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Academic literature on the topic 'Hydrogen cars Hydrogen as fuel'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Hydrogen cars Hydrogen as fuel"

1

Brumfiel, Geoff. "Hydrogen cars fuel debate on basic research." Nature 422, no. 6928 (March 2003): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/422104a.

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Janssen, L. J. J. "Hydrogen fuel cells for cars and buses." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 37, no. 11 (July 10, 2007): 1383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10800-007-9347-8.

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Wilberforce, Tabbi, Zaki El-Hassan, F. N. Khatib, Ahmed Al Makky, Ahmad Baroutaji, James G. Carton, and Abdul G. Olabi. "Developments of electric cars and fuel cell hydrogen electric cars." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42, no. 40 (October 2017): 25695–734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.07.054.

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Lazarenko, O., V. P. Parkhomenko, R. Sukach, B. Bilonozhko, and A. Kuskovets. "DESIGN FEATURES AND HAZARDS OF HYDROGEN FUEL CELL CARS." Fire Safety 37 (January 6, 2021): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.37.2020.08.

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Introduction. The gradual and relentless development of alternative energy sources and the constant strug-gle of humanity with excess greenhouse gas emissions led to the simultaneous development of vehicles with alternative energy sources. Currently, vehicles that run exclusively on electricity and are virtually safe for the environment are becoming increasingly popular. Among the variety of vehicles running on electricity, it is necessary to single out vehicles that use compressed hydrogen to generate electricity. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCV) are already widely used in the United States, Germany, Japan, and the rest of the world, and their governments are constantly expanding and developing the appropriate infrastructure for them.The purpose and objectives of the study. The paper analyses the basic structure of HFCV and identifies the main scenarios of possible emergencies, namely: fire or explosion of fuel tanks with hydrogen; leakage, flaming of hydrogen from fuel lines (tank) under the high pressure; high-pressure hydrogen jet fire; leakage of hydrogen in the compartment (garage, closed parking) without further combustion.Methods. In the work on the subsequent literature review, the probable dangers for the personnel of the emergency rescue units involved in the elimination of certain emergency scenarios were identified.Results. It is established that: during the combustion of HFCV the most probable jet fire of hydrogen (flame temperature can reach 2000 0C), and also possible explosion of hydrogen cylinders or gas-air mixture with a significant range. Secondly, leakage of hydrogen in the compartment can cause its destruction in a relatively short period (about 15 seconds), and/or poisoning (asphyxia) of people due to a sharp decrease in oxygen concentration.Conclusions. The analysis and generalization of existing knowledge on the potential hazard of HFCV is conducted, electric cars give us reasonable grounds to argue that the regulatory framework for the construction and installation of security systems for land and underground parking, places of accumulation of such vehicles is not adapted to today's realities. At the same time, the following studies should be directed at estimating probablee risks of such emergencies.

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Lazarenko, O., V. P. Parkhomenko, R. Sukach, B. Bilonozhko, and A. Kuskovets. "DESIGN FEATURES AND HAZARDS OF HYDROGEN FUEL CELL CARS." Fire Safety 37 (January 6, 2021): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.37.2020.08.

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Introduction. The gradual and relentless development of alternative energy sources and the constant strug-gle of humanity with excess greenhouse gas emissions led to the simultaneous development of vehicles with alternative energy sources. Currently, vehicles that run exclusively on electricity and are virtually safe for the environment are becoming increasingly popular. Among the variety of vehicles running on electricity, it is necessary to single out vehicles that use compressed hydrogen to generate electricity. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCV) are already widely used in the United States, Germany, Japan, and the rest of the world, and their governments are constantly expanding and developing the appropriate infrastructure for them.The purpose and objectives of the study. The paper analyses the basic structure of HFCV and identifies the main scenarios of possible emergencies, namely: fire or explosion of fuel tanks with hydrogen; leakage, flaming of hydrogen from fuel lines (tank) under the high pressure; high-pressure hydrogen jet fire; leakage of hydrogen in the compartment (garage, closed parking) without further combustion.Methods. In the work on the subsequent literature review, the probable dangers for the personnel of the emergency rescue units involved in the elimination of certain emergency scenarios were identified.Results. It is established that: during the combustion of HFCV the most probable jet fire of hydrogen (flame temperature can reach 2000 0C), and also possible explosion of hydrogen cylinders or gas-air mixture with a significant range. Secondly, leakage of hydrogen in the compartment can cause its destruction in a relatively short period (about 15 seconds), and/or poisoning (asphyxia) of people due to a sharp decrease in oxygen concentration.Conclusions. The analysis and generalization of existing knowledge on the potential hazard of HFCV is conducted, electric cars give us reasonable grounds to argue that the regulatory framework for the construction and installation of security systems for land and underground parking, places of accumulation of such vehicles is not adapted to today's realities. At the same time, the following studies should be directed at estimating probablee risks of such emergencies.

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Shinnar, Reuel. "The hydrogen economy, fuel cells, and electric cars." Technology in Society 25, no. 4 (November 2003): 455–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2003.09.024.

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Greeley, R. S. "Long Road Ahead for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Cars." Science 295, no. 5558 (February 15, 2002): 1235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.295.5558.1235.

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Crawford, Mark. "Cars Without Combustion." Mechanical Engineering 135, no. 09 (September 1, 2013): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2013-sep-2.

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This article discusses the use of fuel cell-powered vehicles that aim to change the face of transportation. These fuel cell-powered vehicles are expected to have a significant impact on reducing both the emissions implicated in global climate change and those that cause local smog. Fuel cells electrochemically oxidize a fuel without burning, thereby avoiding the inefficiencies and pollution associated with the traditional combustion technologies. The U.S. Department of Energy is working with researchers at the University of Waterloo in Ontario and elsewhere to develop non-precious materials to replace the platinum catalysts in fuel cells. European scientists have developed a material for converting hydrogen and oxygen to water that uses only 10% of the amount of platinum that is normally required. The researchers discovered that the efficiency of the nanometer-sized catalyst particles is greatly influenced by their geometric shape and atomic structure. Mechanical engineers play a crucial role in the development of both fuel cell and hydrogen production technologies.

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Kandlikar, Satish G., Jacqueline Sergi, Jacob LaManna, and Michael Daino. "Hydrogen Horizon." Mechanical Engineering 131, no. 05 (May 1, 2009): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2009-may-3.

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This review focuses on the role of hydrogen technologies in transition from petroleum production to new fuel to power transportation system. At present, the looming crisis caused by the decline in petroleum production and the need to control greenhouse gas emissions exemplifies the need for new energy solutions. The key component of a hydrogen-powered transportation sector will be the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. PEM fuel cells use hydrogen and oxygen to generate electricity, with water and heat as by-products of the electro-chemical reaction. The review also discusses that to compete favorably with internal combustion engines and hybrid cars, PEM fuel cells need to address several issues, including performance, durability, and cost. Hydrogen from natural gas could provide a firm stepping stone as the energy system evolves away from petroleum.

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Machač, Jiří, and Milan Majer. "Hydrogen fuel in transportation." Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mape-2019-0016.

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Abstract In the time, when the whole world is increasingly engaged in environmental protection, it is necessary to come up with a fuel alternative for transportation, which means generally abandon the use of non-renewable resources (petrol, oil and fossil fuel in general), as they are one of the many factors influencing the emergence of greenhouse gases and the associated global warming. In today's Europe, the pressure is put mainly on automotive companies, to search for sources other than conventional fuels. At present, there is a big boom in the area of electric cars powered from the power network – the vast majority of electric energy, however, is produced in fossil fuel power plants. The second option of possible development in this area is the use of hydrogen as an alternative fuel. This technology, whether it be direct combustion as in diesel or eventually in petrol engines, or energy production in a hydrogen fuel cell, is certainly the way suitable for further development. With hydrogen as a fuel, it is possible to reduce pollutants almost to zero. The article presents a comparison of electricity generated using renewable and non-renewable sources and focuses on a closer understanding of the myth of the dangers connected with using hydrogen as fuel. Furthermore, compares conventional fuels to re-newable hydrogen technologies and focuses on the hydrogen combustion engines together with hydrogen storage and application in transportation.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hydrogen cars Hydrogen as fuel"

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Fisher, Jeffrey Dean. "The Icelandic example : planning for hydrogen fueled transportation in Oregon /." Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/9899.

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Evans, Thomas H. "Development of an on-board compressed gas storage system for hydrogen powered vehicle applications." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10339.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2009.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 162 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 138-142).

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Kim, Ki Chul. "Thermodynamics of metal hydrides for hydrogen storage applications using first principles calculations." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34688.

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Metal hydrides are promising candidates for H2 storage, but high stability and poor kinetics are the important challenges which have to be solved for vehicular applications. Most of recent experimental reports for improving thermodynamics of metal hydrides have been focused on lowering reaction enthalpies of a metal hydride by mixing other compounds. However, finding out metal hydride mixtures satisfying favorable thermodynamics among a large number of possible metal hydride mixtures is inefficient and thus a systematic approach is required for an efficient and rigorous solution. Our approaches introduced in this thesis allow a systematic screening of promising metal hydrides or their mixtures from all possible metal hydrides and their mixtures. Our approaches basically suggest two directions for improving metal hydride thermodynamics. First, our calculations for examining the relation between the particle size of simple metal hydrides and thermodynamics of their decomposition reactions provide that the relation would depend on the total surface energy difference between a metal and its hydride form. It ultimately suggests that we will be able to screen metal hydride nanoparticles having favorable thermodynamics from all possible metal hydrides by examining the total surface differences. Second, more importantly, we suggest that our thermodynamic calculations combined with the grand canonical linear programming method and updated database efficiently and rigorously screen potential promising bulk metal hydrides and their mixtures from a large collection of possible combinations. The screened promising metal hydrides and their mixtures can release H2 via single step or multi step. Our additional free energy calculations for a few selected promising single step reactions and their metastable paths show that we can identify the most stable free energy paths for any selected reactant mixtures. In this thesis, we also demonstrate that a total free energy minimization method can predict the possible evolution of impurity other than H2 for several specified mixtures. However, it is not ready to predict reaction thermodynamics from a large number of compounds.

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Anwer, Andri, and Edward Boujakly. "En jämförelsestudie av risker och säkerhet mellan elbilar och vätgasbilar." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar produktionsutveckling (ML), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-301026.

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Rapporten är skriven för ett högskoleingenjörsexamensarbete på kungliga tekniska högskolan, inom programmet maskinteknik, med inriktning industriell ekonomi och produktion. Bakgrunden av detta arbete ska ge läsaren en grund för de olika modellerna, elbilar och vätgasbilar samt väcka ett intresse för att bevara säkerheten med valet av bil. Syftet och målet med denna studie har varit att presentera en jämförelsestudie, gällande elbilar och vätgasbilar, samt svara på frågeställningarna som arbetet tagit fram. Resultatet av arbetet bygger på både FMEA- analyser för vätgasbilar och elbilar, samt jämförelsematris som ger en förtydligad bild på skillnader mellan elbilar och vätgasbilar, ur vissa valda funktioner. En förtydligad bild av FMEA analysen har byggt, genom att tillämpa ett paretodiagram som beskriver de olika risker och prioritering som finns för respektive modell. Rekommendationer och ytterligare säkerhetsarbeten för att minimera dessa risker beskrivs i FMEA analysen, utifrån indata och beskrivningar från tidigare rapporter, samt kunskap från studier. Resultatet från FMEA- analysen, paretodiagrammet, samt jämförelsematrisen visar att vätgasbilar är en säkrare modell och har en framtid eftersom utvecklingsmöjligheterna fortfarande finns, då dessa är nya på marknaden. Vätgasbilen är även mindre riskbenägen modell jämfört med elbilar, detta kan man visa med hjälp av RPN-talet, som är lägre för vätgasbilar, i jämförelse med elbilarnas RPN-tal.
The background of this thesis will give the reader the basis for the models of electric and hydrogen fueled vehicles. The purpose and goal of this study has been to present a comparative study regarding electric and hydrogen vehicles, and to answer the questions that the study has raised. The results of the work are based on both FMEA analysis for hydrogen and electric vehicles, as well as a comparison matrix that provides a clarified picture of the differences between electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles, through certain selected factors. A clarified picture of the FMEA analysis results has been built by applying a pareto diagram that describes the different risks of each model and also what their priorities are. Recommendations and additional safety work to minimize these risks are suggested and described in the FMEA analysis, based on input data and descriptions from previous reports, as well as gained knowledge from studies. The results from the FMEA analysis, pareto-diagram and the comparison matrix shows that hydrogen vehicles are a less risk-prone model compared to electric vehicles and have a bright future as development opportunities still exist, this due to the fact that they are still new in the automotive industry. This can be proved with the help of the RPN number for hydrogen vehicles, which is lower compared to the RPN number of electric vehicles.

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Meyer, Patrick E. "Vehicle & infrastructure relationships in hydrogen transportation networks : development of the H₂VISION modeling tool /." Online version of thesis, 2006. https://ritdml.rit.edu/dspace/handle/1850/2670.

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Pulido, Jon R. (Jon Ramon) 1974. "Modeling hydrogen fuel distribution infrastructure." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29529.

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Thesis (M. Eng. in Logistics)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 70-73).
This thesis' fundamental research question is to evaluate the structure of the hydrogen production, distribution, and dispensing infrastructure under various scenarios and to discover if any trends become apparent after sensitivity analysis. After reviewing the literature regarding the production, distribution, and dispensing of hydrogen fuel, a hybrid product pathway and network flow model is created and solved. In the literature review, an extensive analysis is performed of the forthcoming findings of the National Academy of Engineering Board on Energy and Environmental Systems (BEES). Additional considerations from operations research literature and general supply chain theory are applied to the problem under consideration. The second section develops a general model for understanding hydrogen production, distribution, and dispensing systems based on the findings of the BEES committee. The second chapter also frames the analysis that the thesis will review using the model. In the problem formulation chapter, the details of the analytic model at examined at length and heuristics solution methods are proposed. Three heuristic methodologies are described and implemented. An in-depth discussion of the final model solution method is described. In the fourth chapter, the model uses the state of California as a test case for hydrogen consumption in order to generate preliminary results for the model The results of the MIP solutions for certain market penetration scenarios and the heuristic solutions for each scenario are shown and sensitivity analysis is performed. The final chapter summarizes the results of the model, compares the performance of heuristics, and indicates further areas for research, both in terms of developing strong lower bounds
(cont.) for the heuristics, better optimization techniques, and expanded models for consideration.
by Jon R. Pulido.
M.Eng.in Logistics

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Campbell, Callum Richard. "Hydrogen storage and fuel processing strategies." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2564.

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It is widely recognised that fossil fuels are finite, and alternatives should be investigated to secure future energy supplies. Much research is directed towards hydrogen as a fuel, but the gas is unmanageable without an effective storage and distribution strategy. This work investigates the Methylcyclohexane-Toluene-Hydrogen (MTH) system of hydrogen storage with a view to providing vehicular fuel or storing energy produced by intermittent producers. Stable liquid-hydrocarbon hydrogen storage enables hydrogen distribution using the existing fossil fuel network, eliminating the need to build a new fuel infrastructure. A literature survey is carried out covering the area of Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs). A study of the technoeconomic bottlenecks which would prevent the widespread use of the MTH system is conducted to direct the project research efforts, which reveals that the vehicular on-board dehydrogenation system must be reduced in size to be practical. Process intensification is attempted by dehydrogenating methylcyclohexane in the liquid-phase, which is experimentally demonstrated in this work (an original contribution). However, to be feasible for a vehicle, the liquid-phase dehydrogenation system demands a specific window of conditions, with hydrocarbon vapour pressure, enthalpy of reaction and equilibrium constant all being important factors. No window is possible to satisfy all conditions for the MTH system, which renders this vehicular system infeasible. Alternative liquid carriers are investigated to solve the problem, but no clear candidate carrier is found without using highly experimental and costly molecules. This leads to a new investigation of other applications for the MTH system. MCH for power to a Scottish whisky distillery is investigated, followed by an investment appraisal of the distillery system. The system is technically feasible but attracts a high capital expenditure (almost £16M) and operational cost (£2.4M annually) which is uncompetitive with alternative options such as biomass fuels. Finally, possible future work in the field of LOHC technology is considered.

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Ciaravino, John S. "Study of hydrogen as an aircraft fuel." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Jun%5FCiaravino.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Aeronautical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2003.
Thesis advisor(s): Oscar Biblarz, Garth Hobson. Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-47). Also available online.

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Ye, Qiang. "Spontaneous hydrogen evolution in direct methanol fuel cells /." View abstract or full-text, 2005. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?MECH%202005%20YEQ.

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Damm, David Lee. "Batch reactors for scalable hydrogen production." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29705.

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Thesis (Ph.D)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Chair: Andrei Fedorov; Committee Member: Srinivas Garimella; Committee Member: Timothy Lieuwen; Committee Member: William Koros; Committee Member: William Wepfer. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

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Books on the topic "Hydrogen cars Hydrogen as fuel"

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Sangyōshō, Japan Keizai. Nenryō denchi shisutemu fukyūyō gijutsu chōsa hōkokusho: Heisei 18-nendo Keizai Sangyōshō itaku. [Tokyo]: Kōatsu Gasu Hoan Kyōkai, 2007.

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L, Azimi Sharene, ed. Harnessing hydrogen: The key to sustainable transportation. New York: Inform, 1995.

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Alternative fuels: The future of hydrogen. Lilburn, GA: The Fairmont Press, Inc., 2012.

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Alternative fuels: The future of hydrogen. 2nd ed. Lilburn, GA: Fairmont Press, 2008.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space. Future of the hydrogen fuel cell: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, first session, May 7, 2003. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2005.

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Fomin, V. M. Vodorodnai︠a︡ ėnergetika avtomobilʹnogo transporta. Moskva: Rossiĭskiĭ universitet druzhby narodov (RUDN), 2006.

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Wang, Lijun, active 2013 author, ed. Qing ran liao nei ran ji yi chang ran shao yu you hua kong zhi ji shu. Beijing Shi: Ke xue chu ban she, 2013.

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Léon, Aline. Hydrogen Technology: Mobile and Portable Applications. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2008.

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U.S. Dept. of Energy. Hydrogen posture plan: An integrated research, development and demonstration plan. Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of Energy, 2004.

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Transition to hydrogen: Pathways toward clean transportation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hydrogen cars Hydrogen as fuel"

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Corbo, Pasquale, Fortunato Migliardini, and Ottorino Veneri. "Case Study B: Fuel Cell Power Train for Cars." In Hydrogen Fuel Cells for Road Vehicles, 199–240. London: Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-136-3_7.

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Pearson, G., M. Leary, A. Subic, and J. Wellnitz. "Performance Comparison of Hydrogen Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Racing Cars." In Sustainable Automotive Technologies 2011, 85–91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19053-7_11.

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Nuttall, William J., and Adetokunboh T. Bakenne. "Hydrogen Infrastructures." In Fossil Fuel Hydrogen, 69–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30908-4_6.

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Peschka, Walter. "Liquid Hydrogen as Fuel." In Liquid Hydrogen, 117–240. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-9126-2_6.

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Ohi, James M. "Hydrogen Fuel Quality." In Fuel Cells : Data, Facts and Figures, 22–29. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527693924.ch03.

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Hashimoto, Koji. "Hydrogen as Fuel." In Global Carbon Dioxide Recycling, 89–90. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8584-1_13.

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Yildiz, A., and K. Pekmez. "Fuel Cells." In Hydrogen Energy System, 195–202. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0111-0_13.

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Barbir, F. "Fuel Cell Vehicle." In Hydrogen Energy System, 241–51. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0111-0_16.

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Nuttall, William J., and Adetokunboh T. Bakenne. "Introduction—The Hydrogen Economy Today." In Fossil Fuel Hydrogen, 1–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30908-4_1.

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Nuttall, William J., and Adetokunboh T. Bakenne. "Deep Decarbonisation—The Role of Hydrogen." In Fossil Fuel Hydrogen, 109–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30908-4_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Hydrogen cars Hydrogen as fuel"

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Najdi, Rayan A., Tarek G. Shaban, Mohammad J. Mourad, and Sami H. Karaki. "Hydrogen production and filling of fuel cell cars." In 2016 3rd International Conference on Advances in Computational Tools for Engineering Applications (ACTEA). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/actea.2016.7560109.

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Khattak, Ikhlaq, and Mirza Jamil Yousaf. "Design of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Autorickshaw." In ASME 2006 4th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2006-97249.

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In Asia there are less private cars, but there is a high proportion of 2-stroke engines in scooters, motorcycles, auto-rickshaws (Tuk-Tuks), all running on petrol-oil mixtures with levels of hydrocarbon emissions (from partially burnt fuel and oil) well in excess of levels permitted in the USA and Europe. Worldwide Rickshaw/scooter/motorcycle type engine production is estimated at 17 million per year. According to National Transport Research Center (NTRC), the total population of registered (all types) motor vehicles in Pakistan in year 2000 was 4.224 million, out of which more than half of the population is (2.206 million) two wheelers or three wheelers (motorcycle/scooter/auto rickshaw). Almost all auto rickshaws have two stroke power packs and also 60% of motorcycle/scooters are of the same category. Pakistan is a very densely populated developing country, with very loose environment protection rules, which are practically unregulated due to large financial implications. This scenario leads to adverse air quality conditions especially in large cities of the country where the main contributory factors are vehicular traffic, that too, two stroke vehicles Industry, diesel-powered vehicles, and the omnipresent three-wheeled, two-stroke rickshaws all contribute to the extremely dirty air. Taxi/car use is increasing, but rickshaws have the advantage of being able to swarm through the congested car traffic in cities. This explains the over .6 million motorcycles/scooters/rickshaws currently in Pakistan, of which approximately 20% are two stroke Auto-rickshaws of 175 cc. Pakistan’s vehicle fleet has a growth rate of 8.0% (1990–99). The purpose of this study is to examine a particular application of fuel cell technology “The Auto Rickshaws”. They are small three-wheeled vehicles that can carry three people. Due to their small size and low price, rickshaws have traditionally been powered by high power density two-stroke internal combustion engines. Two-stroke engines produce a great deal of pollution and are an object of concern in many Asian countries. Severe pollution from two-stroke engines is a significant driver for cleaner technology. Thus, the target of this study is the Asian urban commuter, since a rickshaw is largely used in many Asian cities and contributes directly to air pollution in major crowded cities of Pakistan also. Countries like China, India, Bangladesh, Taiwan and Pakistan [1] are facing dramatic growth rates in two-stroke vehicle population as bicycle rickshaws are being replaced, so, low-powered but clean rickshaws would be a major step in providing mobility without compromising urban air quality.

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Karaki, Sami, and Chafic Labaki. "Techno-Economic Modelling of Sustainable-Hydrogen Filling of Fuel Cell Cars." In SAE WCX Digital Summit. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-0744.

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Kato, Seizo, and Tatsuya Shimizu. "Hydrogen Gasifier From Acid Water and Its Energy Systems." In 2002 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2002-26168.

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The fossil fuel depletion and the CO2 warming due to the combustion are becoming serious environmental issues. Therefore, alternative energy systems minimumizing fossil fuels dependence are now required to be developted. Hydrogen is a best candidate for alternative energy sources friendly to the environment, but the essential point is how we produce hydrogen, independently of fossil fuel with a minimum energy input. This work aims first at proposing an alternative hydrogen gasifier from acid water by immersing ionicity metals, and second at applying the gasifier to a hydrogen ultra micro gas turbine electric generator charger system to construct hydrogen self supply energy system. First, D2SO4 as acid aqueous solutions and (Zn+Cu) and Zn plates as ionicity metals electrodes are selected here for H2 gasifier. The hydrogen production rate is experimentally characterized by changing the pH and temperature of the solution and the metal surface area. The gasifier has a good performance of hydrogen production of about 18 l/min at 60°C per unit electrode area under the pH = ∼1.0. This flow rate increases almost linearly to the acid temperature. In addition, the zinc resolved into the acid water, ZnSO4 in the case of D2SO4 for example, is able to be easily recrystalized on the electrode by reasonable electricity input of ∼2.5V. Second, the produced hydrogen is applied to ultra micro turbo electric generator / charger as hydrogen self supply system. This smart system is well applicable to hydrogen electric car, because of an ideal power source having small size, lightweight, low vibration, early start, no NOX and CO2 emissions, very low fuel consumption, long trip, etc. In the experiment a car turbo charger is converted into a compressorturbine system, and a high revolution electricity generator is connected to the turbo system. A combustor is designed for very low hydrogen consumption by ultra lean burning which causes almost no NOX emission due to low temperature < 1000°C. The turbo system is tested, resulting in a high efficiency, in spite of its small size, enough to generate electricity for charging a battery of electric car. By using these two elements, we aim to construct HSSES (Hydrogen Self Supply Energy System) which is found to be attractive especially for small electric cars and home cogenerations.

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Atwood, Paul, Stephen Gurski, Douglas J. Nelson, Keith B. Wipke, and Tony Markel. "Degree of Hybridization Modeling of a Hydrogen Fuel Cell PNGV-Class Vehicle." In Future Car Congress. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-1945.

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Morgan, T. D. B. "Factors Influencing Hydrogen Sulphide Production from Gasoline-Fuelled Cars Equipped with Three-Way Catalysts." In International Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/932662.

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Aaron, Timothy M., and Joseph M. Schwartz. "Development of a Cost-Effective Hydrogen Production System for Vehicle Fueling Stations." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43342.

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The need to transition from oil dependency to an alternative transportation fuel has been well documented over the last 30 years. Many alternative energy sources have been researched and developed, but none, to this point, has been able to compete with the cost and versatility of gasoline. The use of hydrogen fuel cells for transportation is one of the concepts being highly supported as a potential environmentally clean alternative energy technology. Significant research and development has dramatically increased the feasibility of this technology, but many additional breakthroughs, including a cost effective supply of hydrogen at fueling stations, will be required for fuel cell vehicles (FCV) to compete with gasoline fueled internal combustion engines (ICE). This paper describes the development of an on-site hydrogen supply system based on steam methane reforming (SMR) that could easily be added to a typical fueling station. The system is not intended to fuel the equivalent of all the cars on the road today, but to provide enough hydrogen for the transition period from gasoline powered transportation to the hydrogen fuel cell. Opportunities exist for a significant reduction in hydrogen cost by introducing advanced design technologies, such as Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA), to the development of hydrogen production systems. A reformer-based system designed using the DFMA approach is expected to significantly reduce the capital cost by minimizing the overall part count, simplifying the design, and optimizing the assembly process. Praxair, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), is developing a small SMR-based system using this approach. This paper presents an overview of the impact of this approach on the system design as well as the overall cost for small on-site hydrogen production. The paper also provides an analysis of hydrogen fueling station criteria and an overview of issues related to on-board hydrogen vehicle storage.

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Mohitpour, Mo, Hemant Solanky, and Gopala K. Vinjamuri. "Materials Selection and Performance Criteria for Hydrogen Pipeline Transmission." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-2564.

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As a part of worldwide Hydrogen Fuel Initiatives, hydrogen fuel cell technology (US DOE 2003) is being championed as a viable resource while at the same time recognizing that the production, transmission and end use distribution of hydrogen gas will be the most critical elements. The application of fuel cell technology when fully developed is expected to dominate power and auto industries worldwide. As the demand for hydrogen increases, issues related to the safe design and economic construction of hydrogen supply and transportation infrastructure will emerge as critical path items requiring serious consideration. One of the barriers for viable hydrogen economy is that the current guidelines in various codes and standards and regulations are not adequate for the required service conditions for hydrogen transportation and delivery. Thus is the requirement for Multi-Year Research, Development and Demonstration Plan (MYPP) for the development of codes and standards to support hydrogen economy, (US DOE, 2002 & 2003). Although for many decades within the chemical industry, hydrogen in various forms has been transported by various modes, including pipelines, tank cars, mobile re-charges etc., the service conditions and transport requirements are significantly different when developing more economical methods for large volume hydrogen transportation. As industry moves quickly to implement an economical and effective pipeline infrastructure, either with new construction or by converting existing pipeline, understanding of material selection and performance, joining/welding, and establishing consensus for codes and standards are critical. Additionally, government regulations must be developed to ensure acceptable safety levels and public acceptance. The purpose of this paper is to identify current materials used in hydrogen service, their applicability and limitations, and to develop materials selection and performance criteria for designing safe hydrogen pipeline transmission infrastructure to support the development of hydrogen codes and standards, initiated by ASME (2003). Additionally, some critical future materials research areas are identified. In particular, this paper will give attention to higher strength pipeline steels (i.e. API 5LX Grade 65 and higher), quenched and tempered steels, stainless steels, as well as those alloy steels used for pressure vessels and piping. Recent development of composite reinforced line pipe (CRLP™) has the potential as viable alternative to use of very high strength thermo-mechanically treated line pipe steels, but many issues related design parameters, construction and maintenance require research and development.

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Dogan, B. "Hydrogen Storage Tank Systems and Materials Selection for Transport Applications." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93868.

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The present international socio-economic drive for renewable energy use for sustainable development with environmental protection directs attention to hydrogen as energy carrier. Hydrogen production and storage, and fuel cell (FC) technologies have been intensively worked on in Europe including European Commission (EC) supported projects via Framework Programs (FPs), as well as various national and international cooperative programs including those of International Energy Agency (IEA) and International Partnership for Hydrogen Economy (IPHE). The hydrogen storage is required for transport applications as dense as possible to achieve high gravimetric and volumetric density. The storage of hydrogen in liquid, gas and solid forms are associated with low temperature cooling, higher pressures up to 700 bar and integrated higher volume and weight, respectively. The liquid and pressurized gas storage systems are relatively advanced in present applications. On the other hand, the system safety and reliability, hence the public acceptance as well as economic feasibility have been the main drives for solid and hybrid hydrogen applications. The use of solid hydrogen is predicted by the automotive industry to ultimately dominate the hydrogen transport application market. The bottleneck in solid hydrogen application is metal hydride production to meet the quantitative targets for vehicles mainly following the US DOE goals set for years up to 2015. System requirements need also be met for a present target of e.g. 75kWel fuel cell cars aiming at a 400km driving distance with 4 kg of hydrogen. This necessitates a gravimetric storage density of over 6 wt. per cent. The present paper will address the hydrogen storage tank system for on-board applications including storage tank materials, system design, production technologies and system safety. An overview will be presented on the current state-of-the-art of European and international progress on storage materials integrated into on-board storage tank system. The European current programs on hydrogen storage technologies for transport applications including design, safety and system reliability will be addressed.

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PELLETT, G., G. NORTHAM, L. WILSON, OLIN JARRETT, JR., and R. ANTCLIFF. "Opposed jet diffusion flames of nitrogen-diluted hydrogen vs air - Axial LDA and CARS surveys; fuel/air rates at extinction." In 25th Joint Propulsion Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1989-2522.

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Reports on the topic "Hydrogen cars Hydrogen as fuel"

1

Rockward, Tommy. Hydrogen Fuel Quality. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1046519.

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Davis, William. WVU Hydrogen Fuel Dispensing Station. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1234429.

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Savinell, Robert F., and Jesse S. Wainright. A Micro Hydrogen Air Fuel Cell. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada440192.

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Glover, Austin Michael, Austin Ronald Baird, and Chris Bensdotter LaFleur. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles in Tunnels. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1617268.

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K.C. Das, Thomas T. Adams, Mark A. Eiteman, John Stickney, Joy Doran Peterson, James R. Kastner, Sudhagar Mani, and Ryan Adolphson. Biorefinery and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Research. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1042950.

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Greenbaum, E., J. W. Lee, C. V. Tevault, and S. L. Blankinship. Renewable hydrogen production for fossil fuel processing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/450779.

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DeCandis, Andrew. Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Electric Hybrid Truck Demonstration. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1496037.

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Author, Not Given. Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technical Advisory Committee. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1219588.

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Reifsnider, Kenneth, Fanglin Chen, Branko Popov, Yuh Chao, and Xingjian Xue. Hydrogen Fuel Cell development in Columbia (SC). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1167398.

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Greenbaum, E. Renewable hydrogen production for fossil fuel processing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10180379.

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