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1

Su, Jian-Qing, Shu-Jun Gao, and Zhuang-Qi Hu. "Hydrogen embrittlement of B-doped Ni3Al-based alloy." Journal of Materials Research 13, no. 11 (1998): 3052–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0417.

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Environmental and internal-hydrogen embrittlements in stress-relieved and recrystallized Ni−16.5Al−8Cr−0.8Hf−0.1B−0.03Y (at. %) have been studied. The stress-relieved Ni3Al-based alloy showed environmental embrittlement when tested in air or in hydrogen gas. The embrittlement is more severe in hydrogen gas than that in air. The recrystallized Ni3Al-based alloy was not susceptible to air, but it was embrittled severely by hydrogen gas and exhibited not only a grain interior but a severer grain boundary embrittlement. When tested in air, the stress-relieved Ni3Al was insensitive to internal hydr
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2

Birnbaum, H. K., and I. M. Robertson. "Hydrogen embrittlement." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 612–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100155037.

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The effects of hydrogen on the fracture of metals will be reviewed using a selection of observations based on the use of in situ environmental cell experiments. These were developed to allow understanding of the mechanisms of the failure process. The in situ technique, combined with use of the environmental cell, is well suited to mechanistic studies of environmental fracture as it allows observation of crack tip processes at high resolution and in a relatively high fugacity aggressive environment. These methods have been applied to studies of the behavior of several systems. Selected examples
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3

Xiao, Li, Jia Gu, Hongwei Yang, Lei Chen, and Gang Liu. "Research on Mechanism of Methanol–Hydrogen Co-Transport Inhibiting Hydrogen Embrittlement in Pipeline Steel." Metals 15, no. 4 (2025): 429. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15040429.

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Existing studies suggest that hydrogen embrittlement will occur in pipeline steel under a hydrogen environment, and gas is often used as a hydrogen embrittlement inhibitor. As one of the most effective hydrogen carriers, methanol may competitively adsorb with hydrogen on the surface of pipeline steel and inhibit the hydrogen embrittlement when co-transported with hydrogen through pipelines. Moreover, the low saturated vapor pressure of methanol is more conducive to its separation from hydrogen in the downstream. This study investigates the effect of methanol on hydrogen embrittlement in X80 st
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4

Araújo, Bruno Allison, Gabriel Dias Travassos, Antonio Almeida Silva, Eudésio Oliveira Vilar, Jorge Palma Carrasco, and Carlos José de Araújo. "Experimental Characterization of Hydrogen Embrittlement in API 5L X60 and API 5L X80 Steels." Key Engineering Materials 478 (April 2011): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.478.34.

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The present work aims to study the hydrogen embrittlement process in API 5L X60 and API 5L X80 steels. The tests were performed using two kinds of hydrogen sources to work with two conditions of hydrogen damage: environmental hydrogen embrittlement and internal hydrogen embrittlement. The mechanical behavior of API 5L X60 and API 5L X80 steels in tensile tests, with and without hydrogen, were studied. Under environmental hydrogen embrittlement conditions, the API 5L X60 steel presented a softening process observed by the decrease in yield strength and increase in its deformation. The API 5L X8
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5

Zhao You-Peng, Liu Xiao-Yong, Liu Hui, et al. "Study of hydrogen embrittlement behavior and mechanism of Ti-2.5Al-2Zr-1Fe by slow strain rate method." Acta Physica Sinica 73, no. 21 (2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.73.20240896.

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The Ti-2.5Al-2Zr-1Fe used as hull structural material, is susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement induced by corrosion and hydrogen evolution in marine environments. Given the long-term service of ships, the hydrogen embrittlement behavior under slow strain rate is crucial for assessing the alloy's service performance and ensuring long-term ship structural safety. To investigate the hydrogen embrittlement mechanism of Ti-2.5Al-2Zr-1Fe alloy under slow strain rate conditions, this study integrated the use of slow tension and constant displacement loading techniques to systematically evaluate the
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6

Li, Lingxiao, Jiyan Liu, Yuhao Wang, Guozhu Zhang, and Fengshan Du. "Study on the Effect of Microstructure Gradients Caused by Heat Gradients on Hydrogen Embrittlement Sensitivity in Heavy Forgings." Metals 12, no. 4 (2022): 610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12040610.

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The hydrogen embrittlement problem of alloy steel heavy forgings not only has the common properties of general hydrogen embrittlement, but also has the characteristics brought by its scale characteristics. The research of hydrogen embrittlement, combined with its characteristics and commonness, is of vital importance for the service safety of engineering structures. The temperature field and microstructure distribution in the machining process were investigated through the simulation of a finite element. On this basis, the physical simulation experiments were carried out to obtain the microstr
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7

Kong, Xiao, Hui Jiang, Yuting Lv, Wenlong Xie, Shuoyi Lu, and Dingfeng Xu. "Research Progress on the Hydrogen Embrittlement Resistance Performance of High-Entropy Alloys." Materials 18, no. 12 (2025): 2862. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18122862.

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The concealment and delayed characteristics of hydrogen embrittlement (HE) pose significant challenges for the development of hydrogen-resistant materials. As a novel category of multi-principal-element alloys, high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have emerged as ideal candidates for the next generation of hydrogen-resistant alloys due to their unique design philosophy, which endows them with excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, high-temperature stability, and hydrogen embrittlement resistance. In recent years, research on the hydrogen embrittlement resistance of HEAs has attracted ext
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8

Zhou, Chengshuang, Hongbin Zhou, and Lin Zhang. "The Impact of Impurity Gases on the Hydrogen Embrittlement Behavior of Pipeline Steel in High-Pressure H2 Environments." Materials 17, no. 9 (2024): 2157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17092157.

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The use of hydrogen-blended natural gas presents an efficacious pathway toward the rapid, large-scale implementation of hydrogen energy, with pipeline transportation being the principal method of conveyance. However, pipeline materials are susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement in high-pressure hydrogen environments. Natural gas contains various impurity gases that can either exacerbate or mitigate sensitivity to hydrogen embrittlement. In this study, we analyzed the mechanisms through which multiple impurity gases could affect the hydrogen embrittlement behavior of pipeline steel. We examined
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9

Hino, Makoto, Shunsuke Mukai, Takehiro Shimada, Koki Okada, and Keitaro Horikawa. "Inferences of Baking Time on Hydrogen Embrittlement for High Strength Steel Treated with Various Zinc Based Electroplating." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.156.

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The hydrogen embrittlement of SK85 high-strength steel sheets was evaluated using a three-point bending test. The effect of electroplating the metal with zinc-based coatings on hydrogen embrittlement was examined by baking treatment of differently electroplated steel specimens. After electroplating, all the specimens underwent hydrogen embrittlement, promoted by hydrogen incorporation into the metal frame, owing to the reduction of hydrogen ions during electroplating. The hydrogen embrittlement of both zinc-and zinc-SiO2-electroplated SK85 steel continued after baking for 24 hours at 473 K, bu
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10

Robertson, Ian M., P. Sofronis, A. Nagao, et al. "Hydrogen Embrittlement Understood." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 46, no. 3 (2015): 1085–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-015-0325-y.

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11

Robertson, Ian M., P. Sofronis, A. Nagao, et al. "Hydrogen Embrittlement Understood." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 46, no. 6 (2015): 2323–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-015-2836-1.

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12

Murakami, Yukitaka, Toshihiko Kanezaki, and Yoji Mine. "Hydrogen Effect against Hydrogen Embrittlement." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 41, no. 10 (2010): 2548–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-010-0275-6.

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13

Wang, Zhou, and Mingxin Huang. "Improving Hydrogen Embrittlement Resistance of Hot-Stamped 1500 MPa Steel Parts That Have Undergone a Q&P Treatment by the Design of Retained Austenite and Martensite Matrix." Metals 10, no. 12 (2020): 1585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10121585.

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Hydrogen embrittlement is one of the largest obstacles against the commercialisation of ultra-high strength quenching and partitioning (Q&P) steels with ultimate tensile strength over 1500 MPa, including the hot stamped steel parts that have undergone a Q&P treatment. In this work, the influence of partitioning temperature on hydrogen embrittlement of ultra-high strength Q&P steels is studied by pre-charged tensile tests with both dog-bone and notched samples. It is found that hydrogen embrittlement resistance is enhanced by the higher partitioning temperature. Then, the hydrogen e
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14

Kim, Sang-Gyu, Jae-Yun Kim, and Byoungchul Hwang. "Effect of Tempering Temperature on Hydrogen Embrittlement of SCM440 Tempered Martensitic Steel." Materials 16, no. 16 (2023): 5709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16165709.

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The effect of tempering temperature on the hydrogen embrittlement characteristics of SCM440 tempered martensitic steels was investigated in terms of their microstructure and hydrogen desorption behavior. The microstructures were characterized using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, as well as X-ray diffraction and electron backscattered diffraction analysis. Thermal desorption analysis (TDA) was performed to examine the amount and trapping behavior of hydrogen. The cementite morphology of the SCM440 tempered martensitic steels gradually changed from a long lamellar shape to a segm
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15

Shin, Hee-Chang, and Byoungchul Hwang. "Effect of Ni Content and Tempering Temperature on Hydrogen Embrittlement of SA372 Steels for Pressure Vessel." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 63, no. 5 (2025): 380–88. https://doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2025.63.5.380.

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This study investigates the influence of grain boundary characteristics on hydrogen embrittlement in SA372 steels by varying Ni content and tempering temperature. Microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties were analyzed to understand hydrogen trapping behavior, followed by an in-situ slow strain-rate test (SSRT) to assess hydrogen embrittlement resistance and hydrogen-induced fracture behavior. A higher tempering temperature reduces the density of reversible hydrogen trap sites, such as dislocations, thereby decreasing the steel’s resistance to hydrogen embrittlement. However, k
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16

Gou, Jinxin, Xiao Xing, Gan Cui, Zili Li, Jianguo Liu, and Xiangyuan Deng. "Hydrogen-Induced Cracking in CGHAZ of Welded X80 Steel under Tension Load." Metals 13, no. 7 (2023): 1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13071325.

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X80 steel is extensively used in hydrogen environments and is susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement (HE). This paper studied the hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) behavior in the coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) of X80 steel welds, through applying in situ hydrogen-charging tensile experiments, hydrogen permeation experiments, and various surface analysis techniques. It is shown that a few hydrogen atoms can significantly decrease a material’s elongation and reduction of area. When the heat input (HI) was 29.2 kJ/cm, the material had minor sensitivity to hydrogen embrittlement. The tens
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17

Chen, Yi-Sheng, Hongzhou Lu, Jiangtao Liang, et al. "Observation of hydrogen trapping at dislocations, grain boundaries, and precipitates." Science 367, no. 6474 (2020): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz0122.

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Hydrogen embrittlement of high-strength steel is an obstacle for using these steels in sustainable energy production. Hydrogen embrittlement involves hydrogen-defect interactions at multiple-length scales. However, the challenge of measuring the precise location of hydrogen atoms limits our understanding. Thermal desorption spectroscopy can identify hydrogen retention or trapping, but data cannot be easily linked to the relative contributions of different microstructural features. We used cryo-transfer atom probe tomography to observe hydrogen at specific microstructural features in steels. Di
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18

Bhat, Nidhi, Chitra Agrawal, and Ujwal Shreenag Meda. "Hydrogen Impermeable Materials for Efficient Hydrogen Storage." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (2022): 4875–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.4875ecst.

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Hydrogen has the most potential as an energy resource alternative to fossil fuels, with numerous applications across sectors. It is clean and is present in a great amount in nature. However, due to the challenges in handling hydrogen and hydrogen embrittlement, its storage remains a concern, which is why high strength steels are rarely employed for such applications. To improve these hydrogen storage systems and address issues such as low energy efficiency, weight, long refueling periods, durability, hydrogen embrittlement, and costs, better hydrogen impermeable materials must be created. Ther
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19

Yin, Ruifeng, Ruidong Fu, Ningning Gu, and Yongjiu Liu. "A Study of Hydrogen Embrittlement of SA-372 J Class High Pressure Hydrogen Storage Seamless Cylinder (≥100 MPA)." Materials 15, no. 21 (2022): 7714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15217714.

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The spinning process will lead to changes in the micro-structure and mechanical properties of the materials in different positions of the high-pressure hydrogen storage cylinder, which will show different hydrogen embrittlement resistance in the high-pressure hydrogen environment. In order to fully study the safety of hydrogen storage in large-volume seamless steel cylinders, this chapter associates the influence of the forming process with the deterioration of a high-pressure hydrogen cylinder (≥100 MPa). The anti-hydrogen embrittlement of SA-372 grade J steel at different locations of the fo
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20

Pryadko, T. V., V. A. Dekhtyarenko, V. I. Bondarchuk, M. A. Vasilyev, and S. M. Voloshko. "Complex Approach to Protecting Titanium Constructions from Hydrogen Embrittlement." METALLOFIZIKA I NOVEISHIE TEKHNOLOGII 42, no. 10 (2020): 1419–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mfint.42.10.1419.

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21

Mohandas, Naveen Karuthodi, Alex Giorgini, Matteo Vanazzi, Ton Riemslag, Sean Paul Scott, and Vera Popovich. "Hydrogen Embrittlement of Inconel 718 Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion Using Sustainable Feedstock: Effect of Heat Treatment and Microstructural Anisotropy." Metals 13, no. 2 (2023): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13020418.

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This study investigated the in-situ gaseous (under 150 bar) hydrogen embrittlement behaviour of additively manufactured (AM) Inconel 718 produced from sustainable feedstock. Here, sustainable feedstock refers to the Inconel 718 powder produced by vacuum induction melting inert gas atomisation of failed printed parts or waste from CNC machining. All Inconel 718 samples, namely AM-as-processed, AM-heat-treated and conventional samples showed severe hydrogen embrittlement. Additionally, it was found that despite its higher yield strength (1462 ± 8 MPa) and the presence of δ phase, heat-treated AM
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22

CHEN, Pengcheng, Yu'e MA, Fan PENG, and Linglong ZHOU. "Simulating hydrogen embrittlement fracture based on phase field method." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 40, no. 3 (2022): 504–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20224030504.

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The phase field hydrogen embrittlement fracture model is improved by introducing tension-compression split of strain energy. The numerical formulas of the model are provided, besides, the coupling term of concentration field and displacement field is deduced. The matlab software is used to compile the numerical program of phase field hydrogen embrittlement fracture. The modes I and II cracks of hydrogen embrittlement are simulated respectively. The simulation results show that hydrogen ions concentrate at the crack tip where stress concentration happens, and that the hydrogen concentration red
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23

Brahimi, SV, KR Sriraman, and S. Yue. "Hydrogen embrittlement characteristics of two tempered martensitic steel alloys for high-strength bolting." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, no. 17 (2016): 3214–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406216642476.

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Hydrogen embrittlement threshold curves were derived for two quenched and tempered steel grades, AISI 4135 and AISI 4340, at varying hardness ranging from 33 to 54 HRC. For each material, hydrogen was introduced (i) by zinc electroplating as a worst case condition for internal hydrogen embrittlement and (ii) by imposing cathodic potential of −1.2 V as a worst case condition for environmental hydrogen embrittlement. Overall, AISI 4135 exhibited lower thresholds than AISI 4340, making it the more susceptible of the two alloys. The findings demonstrate although hardness and/or strength have a fir
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24

Gibson, Tom. "Designing Around Hydrogen Embrittlement." Mechanical Engineering 145, no. 5 (2023): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2023-sep4.

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Abstract There are issues to work out before hydrogen can see widespread use as a fuel. One such barrier is a condition called hydrogen embrittlement, also known as hydrogen-assisted cracking or hydrogen-induced cracking, which causes cracks in steel tanks and pipes exposed to hydrogen.
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25

Li, Xinfeng, Xianfeng Ma, Jin Zhang, Eiji Akiyama, Yanfei Wang, and Xiaolong Song. "Review of Hydrogen Embrittlement in Metals: Hydrogen Diffusion, Hydrogen Characterization, Hydrogen Embrittlement Mechanism and Prevention." Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters) 33, no. 6 (2020): 759–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40195-020-01039-7.

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26

Ko, Seok-Woo, Ji-Min Lee, and Byoungchul Hwang. "Effect of Nb addition and Pre-strain on Hydrogen Embrittlement of Low-carbon Steels with Ferrite-pearlite Structure." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 58, no. 11 (2020): 752–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2020.58.11.752.

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The effect of pre-strain on the hydrogen embrittlement of Nb-free and Nb-added low-carbon steels with ferrite-pearlite structure was investigated in this study. After the steels were electrochemically charged with hydrogen, slow-strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests were conducted on them to examine hydrogen embrittlement behavior. The SSRT test results revealed that the Nb-added steel had a lesser decrease of elongation and reduction of area than the Nb-free steel. The formation of NbC carbide and grain refinement caused by the Nb addition improved resistance to hydrogen embrittlement. The loss of
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27

Tao, Ping, Wei Zhou, Xinting Miao, Jian Peng, and Wenming Liu. "Review of Characterization on Hydrogen Embrittlement by Micro-Sample Testing Methods." Metals 13, no. 10 (2023): 1753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13101753.

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Conventional-sized specimens have been well and widely applied in research on hydrogen embrittlement. However, when the limited-size core components (nozzles and valves, etc.) of hydrogen energy equipment are evaluated for service damage, traditional testing with conventional-sized samples is no longer applicable and micro-sample testing methods are required. In this paper, recent progress in the characterization of hydrogen embrittlement achieved via a small-sized sample tensile test, small punch test and nanoindentation test is reviewed. The commonly used geometries and dimensions of various
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28

Yagita, Ryo, and Yohei Abe. "Effects of Sheared Edge and Overlap Length on Reduction in Tensile Fatigue Limit before and after Hydrogen Embrittlement of Resistance Spot-Welded Ultra-High-Strength Steel Sheets." Metals 13, no. 12 (2023): 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13122002.

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The effects of a sheared edge and overlap length on the reduction in the tensile fatigue limit before and after hydrogen embrittlement of resistance spot-welded ultra-high-strength steel sheets were investigated. Ultra-high-strength steel sheets with sheared and laser-cut edges were subjected to resistance spot welding followed by hydrogen embrittlement via cathodic hydrogen charging and subjected to static tensile shear and fatigue tests. The distance between the resistance spot weld and the sheared and laser-cut edges was changed by changing the overlap length, and the influence of the weld
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29

Kohls, Daniel, Enori Gemelli, Laercio da Silva Filho, and Majorie Anacleto Bernardo. "Susceptibility Study to Hydrogen Embrittlement of Welded Joints of API 5L X52 Steel in Sulphide Media." Advanced Materials Research 1158 (April 2020): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1158.27.

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Pipelines for oil and gas, manufactured in high-strength low-alloy steels (HSLA), such API pipes, promote high levels of strength and fracture toughness. Therefore, it is important to ensure this high level of toughness in the welded joint. When the pipelines are exposed for many years to wet H2S environments, they can fail due to hydrogen embrittlement. Thus, it is important to evaluate the influence of different weld specifications in the susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement. In this case, the aim of this work was to study the susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement of API 5L X52 steel
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30

Watanabe, N., G. Zhang, Hiroshi Yukawa, et al. "Hydrogen Solubility and Resistance to Hydrogen Embrittlement of Nb-Pd Based Alloys for Hydrogen Permeable Membrane." Advanced Materials Research 26-28 (October 2007): 873–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.26-28.873.

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The alloying effects of Pd on the hydrogen solubility and the resistance to hydrogen embrittlement are investigated for Nb-xmol%Pd-ymol%Zr (x=0~19; y=0, 1) alloys. The hydrogen solubility at 673 K is found to decrease with increasing Pd content in the alloys. Both pure Nb and Nb-Pd alloys possessed ductility in vacuum at 673 K. However, severe hydrogen embrittlement occurs in pure Nb when it is tested under the hydrogen pressure even as low as 0.01 MPa. In view of the small punch (SP) absorption energy, the addition of Pd into Nb improves the resistance to hydrogen embrittlement by decreasing
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31

Smith, Ali. "Hydrogen Embrittlement and Hydrogen Trapping Behaviour in Advanced High Strength Steels." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 1344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.1344.

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Modern advanced high strength steels (AHSS) for the automotive sector often contain retained austenite which promotes remarkable combinations of strength and ductility. These high strength steels may however be subject to a risk of hydrogen embrittlement. For the current contribution, hydrogen trapping and embrittlement behaviour were investigated in AHSS compositions having different levels of retained austenite. Hydrogen permeation tests revealed that hydrogen diffusion was slower for increased levels of retained austenite, being controlled most likely by reversible trapping at austenite-mat
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32

Takai, Kenichi. "Hydrogen Existing States and Hydrogen Embrittlement." Zairyo-to-Kankyo 60, no. 5 (2011): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3323/jcorr.60.230.

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Kim, Jae-Yun, Seok-Woo Ko, and Byoungchul Hwang. "Effect of Microstructure on Strain Aging and Hydrogen Embrittlement Behavior of Bake Hardening Steels." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 60, no. 11 (2022): 811–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2022.60.11.811.

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The strain aging and hydrogen embrittlement behavior of two bake hardening (BH) steels with different microstructures were investigated in this study. The single-phase BH steel was composed of fully ferrite, while the dual-phase BH steel consisted of ferrite and 3 % martensite. The BH index and aging index (AI) of the two BH steels were measured to compare the effect of microstructure on strain aging behavior. As a small amount of martensite is present in the dual-phase BH steel, the BH index value of the dual-phase BH steel was higher than that of single-phase BH steel, and the AI showed a re
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34

Rejeesh, R., Yeo-jin Jang, and Yeong-Do Park. "Hydrogen Embrittlement in Resistance Spot and Laser Welds for Advanced High-Strength Steels: Mechanisms, Susceptibility, and Evaluation." Journal of Welding and Joining 43, no. 3 (2025): 280–99. https://doi.org/10.5781/jwj.2025.43.3.7.

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Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) is a critical concern in advanced high-strength steels (AHSS), particularly after resistance spot welding (RSW) and laser welding (LW), where localized microstructural changes and residual stresses exacerbate susceptibility to hydrogen-induced cracking. This review comprehensively examines the hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of RSW and LW joints by analyzing key influencing factors such as hydrogen diffusion, trapping sites, and microstructural transformations at the weld and heat-affected zones (HAZ). The study discusses various hydrogen charging methods, inc
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35

Anastasovska, Elena, Elisaveta Doncheva, and Filip Zdraveski. "A review study on hydrogen embrittlement of steel." Structural Integrity and Life 24, no. 3 (2024): 277–81. https://doi.org/10.69644/ivk-2024-03-0277.

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A common and intricate phenomenon known as hydrogen embrittlement of steel is the deterioration of the mechanical properties of metal in relation to stress corrosion cracking. This phenomenon has been extensively studied, with numerous works proposed over the last two decades, but there is still a lack of unified solutions and a solid understanding of the phenomenon. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the literature and publications on hydrogen embrittlement in steel. It focuses on recent developments and methods that have contributed to a better understanding of the relations
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36

Yun, Hee Soo, Van Hung Dao, Hyusang Kwon, Jihun Lee, and Seung Hoon Nahm. "Evaluation of Hydrogen Embrittlement Sensitivity with Respect to Crystallographic Orientation of Single Crystal Ni Base Alloys." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 63, no. 5 (2025): 389–98. https://doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2025.63.5.389.

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As demand for hydrogen, a clean energy source, has increased, hydrogen embrittlement caused by hydrogen penetration into materials has became a major challenge. This study evaluated the effect of crystallographic orientation on hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity, using single-crystal Ni-based superalloys that are used in hydrogen gas turbines. The two crystallographic orientations selected for testing were near the <110> and <111> directions. Specimens were first exposed to a 250oC, 10 MPa hydrogen environment for 4 days to allow hydrogen precharging. The hydrogen content within th
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37

Shiraga, Tetsuo. "Hydrogen Embrittlement of Steel." Zairyo-to-Kankyo 60, no. 5 (2011): 236–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3323/jcorr.60.236.

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38

Herlach, D., C. Kottler, T. Wider, and K. Maier. "Hydrogen embrittlement of metals." Physica B: Condensed Matter 289-290 (August 2000): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-4526(00)00431-2.

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39

Hempel, Christian, Marcel Mandel, Caroline Quitzke, et al. "Hydrogen Diffusion in Deformed Austenitic TRIP Steel—A Study of Mathematical Prediction and Experimental Validation." Materials 17, no. 24 (2024): 6114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246114.

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This study focuses on the effect of pre-deformation on hydrogen diffusion and hydrogen embrittlement of the high alloy austenitic TRIP steel X3CrMnNiMo17-8-4. Different cold-rolled steel sheets with thicknesses of ≤400 µm were electrochemically charged on both sides in 0.1 M sodium hydroxide with hydrogen for two weeks. Comparative measurements on uncharged and immersed samples prove that hydrogen causes embrittlement in this steel for all investigated states. The embrittlement increases with increasing pre-deformation and is accompanied by deformation-induced martensite formation. The corresp
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40

Tang, Xiaoli. "Material Selection of 316 Stainless Steel for High-Pressure Hydrogen Systems." AM&P Technical Articles 182, no. 7 (2024): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.amp.2024-07.p022.

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Abstract Selecting materials for high-pressure hydrogen systems requires balancing technical understanding of hydrogen embrittlement and business considerations. While the direct effect of hydrogen on materials is usually manifested as ductility loss under tension stress, the most concerning failure in a hydrogen system is fatigue. Although no material is immune to property degradation caused by hydrogen, Type 316 stainless steel is among the best in resisting hydrogen embrittlement.
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Yukawa, Hiroshi, T. Nambu, and Yoshihisa Matsumoto. "Design and Development of Nb-W-Mo Alloy Membrane for Hydrogen Separation and Purification." Defect and Diffusion Forum 333 (January 2013): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.333.61.

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The concept for alloy design of Nbbased hydrogen permeable membrane is applied to NbWMo ternary system. The alloying effects of tungsten and molybdenum on the solubility of hydrogen, the resistance to hydrogen embrittlement, the hydrogen permeability and diffusivity are investigated in a fundamental manner. It is found that the addition of tungsten and molybdenum into niobium decreases the hydrogen solubility. As a result, the resistance to hydrogen embrittlement improves and higher hydrogen pressures can be applied to the NbWMo alloy membrane. It is shown that the designed Nb5mol%W5mol%Mo all
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Zhang, Fan, Zeen Wu, Tiebang Zhang, Rui Hu, and Xiaoye Wang. "Microstructure Sensitivity on Environmental Embrittlement of a High Nb Containing TiAl Alloy under Different Atmospheres." Materials 15, no. 23 (2022): 8508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238508.

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Mechanical properties in different atmospheres, including oxygen, vacuum, air and H2, of high Nb containing TiAl alloys with the compositions of Ti–45Al–8.5Nb–(0.2W, 0.2B, 0.02Y) have been investigated in this work. Three different microstructure types, nearly lamellar, gamma phase increased nearly lamellar and fully lamellar are selected for revealing the microstructure sensitivity of environmental embrittlement. The results show that the three types of microstructures are all affected by the hydrogen–induced environmental embrittlement. Although the fracture mode of the experimental alloy is
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Ye, Haixiao, Liejun Li, Zhitao Xiong, Songjun Chen, and Zhengwu Peng. "Effect of retained ferrite on hydrogen embrittlement resistance of medium-carbon steel via rapid induction heating." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2954, no. 1 (2025): 012119. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2954/1/012119.

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Abstract This study examines the influence of retained ferrite on the hydrogen embrittlement resistance of medium-carbon steel processed via rapid induction heat treatment, in comparison to tubular furnace treatment. Microstructural analysis indicates that samples subjected to rapid induction heating retain approximately 10% ferrite, while those treated in the tubular furnace are primarily martensitic. The former exhibits superior resistance to hydrogen embrittlement, with minimal strength and ductility loss after short hydrogen charging. This improvement is attributed to ferrite’s role in pro
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Song, Guang Sheng, Michael Dolan, Daniel Liang, and Michael Kellam. "Post-Hydrogen Permeation Characterization of V-Based Crystalline Alloy Membranes." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 2422–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.2422.

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The surface preparation and hydrogen embrittlement in particular are research challenges facing the practical application of vanadium alloy membranes. These two issues are addressed by surface characterization and fracture analysis in order to find the reasons why delamination and crack failures occur during hydrogen permeation. Post-failure analysis of the hydrogen-induced cracking membrane specimen suggests a new failure mechanism for hydrogen embrittlement.
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Kim, Sang-Gyu, Jae-Yun Kim, Hyun-Joo Seo, et al. "Hydrogen Embrittlement Characteristics of Tempered Martensitic Steels under Electrochemical and High-Pressure Hydrogen Environments." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 61, no. 11 (2023): 807–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2023.61.11.807.

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The effect of hydrogen charging methods on the hydrogen embrittlement characteristics of tempered martensitic steels were discussed in terms of hydrogen diffusion behavior. Two tempered martensitic steels with different Si content were fabricated by quenching and tempering. The steel with high Si content had a lower cementite fraction because the addition of Si changed the morphology of cementite from a long film-like shape to a short-rod shape by suppressing the precipitation and growth of the cementite. To evaluate the hydrogen embrittlement resistance of the two tempered martensitic steels
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Yang, Shiyuan, Debiao Meng, Peng Nie, Abílio M. P. De Jesus, and Yan Sun. "Fatigue Behaviour of Metallic Materials Under Hydrogen Environment: Historical Perspectives, Recent Developments, and Future Prospects." Applied Sciences 15, no. 14 (2025): 7818. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147818.

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Hydrogen has gradually become one of the indispensable sources of energy for mankind. Since the discovery of hydrogen embrittlement (hydrogen-induced degradation of material properties) more than 100 years ago, fatigue properties in hydrogen environments have been studied. Fatigue crack growth of materials in a hydrogen environment is a complex process involving the interaction of multiple factors. Hydrogen binds to atoms within the material, leading to diffusion and aggregation of hydrogen atoms, which causes an increase in internal stresses. These stresses may concentrate at the crack tip, a
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47

Индейцев, Д. А., та Е. В. Осипова. "Влияние водорода на флуктуационное охрупчивание алюминия". Письма в журнал технической физики 45, № 17 (2019): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2019.17.48221.17896.

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The main processes occurring during vacancy generation in aluminum in the presence of hydrogen are described on the base of ab initio methods using the meta-functional SCAN. It was shown that hydrogen reduces the vacancy generation energy from 2.8 eV to 0.8 eV. In this case, eight hydrogen atoms located in the tetrahedral voids of the lattice around one aluminum atom make it much easier for it to move to the interstitial site. In accordance with the kinetic concept of embrittlement the dependence of the activation energy of hydrogen embrittlement of aluminum is calculated on the concentration
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Lai, Yunting, Qinzheng Ma, Dungui Zuo, Guodong Zhang, Kaixing Liao, and Zhongwei Zhang. "Mechanical Properties and Fracture Analysis of High Strength Bolts in Nuclear Power Plant." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2083, no. 2 (2021): 022064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2083/2/022064.

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Abstract A high-strength bolt of a steel structure of a nuclear power plant failed and fell off. In order to determine the cause of the bolt’s fracture, a series of tests such as macro inspection, physical and chemical performance test, and microscopic analysis of the fracture were carried out on the failed bolt. The results show that the cause of bolt fracture is hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen infiltrated into the bolt during the phosphating process and the corrosion process during use, and then hydrogen continued to accumulate eventually causing hydrogen embrittlement fracture. Dehydrogena
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Jayashree R, Jaswanthi D K, and Sharmila S. "Analysis of hydrogen embrittlement in zinc electroplating." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 9, no. 1 (2023): 208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2023.9.1.0369.

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Electrodeposition is the method of plating metal into another by hydrolysis generally to protect against corrosion of metal. In Zinc Electroplating, Zinc is deposited on steel, where Zinc acts as a sacrificial element that enhances Steel’s life. The zinc electroplating methods are mostly affected by process parameters such as current, temperature, voltage, etc. Hydrogen is absorbed in the plated Zinc layer and later it causes cracking, which is known as hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen De Embrittlement is a process that removes Hydrogen. Various test methods are used to qualify a part after hy
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Xiong, Yinchen, Xiaofei Guo, and Han Dong. "Impact of Size and Distribution of k-Carbides on the Hydrogen Embrittlement and Trapping Behaviors of a Fe-Mn-Al-C Low-Density Steel." Materials 17, no. 11 (2024): 2698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17112698.

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This study compares the hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of a Fe-30Mn-8Al-1.2C austenitic low-density steel aged at 600 °C for 0 (RX), 1 min (A1) and 60 min (A60), each exhibiting varying sizes and distributions of nano-sized κ-carbides. Slow strain rate tests were conducted to assess hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility, while thermal desorption analysis was applied to investigate hydrogen trapping behaviors. Fracture surface analysis was employed to discuss the associated failure mechanisms. The results suggest that nano-sized κ-carbides with sizes ranging from 2–4 nm play a crucial ro
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