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Journal articles on the topic 'Hydrogen – Fuel'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 September 2023

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1

S, Nakkeeran. "A Case Study on Hydrogen Fuel." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 23, no. 4 (July 20, 2019): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v23i4/pr190157.

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2

Karim, Ghazi. "Hydrogen as a spark ignition engine fuel." Chemical Industry 56, no. 6 (2002): 256–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0206256k.

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Review is made of the positive features and the current limitations associated with the use of hydrogen as a spark ignition engine fuel. It is shown that hydrogen has excellent prospects to achieve very satisfactory performance in engine applications that may be superior in many aspects to those with conventional fuels. A number of design and operational changes needed to effect the full potential of hydrogen as an engine fuel is outlined. The question whether hydrogen can be manufactured abundantly and economically will remain the limiting factor to its widespread use as an S.I. engine fuel in the future.
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3

APPLEBY, A. "Fuel cells and hydrogen fuel." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 19, no. 2 (February 1994): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3199(94)90124-4.

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4

Crabtree, G. W., and M. S. Dresselhaus. "The Hydrogen Fuel Alternative." MRS Bulletin 33, no. 4 (April 2008): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.84.

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AbstractThe cleanliness of hydrogen and the efficiency of fuel cells taken together offer an appealing alternative to fossil fuels. Implementing hydrogen-powered fuel cells on a significant scale, however, requires major advances in hydrogen production, storage, and use. Splitting water renewably offers the most plentiful and climate-friendly source of hydrogen and can be achieved through electrolytic, photochemical, or biological means. Whereas presently available hydride compounds cannot easily satisfy the competing requirements for on-board storage of hydrogen for transportation, nanoscience offers promising new approaches to this challenge. Fuel cells offer potentially efficient production of electricity for transportation and grid distribution, if cost and performance challenges of components can be overcome. Hydrogen offers a variety of routes for achieving a transition to a mix of renewable fuels.
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5

Ahmed, S. "Hydrogen from hydrocarbon fuels for fuel cells." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 26, no. 4 (April 2001): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3199(00)00097-5.

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6

Machač, Jiří, and Milan Majer. "Hydrogen fuel in transportation." Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mape-2019-0016.

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Abstract In the time, when the whole world is increasingly engaged in environmental protection, it is necessary to come up with a fuel alternative for transportation, which means generally abandon the use of non-renewable resources (petrol, oil and fossil fuel in general), as they are one of the many factors influencing the emergence of greenhouse gases and the associated global warming. In today's Europe, the pressure is put mainly on automotive companies, to search for sources other than conventional fuels. At present, there is a big boom in the area of electric cars powered from the power network – the vast majority of electric energy, however, is produced in fossil fuel power plants. The second option of possible development in this area is the use of hydrogen as an alternative fuel. This technology, whether it be direct combustion as in diesel or eventually in petrol engines, or energy production in a hydrogen fuel cell, is certainly the way suitable for further development. With hydrogen as a fuel, it is possible to reduce pollutants almost to zero. The article presents a comparison of electricity generated using renewable and non-renewable sources and focuses on a closer understanding of the myth of the dangers connected with using hydrogen as fuel. Furthermore, compares conventional fuels to re-newable hydrogen technologies and focuses on the hydrogen combustion engines together with hydrogen storage and application in transportation.
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7

REN, Qisen. "ICONE19-43081 Discussion on Hydrogen Content in Fuel Rod." Proceedings of the International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE) 2011.19 (2011): _ICONE1943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicone.2011.19._icone1943_27.

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8

Cameretti, Maria Cristina, Roberta De Robbio, Ezio Mancaruso, and Marco Palomba. "CFD Study of Dual Fuel Combustion in a Research Diesel Engine Fueled by Hydrogen." Energies 15, no. 15 (July 29, 2022): 5521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155521.

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Superior fuel economy, higher torque and durability have led to the diesel engine being widely used in a variety of fields of application, such as road transport, agricultural vehicles, earth moving machines and marine propulsion, as well as fixed installations for electrical power generation. However, diesel engines are plagued by high emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM) and carbon dioxide when conventional fuel is used. One possible solution is to use low-carbon gaseous fuel alongside diesel fuel by operating in a dual-fuel (DF) configuration, as this system provides a low implementation cost alternative for the improvement of combustion efficiency in the conventional diesel engine. An initial step in this direction involved the replacement of diesel fuel with natural gas. However, the consequent high levels of unburned hydrocarbons produced due to non-optimized engines led to a shift to carbon-free fuels, such as hydrogen. Hydrogen can be injected into the intake manifold, where it premixes with air, then the addition of a small amount of diesel fuel, auto-igniting easily, provides multiple ignition sources for the gas. To evaluate the efficiency and pollutant emissions in dual-fuel diesel-hydrogen combustion, a numerical CFD analysis was conducted and validated with the aid of experimental measurements on a research engine acquired at the test bench. The process of ignition of diesel fuel and flame propagation through a premixed air-hydrogen charge was represented the Autoignition-Induced Flame Propagation model included ANSYS-Forte software. Because of the inefficient operating conditions associated with the combustion, the methodology was significantly improved by evaluating the laminar flame speed as a function of pressure, temperature and equivalence ratio using Chemkin-Pro software. A numerical comparison was carried out among full hydrogen, full methane and different hydrogen-methane mixtures with the same energy input in each case. The use of full hydrogen was characterized by enhanced combustion, higher thermal efficiency and lower carbon emissions. However, the higher temperatures that occurred for hydrogen combustion led to higher NOx emissions.
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9

Leybovych, Lev, and Yurii Yevstigneyev. "REGRESSION EQUATIONS FOR CALCULATING THE SOLUBILITY OF HYDROGEN IN LIQUID FUELS." Ukrainian Chemistry Journal 85, no. 12 (December 16, 2019): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33609/0041-6045.85.11.2019.110-116.

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The efficiency of combustion of liquid fuels in heat engines is determined by their hydrocarbon composition. The rate of combustion and the completeness of combustion depend on the hydrocarbon composition of the fuel. One of the ways to increase the efficiency of combustion of fuel is to use fuel-hydrogen mixtures. The use of such mixtures gives prerequisites for low-temperature self-ignition of fuel droplets (about 590 °C). Preheating of the fuel gives the possibility of "explosive" combustion with increasing of the temperature up to 2500 K in 0.02 –. 0.04 ms. This leads to the intensification of heavy fuel combustion. The use of fuel-hydrogen mixtures allows to obtain a low level of harmful emissions with flue gases and to reduce emissions: CO and CH – not less than 15%, CO2 – not less than 20%. A promising direction for the creation of such mixtures is the direct dissolution of hydrogen in liquid fuel. This simplifies the flow of the fuel-hydrogen mixture into the combustion chamber of the heat engine or into the cylinders of the internal combustion engines. Analysis of previous studies showed the possibility of obtaining a single form of regression dependence for calculations of the dissolution of hydrogen in liquid fuels. The processing of the literature data and the results of our own research gave a set of regression equations for calculating the solubility of hydrogen in liquid fuels: gas, diesel, fuel oil, LVGO, HVGO, GDAR, ABVB. The obtained regression dependencies show that with increasing average molecular weight the solubility of hydrogen in the fuel decreases. These regression dependencies make it possible to obtain baseline data for the design of fuel systems for supplying fuel and hydrogen mixtures to combustion chambers of heat engines. Studies of hydrogen-diesel have shown a decrease in the flash fuel temperature by 10 – 15 oC by comparison with pure fuel. For heavy fuels, this level of reduction of the fuel round is not sufficient. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further studies on the intensification of the process of dissolution of hydrogen in heavy fuels. This will significantly reduce energy costs for the organization of the combustion process.
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10

Bacquart, Thomas, Niamh Moore, Vincent Mattelaer, James Olden, Abigail Siân Olivia Morris, Ward Storms, and Arul Murugan. "First Hydrogen Fuel Sampling from a Fuel Cell Hydrogen Electrical Vehicle–Validation of Hydrogen Fuel Sampling System to Investigate FCEV Performance." Processes 10, no. 9 (August 27, 2022): 1709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10091709.

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Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) are developing quickly from passenger vehicles to trucks or fork-lifts. Policymakers are supporting an ambitious strategy to deploy fuel cell electrical vehicles with infrastructure as hydrogen refueling stations (HRS) as the European Green deal for Europe. The hydrogen fuel quality according to international standard as ISO 14687 is critical to ensure the FCEV performance and that poor hydrogen quality may not cause FCEV loss of performance. However, the sampling system is only available for nozzle sampling at HRS. If a FCEV may show a lack of performance, there is currently no methodology to sample hydrogen fuel from a FCEV itself. It would support the investigation to determine if hydrogen fuel may have caused any performance loss. This article presents the first FCEV sampling system and its comparison with the hydrogen fuel sampling from the HRS nozzle (as requested by international standard ISO 14687). The results showed good agreement with the hydrogen fuel sample. The results demonstrate that the prototype developed provides representative samples from the FCEV and can be an alternative to determine hydrogen fuel quality. The prototype will require improvements and a larger sampling campaign.
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11

Ahluwalia, Rajesh K., X. Wang, A. Rousseau, and R. Kumar. "Fuel economy of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles." Journal of Power Sources 130, no. 1-2 (May 2004): 192–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.12.061.

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12

Yusuf, Mohammad. "Hydrogen: The Future’s Fuel." Oriental Journal of Physical Sciences 6, no. 1-2 (February 28, 2022): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojps06.01-02.06.

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The exploitation of fossil fuels at a tremendous scale, especially after the industrial revolution in the 18th century, has instigated damage to the environment. The usage of fossil-based fuels results in an excess accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs), i.e., mainly CH4 and CO2, in the atmosphere. This is the reason for decreased air quality, increased global warming, and disturbed seasonal variations in many world regions. The usage of Hydrogen (H2) as a fuel is a promising alternative to fossil fuels due to its high calorific value, clean-burning characteristics, and abundance availability from different feedstocks. H2 can be a game-changer in the fuel industry especially if utilized commercially in the transportation sector giving net-zero carbon emission. The recent research is going on the techno-economic feasibility of H2 production, and recently an Indian Oil & Gas conglomerate Reliance Industries pledged to produce blue H2 at $1.2-$1.5 /Kg. The concept of the H2 economy is encouraging and supports the pledges of the Paris Agreement. The different H2 production techniques, along with the corresponding color spectrum, have been discussed in this article. Finally, the prospects and advantages of green H2 have been discussed over its other color spectrum.
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13

Żółtowski, Bogdan, and Mariusz Żółtowski. "A Hydrogenic Electrolyzer for Fuels." Polish Maritime Research 21, no. 4 (January 31, 2015): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2014-0044.

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Abstract In this work - in view of still decreasing crude oil resources and increasing fuel prices - are presented issues concerning research on development of other, alternative fuel sources including those used in water, land and air transport means. One of them is hydrogen which, while burning, does not produce noxious carbon dioxide but only side effects such as heat and clean water. It is almost true that along with sudden drop of availability and rising price of crude oil many countries face economical paralysis. Any of alternative sources is not capable of supplying even only a basic amount of such energy, not mentioning the whole amount of energy demanded by our civilization. Hydrogen as an independent fuel for internal combustion engines has yet to go a long way to commercialization. to be Co-burning systems (combustion of mixtures)of today used hydrocarbon fuels combined with hydrogen seem closer to this aim. As proved in many investigations the substitution of a part of hydrocarbon fuel by hydrogen enables to make use of beneficial features of both the fuels. One of possible solutions of the problem may be application of an innovative hydrogenic fuel electrolyzer which is presented and evaluated in this paper.
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14

Melnyk, Oleksiy Mykolayovych, Oleksandr Mykolayovych Shumylo, Oleg Anatliyovych Onishchenko, Iuliia Valeriivna Mykhailova, Tetiana Sevostianovna Obniavko, and Tetiana Oleksandrovna Korobko. "CONCEPT AND PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF HYDROGEN FUEL IN MARITIME TRANSPORT." Collection of Scientific Works of the Ukrainian State University of Railway Transport, no. 203 (March 27, 2023): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.18664/1994-7852.203.2023.277913.

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The shipping industry is a significant source of global greenhouse gas emissions, so finding sustainable and low-carbon alternative fuels is crucial to reduce its environmental impact. Hydrogen is emerging as a promising fuel for shipping due to its high energy density, zero emissions, and the possibility of production from renewable sources. However, the use of hydrogen as a fuel in shipping requires significant infrastructure development and technological advances in hydrogen production, storage and transportation. In addition, the cost and availability of hydrogen fuel remain the main barriers to its widespread adoption in shipping. Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of using hydrogen as an environmentally friendly fuel for shipping make it an area of growing interest and investment. Hydrogen fuel is increasingly becoming a promising alternative to traditional fossil fuels for ships. It is a clean and renewable energy source that produces only water vapor as a byproduct, making it a desirable solution for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change. Six percent of the world's natural gas and two percent of coal are currently used to produce hydrogen. Hydrogen can be used as a zero-emission fuel, but the production of the gas itself is not a low-carbon process if fossil fuels are used to produce it. Nevertheless, experts believe that hydrogen is a fuel solution for shipping. Even today, leading scientists and experienced ship operation and design professionals are calling for the wider use of hydrogen as a fuel, which will ultimately help the maritime industry achieve its goal of reducing emissions through the use of non-fossil fuels. This article explores the potential of hydrogen fuel for ships, including its benefits, challenges and current status.
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15

Ayar, Barış, and Muhammed Bora Akın. "Hydrogen Production and Storage Methods." International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches 7, no. 4 (May 10, 2023): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.59287/ijanser.647.

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Conventional fuels are not renewable resources and are getting depleted day by day. In addition, the by-products of the combustion of these fuels cause environmental problems. This situation, which threatens the world, has led to the search for new energy sources. Hydrogen, as an energy carrier, creates a potential for solving these problems. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, with the highest energy content per weight of all conventional fuels. But unlike conventional fuels, hydrogen is not easily found in nature and is produced from primary energy sources. Therefore, it is a renewable fuel. When used in a fuel cell, only water is produced as a by-product. From this point of view, when compared to any fuel, it stands out as a fuel with the highest energy content and does not contain carbon. The biggest problem in using hydrogen gas as a fuel is that it is not found in nature and economically cheap production methods are needed. Hydrogen can be produced in two different ways, biological and chemical. Chemical methods are not preferred because they are costly. Biological methods, on the other hand, are low-cost, sustainable, environmentally friendly methods. In this study, information of hydrogen energy and its historical development is given. Thus, a projection is made for the importance and future of hydrogen energy. Then, hydrogen production methods are explained and compared. In addition, information about hydrogen storage types is given.
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16

Abdrakhmanova, K. N., V. V. Vorokhobko, G. R. Gareeva, and A. A. Minniakhmetova. "HYDROGEN AS CAR FUEL." Oil and Gas Business, no. 1 (February 2016): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/ogbus-2016-1-169-179.

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17

Mohsen Ali Ahmad Alsayes, Mahmoud. "Hydrogen Fuel Cells PEM." Science Journal of Chemistry 4, no. 4 (2016): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.sjc.20160404.12.

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18

Fein, E. "Hydrogen: an accommodating fuel." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 10, no. 5 (1985): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3199(85)90180-6.

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19

VEZIROLU, T., and F. BARBIR. "Hydrogen: the wonder fuel." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 17, no. 6 (June 1992): 391–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3199(92)90183-w.

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20

Feldman, Bernard J. "Hydrogen Fuel Cell Automobiles." Physics Teacher 43, no. 8 (November 2005): 492–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.2120372.

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21

Povel, R., K. Feucht, W. Gelse, and G. Withalm. "Hydrogen Fuel for Motorcars." Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 14, no. 4 (December 1989): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/isr.1989.14.4.365.

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22

Vondrák, J., B. Klápště, J. Velická, M. Sedlaříková, and R. Černý. "Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cells." Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 8, no. 1 (August 23, 2003): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-003-0403-y.

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23

Barbir, Frano. "Fuel cells and hydrogen economy." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 11, no. 3 (2005): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq0503105b.

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Fuel cells with applications ranging from power generation to transportation need hydrogen as fuel. Hydrogen is not a source of energy, and hydrogen is not a readily available fuel. Hydrogen is more like electricity - an intermediary form of energy or an energy carrier. However, while electricity infrastructure is already in place, hydrogen infrastructure is practically nonexistent. It is this lack of hydrogen infrastructure that is considered to be one of the biggest obstacles to fuel cell commercialization. Commercialization of fuel cells, particularly for transportation and stationary electricity generation markets, must be accompanied by commercialization of hydrogen energy technologies, i.e., technologies for hydrogen production, distribution and storage. In other words, hydrogen must become a readily available commodity (not as a technical gas but as an energy carrier) before fuel cells can be fully commercialized. On the other hand, it may very well be that the fuel cells will become the driving force for development of hydrogen energy technologies. Fuel cells have many unique properties, such as high energy efficiency, no emissions, no noise, modularity, and potentially low cost, which may make them attractive in many applications even with a limited hydrogen supply. This creates what is often referred to as a 'chicken and egg problem' - does the development and commercialization of fuel cells come before development of hydrogen energy technologies or must hydrogen infrastructure be in place before fuel cells can be commercialized? Hydrogen as fuel cannot compete in today's market with the very fuels it is produced from (including electricity). Also, as any new technology, hydrogen energy technologies, such as fuel cells, are in most cases initially more expensive than the existing mature technologies, even when real economics is applied. Hydrogen energy technologies are expensive because the equipment for hydrogen production and utilization is not mass-produced. It is not mass-produced because there is no demand for it, and there is no demand because it is too expensive. This is a closed circle, or another chicken-and-egg problem. The only way for hydrogen energy technologies to penetrate into the major energy markets is to start with those technologies that may have niche markets, where the competition with the existing technologies is not as fierce and/or where they offer clear advantage over the existing technologies regardless of the price. Another push for commercialization may be gained through governmental and/or international subsidies for technologies that offer some clear advantages. Once developed, these technologies may help reduce the cost of other related hydrogen technologies, and initiate and accelerate their widespread market penetrations. This article discusses the role of fuel cells in the future Hydrogen Economy, and explores possible transition paths and strategies.
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24

Bose, Debajyoti. "The Hydrogen Alternative." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 49 (April 2015): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.49.15.

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Hydrogen is the cleanest fuel known to man and the most prominent alternative to carbon-based fuels, although it is not available as a free gas on earth, it can be produced from various sources using the correct combination of pressure and temperature. The deep time that our planet has given life has allowed it to grow from a tiny seed of genetic possibility to a planet wide web of complexity we are part of today, where today heating, refrigeration, telecommunication and appliances have become vital in everyday life. Production of electricity using fossil fuels has been under the scanner for quite some time now because of their availability and effects on the environment hydrogen emerges out in this scenario as the future fuel and setting the stage towards the hydrogen economy. The clean nature of hydrogen and the efficiency of fuel cells taken together offer an appealing alternative to fossil fuels. This paper reviews the existing infrastructure of hydrogen production and storage, while simultaneously explores the reason why it will be an inevitability in the near future to meet our ever increasing energy needs.
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25

Bose, Debajyoti. "The Hydrogen Alternative." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 49 (April 7, 2015): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-eb35uc.

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Hydrogen is the cleanest fuel known to man and the most prominent alternative to carbon-based fuels, although it is not available as a free gas on earth, it can be produced from various sources using the correct combination of pressure and temperature. The deep time that our planet has given life has allowed it to grow from a tiny seed of genetic possibility to a planet wide web of complexity we are part of today, where today heating, refrigeration, telecommunication and appliances have become vital in everyday life. Production of electricity using fossil fuels has been under the scanner for quite some time now because of their availability and effects on the environment hydrogen emerges out in this scenario as the future fuel and setting the stage towards the hydrogen economy. The clean nature of hydrogen and the efficiency of fuel cells taken together offer an appealing alternative to fossil fuels. This paper reviews the existing infrastructure of hydrogen production and storage, while simultaneously explores the reason why it will be an inevitability in the near future to meet our ever increasing energy needs.
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26

Tamburrano, P., L. Romagnuolo, E. Frosina, G. Caramia, E. Distaso, F. Sciatti, A. Senatore, P. De Palma, and R. Amirante. "Fuels systems and components for future airliners fuelled with liquid hydrogen." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2385, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2385/1/012041.

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Abstract The prospect of using liquid hydrogen as fuel in airliners in place of kerosene-based fuels is regarded as one of the most effective solutions to achieve low-carbon air transport in the near future, which is a target defined by the EU to reduce global warming caused by CO2 emissions. The development of hydrogen-fuelled airliners must face issues related to the production and supply chain of green hydrogen, to the fuel systems for hydrogen handling aboard aircraft, and to the combustion of hydrogen. This paper is concerned with the literature study of fuel systems for hydrogen, keeping in mind that the other two aspects are currently being studied extensively in industries and universities. This paper analyses difficulties, proposals and advances related to the four main parts composing future fuel systems for hydrogen-fuelled airliners: fuel storage, fuel delivery, thermal management and fuel metering.
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27

Banihabib, Reyhaneh, and Mohsen Assadi. "A Hydrogen-Fueled Micro Gas Turbine Unit for Carbon-Free Heat and Power Generation." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 16, 2022): 13305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013305.

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The energy transition with transformation into predominantly renewable sources requires technology development to secure power production at all times, despite the intermittent nature of the renewables. Micro gas turbines (MGTs) are small heat and power generation units with fast startup and load-following capability and are thereby suitable backup for the future’s decentralized power generation systems. Due to MGTs’ fuel flexibility, a range of fuels from high-heat to low-heat content could be utilized, with different greenhouse gas generation. Developing micro gas turbines that can operate with carbon-free fuels will guarantee carbon-free power production with zero CO2 emission and will contribute to the alleviation of the global warming problem. In this paper, the redevelopment of a standard 100-kW micro gas turbine to run with methane/hydrogen blended fuel is presented. Enabling micro gas turbines to run with hydrogen blended fuels has been pursued by researchers for decades. The first micro gas turbine running with pure hydrogen was developed in Stavanger, Norway, and launched in May 2022. This was achieved through a collaboration between the University of Stavanger (UiS) and the German Aerospace Centre (DLR). This paper provides an overview of the project and reports the experimental results from the engine operating with methane/hydrogen blended fuel, with various hydrogen content up to 100%. During the development process, the MGT’s original combustor was replaced with an innovative design to deal with the challenges of burning hydrogen. The fuel train was replaced with a mixing unit, new fuel valves, and an additional controller that enables the required energy input to maintain the maximum power output, independent of the fuel blend specification. This paper presents the test rig setup and the preliminary results of the test campaign, which verifies the capability of the MGT unit to support intermittent renewable generation with minimum greenhouse gas production. Results from the MGT operating with blended methane/hydrogen fuel are provided in the paper. The hydrogen content varied from 50% to 100% (volume-based) and power outputs between 35kW to 100kW were tested. The modifications of the engine, mainly the new combustor, fuel train, valve settings, and controller, resulted in a stable operation of the MGT with NOx emissions below the allowed limits. Running the engine with pure hydrogen at full load has resulted in less than 25 ppm of NOx emissions, with zero carbon-based greenhouse gas production.
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28

Beschkov, Venko, and Evgeniy Ganev. "Perspectives on the Development of Technologies for Hydrogen as a Carrier of Sustainable Energy." Energies 16, no. 17 (August 22, 2023): 6108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16176108.

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Hydrogen is a prospective energy carrier because there are practically no gaseous emissions of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere during its use as a fuel. The great benefit of hydrogen being a practically inexhaustible carbon-free fuel makes it an attractive alternative to fossil fuels. I.e., there is a circular process of energy recovery and use. Another big advantage of hydrogen as a fuel is its high energy content per unit mass compared to fossil fuels. Nowadays, hydrogen is broadly used as fuel in transport, including fuel cell applications, as a raw material in industry, and as an energy carrier for energy storage. The mass exploitation of hydrogen in energy production and industry poses some important challenges. First, there is a high price for its production compared to the price of most fossil fuels. Next, the adopted traditional methods for hydrogen production, like water splitting by electrolysis and methane reforming, lead to the additional charging of the atmosphere with carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas. This fact prompts the use of renewable energy sources for electrolytic hydrogen production, like solar and wind energy, hydropower, etc. An important step in reducing the price of hydrogen as a fuel is the optimal design of supply chains for its production, distribution, and use. Another group of challenges hindering broad hydrogen utilization are storage and safety. We discuss some of the obstacles to broad hydrogen application and argue that they should be overcome by new production and storage technologies. The present review summarizes the new achievements in hydrogen application, production, and storage. The approach of optimization of supply chains for hydrogen production and distribution is considered, too.
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29

Nerheim, Ann Rigmor, Vilmar Æsøy, and Finn Tore Holmeset. "Hydrogen as a Maritime Fuel–Can Experiences with LNG Be Transferred to Hydrogen Systems?" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 7 (July 5, 2021): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9070743.

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As the use of fossil fuels becomes more and more restricted there is a need for alternative fuels also at sea. For short sea distance travel purposes, batteries may be a solution. However, for longer distances, when there is no possibility of recharging at sea, batteries do not have sufficient capacity yet. Several projects have demonstrated the use of compressed hydrogen (CH2) as a fuel for road transport. The experience with hydrogen as a maritime fuel is very limited. In this paper, the similarities and differences between liquefied hydrogen (LH2) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a maritime fuel will be discussed based on literature data of their properties and our system knowledge. The advantages and disadvantages of the two fuels will be examined with respect to use as a maritime fuel. Our objective is to discuss if and how hydrogen could replace fossil fuels on long distance sea voyages. Due to the low temperature of LH2 and wide flammability range in air these systems have more challenges related to storage and processing onboard than LNG. These factors result in higher investment costs. All this may also imply challenges for the LH2 supply chain.
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Kuin’, N. T., A. Yu Dunin, E. U. Akhmetzhanova, L. N. Golubkov, and S. N. Bogdanov. "Replacement of Diesel Fuel by Hydrogen-Based Fuel." Russian Engineering Research 42, no. 2 (February 2022): 182–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068798x22020150.

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CONTRERAS, A. "Hydrogen as aviation fuel: A comparison with hydrocarbon fuels." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 22, no. 10-11 (October 1997): 1053–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3199(97)00008-6.

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32

Besancon, Brian M., Vladimir Hasanov, Raphaëlle Imbault-Lastapis, Robert Benesch, Maria Barrio, and Mona J. Mølnvik. "Hydrogen quality from decarbonized fossil fuels to fuel cells." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 34, no. 5 (March 2009): 2350–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.12.071.

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33

Olabi, Abdul Ghani, and Enas Taha Sayed. "Developments in Hydrogen Fuel Cells." Energies 16, no. 5 (March 3, 2023): 2431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052431.

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The rapid growth in fossil fuels has resulted in climate change that needs to be controlled in the near future. Several methods have been proposed to control climate change, including the development of efficient energy conversion devices. Fuel cells are environmentally friendly energy conversion devices that can be fuelled by green hydrogen, with only water as a by-product, or by using different biofuels such as biomass in wastewater, urea in wastewater, biogas from municipal and agricultural wastes, syngas from agriculture wastes, and waste carbon. This editorial discusses the fundamentals of the operation of the fuel cell, and their application in various sectors such as residential, transportation, and power generation.
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Balasubramanian, R., A. Abishek, S. Gobinath, and K. Jaivignesh. "Alternative Fuel: Hydrogen and its Thermodynamic Behaviour." Journal of Human, Earth, and Future 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/hef-2022-03-02-05.

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Hydrogen is a contender for alternative energy. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen-based low-carbon fuels will contribute to the decarburization of the mobility sector, shipping and aviation. Hydrogen is used as a rocket fuel. In addition, petroleum refining, semiconductor manufacturing, aerospace industry, fertilizer production, metal treatment, pharmaceutical, power plant generator, methanol production, commercial fixation of nitrogen from air reduction of metallic ores. Also, hydrogen is used to turn unsaturated fats into saturated fats and oils. In the enhancement of NMR and MRI signals, parahydrogen is used. Parahydrogen and orthohydrogen are nuclear spin isomers of hydrogen. At room temperature, the normal hydrogen at thermal equilibrium consists of 75% orthohydrogen and 25% parahydrogen. The development of hydrogen technology requires knowledge of the thermophysical properties of hydrogen. The second virial coefficient characterizes the primary interaction between the molecules. Therefore, knowledge of the second virial coefficient enables one to determine the pairwise molecular interaction and, in turn, the thermodynamic behaviour of hydrogen. The present study is based on three parameter modified Berthelot Equation of state aims to determine the second virial coefficient of hydrogen and its isomers, i.e., orthohydrogen and parahydrogen, over a wide range of temperatures, from the boiling point to the Boyle point. The obtained results are compared with those of the van der Waals Equation of state, Berthelot Equation of state, Tsonopoulos correlation, McGlashan & Potter correlation, Yuan Duan correlation, Van Ness & Abbott correlation, and McGlashancorrelation. The results of this work agree well with those of other correlations in the high temperature region. Doi: 10.28991/HEF-2022-03-02-05 Full Text: PDF
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Nurlatifah, Ismi, and Lily Arlianti. "Artikel Review: Produksi Gas Hidrogen dari Reaksi Elektrolisis Sebagai Bahan Bakar Non-Fosil." UNISTEK 8, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33592/unistek.v8i1.1206.

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In carrying out various activities today, it cannot be separated from the fuel. As we all know, fuels that are still commonly used today are fossil fuels whose energy resources are running low. Not only that, fossil fuels have also been shown to produce air pollution. Unhealthy air conditions can certainly reduce human life expectancy. In order to make the clean environment and not polluted by the air pollution, there must be environmentally friendly fuels. The answer for this kind of fuels is hydrogen which comes from nonfossil. One way to obtain hydrogen is an electrolysis reaction. Water can produce hydrogen through electrolysis. Just a few liters of water, it can produce ten to twenty thousand liters of hydrogen gas per hour. The use of Hydrogen as a non-fossil fuel has been proven to be environmentally friendly and free of carbon monoxide. Healthy air and a clean environment are certainly our responsibility. It's time to switch by using hydrogen fuel.
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Eden, Paul. "Future Fuel." Aerospace Testing International 2022, no. 3 (September 2022): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s1478-2774(23)50301-x.

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Pan, Guangjin, Yunpeng Bai, Huihui Song, Yanbin Qu, Yang Wang, and Xiaofei Wang. "Hydrogen Fuel Cell Power System—Development Perspectives for Hybrid Topologies." Energies 16, no. 6 (March 13, 2023): 2680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16062680.

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In recent years, the problem of environmental pollution, especially the emission of greenhouse gases, has attracted people’s attention to energy infrastructure. At present, the fuel consumed by transportation mainly comes from fossil energy, and the strong traffic demand has a great impact on the environment and climate. Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) use hydrogen energy as a clean alternative to fossil fuels, taking into account the dual needs of transportation and environmental protection. However, due to the low power density and high manufacturing cost of hydrogen fuel cells, their combination with other power supplies is necessary to form a hybrid power system that maximizes the utilization of hydrogen energy and prolongs the service life of hydrogen fuel cells. Therefore, the hybrid power system control mode has become a key technology and a current research hotspot. This paper first briefly introduces hydrogen fuel cells, then summarizes the existing hybrid power circuit topology, categorizes the existing technical solutions, and finally looks forward to the future for different scenarios of hydrogen fuel cell hybrid power systems. This paper provides reference and guidance for the future development of renewable hydrogen energy and hydrogen fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles.
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Aghahasani, Mahdi, Ayat Gharehghani, Amin Mahmoudzadeh Andwari, Maciej Mikulski, Apostolos Pesyridis, Thanos Megaritis, and Juho Könnö. "Numerical Study on Hydrogen–Gasoline Dual-Fuel Spark Ignition Engine." Processes 10, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 2249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10112249.

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Hydrogen, as a suitable and clean energy carrier, has been long considered a primary fuel or in combination with other conventional fuels such as gasoline and diesel. Since the density of hydrogen is very low, in port fuel-injection configuration, the engine’s volumetric efficiency reduces due to the replacement of hydrogen by intake air. Therefore, hydrogen direct in-cylinder injection (injection after the intake valve closes) can be a suitable solution for hydrogen utilization in spark ignition (SI) engines. In this study, the effects of hydrogen direct injection with different hydrogen energy shares (HES) on the performance and emissions characteristics of a gasoline port-injection SI engine are investigated based on reactive computational fluid dynamics. Three different injection timings of hydrogen together with five different HES are applied at low and full load on a hydrogen–gasoline dual-fuel SI engine. The results show that retarded hydrogen injection timing increases the concentration of hydrogen near the spark plug, resulting in areas with higher average temperatures, which led to NOX emission deterioration at −120 Crank angle degree After Top Dead Center (CAD aTDC) start of injection (SOI) compared to the other modes. At −120 CAD aTDC SOI for 50% HES, the amount of NOX was 26% higher than −140 CAD aTDC SOI. In the meanwhile, an advanced hydrogen injection timing formed a homogeneous mixture of hydrogen, which decreased the HC and soot concentration, so that −140 CAD aTDC SOI implied the lowest amount of HC and soot. Moreover, with the increase in the amount of HES, the concentrations of CO, CO2 and soot were reduced. Having the HES by 50% at −140 CAD aTDC SOI, the concentrations of particulate matter (PM), CO and CO2 were reduced by 96.3%, 90% and 46%, respectively. However, due to more complete combustion and an elevated combustion average temperature, the amount of NOX emission increased drastically.
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Nakapreecha, Nitida, Jakapong Pongthanaisawan, Weerin Wangjiraniran, Supawat Vivanpatarakij, and Kulyos Audomvongseree. "Prospect of Hydrogen Usage in the Industrial Sector: Thailand Context." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 13, no. 3 (May 17, 2023): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.14198.

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Hydrogen is receiving attention as a highly clean alternative energy with the potential to replace conventional fuels. However, it is still more expensive than fossil fuels. Using hydrogen in the energy sector will certainly affect energy costs, which for the private sector is an important factor when making decisions about fuel replacement. The objective of this study is to analyze the financial and economic feasibility of using hydrogen as a fuel in the industrial sector. From the financial and economic analysis, hydrogen can be mixed with natural gas in a ratio of no more than 20 percent by volume and used as fuel in industrial plants that previously used liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and fuel oil and are within 50 kilometers of a natural gas and hydrogen (NG&H2) mother station. Despite the financial and economic viability, government support is still needed to stimulate the use of hydrogen. The supports include introducing hydrogen to prospective users and ensuring the security of supply; encouraging domestic hydrogen production as well as research and development; developing the necessary infrastructure; and improving regulations and standards to support the supply and use of hydrogen all along the value chain.
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Luiz Sampaio Athayde Neto, Leonardo Reis de Souza, Pedro Bancillon Ventin Muniz, and Júlio César Chaves Câmara. "Use of Hydrogen as Energy Source: A Literature Review." JOURNAL OF BIOENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGIES AND HEALTH 5, no. 1 (May 2, 2022): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.34178/jbth.v5i1.196.

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Hydrogen is a promising alternative to meet the world's energy demand, presenting many uses. Fuel cells are the most well-known use in automobiles. But Synthetic fuels is also an promissing alternative. Studies have shown the use of hydrogen as a fuel additive in internal combustion engines. This article aims to present a review of how hydrogen is used as a fuel source, as a replacement option for fossil fuels, reducing the environmental impact and CO2 emissions. Finally, in this review, some advantages and disadvantages will be preseted.
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41

Habib, MD Shehan, and Paroma Arefin. "Adoption of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles and Its Prospects for the Future (A Review)." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 38, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 621–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/380311.

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The consumption of massive quantities of these fossil resources leads to extreme warming, air pollution, and the depletion of the ozone layer. Hydrogen can be the most promising source of renewable energy. Hydrogen fuel cells can produce electricity by allowing chemical gases and oxidants as reactants. The entire technology is environmentally friendly and produces water as a byproduct. The benefits of hydrogen and fuel cells are numerous but will not be fully apparent until they are in widespread use. Hence the usage of hydrogen as fuel in the fleet of cars will boost energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse pollution. For using hydrogen fuel cells in the road transport sector, the viability of the hydrogen energy network needs to be evaluated appropriately, and its tools, manufacturing processes, storage, fuel transport, dispensing, and consumption should be analyzed. This research discusses the key issues of elevated rates of environmental pollution in numerous urban areas and transport fuels efficiency and explores their protection measures utilizing hydrogen energy technology. In this study, the fundamentals, recent development, and prospects have been reviewed to analyze the practicability of consuming hydrogen as the primary fuel in vehicles and Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) has been used as the main fuel cell technology.
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42

Shadidi, Behdad, Gholamhassan Najafi, and Talal Yusaf. "A Review of Hydrogen as a Fuel in Internal Combustion Engines." Energies 14, no. 19 (September 29, 2021): 6209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196209.

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The demand for fossil fuels is increasing because of globalization and rising energy demands. As a result, many nations are exploring alternative energy sources, and hydrogen is an efficient and practical alternative fuel. In the transportation industry, the development of hydrogen-powered cars aims to maximize fuel efficiency and significantly reduce exhaust gas emission and concentration. The impact of using hydrogen as a supplementary fuel for spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engines on engine performance and gas emissions was investigated in this study. By adding hydrogen as a fuel in internal combustion engines, the torque, power, and brake thermal efficiency of the engines decrease, while their brake-specific fuel consumption increase. This study suggests that using hydrogen will reduce the emissions of CO, UHC, CO2, and soot; however, NOx emission is expected to increase. Due to the reduction of environmental pollutants for most engines and the related environmental benefits, hydrogen fuel is a clean and sustainable energy source, and its use should be expanded.
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Hu, Zhentian, Jiahao Sheng, and Mengyang Xu. "Review of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 29 (January 31, 2023): 219–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v29i.4800.

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As a new energy vehicle, the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle has the characteristics of zero-pollution and zero-emission, which has attracted widespread attention from all over the world. At the same time, various problems encountered in the application of hydrogen energy need to be resolved urgently. The article mainly analyses the current hydrogen production emissions and the leakage of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. This article first analyses the principles and emissions of traditional and new hydrogen production methods, and then analyses the current research status of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle leakage through a combination of various theoretical and experimental studies, and proposes reasonable suggestions for future research directions.
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44

Asoyan, Arthur R., Igor K. Danilov, Igor A. Asoyan, and Georgy M. Polishchuk. "Hydrogen application in internal combustion engines." RUDN Journal of Engineering Researches 21, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8143-2020-21-1-14-19.

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A technical solution has been proposed to reduce the consumption of basic hydrocarbon fuel, to improve the technical, economic and environmental performance of internal combustion engines by affecting the combustion process of the fuel-air mixture with a minimum effective mass fraction of hydrogen additive in the fuel-air mixture. The burning rate of hydrogen-air mixtures is an order of magnitude greater than the burning rate of similar mixtures based on gasoline or diesel fuel, compared with the former, they are favorably distinguished by their greater detonation stability. With minimal additions of hydrogen to the fuel-air charge, its combustion time is significantly reduced, since hydrogen, having previously mixed with a portion of the air entering the cylinder and burning itself, effectively ignites the mixture in its entirety. Issues related to the accumulation of hydrogen on board the car, its storage, explosion safety, etc., significantly inhibit the development of mass production of cars using hydrogen fuel. The described technical solution allows the generation of hydrogen on board the car and without accumulation to use it as an additive to the main fuel in internal combustion engines. The technical result is to reduce the consumption of hydrocarbon fuels (of petroleum origin) and increase the environmental friendliness of the car due to the reduction of the emission of harmful substances in exhaust gases.
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Osigwe, Emmanuel O., Arnold Gad-Briggs, Theoklis Nikolaidis, Soheil Jafari, Bobby Sethi, and Pericles Pilidis. "Thermodynamic Performance and Creep Life Assessment Comparing Hydrogen- and Jet-Fueled Turbofan Aero Engine." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 25, 2021): 3873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11093873.

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There is renewed interest in hydrogen as an alternative fuel for aero engines, due to their perceived environmental and performance benefits compared to jet fuel. This paper presents a cycle, thermal performance, energy and creep life assessment of hydrogen compared with jet fuel, using a turbofan aero engine. The turbofan cycle performance was simulated using a code developed by the authors that allows hydrogen and jet fuel to be selected as fuel input. The exergy assessment uses both conservations of energy and mass and the second law of thermodynamics to understand the impact of the fuels on the exergy destruction, exergy efficiency, waste factor ratio, environmental effect factor and sustainability index for a turbofan aero engine. Finally, the study looks at a top-level creep life assessment on the high-pressure turbine hot section influenced by the fuel heating values. This study shows performance (64% reduced fuel flow rate, better SFC) and more extended blade life (15% increase) benefits using liquefied hydrogen fuel, which corresponds with other literary work on the benefits of LH2 over jet fuel. This paper also highlights some drawbacks of hydrogen fuel based on previous research work, and gives recommendations for future work, aimed at maturing the hydrogen fuel concept in aviation.
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Rajasekaran, Thangaraju, K. Duraisamy, K. R. Arvindd, D. Thamilarasu, Venkatachalam Chandraprabu, and S. Suresh. "Experimental Investigation of Four Stroke Diesel Engine Performance Using Neem Oil and Neem Oil with Hydrogen as a Fuel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 1559–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.1559.

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Depletion of fossil fuels, unaffordability of conventional fuels (petrol, diesel) and atmospheric pollution lead researchers to develop alternative fuels. Fuels derived from renewable biological resources used in diesel engines are known as biodiesel. Biodiesel is environmental friendly liquid fuel similar to petrol and diesel in combustion properties. Increasing environmental concern, diminishing petroleum reserves and agriculture based economy of our country are the driving forces to promote biodiesel as an alternate fuel. Hydrogen seems to be viable fuel to meet sustainable energy demand with minimum environmental impact. Hydrogen has high calorific value and clean burning characteristics which makes it effective fuel for future. It was found that hydrogen usage reduce emissions such as CO2and HC. India is one of the largest producers of neem oil and its seed contains 30% oil content. It is an untapped source in India, so the neem oil usage will be a best option. The investigation made on pure neem oil and neem oil with hydrogen addition at different flow rate (2 lpm & 4 lpm) in CI engines. The result shows that, brake thermal efficiency of neem oil with 4 lpm hydrogen was increased to 7.98% compare to pure neem oil at 4 Nm torque and fuel consumption of neem oil with 4 lpm hydrogen was decreased to 13.49% compared to pure neem oil at 4 Nm torque.
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Shakya, N., R. Shrestha, R. Saiju, and B. S. Thapa. "Hydrogen as a fuel for electrifying transportation sector in Nepal: Opportunities and Challenges." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1037, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1037/1/012064.

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Abstract At present more than 2 million kl fossil fuels are imported by Nepal per year, which is increasing at the rate of 7% annually on an average since 2012. The transportation sector alone accounts for more than 63% of the total fossil consumption. The major demand of fuels for transportation sector is diesel used by heavy-duty vehicles with high payload. The diesel demand for the year 2050 is projected to rise by 18%. There is a need for alternative fuel to diesel, which is also called hard-to-decarbonize fuel. Green hydrogen produced by electrolysis can be possibly used to power heavy locomotives due to its impressive properties as a heavy-duty transportation fuel. Several countries have already identified hydrogen as the future fuel for decarbonizing the transportation sector. Hydropower resource can be converted to green hydrogen as an energy storage medium and electrifying transportation sector. This paper identifies the need for an alternative to diesel fuel in the transportation sector and attempts to introduce hydrogen as a decarbonizing fuel to electrify the heavy-duty transportation sector of Nepal. Attempts are made to investigate the economic and environmental benefits of hydrogen in Nepal for heavy duty transportation sector in comparison to conventional fuels.
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Zhao, Ming, Wenbin Wang, Xiaochun Zhu, Mengxue Cao, Zhengyuan Gao, Ke Sun, Shuzhan Bai, and Guoxiang Li. "Simulation and Control Strategy Study of the Hydrogen Supply System of a Fuel Cell Engine." Energies 16, no. 13 (June 25, 2023): 4931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16134931.

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The hydrogen supply system is one of the important components of a hydrogen fuel cell engine, and its performance has an important impact on the economy and power of the engine system. In this paper, a hydrogen supply system based on cyclic mode is designed for a hydrogen fuel cell stack with a full load power of 150 kW, and the corresponding hydrogen fuel cell engine simulation model is built and validated. The control strategy of the fuel cell hydrogen supply system is developed, and its effect is verified through bench tests. The results show that the developed control strategy can keep the volume fraction of nitrogen below 6%, the hydrogen excess ratio does not exceed 1.5 under medium and high operating conditions, the anode pressure is relatively stable, and the stack can operate efficiently and reliably.
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Furutani, Hirohide, Norihiko Iki, and Taku Tsujimura. "Engine Systems for Hydrogen Fuel." Journal of The Japan Institute of Marine Engineering 51, no. 1 (2016): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5988/jime.51.91.

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50

Filippov, S., A. Golodnitsky, and A. Kashin. "Fuel cells and hydrogen energy." Энергетическая политика, no. 11 (2020): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46920/2409-5516_2020_11153_28.

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