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Journal articles on the topic 'Hydrogen cycle'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Iresha, Harshani, and Takaomi Kobayashi. "In Situ Viscoelasticity Behavior of Cellulose–Chitin Composite Hydrogels during Ultrasound Irradiation." Gels 7, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels7030081.

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Composite hydrogels with different cellulose and chitin loading were prepared, and their in-situ viscoelastic properties were estimated under cyclic exposure of 43 kHz and 30 W ultrasound (US) using a sono-deviced rheometer. US transmitted into the hydrogel caused it to soften within about 10 sec, thus causing a decline in the storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″). However, when the US was stopped, the G′ and G″ returned to their initial values. Here, G′ dropped gradually in response to the US irradiation, especially in the first cycle. After the second and third cycles, the decline was much quicker, within a few seconds. When the chitin component in the hydrogel was increased, the drop was significant. FTIR analysis of the hydrogels suggested that the peaks of -OH stretching and amide I vibration near 1655 cm−1 shifted towards lower wave numbers after the third cycle, meaning that the US influenced the hydrogen bonding interaction of the chitin amide group. This repetitive effect contributed to the breakage of hydrogen bonds and increased the interactions of the acetylamine group in chitin and in the -OH groups. Eventually, the matrix turned into a more stabilized hydrogel.

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2

Ohi, Jim. "Hydrogen energy cycle: An overview." Journal of Materials Research 20, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 3180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2005.0408.

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This overview will describe briefly key segments of the hydrogen energy cycle from production using various feedstocks to its end use in fuel cells to generate electrical and thermal energy. The paper will also discuss the larger societal context, the so-called “hydrogen economy,” in which such production and use of hydrogen may take place. Although most of the public attention on hydrogen has been focused on its potential as an alternative energy source to petroleum and other fossil fuels, a hydrogen economy will encompass much more than a substitution of one energy source by another. Widespread use of hydrogen as an energy carrier can transform our society in much the same way that personal computing technologies have. This transforming power arises from the unique capability of hydrogen to link renewable energy resources and zero-emission energy conversion technologies. Hydrogen can be produced from locally available renewable resources, such as solar, wind, biomass, and water, and converted to electricity or fuel at or near the point of use with only heat and water vapor as “emissions.” Hydrogen also lies at the confluence of two emerging trends that will shape our energy future during the first quarter of this century: greater reliance on renewable energy sources and the shift from large, centralized power plants to smaller, decentralized facilities located at or near the point of use. This paper describes these emerging trends and the role of hydrogen in linking them in a way that could transform our society.

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3

Çakanyıldırım, Çetin, and Metin Gürü. "Hydrogen cycle with sodium borohydride." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33, no. 17 (September 2008): 4634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.05.084.

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4

Osuolale, Funmilayo, Oladipupo Ogunleye, Mary Fakunle, Abdulfataah Busari, and Yetunde Abolanle. "Comparative studies of Cu-Cl Thermochemical Water Decomposition Cyles for Hydrogen Production." E3S Web of Conferences 61 (2018): 00009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186100009.

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This research focuses on thermodynamic analysis of the copper chlorine cycles. The cycles were simulated using Aspen Plus software. All thermodynamic data for all the chemical species were defined from literature and the reliability of other compounds in the simulation were ascertained. The 5-step Cu–Cl cycle consist of five steps; hydrolysis, decomposition, electrolysis, drying and hydrogen production. The 4-step cycle combines the hydrolysis and the drying stage of the 5-step cycle to eliminate the intermediate production and handling of copper solids. The 3-step cycle has hydrolysis, electrolysis and hydrogen production stages. Exergy and energy analysis of the cycles were conducted. The results of the exergy analysis were 59.64%, 44.74% and 78.21% while that of the energy analysis were 50%, 49% and 35% for the 5-step cycle, 4-step cycle and 3-step cycle respectively. Parametric studies were conducted and possible exergy efficiency improvement of the cycles were found to be between 59.57-59.67%, 44.32-45.67% and 23.50-82.10% for the 5-step, 4-step and 3-step respectively. The results from the parametric analysis of the simulated process could assist ongoing efforts to understand the thermodynamic losses in the cycle, to improve efficiency, increase the economic viability of the process and to facilitate eventual commercialization of the process.

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Li, Ji-Qiang, Ji-Chao Li, Kyoungwoo Park, Seon-Jun Jang, and Jeong-Tae Kwon. "An Analysis on the Compressed Hydrogen Storage System for the Fast-Filling Process of Hydrogen Gas at the Pressure of 82 MPa." Energies 14, no. 9 (May 4, 2021): 2635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092635.

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During the fast-filling of a high-pressure hydrogen tank, the temperature of hydrogen would rise significantly and may lead to failure of the tank. In addition, the temperature rise also reduces hydrogen density in the tank, which causes mass decrement into the tank. Therefore, it is of practical significance to study the temperature rise and the amount of charging of hydrogen for hydrogen safety. In this paper, the change of hydrogen temperature in the tank according to the pressure rise during the process of charging the high-pressure tank in the process of a 82-MPa hydrogen filling system, the final temperature, the amount of filling of hydrogen gas, and the change of pressure of hydrogen through the pressure reducing valve, and the performance of heat exchanger for cooling high-temperature hydrogen were analyzed by theoretical and numerical methods. When high-pressure filling began in the initial vacuum state, the condition was called the “First cycle”. When the high-pressure charging process began in the remaining condition, the process was called the “Second cycle”. As a result of the theoretical analysis, the final temperatures of hydrogen gas were calculated to be 436.09 K for the first cycle of the high-pressure tank, and 403.55 for the second cycle analysis. The internal temperature of the buffer tank increased by 345.69 K and 32.54 K in the first cycle and second cycles after high-pressure filling. In addition, the final masses were calculated to be 11.58 kg and 12.26 kg for the first cycle and second cycle of the high-pressure tank, respectively. The works of the paper can provide suggestions for the temperature rise of 82 MPa compressed hydrogen storage system and offer necessary theory and numerical methods for guiding safe operation and construction of a hydrogen filling system.

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6

Aminov, R. Z., and A. N. Egorov. "HYDROGEN-OXYGEN STEAM GENERATOR FOR A CLOSED HYDROGEN COMBUSTION CYCLE." Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE), no. 13-15 (August 11, 2018): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2018.13-15.068-079.

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The paper analyzes the problems of combustion hydrogen in an oxygen medium for produce high-temperature steam that can be used to produce electricity at various power plants. For example, at the nuclear power plants, the use of a H2-O2 steam generator as part of a hydrogen energy complex makes it possible to increase its power and efficiency in the operational mode due to steam-hydrogen overheating of the main working fluid of a steam-turbine plant. In addition, the use of the hydrogen energy complex makes it possible to adapt the nuclear power plants to variable electric load schedules in conditions of increasing the share of nuclear power plants and to develop environmentally friendly technologies for the production of electricity. The paper considers a new solution of the problem of effective and safe use of hydrogen energy at NPPs with a hydrogen energy complex.Technical solutions for the combustion of hydrogen in the oxygen medium using direct injection of cooling water or steam in the combustion products have a significant drawback – the effect of “quenching” when injecting water or water vapor which leads to a decrease in the efficiency of recombination during cooling of combustion products that is expressed in an increase fraction of non-condensable gases. In this case, the supply of such a mixture to the steam cycle is unsafe, because this can lead to a dangerous increase in the concentration of unburned hydrogen in the flowing part of the steam turbine plant. In order to solve this problem, the authors have proposed a closed hydrogen cycle and a hydrogen vapor overheating system based on it, and carried out a study of a closed hydrogen combustion system which completely eliminates hydrogen from entering the working fluid of the steam cycle and ensures its complete oxidation due to some excess of circulating oxygen.The paper considers two types of hydrogen-oxygen combustion chambers for the system of safe generating of superheated steam using hydrogen in nuclear power plant cycle by using a closed system for burning hydrogen in an oxygen medium. As a result of mathematical modeling of combustion processes and heat and mass transfer, we have determined the required parameters of a hydrogen-oxygen steam generator taking into account the temperature regime of its operation, and a power range of hydrogen-oxygen steam generators with the proposed combustion chamber design.

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7

Palucka, Tim, and Brian J. Ingram. "Materials challenges in the hydrogen cycle." MRS Bulletin 44, no. 3 (March 2019): 164–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2019.52.

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8

Chen, Aimei, Xiaobei Zheng, Chunxia Liu, Yuxia Liu, and Lan Zhang. "Uranium thermochemical cycle: hydrogen production demonstration." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 40, no. 21 (August 1, 2018): 2542–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2018.1504141.

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9

Aminov, R. Z., and A. N. Egorov. "Hydrogen oxygen steam generator for a closed hydrogen combustion cycle." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 44, no. 21 (April 2019): 11161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.03.021.

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10

Tanaka, H., Nobuhiro Kuriyama, S. Ichikawa, H. Senoh, N. Naka, K. Aihara, H. Itoh, and Makoto Tsukahara. "Degrading Mechanism on Hydrogen Absorbing-Desorbing Cycle Durability of V- and Ti-Cr-Based BCC-Type Solid Solutions." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 2481–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.2481.

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V- and Ti-Cr-based solid solutions with body-centered cubic (BCC) type structure were investigated on hydrogen absorbing-desorbing cycle durability by using H2 without and with 10ppm CO (Hereafter they are expressed as H2 and CO/H2, respectively.). The solid solutions showed excellent cycle durability even after 1,000 cycles of hydrogen absorption and desorption under H2 atmosphere. On the other hand, the capacities decreased rapidly during hydrogen absorbing-desorbing cycles in the beginning of the tests under CO/H2 one. The solutions were not disproportionate though the stable monohydride phase increased, that is, stored hydrogen increased gradually. It was observed that not only microscopic pulverization but also nanoscopically fine-grained crystallization occurred in degraded particles. It is considered that the impurity CO influences bulk structure as an intrinsic factor as well as surface area as an extrinsic factor as regarded as ever. This causes the degradation of the cycle capacities.

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11

Zhang, Xiaotong, Ning He, Long Lin, Quanren Zhu, Gang Wang, and Hongchen Guo. "Study of the carbon cycle of a hydrogen supply system over a supported Pt catalyst: methylcyclohexane–toluene–hydrogen cycle." Catalysis Science & Technology 10, no. 4 (2020): 1171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cy01999e.

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Owing to the importance of the carbon cycle and the universality of carbon loss in sustainable hydrogen supply systems, Pt-based catalysts were designed carefully for a reversible methylcyclohexane–toluene–hydrogen (MTH) cycle.

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12

T-Raissi, A., N. Muradov, C. Huang, and O. Adebiyi. "Hydrogen From Solar Via Light-Assisted High-Temperature Water Splitting Cycles." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 129, no. 2 (April 19, 2006): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2710493.

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Hydrogen production from solar-driven thermochemical water splitting cycles (TCWSCs) provides an approach that is energy efficient and environmentally attractive. Of particular interest are TCWSCs that utilize both thermal (i.e., high temperature) and light (i.e., quantum) components of the solar resource, boosting the overall solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency compared to those with heat-only energy input. We have analyzed two solar-driven TCWSCs: (1) carbon dioxide (CO2)/carbon monoxide cycle; and (2) sulfur dioxide (SO2)/sulfuric acid cycle. The first cycle is based on the premise that CO2 becomes susceptible to near-ultraviolet and even visible radiation at high temperatures (greater than 1300K). The second cycle is a modification of the well-known Westinghouse hybrid cycle, wherein the electrochemical step is replaced by a photocatalytic step. At the Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC), a novel hybrid photo-thermochemical sulfur-ammonia (S–A) cycle has been developed. The main reaction (unique to FSEC’s S–A cycle) is the light-induced photocatalytic production of hydrogen and ammonium sulfate from an aqueous ammonium sulfite solution. Ammonium sulfate product is processed to generate oxygen and recover ammonia and SO2 that are then recycled and reacted with water to regenerate the ammonium sulfite. Experimental data for verification of the concept are provided.

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13

TSUJIKAWA, Y., and T. SAWADA. "Characteristics of hydrogen-fueled gas turbine cycle with intercooler, hydrogen turbine and hydrogen heater." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 10, no. 10 (1985): 677–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3199(85)90007-2.

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14

Züttel, Andreas, Elsa Callini, Shunsuke Kato, and Züleyha Özlem Kocabas Atakli. "Storing Renewable Energy in the Hydrogen Cycle." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 69, no. 12 (December 16, 2015): 741–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2015.741.

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15

WAGNER, U. "Energy life cycle analysis of hydrogen systems." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 23, no. 1 (January 1998): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3199(97)00021-9.

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16

Chen, Aimei, Chunxia Liu, Yuxia Liu, and Lan Zhang. "Uranium thermochemical cycle used for hydrogen production." Nuclear Engineering and Technology 51, no. 1 (February 2019): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2018.08.018.

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17

YANAGAWA, Yuki, Teruo MACHII, Daisaku SAWADA, and Zhili CHEN. "The Research of Closed Cycle Hydrogen Engine." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2019 (2019): J07110P. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2019.j07110p.

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18

Otter, Jonathan A., and Saber Yezli. "Cycle times for hydrogen peroxide vapour decontamination." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 56, no. 4 (April 2010): 356–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w10-017.

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19

KUBO, Shinji, Hayato NAKAJIMA, Kaoru ONUKI, and Sabro SHIMIZU. "Thermochemical Cycle for Hydrogen Production using HTGR." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2000.7 (2000): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2000.7.293.

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20

Kreider, Peter B., Hans H. Funke, Kevin Cuche, Michael Schmidt, Aldo Steinfeld, and Alan W. Weimer. "Manganese oxide based thermochemical hydrogen production cycle." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 36, no. 12 (June 2011): 7028–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.03.003.

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21

Chen, Z. L., T. Z. Si, and Q. A. Zhang. "Hydrogen absorption–desorption cycle durability of SmMgNi4." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 621 (February 2015): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.09.033.

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22

Cech, Manuel, Matthias Knape, Tom Wilfert, and Christian Reiser. "The Emission-free Hydrogen Closed-cycle Engine." MTZ worldwide 82, no. 4 (March 12, 2021): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38313-021-0626-2.

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23

ONO, Motoaki, Kotaro MATSUBARA, Fumiya SAKASHITA, Daisaku SAWADA, and Zhili CHEN. "Research of Argon Closed-cycle Hydrogen Engine." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2020 (2020): J07114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2020.j07114.

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MATSUBARA, Kotaro, Motoaki ONO, Akira Andrea PREATTONI, Fumiya SAKASHITA, Daisaku SAWADA, and Zhili CHEN. "Research of Argon Closed cycle Hydrogen Engine." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2020 (2020): J07113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2020.j07113.

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25

Morehouse, J. H. "Thermally Regenerative Hydrogen/Oxygen Fuel Cell Power Cycles." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 110, no. 2 (May 1, 1988): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268239.

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Two thermodynamic power cycles are analytically examined for future engineering feasibility. These power cycles use a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell for electrical energy production and use the thermal dissociation of water for regeneration of the hydrogen and oxygen. The first cycle uses a thermal energy input at over 2000K to thermally dissociate the water. The second cycle dissociates the water using an electrolyzer operating at high temperature (1300K) which receives both thermal and electrical energy as inputs. The results show that while the processes and devices of the 2000K thermal system exceed current technology limits, the high temperature electrolyzer system appears to be a state-of-the-art technology development, with the requirements for very high electrolyzer and fuel cell efficiencies seen as determining the feasibility of this system.

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Bensenouci, Ahmed, Mohamed Teggar, Ahmed Medjelled, and Ahmed Benchatti. "Thermodynamic Analysis of Hydrogen Production by a Thermochemical Cycle Based on Magnesium-Chlorine." International Journal of Heat and Technology 39, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 521–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.390222.

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Most thermochemical cycles require complex thermal processes at very high temperatures, which restrict the production and the use of hydrogen on a large scale. Recently, thermochemical cycles producing hydrogen at relatively low temperatures have been developed in order to be competitive with other kinds of energies, especially those of fossil origin. The low temperatures required by those cycles allow them to work with heats recovered by thermal, nuclear and solar power plants. In this work, a new thermochemical cycle is proposed. This cycle uses the chemical elements Magnesium-Chlorine (Mg-Cl) to dissociate the water molecule. The configuration consists of three chemical reactions or three physical steps and uses mainly thermal energy to achieve its objectives. The highest temperature of the process is that of the production of hydrochloric acid, HCl, estimated between 350-450℃. A thermodynamic analysis was performed according to the first and second laws by using Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software and the efficiency of the proposed cycle was found to be 12.7%. In order to improve the efficiency of this cycle and make it more competitive, an electro-thermochemical version should be studied.

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Chen, Xingyang, Linlin Ma, Haoping Xie, Fengting Zhao, Yufeng Ye, and Lin Zhang. "Effects of external hydrogen on hydrogen-assisted crack initiation in type 304 stainless steel." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 67, no. 3 (April 27, 2020): 331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-02-2020-2258.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a crack initiation mechanism of the external hydrogen effect on type 304 stainless steel, as well as on fatigue crack propagation in the presence of hydrogen gas. Design/methodology/approach The effects of external hydrogen on hydrogen-assisted crack initiation in type 304 stainless steel were discussed by performing fatigue crack growth rate and fatigue life tests in 5 MPa argon and hydrogen. Findings Hydrogen can reduce the incubation period of fatigue crack initiation of smooth fatigue specimens and greatly promote the fatigue crack growth rate during the subsequent fatigue cycle. During the fatigue cycle, hydrogen invades into matrix through the intrusion and extrusion and segregates at the boundaries of α′ martensite and austenite. As the fatigue cycle increased, hydrogen-induced cracks would initiate along the slip bands. The crack initiation progress would greatly accelerate in the presence of hydrogen. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is an original work carried out by the authors on the hydrogen environment embrittlement of type 304 stainless steel. The effects of external hydrogen and argon were compared to provide understanding on the hydrogen-assisted crack initiation behaviors during cycle loading.

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Leal, Elisângela M., and Jack Brouwer. "A Thermodynamic Analysis of Electricity and Hydrogen Co-Production Using a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell." Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 3, no. 2 (September 29, 2005): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2173669.

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This paper presents the electricity and hydrogen co-production concept, a methodology for the study of SOFC hydrogen co-production, and simulation results that address the impact of reformer placement in the cycle on system performance. The methodology is based on detailed thermodynamic and electrochemical analyses of the systems. A comparison is made between six specific cycle configurations, which use fuel cell heat to drive hydrogen production in a reformer using both external and internal reforming options. SOFC plant performance has been evaluated on the basis of methane fuel utilization efficiency and each component of the plant has been evaluated on the basis of second law efficiency. The analyses show that in all cases the exergy losses (irreversibilities) in the combustion chamber are the most significant losses in the cycle. Furthermore, for the same power output, the internal reformation option has the higher electrical efficiency and produces more hydrogen per unit of natural gas supplied. Electrical efficiency of the proposed cycles ranges from 41 to 44%, while overall efficiency (based on combined electricity and hydrogen products) ranges from 45 to 80%. The internal reforming case (steam-to-carbon ratio of 3.0) had the highest overall and electrical efficiency (80 and 45% respectively), but lower second law efficiency (61%), indicating potential for cycle improvements.

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29

Duckworth, Kelsey, Michael Spencer, Christopher Bates, Michael E. Miller, Catherine Almquist, Michael Grimaila, Matthew Magnuson, Stuart Willison, Rebecca Phillips, and LeeAnn Racz. "Advanced oxidation degradation kinetics as a function of ultraviolet LED duty cycle." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 9 (March 9, 2015): 1375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.108.

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Ultraviolet (UV) light emitting diodes (LEDs) may be a viable option as a UV light source for advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) utilizing photocatalysts or oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide. The effect of UV-LED duty cycle, expressed as the percentage of time the LED is powered, was investigated in an AOP with hydrogen peroxide, using methylene blue (MB) to assess contaminant degradation. The UV-LED AOP degraded the MB at all duty cycles. However, adsorption of MB onto the LED emitting surface caused a linear decline in reactor performance over time. With regard to the effect of duty cycle, the observed rate constant of MB degradation, after being adjusted to account for the duty cycle, was greater for 5 and 10% duty cycles than higher duty cycles, providing a value approximately 160% higher at 5% duty cycle than continuous operation. This increase in adjusted rate constant at low duty cycles, as well as contaminant fouling of the LED surface, may impact design and operational considerations for pulsed UV-LED AOP systems.

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30

Guo, Fangqin, Ankur Jain, Hiroki Miyaoka, Yoshitsugu Kojima, and Takayuki Ichikawa. "Critical Temperature and Pressure Conditions of Degradation during Thermochemical Hydrogen Compression: A Case Study of V-Based Hydrogen Storage Alloy." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 7, 2020): 2324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092324.

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Disproportionation and phase separation are big issues that occur under extreme pressure and temperature conditions during hydrogen compressor cycles, which makes metal hydrides inactive and reduces compression efficiency. It is important to identify boundary conditions to avoid such unwanted phase separation. However, no investigation related to this problem has been carried out so far. Thus we propose a method to investigate the critical temperature and pressure condition for the alloy degradation during the hydrogen compressor cycle. The V20Ti32Cr48 alloy was chosen as a model system for the purpose. The influence of two important parameters (i.e., hydrogen content and temperature) was investigated individually. The disproportionation of V20Ti32Cr48 alloy during the hydrogen compressor cycle test occurred at temperatures higher than 200 °C and 75% H2 content of the total capacity at the initial condition. A clear and obvious boundary condition between disproportionation and keeping the initial phase intact is defined herein. It can be treated as a general method for any hydrogen storage alloy to be utilized for hydrogen compressor efficiently and safely.

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31

Hammache, A., and E. Bilgen. "Nuclear Hydrogen Production Based on Sulfuric Acid Decomposition Process." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 114, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905946.

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A thermochemical nuclear hydrogen producing process has been developed and evaluated from thermodynamics and engineering points of view. The cycle is based on sulfuric acid decomposition process developed earlier, which produces mechanical power using additional primary energy as well as excess process heat generated within the cycle. The sulfuric acid decomposition process has been closed using a sulfur dioxide electrochemical oxidizer cell and feasibility of its energy self-sufficient operation has been demonstrated. The first law efficiency of the cycle has been determined as 34.14 percent and the second law efficiency as 43.32 percent. It is found that the modified sulfuric acid decomposition section is improved by 14.8 percent compared to the basic process used in the sulfur family cycles. For a plant size producing 8.94 × 106 GJ H2 per year, the typical levelized costs of hydrogen are $20.15(1988) per GJ energy and $24.47(1988) per GJ exergy.

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32

Marzouk, Elsayed M., and Hamza A. Ghulman. "Hydrogen Engine and Numerical Temperature-Entropy Chart for Hydrogen/Air Cycle Analysis." Energy and Power Engineering 07, no. 09 (2015): 375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/epe.2015.79035.

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33

Borgarello, E. "Hydrogen production through microheterogeneous photocatalysis of hydrogen sulfide cleavage. The thiosulfate cycle." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 10, no. 11 (1985): 737–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3199(85)90109-0.

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Chen, Yisong, Xu Hu, and Jiahui Liu. "Life Cycle Assessment of Fuel Cell Vehicles Considering the Detailed Vehicle Components: Comparison and Scenario Analysis in China Based on Different Hydrogen Production Schemes." Energies 12, no. 15 (August 6, 2019): 3031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12153031.

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Numerous studies concerning the life cycle assessment of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) have been conducted. However, little attention has been paid to the life cycle assessment of an FCV from the perspective of the detailed vehicle components. This work conducts the life cycle assessment of Toyota Mirai with all major components considered in a Chinese context. Both the vehicle cycle and the fuel cycle are included. Both comprehensive resources and energy consumption and comprehensive environmental emissions of the life cycles are investigated. Potential environmental impacts are further explored based on CML 2001 method. Then different hydrogen production schemes are compared to obtain the most favorable solution. To explore the potential of the electrolysis, the scenario analysis of the power structure is conducted. The results show that the most mineral resources are consumed in the raw material acquisition stage, the most fossil energy is consumed in the use stage and global warming potential (GWP) value is fairly high in all life cycle stages of Toyota Mirai using electrolyzed hydrogen. For hydrogen production schemes, the scenario analysis indicates that simply by optimizing the power structure, the environmental impact of the electrolysis remains higher than other schemes. When using the electricity from hydropower or wind power, the best choice will be the electrolysis.

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Valente, A., D. Iribarren, J. Dufour, and G. Spazzafumo. "LIFE-CYCLE PERFORMANCE OF HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY MANAGEMENT SOLUTION IN HYDROPOWER PLANTS: A CASE STUDY IN CENTRAL ITALY." Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE), no. 31-36 (January 6, 2019): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2018.31-36.035-051.

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The suitability of hydrogen as an energy management solution in a run-of-river hydropower plant inCentral Italyis evaluated from a life-cycle perspective. Hydrogen production at off-peak hours via electrolysis is considered, as well as potential hydrogen storage in metal hydrides followed by hydrogen use at peak hours for power generation using fuel cell technology. Hydropower generation and hydrogen production are identified as the subsystems contributing most to the nine evaluated impact categories (e.g., global warming, abiotic depletion and cumulative energy demand). The renewable hydrogen produced shows a more favourable life-cycle environmental and energy performance than conventional hydrogen generated via steam methane reforming. Furthermore, when enlarging the system with hydrogen use for power generation, the renewable electricity product shows a better life-cycle profile than conventional electricity for the Italian electrical grid. Overall, under life-cycle aspects, hydrogen is found to be a suitable energy solution in hydropower plants both as a hydrogen product itself (e.g., for transportation) and as a feedstock for subsequent power generation at peak hours.

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Lider, Andrey M., Olga V. Husaeva, Yuriy S. Bordulev, Roman S. Laptev, and Viktor N. Kudiiarov. "Investigation of Defects Accumulation in the Process of Hydrogen Sorption and Desorption." Advanced Materials Research 1085 (February 2015): 328–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1085.328.

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This paper is devoted to the defect structure study of commercially pure titanium after hydrogen sorption-desorption cycles by means of positron lifetime (PL) and Doppler broadening spectrometry. Material was loaded with hydrogen from the gas phase till the concentration of hydrogen reached the value of 0.05 wt.% for each cycle. The essential changes in the positron annihilation characteristics of the sample are occurred after the each stage of treatment.

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Jericha, H., and F. Hoeller. "Combined Cycle Enhancement." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 113, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906545.

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The Combined Cycle Plant (CCP) offers the best solutions to curb air pollution and the greenhouse effect, and it represents today the most effective heat engine ever created. At Graz University of Technology work is being conducted in close cooperation with industry to further enhancement of CC systems with regard to raising output and efficiency. Feasibility studies for intake air climatization, overload and part-load control, introduction of aeroderivate gas turbines in conjunction with high-temperature steam cycles, proposals for cooling, and the use of hydrogen as fuel are presented.

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Utgikar, Vivek, and Bradley Ward. "Life cycle assessment of ISPRA Mark 9 thermochemical cycle for nuclear hydrogen production." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 81, no. 11 (2006): 1753–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1598.

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Ha, Donghwi, Tae-Seong Roh, Hyoung Jin Lee, and Phil Hoon Yoo. "System Analysis of Expander Cycle Hydrogen Rocket Engine." Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers 24, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.6108/kspe.2020.24.5.021.

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NUMAZAWA, Takenori. "Four AMR Unit Driving Cycle for Hydrogen Liquefaction." TEION KOGAKU (Journal of Cryogenics and Superconductivity Society of Japan) 55, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2221/jcsj.55.53.

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Weiliang, Wu, Zang Shusheng, and Zhong Ce. "Study of the Hydrogen-Steam Turbine Composite Cycle." Procedia CIRP 26 (2015): 735–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2015.01.014.

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GALLI, S. "Development of a solar-hydrogen cycle in Italy." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 22, no. 5 (May 1997): 453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3199(96)00105-x.

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Belyaev, Alexander K., Vladimir A. Polyanskiy, and Yuri A. Yakovlev. "Hydrogen as an Indicator of High-cycle Fatigue." Procedia IUTAM 13 (2015): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.piutam.2015.01.012.

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Starr, F., A. Bosoaga, and J. Oakey. "Integrated gasification combined cycle based hydrogen electricity plants." Energy Materials 2, no. 3 (September 2007): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174892408x373518.

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Gat, J. R. "OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN ISOTOPES IN THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 24, no. 1 (May 1996): 225–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.24.1.225.

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Gerst, Steve, and Paul Quay. "Deuterium component of the global molecular hydrogen cycle." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 106, no. D5 (March 1, 2001): 5021–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000jd900593.

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KUDOH, Yuki. "Overlook the Hydrogen Energy from Life Cycle Perspective." Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Japan 12, no. 3 (2016): 180–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3370/lca.12.180.

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Saboonchi, Ahmad, Saeid Hassanpour, and Farzad Bayati. "Design of Heating Cycle in Hydrogen Annealing Furnaces." Materials and Manufacturing Processes 24, no. 12 (December 21, 2009): 1453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426910903124837.

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KORONEOS, C. "Life cycle assessment of hydrogen fuel production processes." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 29, no. 14 (November 2004): 1443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2004.01.016.

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Sun, Bai-gang, Dong-sheng Zhang, and Fu-shui Liu. "Cycle variations in a hydrogen internal combustion engine." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38, no. 9 (March 2013): 3778–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.12.126.

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