction, in view of practical applications in photochemistry and photo-electrochemistry. First, appropriate materials (two photoactive semiconductors and two molecular co-catalysts) have been identified and selected (results are presented in chapter I). Then, we have designed, constructed and optimized a specific test bench that can be used for the continuous detection and titration of reaction products (results are presented in chapter II). Product analysis was achieved by coupling a gas-phase chromatograph to the photo-electrochemical reactor. Then, photoactive semiconductors and molecular co-catalysts have been elaborated/synthesized and their intrinsic properties have been measured (results are presented in chapter III). Finally, the co-catalytic activity of molecular complexes has been put into evidence and several performance indicators such as reaction kinetics and turn-over frequency have been measured (results are presented in chapter IV)
Faivre, Jimmy. "Développement de liquides synoviaux synthétiques bioinspirés." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1230/document.
Full textBioinspiration consists in the design of materials inspired by biological systems which have developed ingenious solutions to suit their environment. This project deals with bioinspiration for joint lubrication and in particular for the development of treatments for patients suffering from osteoarthritis (OA). To do so, we took our inspiration from joints which are amongst the most efficient aqueous tribological systems. Their unique properties arise from the complex synergistic interactions between cartilage structure and the lubricant macromolecules of the synovial fluid (SF). However, during OA, inflammatory mechanisms as long as mechanical erosion result in the degeneration of cartilage and lubricant macromolecules (aggrecan and lubricin). Polymeric mimes of the SF have been synthesized based on the bottle-brush (BB) architecture of LUB and AGG which is responsible for the joint lubrication. Tribological tests (SFA, tribometer) showed that BB polymers provided mica surfaces with a low friction and a wear protection up to several megapascals, typically in the range of natural joints. This wear protection was essentially due to the incorporation of anchoring groups specific to mica tribopairs on the BB polymers and the intermolecular bridging and entanglements emerging between BB polymers and high molecular weight HA, another main SF component. Cartilage mimes composed of multilayered chitosan hydrogels were designed to mimic the basic features of cartilage. Along with our BB polymers, the hydrogels, which are poroelastic and fragile materials, provided a low friction and a great decrease of wear
Mafety, Adrien. "Etude ab initio des glaces d'ammoniac fluoré et hydraté sous conditions thermodynamiques extrêmes." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066315/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we explore the structural and vibrational properties of fluorinated and hydrated ammonia ices over a wide range of pressure and temperature. These crystals are considered as models to study the four main hydrogen bonds O-H…O, N-H…N, O-H…N, N-H…F and proton hopping mechanisms along these bonds. Although these mixtures are composed of simple molecules they are considered to be the major components of the interior of the giant icy planets (Neptune, Uranus) and their satellites (Titan, Ganymede), which has motivated their exploration under high pressure-temperature conditions. Here we investigate the phase diagram of two crystals, ammonium fluoride (NH4F) and ammonia monohydrate (NH3.H2O) by using several ab initio methods. Firstly, we have performed random structural search calculations in order to predict the lowest enthalpy structures at 0 K. On the other hand, we have calculated Raman and infrared spectra of the most promising structures and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations were performed for the understanding of disorder and dynamic effects. Then, our results have been compared to experimental evidence. We have discovered an order-disorder transition in NH4F with a phase diagram surprisingly similar to that of water. Finally, we have demonstrated that relatively mild pressure conditions were sufficient to transform NH3.H2O into an exotic phase where the standard molecular forms of water and ammonia coexist with their ionic counterparts, hydroxide and ammonium ions
Miniatura, Christian. "Production et analyse d'un faisceau d'hydrogène atomique métastable. : Etude de la collision hydrogene (deuterium) atomique métastable sur hydrogène (deuterium) moléculaire aux énergies thermiques." Paris 13, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA132012.
Full textLautrette, Guillaume. "Capsules hélicoïdales auto-organisées par repliement d’oligoamides aromatiques pour la reconnaissance moléculaire." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14850/document.
Full textMolecular recognition is one of the major challenges of supramolecular chemistry. Here, we present the design, synthesis and study of helical capsules properties self-organised by aromatic oligoamide folding. These receptors consist of oligomeric chains that fold into a helical conformation and comprise of a sequence of units which code for different diameters. Oligomeric folding defines a cavity which can recognize guests. The great modularity of the sequences has allowed a controlled evolution of foldamer structure resulting in the selective and predict recognition of biological substrates. The phenomenon of encapsulation was demonstrated in solution by NMR and CD spectroscopy and in the solid state by X-ray diffraction
Chakchouk, Mehrez. "Oxydation de la pollution organique aqueuse par l'oxygène moléculaire à haute température : effet promoteur de H2O2." Toulouse, INSA, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ISAT0018.
Full textChu, Cheng-Che. "Hydrogen-bonded supramolecular materials for organic photovoltaic applications." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13866/document.
Full textThis research aims to elucidate the use of supramolecular interaction to guide the formation of well-defined nanoscale self-assembled architecture in photovoltaic solar cells as a means to improve device efficiency. Complementary molecular recognition sites based on melamine and barbituric acid were used to obtain functionalized fullerene and oligothiophene materials with superior processibility thanks to the presence of specific solubilizing groups. The efficiency of solid-state devices fabricated using the bulk heterojunction design was studied with respect to device morphology and composition. Experiments on recombination mechanism and field effect mobilities suggest that the balance between hydrogen-bonding interactions induce self-assembly and p-p interactions to promote phase segregation is crucial to the micro-structure of the active layer. The investigated of the relationship between the oligothiophene chain size and various complementary hydrogen-bonding motifs is envisaged
Gatin-Fraudet, Blaise. "Synthèse et évaluation de nouvelles sondes pour l’imagerie cellulaire du peroxyde d’hydrogène." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASF023.
Full textReactive oxygen species (ROS: hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl and superoxide radicals) are by-products of aerobic metabolism. Among them, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a crucial role in a wide range of physiological processes in human. However, when our cells are subjected to oxidative stress conditions, its overproduction is directly or indirectly responsible for numerous damages at the molecular level, which can affect cellular mechanisms. The development of selective and sensitive tools allowing H2O2 detection in a biological context represents a great challenge for a better understanding of H2O2-mediated signalling in physiological and pathological processesTo date, several “off-on” small fluorescent probes triggered by H2O2 have been developed for its detection. Among them, probes based on the boronate oxidation are amongst the most effective for the detection of H2O2 in cellula. But these probes also suffer from lack of reactivity, which is not fully satisfactory for biological applications.The aim of this thesis project was to improve the reactivity of the trigger toward H2O2. To address this issue, the use of borinic acids as new trigger was envisioned. A new fluorogenic probe based on coumarin scaffold was synthetized and studied by 1H RMN, and by in vitro and in cellula fluorescence spectroscopy. In the second part of the project, the regioselectivity of the reaction was improved and new fluorogenic probes with or not an immolative spacer were studied
Zhu, Jingwen. "Study of B-H agostic interactions andc onsequence sfor hydrogen storage." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS182/document.
Full textWith the increasing demand of clean energy carriers, ammonia borane and its related amine-borane compounds have emerged as attractive candidates for hydrogen storage materials due to their relatively high weight percentage of available hydrogen (19.6% for ammonia borane) as well as the potential reversibility for the hydrogen release reactions. Actual applications would benefit from controlled reactions occurring close to room-temperature. In this context, catalytic dehydrogenation/dehydrocoupling of amine-borane appears as a promising solution. In this thesis the Group IV metallocene (Cp2M, M = Ti, Zr and Hf) are mainly discussed. The dehydrocoupling of HMe2N·BH3 catalyzed by titanocene was investigated both experimentally and theoretically but no agreement were reached. In this work, systematic characterization of M···H-B 3-center 2-electron interactions involved in reaction intermediates were carried out with QTAIM and ELF topological approaches. Afterwards, detailed mechanisms were further studied. Computational results have demonstrated that the dispersion corrected DFT (DFT-D) method was indispensable for a correct enegetic prediction for reaction pathways. The identification of a van der Waals complexe also plays a central role for a reaction mechanism with good agreement with experimental observations
Theron, Christophe. "Silices hybrides à reconnaissance moléculaire comme matériaux innovants pour des applications biomédicales : de la synthèse des précurseurs à l'évaluation in vitro des nanoparticules." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ENCM0008.
Full textIn this thesis hybrid organic-inorganic silicas have been synthesized and studied for applications in health field.The synthesized polysilylated precursors are based on triazine derivatives including donor-acceptor-donor molecular recognition motifs which can complex complementary compounds, like cyanuric acid, via hydrogen bonds. Hybrid bulk materials as well as nanoparticles, with or without complex, are obtained upon nucleophilic catalysis from these precursors and are shown to be pH-sensitive since a slightly acidic pH could destabilize the complex.In addition, such type of precursors is also used to functionalize MCM-41 nanoparticles in order to prepare nanomachines. In vitro studies showed the efficiency of these systems with significant cell death for breast cancer
Eskandari, Azin. "A preliminary theoretical and experimental study of a photo-electrochemical cell for solar hydrogen production." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAC104.
Full textIn order to meet the energy and climate challenge of the coming 21st century, one solution consists of developing processes for producing storable energy carriers by artificial photosynthesis to synthesize solar fuels, in particular hydrogen, in order to valorize the solar resource. The understanding of these processes and the achievement of high kinetic and energetic performances require the development of generic, robust and predictive knowledge models considering radiative transfer as a physical process controlling the process at several scales but also including the various other phenomena involved in the structure or reification of the model.In this PhD work, the photo-reactive process at the heart of the study was the photo-electrochemical cell. More complex than the simple photoreactor, with a photo-anode and a (photo)cathode, the photo-electrochemical cell spatially dissociates the oxidation and reduction steps. Based both on the existing literature (mainly in the field of electrochemistry) and by deploying the tools developed by the research team on radiative transfer and thermokinetic coupling formulation, it was possible to establish performance indicators of photo-electrochemical cells.In parallel to the establishment of this model, an experimental approach was undertaken based first on a commercial Grätzel-type cell (DS-PEC) indicating the general trends of such photon energy converters with in particular a drop in energy efficiency as a function of the incident photon flux density. A modular experimental device (Minucell) has also been developed and validated in order to characterize photo-anodes of different compositions such as chromophore impregnated TiO2 electrodes for operation in Grätzel cells or Fe2O3 hematite electrodes (SC-PEC) where the semiconductor plays both the functions of photon absorption and charge carrier conduction. Above all, the Minucell device allowed to test, characterize and model the behavior of a bio-inspired photo-electrochemical cell for H2 production using at the photo-anode a Ru-RuCat molecular catalyst (developed by ICMMO Orsay/CEA Saclay) and at the cathode a CoTAA catalyst (developed by LCEMCA Brest). Minucell was used to characterize each constituent element of a photo-electrochemical cell and then the cell as a whole confirming the trends and observations obtained on energy efficiencies.This preliminary work opens up a wide range of research prospects, lays common ground between electrochemistry and photo-reactive systems engineering, and provides insights into the design and kinetic and energy optimization of photo-electrochemical cells for the production of hydrogen and solar fuels
Bersweiler, Antoine. "Les peroxydases à thiol, relais dans la signalisation cellulaire redox associée au peroxyde d’hydrogène : mécanismes moléculaires responsables de la spécificité de l’activation du facteur de transcription Yap1 chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0270/document.
Full textThiol-peroxidases play a central role in the physiology of hydrogen peroxide, an oxidant which can act as a cellular messenger. They catalyze H2O2 reduction by the very efficient reaction of a catalytic Cys residue, responsible for their ability to act as an H2O2 sensor and relay. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the H2O2-activation of the transcription factor Yap1, a key regulator of oxidative stress response, depends on the formation of intramolecular disulfide bonds catalyzed by the thiol peroxidase Orp1, through the reaction of the sulfenic acid intermediate with a Cys of Yap1 to form a mixed disulfide complex. Due to the high reactivity of the sulfenic acid species, several reactions can compete with Yap1. The study of the mechanisms underlying the specificity of the reaction between Orp1 and Yap1, and of the role of the Ybp1 protein as an essential partner of Yap1 activation, is the central question of this work. Our results show that Ybp1 can recruit Yap1 and Orp1 within a ternary complex that allows (i) strong activation of the reaction between the two partners and (ii) inhibition of the competition raised by the formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond within Orp1. The specificity of the activation of Yap1 by H2O2 therefore relies on mechanisms that combine intrinsic chemical reactivity of the sulfenic acid species and molecular recognition between Yap1, Orp1 and Ybp1, which would act as a scaffold. These principles, which afford rapid and specific activation of antioxidant defenses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, could apply to other redox signaling pathways dependent on thiol peroxidase as a H2O2 sensor
Gueret, Robin. "Systèmes moléculaires pour la production d'hydrogène photo-induite dans l'eau associant des catalyseurs de cobalt à un photosensibilisateur de ruthénium ou un colorant organique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV074/document.
Full textThe work of this manuscript is focused on the design of molecular systems in homogeneous solution for photocatalytic production of molecular hydrogen in water using cobalt catalysts with pentadentate tetrapyridinic and tetra- and pentaza macrocyclic ligands. In association with [Ru(bpy)3]2+ as photosensitizer and sodium ascorbate as sacrificial electron donor, the macrocycle based catalysts display high performances for H2 production, far exceeding those of the polypyridine based catalysts, both in terms of activity and stability, because of the stability of their reduced state «Co(I)». Finally, [Ru(bpy)3]2+ was successfully substituted with a robust organic dye belonging to the triazatriangulenium family, leading to an even more efficient photocatalytic system. These results demonstrate well that organic dyes are a truly efficient alternative to noble metal based photosensitizers, even in acidic aqueous medium
Bouguéon, Guillaume. "Formulation de nanosystèmes biocompatibles pour l’ingénierie tissulaire par impression 3D (bioprinting)." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0006.
Full text3D bioprinting is an emerging field of tissue engineering, that aims at faithfully reproducing the complex microarchitecture of tissues and organs. Despite a wide range of biomaterials used in bioink formulation, it is essential to find an alternative to the natural and synthetic biomaterials conventionally used, mimicking extracellular matrix and presenting printing capabilities jointly.The present work demonstrated for the first time, the ability of the bioinspired nucleolipid molecule diC16dT to formulate an extrusion bioprinting ink. The ink formulated in cell culture medium showed rheological properties allowing its continuous printability. It was also possible to incorporate gingival fibroblasts while maintaining the cell viability within bioconstructions. This ink also offered several adaptation possibilities, especially in terms of diC16dT concentration and cell culture medium to meet other cellular types requirements. Finally, the preliminary work showed the feasibility of the incorporation of liposomes into the ink formulation without affecting its printing capabilities. Thus, it would possible to further consider the delivery of active substances or nutrients within the bioconstructions. This application has to the best of our knowledge not been developed yet for liposomes
Chalard, Anaïs. "Gélifiants supramoléculaires : synthèse, auto-assemblage, biocompatibilité et application pour la culture de cellules neuronales." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30035.
Full textNowadays, repairing brain lesions is still one of the main challenges of tissue engineering. Meanwhile, work still has to be done for the creation of representative in vitro brain tissue models, especially when it comes to the biomaterials used to support cell growth. This present work consists in the development of a hydrogel as a biomaterial for the survival and growth of human neural stem cells. These (supra)molecular gels, the property of which is to form by self-assembly, may present many advantages for this kind of application. Indeed, their mechanical properties, their bioavailability and their microstructure - among others - make them interesting candidates for neuron culture. One family of supramolecular gelators have thus been synthesized, characterized and tested as cell culture scaffolds. Those gelators are alkylgalactonamides, which means they are derived from a sugar - the galactose - and an alkyl fatty chain. They form hydrogels by cooling down to room temperature after a first dissolution at high temperature. The cooling provokes the self-assembly of the molecules resulting in the formation of the fibers. During their preparation, it has been found that a controlled cooling rate enabled the formation of more homogeneous and more stable hydrogels that are compatible with cell culture conditions and with longer fibers. These hydrogels have shown a good biocompatibility as well as a good cell survival and a three-dimensional growth of human neural stem cells. The latter grew long neurites and expressed markers of neuronal (ß3-tubulin) and glial differentiation (GFAP), especially on one of the hydrogels. The last part of this work was to use new 3D material structuring techniques in order to further construct well-defined centimetric scaffolds with these hydrogels. A technique of wet spinning based on solvent exchange was developed and enabled the direct and controlled extrusion of the hydrogel at room temperature. Thin and regular hydrogel filaments composed of monodisperse nanometric fibers can thus be obtained. Trials have also been done to apply this method to 3D printing. In the end, this project shows that some molecular gels can display properties particularly adapted for tissue engineering, especially with neural stem cells, and it also opens perspectives for the shaping of these delicate materials
Okonkwo, Onyinye. "Enhancement of thermophilic dark fermentative hydrogen production and the use of molecular biology methods for bioprocess monitoring." Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2041.
Full textThe aim of this thesis was to enhance thermophilic dark fermentative hydrogen production by using microbial strategies (bioaugmentation and synthetic co-cultures) and by increasing the understanding on the microbial community dynamics especially during stress conditions such as fluctuating temperatures and elevated substrate concentrations. To study the effects of sudden short-term temperature fluctuations, batch cultures initially incubated at 55°C (control) were subjected to downward (from 55°C to 35°C or 45°C) or upward (from 55°C to 65°C or 75°C) temperature shifts for 48 hours after which they were incubated again at 55°C for two consecutive batch cycles. The results showed that sudden, temporal upward and downward temperature fluctuations had a direct impact on the hydrogen yield as well as the microbial community structure. Cultures exposed to downward temperature fluctuation recovered more rapidly enabling almost similar hydrogen yield (92-96%) as the control culture kept at 55 °C. On the contrary, upward temperature shifts from 55 to 65 or 75 °C had more significant negative effect on dark fermentative hydrogen production as the yield remained significantly lower (54-79%) for the exposed cultures compared to the control culture. To improve the stability of hydrogen production during temperature fluctuations and to speed up the recovery, mixed microbial consortium undergoing a period of either downward or upward temperature fluctuation was augmented with a synthetic mix culture containing well-known hydrogen producers. The addition of new species into the native consortium significantly improved hydrogen production both during and after the fluctuations. However, when the bioaugmentation was applied during the temperature fluctuation, hydrogen production was enhanced. This study also investigated the dynamics between pure cultures and co-cultures of highly specialized hydrogen producers, Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus and Thermotoga neapolitana. The highest hydrogen yield (2.8 ± 0.1 mol H2 mol-1 glucose) was obtained with a synthetic co-culture which resulted in a 3.3 or 12% increase in hydrogen yield when compared to pure cultures of C. saccharolyticus or T. neapolitana, respectively. Furthermore, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) based method for monitoring the growth and contribution of T. neapolitana in synthetic co-cultures was developed. With this method, it was verified that T. neapolitana was an active member of the synthetic co-culture. The effect of different feed glucose concentrations (from 5.6 to 111.0 mmol L-1) on hydrogen production was investigated with and without augmenting the culture with T. neapolitana. Compared to the control (without T. neapolitana), bioaugmentated culture resulted in higher hydrogen yields in almost all the concentrations studied even though hydrogen yield decreased the feed glucose concentration was increased. The presence of T. neapolitana also had a significant impact on the metabolite distribution when compared to the control.In summary, this study showed that thermophilic dark fermentative hydrogen production can be enhanced by using synthetic co-cultures or bioaugmentation. The highest hydrogen yield in this study was obtained with the synthetic co-culture, although it should be considered that the incubation conditions differed from those used for the mixed cultures in this study. The use of molecular methods such as qPCR and high-throughput sequencing also helped to understand the role of certain species in the microbial consortia and improved the understanding of the microbial community dynamics during stress conditions
Petuya-Poublan, Rémi. "Contribution à la description théorique de la dynamique des processus élémentaires hétérogènes : collisions de l'azote moléculaire et de l'hydrogène atomique avec des surfaces de tungstène." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0134/document.
Full textHeterogeneous elementary processes at the gas-solid interface are ofgreat interest in many domains such as heterogeneous catalysis, atmospheric and interstellar media chemistry, spacecraft atmospheric re-entry and plasma-wall interactions description. This thesis focus on the dynamics of nitrogen, N2, non reactive scattering on a tungsten W(100) surface and hydrogen, H2, recombination processes on tungsten surfaces W(100) and W(110). The quasiclassical dynamics of these processes is simulated using potential energy surfaces based on density functional theory calculations. In particular, a multi-adsorbate potential is developed to include surface coverage in the dynamics simulation in order to scrutinize the interplay between both direct abstraction, the so-called Eley-Rideal recombination,and the Hot-Atom recombination process after hyperthermal diffusion on the surface
Ben, Messaoud Ghazi. "Structuration et contrôle de l’architecture de capsules à coeur liquide à base d’hydrogel d’alginate par association de biopolymères." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0327/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to study the physicochemical properties of alginate liquid-core capsules and to control their permeability and mechanical properties by biopolymers blending. These millimeter-scale size capsules are prepared by a reverse spherification process by dripping a solution of calcium chloride into an alginate gelling bath. In a first work, the influence of polymers used to control capsule liquid-core viscosity (thickening agent) during capsules preparation on permeability and mechanical stability of the alginate membrane was investigated. The mechanical properties of capsules were correlated with viscoelastic properties of plane alginate hydrogels characterized by small amplitude oscillatory shear rheology. In a second work, composite capsules with a membrane of sodium caseinate / alginate were developed and showed improved stability and pH-dependent release of a dye used as a model molecule. As a perspective, composite alginate/sodium caseinate microspheres with different architectures were developed and their effectiveness was tested against three anionic dyes. This type of system has applications in the removal of dyes from industrial wastewater by an adsorption mechanism. Finally, the influence of shellac incorporation in alginate membrane or as an external coating layer resulted in enhanced physicochemical properties and decreased membrane permeability against low molecular weight molecules (riboflavin in this case). Alginate capsules have a wide range of applications ranging from molecular gastronomy to biotechnology which requires a better understanding and control of their physicochemical properties according to the target application
Daoud, Attieh Mira. "Enzymatically initiated synthesis of biomimetic receptors based on molecularly imprinted polymers by free radical polymerization." Thesis, Compiègne, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016COMP2266/document.
Full textEnzyme-catalyzed synthesis of natural and synthetic polymers has been developed since several decades, as an eco-friendly process. Compared to the conventional methods, enzymes offer high selectivity, ability to operate under mild conditions and to recycle the catalyst. On the other hand, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic materials with specific recognition properties for target molecules. They have recently attracted increasing attention in environmental and newly in biomedical applications for their specificity and selectivity. However, concerns about MIP toxicity for human and environment safety are of great importance. Herein, carrying forward the concept of green chemistry, an enzyme-mediated synthesis approach is described to prepare molecularly imprinted nanoparticles (MIP-NPs) in aqueous media. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is used to initiate the polymerization of methacrylate-based monomers and cross-linkers by catalyzing the generation of free radicals. Different hydrogels are synthesized and characterized. “Greener” hydrogels are obtained with lower cytotoxicity than that of polymers synthesized by traditional way. The hydrogels synthesis is optimized in order to control the particles sizes and polymerization yields. Moreover, water-compatible MIP nanoparticles for the recognition of different small molecules and proteins are prepared in aqueous media by HRP-initiated free radical polymerization and compared to MIPs prepared by the thermal or photopolymerization methods. HRP immobilization is also performed for hydrogels synthesis as well as MIP preparation. The reusability of immobilized enzyme is investigated for the preparation of several MIP batches with the same morphology, yield as well as good specificity and selectivity. We believe that this new synthesis method for MIPs will provide new opportunities to enlarge the use of molecular imprinting technology in biomedical and environmental applications
Clauzier, Stéphanie. "Etude de la solubilité de l’hydrogène dans des liquides confinés." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10285/document.
Full textThe adsorption of gases in micro/mesoporous materials and solubility of gases inliquids are physical phenomena well known. On the other hand, solubility of gases in liquidsconfined inside a solid (hybrid system) has not been entensively studied, despite the importantapplications such systems can have in the areas of oil extraction, cement and triphasiccatalytic reactors. We have shown experimentally that the solubility of CO2 and H2 increaseswhen the size of the pores of the solid is in the nanometer range. One of the objectives of thisthesis was to optimize the couple a solid and a solvent into a hybrid system and the conditionsin which to increase the H2 storage capacity. In an aerogel/ethanol hydrid system at 50 barand 0 ° C, the solubility of H2 is 8.5 times greater than the solubility measured in the singleliquid, representing a mass of 6.2 g of hydrogen stored per kg of solid. The second objectivewas to understand this apparent phenomenon of oversolubility and the key parameters in thehybrid systems. By comparing different porous solids (zeolites, MOFs, MCM-41 and silica),we have shown the major role of the properties of interfaces. The phenomena of solubilsationwas modelled by GCMC and experimentally validated. It appears that the mechanism ofoversolubilisation comes from structuring the solvent molecules in interactions with the wallsof the mesopore layered
Marcoux, Julien. "ANALYSE STRUCTURALE ET FONCTIONNELLE DE LA NADPH OXYDASE DES NEUTROPHILES : UTILISATION DE LA SPECTROMETRIE DE MASSE POUR CARACTERISER LES CHANGEMENTS CONFORMATIONNELS DE p47phox LORS DE SON ACTIVATION." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00908534.
Full textOvsyannikov, Alexander. "Coordination and H-bonded networks based on thiacalix(4)arene derivatives." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAF055.
Full textIn this work, the molecular tectonic strategy, based on the molecular recognition together with the iterative self-assembly process in the crystalline phase, has been used for the formation of molecular networks (coordination polymer and H-bonded networks). The synthesis of new tectons based on the TCA derivatives (p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene et p-H-thiacalix[4]arene) offering pyridyl binding sites with different position of N atom in the rings, as well as the TMTCA derivatives (tetramercaptothiacalix[4]arene) bearing pyridyl (also with different position of N atom in the rings), cyano, carboxylate, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl coordinating groups has been achieved. All tectons were fixed in 1,3-alternate conformation, allowing the formation of high dimensionality networks. The structures of obtained tectons were characterized in solution, as well as in the solid state. The propensity of these tectons to form coordination polymers upon the combination with different transition metal cations such as Ag(I), Hg(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), Co(II), Fe(II) has been expoled. The possibility to form the H-bonded networks has also been investigated using the carboxylate-bisamidinium type of recognition pair. New coordination polymers possessing different dimensionalities (especially 3D diamond like) and some H-bonded networks have been obtained. The differences in the connectivity of TCA and TMTCA towards the metal cations have been studied and discussed
Sun, Yuemei. "Simulation de réactions chimiques en catalyse hétérogène : l'hydrogène sur la surface (111) du palladium." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENSL0923.
Full textIn this thesis, we studied dissociative adsorption of hydrogen on Pd(111) with particular attention paid to the surface coverage effect and the diffusion of a hydrogen adatom on Pd(111). With the help of DFT calculations, we carried out a systematic investigation of the effect of H-adatoms on the dissociation energetics of H2 on H-covered Pd(111) surfaces at various coverages. A quite surprising finding is that the H-adatoms do not only have a poisoning effect but can also promote H2 dissociation when they are adsorbed on sites which are sufficiently far from the dissociating H2 molecule. The macroscopic diffusion coefficient of an H-adatom on Pd(111) is determined from molecular dynamics simulations with the help of Einstein formula for different surface temperatures, i.e., Ts=500K, 300K and 250K. An accelerated molecular dynamics method was developed in order to study the diffusion at low surface temperatures. In our approach, the acceleration is achieved by increasing the kinetic energy of the diffusing atom according to the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution at a higher temperature and correcting the time scale in a consistent way. For testing the validity of our method, we performed simulations for the diffusion of H adatom on Pd(111) surface at T=300K and T=100K. The diffusion coefficient obtained from the accelerated MD method is in agreement with that obtained from the direct MD and TST methods. And the physical time scale can be extended to the order of microseconds
Hernandez, Jean-Alexis. "Ab initio modeling of dense water ices at extreme conditions of pressure and temperature." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEN028/document.
Full textIn this thesis we study the stability and the properties of pure and NaCl-bearing dense water ices at high pressure (between 5 and 300 GPa) and high temperature (between 300 and 2000 K). To reach these conditions that correspond to the interiors of ocean exoplanets, we employ a theoretical approach based on ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. We show that a detailed analysis of the hydrogen bond dynamics allows to distinguish all the different ice phases presenting a body-centered cubic sub-lattice of oxygen atoms. In particular, we present the first ab initio description of the plastic phase of water ice. We also reveal the multiple transitions that occur in the superionic domain. Next, we show that ice VII' can incorporate up to 5.9 wt% NaCl in its structure at 1600 K. The inclusion of Na+ and Cl- ions enhances the orientation disorder of the water molecules in comparison to the pure ice. From 2.5 wt% NaCl, superionic conduction expands over the entire pressure range studied, and the hydrogen symmetrisation is shifted towards higher pressures. Last, we describe the <110> and <111> screw dislocation core structures of ice X at 80 GPa. This constitutes a first step towards the construction rheological laws for high-pressure cubic ices
Merkas, Sonja. "Oligonucléotides à Porphyrines Pendantes : vers des Nano-Matériaux Multi-Porphyriniques Auto-Assemblés." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00259102.
Full textDans le but d'organiser des porphyrines dans l'espace de façon similaire au système naturel, un squelette oligonucléotidique a été choisi pour l'élaboration de nanosystèmes multi-porphyriniques. C'est dans cette optique que nous avons réalisé la synthèse d'oligodeoxynucléotides fonctionnalisés par des porphyrines. La préparation de ces systèmes est fondée sur l'oligomérisation en O-3'et O-5' d'un dérivé de la 2'-deoxyuridine fonctionnalisé par une porphyrine. L'architecture de ces systèmes a été dessinée sur la base de liaisons rigides et souples. Dans le but d'imposer par la conformation de la chaîne oligonucléotidique une organisation parallèle aux porphyrines, ces dernières sont greffées en C-5 de l'uracile par un espaceur rigide et les uridines reliées entre elles par une liaison souple. Un mono-, un di-, un tetra- et un octa-deoxynucléotides à porphyrines pendantes ont notamment été synthétisés.
Un agencement approprié des porphyrines base-libre et métallées au Zn(II) au sein du fil moléculaire oligonucléotidique a permis de mettre en évidence un transfert d'énergie de l'état excité de la porphyrine de Zn(II) vers les porphyrines base-libre. On observe une nette contribution de la porphyrine de Zn(II) à l'émission des porphyrines base-libre.
La série des oligonucléotides a été métallée au Zn(II) dans le but d'examiner l'effet du degré d'oligomérisation de ces architectures moléculaires sur leur capacité de complexation de bases bidendates telle que le DABCO. Nous avons pu montrer que la coordination de DABCO est favorisée au fur et à mesure de l'élévation du degré d'oligomérisation grâce à la pré-organisation conformationnelle qui s'instaure au sein du squelette oligonucléotidique.
Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'auto-assemblage par liaisons hydrogène que peut établir la base nucléique uracile avec un synton complémentaire telle que la triazine fonctionnalisée par des porphyrines. Des études quantitatives de stabilisation des architectures supramoléculaires ont mis en évidence des interactions intermoléculaires secondaires de type p-p entre les porphyrines au sein du complexe supramoléculaire formé.
Bernadet, Philippe. "Propriétés spectroscopiques de complexes formes entre un hydracide (HCl, HBr, HI)) et l'oxyde d'éthylène (EO) en matrice d'argon et d'azote : analyse du profil de la bande d'absorption HCl des complexes H(D)Cl:EO et H(D)Cl:dimethylether et étude." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066355.
Full textCherchour, Mustapha. "Etude de la production d'ions hydrogène lents et de leur interaction avec les surfaces clivées de semi-conducteurs (GaAs, InP)." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066202.
Full textTsiamantas, Christos. "Synthesis and structure-stability relationship of aromatic helical foldamers." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0029/document.
Full textAt the molecular level, the functions of helical patterns are often directly associated with the stability of thesearchitectures, (in α-helices). For example, upon removal of such an entity from the protein’s tertiary structure,the peptidic helix becomes flexible and thus inactive. In order to control the rigidity of these architectures,several strategies have been used and the construction of completely artificial well folded molecules known asfoldamers is one them. Our group mainly focuses on helical aromatic oligoamide foldamers and to dateseveral studies have been carried out to investigate factors affecting the helical stability; the influence ofoligomer length, solvent effects and the effect of aliphatic linkers within a helical aromatic sequence.In the present study we investigate the helical propensity of five commonly used aromatic monomers infoldamer synthesis and by using NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography and dynamic chiral HPLC weevaluate their contribution in helical stability. Additionally, inspired by the role of disulfide bonds in proteins wedecided to explore their effect on helical stability. For this reason intra- and inter-molecularly disulfide bondedcompounds were designed and synthesized. Their stability was studied using NMR spectroscopy, chiral HPLCand CD experiments.Finally, the synthesis of mono-disperse helical strings of polymeric dimensions through a convergent, segmenttripling strategy has been developed. This protection/deprotection free synthesis was carried out byconnecting oligomeric blocks via a labile anhydride functionality
Boutalib, Abderrahim. "Etude théorique de la surface de potentiel du système HO::(2) + H. : Influence de la corrélation électronique." Pau, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PAUU3009.
Full textSalama, Farid. "Etude de la photoexcitation dans l'ultra-violet lointain des halogènes piégés en matrice de gaz rare à basse température et étude de leur ionisation simple et double par impact protonique en phase gazeuse." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066213.
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