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1
Park, Yumin, Sejin Choe, Dahui Han, Gaeul Heo, and Sokhee P. Jung. "Underground Hydrogen Storage: Comparison of High-pressure Hydrogen, Liquid Hydrogen, and Ammonia." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 46, no. 10 (October 31, 2024): 613–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2024.46.10.613.
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One of the alternatives for effective storage of irregularly produced renewable energy is hydrogen energy. In order to realize a hydrogen-based society, not only environmentally friendly production of hydrogen but also effective storage is very important. Underground hydrogen storage technology is a technology that has evolved from the technology for storing natural gas underground, and includes waste gas fields, salt domes, aquifers, and rock cavities. When stored underground, hydrogen is converted into high-pressure gaseous hydrogen, liquefied hydrogen, and ammonia. Liquefied hydrogen requires extremely low storage temperatures, and ammonia is a toxic substance that requires separate handling, and energy loss occurs during the conversion process. To compensate for this, research on liquefied hydrogen, such as multilayer insulation technology, is being conducted. Ammonia has successfully extracted high-purity hydrogen by developing a membrane reactor. Ammonia toxicity can be prevented by strengthening leak detection and blocking facilities. Among these, ammonia was found to be the most suitable for underground storage in terms of economic feasibility, environment, and commercialization.
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Okoroafor, Esuru Rita, Lokesh Kumar Sekar, and Henry Galvis. "Underground Hydrogen Storage in Porous Media: The Potential Role of Petrophysics." Petrophysics – The SPWLA Journal of Formation Evaluation and Reservoir Description 65, no. 3 (June 1, 2024): 317–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/pjv65n3-2024a3.
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The objective of this study is to showcase the key geological and reservoir engineering parameters that influence underground hydrogen storage, demonstrate the value of some petrophysical data, and show how hydrogen storage differs between depleted gas fields and saline aquifers for reservoir and geomechanical modeling. We utilized numerical simulation modeling to create a base-case model of a synthetic reservoir that accurately represented the hydrodynamic conditions relevant to underground hydrogen storage in porous media. A two-step sensitivity analysis was then conducted. Firstly, we identified the critical parameters that significantly influence the storage and flow of hydrogen in porous media. Subsequently, we analyzed the geomechanical impact of underground hydrogen storage. In addition, we compared the behavior of hydrogen storage to natural gas storage. The study showed that the reservoir depth or current pressure, the reservoir dip, and the flow capacity were the top three factors impacting the optimal withdrawal of hydrogen. The study also revealed that rock displacement and stress changes were important to be monitored, while changes in strain were not significant. If it is assumed that injection occurs in a critically stressed rock, hydrogen injection and withdrawal in saline aquifers could result in more incidence of microseismicity compared to hydrogen storage in depleted fields or even gas storage in depleted fields. This study quantifies uncertainties in data and pinpoints areas where petrophysical measurements could minimize the uncertainty associated with critical parameters relevant to underground hydrogen storage. It also identifies gaps in measurements for hydrogen storage in porous media. These parameters with large uncertainty are crucial for selecting optimal sites for hydrogen storage and detecting subsurface integrity issues when monitoring for underground hydrogen storage in porous media.
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Song, Rui, and Jianjun Liu. "Porous Flow of Energy and CO2 Transformation and Storage in Deep Formations: An Overview." Energies 17, no. 11 (May 28, 2024): 2597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17112597.
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The transformation and storage of energy and carbon dioxide in deep reservoirs include underground coal gasification, the underground storage of oil and gas, the underground storage of hydrogen, underground compressed air energy storage, the geological utilization and storage of carbon dioxide, etc [...]
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Małachowska, Aleksandra, Natalia Łukasik, Joanna Mioduska, and Jacek Gębicki. "Hydrogen Storage in Geological Formations—The Potential of Salt Caverns." Energies 15, no. 14 (July 10, 2022): 5038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15145038.
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Hydrogen-based technologies are among the most promising solutions to fulfill the zero-emission scenario and ensure the energy independence of many countries. Hydrogen is considered a green energy carrier, which can be utilized in the energy, transport, and chemical sectors. However, efficient and safe large-scale hydrogen storage is still challenging. The most frequently used hydrogen storage solutions in industry, i.e., compression and liquefaction, are highly energy-consuming. Underground hydrogen storage is considered the most economical and safe option for large-scale utilization at various time scales. Among underground geological formations, salt caverns are the most promising for hydrogen storage, due to their suitable physicochemical and mechanical properties that ensure safe and efficient storage even at high pressures. In this paper, recent advances in underground storage with a particular emphasis on salt cavern utilization in Europe are presented. The initial experience in hydrogen storage in underground reservoirs was discussed, and the potential for worldwide commercialization of this technology was analyzed. In Poland, salt deposits from the north-west and central regions (e.g., Rogóźno, Damasławek, Łeba) are considered possible formations for hydrogen storage. The Gubin area is also promising, where 25 salt caverns with a total capacity of 1600 million Nm3 can be constructed.
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Nasser Mohammed Al Rizeiqi, Nasser Al Rizeiqi, and Ali Nabavi. "Potential of Underground Hydrogen Storage in Oman." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 27, no. 1 (July 16, 2022): 9–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/araset.27.1.931.
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Hydrogen can provide a viable source of energy that can covers the world’s energy requirement in the next coming years. One of the major keys to wholly develop hydrogen energy is to provide a safe, cost efficient and compacted type of hydrogen storage. Geological reserves are considered a suitable space for hydrogen storage. In this research, we are trying to examine if there was any technical potential for hydrogen storage based on Oman’s geology by Identifying geological deposit in Oman that can be used for hydrogen storage and analyzing salt deposits for hydrogen storage suitability. By overviewing the possible underground hydrogen methods and based on Oman’s geology, deep aquifers were not suitable for hydrogen storage; due to the lack of large sedimentary basin, no experience for similar projects and the risks associated with surrounding environment. Depleted reservoir needs more study for deployment; there are no experiences of such projects for UHS. Salt basins are good candidate for underground storage; due to the large salt basin in Oman, salt caverns are known to successfully contain hydrogen and the guaranteed safety of the storage. Analysing the technical potential salt deposits was based on a good depth dome, salt thickness and salt dome size. The main findings illustrate that, two salt domes (Qarn Shamah and Qarn Alam) were offering a good potential of estimated working gas volume of hydrogen around 90 m3 hydrogen (0.2 TWh). Nevertheless, more future work is needed to confirm the geotechnical feasibility of salt domes in terms of internal complex structure, chemical composition and purity of salt.
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Barison, Erika, Federica Donda, Barbara Merson, Yann Le Gallo, and Arnaud Réveillère. "An Insight into Underground Hydrogen Storage in Italy." Sustainability 15, no. 8 (April 19, 2023): 6886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15086886.
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Hydrogen is a key energy carrier that could play a crucial role in the transition to a low-carbon economy. Hydrogen-related technologies are considered flexible solutions to support the large-scale implementation of intermittent energy supply from renewable sources by using renewable energy to generate green hydrogen during periods of low demand. Therefore, a short-term increase in demand for hydrogen as an energy carrier and an increase in hydrogen production are expected to drive demand for large-scale storage facilities to ensure continuous availability. Owing to the large potential available storage space, underground hydrogen storage offers a viable solution for the long-term storage of large amounts of energy. This study presents the results of a survey of potential underground hydrogen storage sites in Italy, carried out within the H2020 EU Hystories “Hydrogen Storage In European Subsurface” project. The objective of this work was to clarify the feasibility of the implementation of large-scale storage of green hydrogen in depleted hydrocarbon fields and saline aquifers. By analysing publicly available data, mainly well stratigraphy and logs, we were able to identify onshore and offshore storage sites in Italy. The hydrogen storage capacity in depleted gas fields currently used for natural gas storage was estimated to be around 69.2 TWh.
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Abukova, L. A., T. N. Nazina, S. N. Popov, and D. P. Anikeev. "Storage of hydrogen with methane in underground reservoirs: forecast of associated processes." SOCAR Proceedings, SI2 (December 30, 2023): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5510/ogp2023si200884.
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Based on the generalization of world experience in the underground storage of hydrogen with methane and the experimental work performed, the authors predict the development of hydrochemical, microbiological, geomechanical processes and phenomena that, in a real geological environment, will most likely accompany the joint storage of hydrogen and methane in underground formations. The issues of gas diffusion through the tire and hydrogen losses due to its consumption by microorganisms are also considered. Theoretical solutions are illustrated by calculations on synthetic models. Keywords: underground gas storage; hydrogen; methane; anaerobic microorganisms.
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Tarkowski, Radoslaw. "Underground hydrogen storage: Characteristics and prospects." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 105 (May 2019): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.01.051.
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Stone, Howard B. J., Ivo Veldhuis, and R. Neil Richardson. "Underground hydrogen storage in the UK." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 313, no. 1 (2009): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp313.13.
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Bradshaw, Melissa. "High Hopes for Underground Hydrogen Storage." Engineer 302, no. 7929 (July 2021): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s0013-7758(22)90522-7.
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Park, Eui-Seob, Yong-Bok Jung, and Sewook Oh. "Carbon Neutrality and Underground Hydrogen Storage." Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers 59, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 462–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32390/ksmer.2022.59.5.462.
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Jahanbakhsh, Amir, Alexander Louis Potapov-Crighton, Abdolali Mosallanezhad, Nina Tohidi Kaloorazi, and M. Mercedes Maroto-Valer. "Underground hydrogen storage: A UK perspective." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 189 (January 2024): 114001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.114001.
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Lankof, Leszek, Stanisław Nagy, Krzysztof Polański, and Barbara Uliasz-Misiak. "Potential of underground hybrid hydrogen storage." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 128 (May 2025): 174–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.04.177.
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Gianni, Eleni, Pavlos Tyrologou, Nazaré Couto, Júlio Ferreira Carneiro, Eva Scholtzová, and Nikolaos Koukouzas. "Underground hydrogen storage: The techno-economic perspective." Open Research Europe 4 (May 29, 2024): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.16974.2.
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The changes in the energy sector after the Paris agreement and the establishment of the Green Deal, pressed the governments to embrace new measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Among them, is the replacement of fossil fuels by renewable energy sources or carbon-neutral alternative means, such as green hydrogen. As the European Commission approved green hydrogen as a clean fuel, the interest in investments and dedicated action plans related to its production and storage has significantly increased. Hydrogen storage is feasible in aboveground infrastructures as well as in underground constructions. Proper geological environments for underground hydrogen storage are porous media and rock cavities. Porous media are classified into depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs and aquifers, while rock cavities are subdivided into hard rock caverns, salt caverns, and abandoned mines. Depending on the storage option, various technological requirements are mandatory, influencing the required capital cost. Although the selection of the optimum storage technology is site depending, the techno-economical appraisal of the available underground storage options featured the porous media as the most economically attractive option. Depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs were of high interest as site characterisation and cavern mining are omitted due to pre-existing infrastructure, followed by aquifers, where hydrogen storage requires a much simpler construction. Research on data analytics and machine learning tools will open avenues for consolidated knowledge of geological storage technologies.
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Gianni, Eleni, Pavlos Tyrologou, Nazaré Couto, Júlio Ferreira Carneiro, Eva Scholtzová, and Nikolaos Koukouzas. "Underground hydrogen storage: The techno-economic perspective." Open Research Europe 4 (January 11, 2024): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.16974.1.
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The changes in the energy sector after the Paris agreement and the establishment of the Green Deal, pressed the governments to embrace new measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Among them, is the replacement of fossil fuels by renewable energy sources or carbon-neutral alternative means, such as green hydrogen. As the European Commission approved green hydrogen as a clean fuel, the interest in investments and dedicated action plans related to its production and storage has significantly increased. Hydrogen storage is feasible in aboveground infrastructures as well as in underground constructions. Proper geological environments for underground hydrogen storage are porous media and rock cavities. Porous media are separated in depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs and aquifers, while rock cavities are subdivided into hard rock caverns, salt caverns, and abandoned mines. Depending on the storage option, various technological requirements are mandatory, influencing the required capital cost. Although the selection of the optimum storage technology is site depending, the techno-economical appraisal of the available underground storage options featured the porous media as the most economically attractive option. Depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs were of high interest as site characterisation and cavern mining are omitted due to pre-existing infrastructure, followed by aquifers, where hydrogen storage requires a much simpler construction. Research on data analytics and machine learning tools will open avenues for consolidated knowledge of geological storage technologies.
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Abramova, O. P., and D. S. Filippova. "Geobiological features of storage hydrogen-methane mixtures in underground reservoirs." SOCAR Proceedings, SI2 (December 30, 2021): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5510/ogp2021si200548.
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Taking into account the world and domestic experience of studying the ontogenesis of lithospheric hydrogen a combination of coupled hydrochemical, geochemical and microbiological factors of the accumulation of this natural gas together with methane in the terrigenous formations of the sedimentary cover is justified. It is predicted that various hydrochemical and microbiological processes that cause the development of carbon dioxide and sulfate corrosion of engineering structures, as well as cement of reservoir rocks and tires, can occur together with methane at industrial facilities of underground storage of hydrogen. The risks of reducing the volume of injected hydrogen in underground storage in addition to diffusion losses can be associated with geobiological factors, including the conversion of hydrogen into CH4 and H2S due to microbial activity, chemical interaction of hydrogen with minerals of reservoirs and tires, accompanied by changes in filtration-capacity and geomechanical properties, hydrogen embrittlement of metal structures of ground and underground well equipment. Keywords: geobiology; hydrogen; methane; underground storage; methanogenesis; acetogenesis; sulfate reduction.
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Zhang, Yi, Lihong Yang, and Wei Huang. "Study on Hydrogen Flow and Heat Transfer in Underground Salt Cavern Hydrogen Storage." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2599, no. 1 (September 1, 2023): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2599/1/012017.
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Abstract Hydrogen energy is a green, low-carbon, widely used secondary energy with abundant sources, and is gradually becoming one of the important carriers of energy transformation. The safe and efficient storage of hydrogen energy is particularly important. Underground hydrogen storage technology has received widespread attention due to its large scale and low comprehensive cost. Salt cavern hydrogen storage has good sealing performance, stable structure, and flexible operation, making it the most promising choice for large-scale underground hydrogen storage. According to the thermodynamic characteristics of hydrogen, a heat transfer model of hydrogen flow in salt cavern hydrogen storage is established. Three operating conditions, namely, hydrogen injection, static state, and hydrogen production, are simulated and calculated, and the flow field characteristics of hydrogen under different operating conditions are determined, providing technical support for the research on the design of hydrogen injection and production schemes for salt cavern hydrogen storage.
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Prigmore, Sadie, Omolabake Abiodun Okon-Akan, Imuentinyan P. Egharevba, Chukwuma C. Ogbaga, Patrick U. Okoye, Emmanuel Epelle, and Jude A. Okolie. "Cushion Gas Consideration for Underground Hydrogen Storage." Encyclopedia 4, no. 2 (May 14, 2024): 847–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia4020054.
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Due to the increasing world population and environmental considerations, there has been a tremendous interest in alternative energy sources. Hydrogen plays a major role as an energy carrier due to its environmentally benign nature. The combustion of hydrogen releases water vapor while it also has a vast industrial application in aerospace, pharmaceutical, and metallurgical industries. Although promising, hydrogen faces storage challenges. Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) presents a promising method of safely storing hydrogen. The selection of the appropriate cushion gas for UHS is a critical aspect of ensuring the safety, efficiency, and reliability of the storage system. Cushion gas plays a pivotal role in maintaining the necessary pressure within the storage reservoir, thereby enabling consistent injection and withdrawal rates of hydrogen. One of the key functions of the cushion gas is to act as a buffer, ensuring that the storage pressure remains within the desired range despite fluctuations in hydrogen demand or supply. This is achieved by alternately expanding and compressing the cushion gas during the injection and withdrawal cycles, thereby effectively regulating the overall pressure dynamics within the storage facility. Furthermore, the choice of cushion gas can have significant implications on the performance and long-term stability of the UHS system. Factors such as compatibility with hydrogen, cost-effectiveness, availability, and environmental impact must be carefully considered when selecting the most suitable cushion gas. The present study provides a comprehensive review of different types of cushion gases commonly used in UHS, including nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide. By examining the advantages, limitations, and practical considerations associated with each option, the study aims to offer valuable insights into optimizing the performance and reliability of UHS systems. Ultimately, the successful implementation of UHS hinges not only on technological innovation but also on strategic decisions regarding cushion gas selection and management. By addressing these challenges proactively, stakeholders can unlock the full potential of hydrogen as a clean and sustainable energy carrier, thereby contributing to the global transition towards a low-carbon future.
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Anikeev, D. P., I. M. Indrupsky, and E. S. Anikeeva. "ASSESSMENT OF THE POSSIBILITY OF USING A CO₂-BASED BUFFER WHEN ORGANIZING UNDERGROUND GAS STORAGE FACILITIES." Petroleum Engineering 22, no. 4 (September 3, 2024): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/ngdelo-2024-4-104-114.
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The burial of CO2 in geological structures is considered to be current direction for reducing the negative impact of anthropogenic load in the form of greenhouse gases. Underground storage is also evaluated as a potential way to balance hydrogen production and consumption. The planned production of hydrogen in Russia by 2030 is expected to reach several billion m3 per year. To ensure the production and transportation of such volumes of gas, a hydrogen storage system is needed. Above-ground complexes and storage facilities in salt caverns cannot provide the required storage volumes. Aquifers are promising objects for long-term storage of both CO2 and hydrogen, including as part of a hydrogen-methane mixture.The work considers a hydrogen-methane mixture with a hydrogen concentration of 10–30 %, which is an economically justified value in most cases when producing this mixture.When storing hydrogen long-term in underground gas storage facilities, an important task is to assess hydrogen losses during storage.The authors, using linear hydrodynamic models taking into account phase transformations and hydrochemical effects, assessed the effectiveness of simultaneous CO2 burial and underground hydrogen storage through the injection of a hydrogen-methane mixture with a CO2 buffer rim.The models under consideration take into account: changes in the ionic composition of formation water, dissolution and precipitation of minerals.Analysis of the results showed that CO2 is not an effective buffer for the hydrogen-methane mixture even under the simplified conditions of the linear model. In this model, the region with a high hydrogen content disintegrates. At the same time, linear models do not take into account a number of negative factors that arise during the creation and operation of a full-fledged underground gas storage facility.
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Such, Piotr. "Magazynowanie wodoru w obiektach geologicznych." Nafta-Gaz 76, no. 11 (November 2020): 794–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18668/ng.2020.11.04.
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Hydrogen economy became one of the main directions in EU’s Green Deal for making Europe climate neutral in 2050. Hydrogen will be produced with the use of renewable energy sources or it will be obtained from coking plants and chemical companies. It will be applied as ecological fuel for cars and as a mix with methane in gas distribution networks. Works connected with all aspects of hydrogen infrastructure are conducted in Poland. The key problem in creating a hydrogen system is hydrogen storage. They ought to be underground (RES) because of their potential volume. Three types of underground storages are taken into account. There are salt caverns, exploited gas reservoirs and aquifers. Salt caverns were built in Poland and now they are fully operational methane storages. Oli and Gas Institute – National Research Institute has been collaborating with the Polish Oil and Gas Company since 1998. Salt cavern storage exists and is used as methane storages. Now it is possible to use them as methane-hydrogen mixtures storages with full control of all operational parameters (appropriate algorithms are established). Extensive study works were carried out in relation to depleted gas reservoirs/aquifers: from laboratory investigations to numerical modelling. The consortium with Silesian University of Technology was created, capable of carrying out all possible projects in this field. The consortium is already able to undertake the project of adapting the depleted field to a methane-hydrogen storage or, depending on the needs, to a hydrogen storage. All types of investigations of reservoir rocks and reservoir fluids will be taken into consideration.
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Gajda, Dawid, and Marcin Lutyński. "Hydrogen Permeability of Epoxy Composites as Liners in Lined Rock Caverns—Experimental Study." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 25, 2021): 3885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11093885.
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Energy production from renewable energy sources is not stable and any fluctuations in energy productions need to be eliminated with underground energy storage. Demand of underground gas storage will be increasing, due to the switching to green energy, while the availability of underground storage sites, especially salt caverns suitable for hydrogen storage, is limited. The purpose of this paper is to compare the hydrogen permeability of different materials and select a proper liner material for hydrogen storage in Liner Rock Caverns or post mine workings. A variety of materials, like concrete, polymer concrete, epoxy resin, salt rock, and mudstone, were tested for gas permeability/hydrogen diffusion, using the combined Steady-State Flow/Carrier Gas methods. Results are shown in different units, providing the opportunity to compare the results with literature data. The permeability value of investigated epoxy resin is comparable to the salt rock (after creep process), which makes the epoxy resin a promising sealing liner for hydrogen and potential substitution of stainless-steel in Lined Rock Cavern (LRC) gas storage.
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Higgs, Scott, Ying Da Wang, Chenhao Sun, Jonathan Ennis-King, Samuel J. Jackson, Ryan T. Armstrong, and Peyman Mostaghimi. "In-situ hydrogen wettability characterisation for underground hydrogen storage." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 47, no. 26 (March 2022): 13062–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.02.022.
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Qasim, Muhammad, Arooj Fatima, Tayyaba Akhtar, Syeda Fizza E. Batool, Kashif Abdullah, Qudrat Ullah, Noman Ashraf, and Ubaid Ullah. "Underground Hydrogen Storage: A Critical Review in the Context of Climate Change Mitigation." Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences 12, no. 07 (August 30, 2024): 220–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sajb.2024.v12i07.006.
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Increasing population and anthropogenic activities are leading to a rise in global temperatures called global warming and climate change. To tackle this crisis, substantial efforts have been made such as renewable energy expansion and implementation of carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects. The Paris Agreement's goal is to limit the increase in global temperature and climate change mitigation strategies are adopted to achieve it. Decarbonization, negative emissions, and radiative forcing geoengineering are important technologies for this purpose because they decrease potential risks. Hydrogen has great potential in clean combustion and reduction of carbon emissions in different sectors like steel production. The cost trends indicate that green hydrogen could become a comparatively more efficient technology as compared to hydrogen generated from fossil fuels in the coming years. There is a need for hydrogen storage to support grid balancing and renewable energy systems. This study highlights the limitations and benefits of underground hydrogen storage mechanisms, including salt caverns, porous rock formations, and depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs. These are sustainable methods because they offer economic feasibility and large-scale storage, but it is important to consider geological suitability, hydrogen embrittlement, and environmental concerns. According to the literature, underground hydrogen storage is a better option than above-ground storage. The future outlook predicts that there will be increased investments in underground hydrogen storage technologies in the global transition to a greener energy paradigm.
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Bekebrok, Heinz, Hendrik Langnickel, Adam Pluta, Marco Zobel, and Alexander Dyck. "Underground Storage of Green Hydrogen—Boundary Conditions for Compressor Systems." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 18, 2022): 5972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15165972.
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The large-scale storage of hydrogen in salt caverns, modelled on today’s natural gas storage, is a promising approach to storing renewable energy over a large power range and for the required time period. An essential subsystem of the overall gas storage is the surface facility and, in particular, the compressor system. The future design of compressor systems for hydrogen storage strongly depends on the respective boundary conditions. Therefore, this work analyses the requirements of compressor systems for cavern storage facilities for the storage of green hydrogen, i.e., hydrogen produced from renewable energy sources, using the example of Lower Saxony in Germany. In this course, a hydrogen storage demand profile of one year is developed in hourly resolution from feed-in time series of renewable energy sources. The injection profile relevant for compressor operation is compared with current natural gas injection operation modes.
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Watson, Max, Jonathan Ennis-King, Allison Hortle, and Matthias Raab. "Developing Australia’s underground hydrogen storage through demonstration." APPEA Journal 62, no. 2 (May 13, 2022): S196—S199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21070.
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For Australia to capitalise on the growing hydrogen (H2) economy, the current capability gap for large-scale, secure and cost-effective H2 storage must be addressed. Large-scale underground hydrogen storage (UHS) in porous reservoirs offers the required capacity to balance discrepancies between demand and supply over seasonal durations, and support decarbonisation and security in Australia’s energy system. This becomes essential for export and domestic markets from 2030 onwards. UHS in depleted gas fields can address the infrastructure and safety challenges, as well as supporting long-term supply security while decreasing delivery price through economies of scale. However, the technical readiness for Australia’s industries to undertake UHS is low, with scientific challenges around how stored H2 interacts with subsurface rocks and fluids, and how this impacts the storage efficiency. A commercially relevant demonstration of UHS is essential for providing the knowledge and confidence for large investment into commercial scale UHS. CO2CRC and CSIRO are collaboratively developing such a demonstration, utilising data and learnings from the Otway International Test Centre, as a proxy for commercial-scale UHS operations.
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Go, Gyu-Hyun, Van-Hoa Cao, YoungSeok Kim, Hyun-Jun Choi, Se-Wook Oh, and Min-Jun Kim. "Evaluation of the Dynamic Stability of Underground Structures Assuming a Hydrogen Gas Explosion Disaster in a Shallow Underground Hydrogen Storage Facility." Applied Sciences 13, no. 22 (November 14, 2023): 12317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132212317.
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Amid the ongoing global warming crisis, there has been growing interest in hydrogen energy as an environmentally friendly energy source to achieve carbon neutrality. A stable and large-scale hydrogen storage infrastructure is essential to satisfy the increasing demand for hydrogen energy. Particularly for hydrogen refueling stations located in urban areas, technological solutions are required to ensure the stability of adjacent civil structures in the event of hydrogen storage tank explosions. In this study, a numerical analysis using equivalent trinitrotoluene (TNT) and Concrete Damage Plasticity (CDP) models was employed to analyze the dynamic behavior of the ground in response to hydrogen gas explosions in shallow underground hydrogen storage facilities and to assess the stability of nearby structures against explosion effects. According to the simulation results, it was possible to ensure the structural stability of nearby buildings and tunnel structures by maintaining a minimum separation distance. In the case of nearby building structures, a distance of at least 6 to 7 m is needed to be maintained from the underground hydrogen storage facility to prevent explosion damage from a hydrogen gas explosion. For nearby tunnel structures, a distance of at least 10 m is required to ensure structural stability.
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Verma, Apoorv, Shruti Malik, Shankar Lal Dangi, Brijesh Kumar Yadav, and Mayur Pal. "Hydrogen and CO2 storage in sandstone: understanding porous media behavior." Advances in Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2024): 13–16. https://doi.org/10.21595/accus.2024.24675.
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Studies on hydrogen and CO2 storage in the subsurface are vital for advancing clean energy and climate change mitigation. They help optimize underground hydrogen storage for balancing energy supply and demand and improve carbon capture and storage (CCS) techniques to trap CO2, reducing atmospheric levels securely. These studies can ensure the geotechnical stability of storage sites, minimizing leakage risks, while enhancing our understanding of the storage capacity in porous media like sandstone, leading to safer and more efficient long-term storage solutions. This study explores hydrogen and CO2 storage on a laboratory scale to determine how these gases behave in porous sandstone media under varying pressure conditions. Further, this study typically investigates to understand how well the porous media can store and retain gases. The study also examines the mechanisms of trapping (capillary and residual trapping) of hydrogen and CO2, which is essential for long-term underground storage.
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Jacobs, Trent. "The Uncertain Bright Future of Underground Hydrogen Storage." Journal of Petroleum Technology 75, no. 04 (April 1, 2023): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0423-0024-jpt.
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The most obvious obstacles to a big ramp-up in global hydrogen production are well known. They include technological breakthroughs to bring down production costs along with new sources of demand from the power and transportation sectors. Less obvious is that a small army of reservoir engineers, geologists, and other subsurface experts will be needed to understand where and how tomorrow’s hydrogen hubs will store their clean-burning fuel. Bulk storage on the surface is considered by many experts to be simply out of the question. That means large hydrogen projects will need a subsurface component, and some think depleted oil and gas fields—with an emphasis on the latter—may fit the bill. Saline aquifers are being eyed for the role too. But as this all suggests, no one has ever attempted to use these formations for hydrogen storage. Just four shallow salt formations, three salt domes in Texas and one salt field in the UK, represent the totality of the world’s hydrogen underground storage (HUS) capacity. Research is underway to expand HUS in salt formations but that will not solve for the fact that they are not a geologic option for many locations where big industrial players are hoping to produce hydrogen. This includes most of Europe and most of the US outside of its Gulf Coast states. By contrast, deeper sedimentary structures of various flavors are in no short supply but lack any material field experience that might help jumpstart the de-risking of storing several Bcf of hydrogen. The upstream industry’s extensive experience in operating what are the closest analogues—natural gas storage and carbon capture and storage (CCS)—will help that process but there are new challenges when it comes to injecting the universe’s smallest molecule into porous media. Topping the list is hydrogen’s strong propensity to migrate inside a reservoir (laterally and vertically) along with the potential for troublesome chemical and biological reactions. Hydrogen may also be clean burning but it offers only about a third of the energy density as methane, which means it needs roughly three times the storage volume to deliver the same energy output to a gas-fired power plant. Among those working to bring clarity to such issues is Mojdeh Delshad, a reservoir engineer and professor at The University of Texas at Austin. Her latest research involved using commercial reservoir simulators to model what would happen if selected gas fields and saline aquifers in the US used for CCS or natural gas storage were instead used to store hydrogen. “We wanted to know about the challenges of hydrogen, which because of its properties—very low density, very low viscosity—is going to move in the reservoir much more quickly than CO2 and methane. And that’s exactly what we found, which means we’re going to have to do something differently with hydrogen storage in order to capture and produce what is injected,” said Delshad.
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Anikeev, D. P., E. S. Zakirov, I. M. Indrupskiy, and E. S. Anikeeva. "Development of method for 3D geotechnological modeling of underground hydrogen storage with methane taking into account bacterial activity." Actual Problems of Oil and Gas, no. 38 (October 27, 2022): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.29222/ipng.2078-5712.2022-38.art4.
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The article is devoted to modeling of the underground storage of hydrogen–methane mixture. An approximate approach to 3D geotechnical modeling of the influence of bacterial activity on the injection and storage of gases in underground hydrogen storage facilities is proposed. The authors explore the possibility of using modern 3D flow simulation software (simulators) for this purpose, with indirect account for bacterial colony evolution and its consumption of the gas mixture components through the mechanism of pseudochemical reactions.
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Djizanne, Hippolyte, Carlos Murillo Rueda, Benoit Brouard, Pierre Bérest, and Grégoire Hévin. "Blowout Prediction on a Salt Cavern Selected for a Hydrogen Storage Pilot." Energies 15, no. 20 (October 20, 2022): 7755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207755.
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To prevent climate change, Europe and the world must shift to low-carbon and renewable energies. Hydrogen, as an energy vector, provides viable solutions for replacing polluting and carbon-emitting fossil fuels. Gaseous hydrogen can be stored underground and coupled with existing natural gas pipe networks. Salt cavern storage is the best suited technology to meet the challenges of new energy systems. Hydrogen storage caverns are currently operated in the UK and Texas. A preliminary risk analysis dedicated to underground hydrogen salt caverns highlighted the importance of containment losses (leaks) and the formation of gas clouds following blowouts, whose ignition may generate dangerous phenomena such as jet fires, unconfined vapor cloud explosions (UVCEs), or flashfires. A blowout is not a frequent accident in gas storage caverns. A safety valve is often set at a 30 m depth below ground level; it is automatically triggered following a pressure drop at the wellhead. Nevertheless, a blowout remains to be one of the significant accidental scenarios likely to occur during hydrogen underground storage in salt caverns. In this paper, we present modelling the subterraneous and aerial parts of a blowout on an EZ53 salt cavern fully filled with hydrogen.
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Luboń, Katarzyna, Radosław Tarkowski, and Barbara Uliasz-Misiak. "Impact of Depth on Underground Hydrogen Storage Operations in Deep Aquifers." Energies 17, no. 6 (March 7, 2024): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17061268.
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Underground hydrogen storage in geological structures is considered appropriate for storing large amounts of hydrogen. Using the geological Konary structure in the deep saline aquifers, an analysis of the influence of depth on hydrogen storage was carried out. Hydrogen injection and withdrawal modeling was performed using TOUGH2 software, assuming different structure depths. Changes in the relevant parameters for the operation of an underground hydrogen storage facility, including the amount of H2 injected in the initial filling period, cushion gas, working gas, and average amount of extracted water, are presented. The results showed that increasing the depth to approximately 1500 m positively affects hydrogen storage (flow rate of injected hydrogen, total capacity, and working gas). Below this depth, the trend was reversed. The cushion gas-to-working gas ratio did not significantly change with increasing depth. Its magnitude depends on the length of the initial hydrogen filling period. An increase in the depth of hydrogen storage is associated with a greater amount of extracted water. Increasing the duration of the initial hydrogen filling period will reduce the water production but increase the cushion gas volume.
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Cai, Peichen, and Shunde Yin. "Numerical Investigation of Transmission and Sealing Characteristics of Salt Rock, Limestone, and Sandstone for Hydrogen Underground Energy Storage in Ontario, Canada." Mining 5, no. 1 (February 5, 2025): 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/mining5010012.
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With the accelerating global transition to clean energy, underground hydrogen storage (UHS) has gained significant attention as a flexible and renewable energy storage technology. Ontario, Canada, as a pioneer in energy transition, offers substantial underground storage potential, with its geological conditions of salt, limestone, and sandstone providing diverse options for hydrogen storage. However, the hydrogen transport characteristics of different rock media significantly affect the feasibility and safety of energy storage projects, warranting in-depth research. This study simulates the hydrogen flow and transport characteristics in typical energy storage digital rock core models (salt rock, limestone, and sandstone) from Ontario using the improved quartet structure generation set (I-QSGS) and the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The study systematically investigates the distribution of flow velocity fields, directional characteristics, and permeability differences, covering the impact of hydraulic changes on storage capacity and the mesoscopic flow behavior of hydrogen in porous media. The results show that salt rock, due to its dense structure, has the lowest permeability and airtightness, with extremely low hydrogen transport velocity that is minimally affected by pressure differences. The microfracture structure of limestone provides uneven transport pathways, exhibiting moderate permeability and fracture-dominated transport characteristics. Sandstone, with its higher porosity and good connectivity, has a significantly higher transport rate compared to the other two media, showing local high-velocity preferential flow paths. Directional analysis reveals that salt rock and sandstone exhibit significant anisotropy, while limestone’s transport characteristics are more uniform. Based on these findings, salt rock, with its superior sealing ability, demonstrates the best hydrogen storage performance, while limestone and sandstone also exhibit potential for storage under specific conditions, though further optimization and validation are required. This study provides a theoretical basis for site selection and operational parameter optimization for underground hydrogen storage in Ontario and offers valuable insights for energy storage projects in similar geological settings globally.
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Uliasz-Misiak, Barbara, and Jacek Misiak. "Underground Gas Storage in Saline Aquifers: Geological Aspects." Energies 17, no. 7 (March 30, 2024): 1666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17071666.
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Energy, gases, and solids in underground sites are stored in mining excavations, natural caverns, salt caverns, and in the pore spaces of rock formations. Aquifer formations are mainly isolated aquifers with significant spreading, permeability, and thickness, possessing highly mineralized non-potable waters. This study discusses the most important aspects that determine the storage of natural gas, hydrogen, or carbon dioxide in deep aquifers. In particular, the selection and characterization of the structure chosen for underground storage, the storage capacity, and the safety of the process are considered. The choice of underground sites is made on the basis of the following factors and criteria: geological, technical, economic, environmental, social, political, or administrative–legal. The geological and dynamic model of the storage site is then drawn based on the characteristics of the structure. Another important factor in choosing a structure for the storage of natural gas, hydrogen, or carbon dioxide is its capacity. In addition to the type and dimensions of the structure and the petrophysical parameters of the reservoir rock, the storage capacity is influenced by the properties of the stored gases and the operating parameters of the storage facility. Underground gas storage is a process fraught with natural and technical hazards. Therefore, the geological integrity of the structure under consideration should be documented and verified. This article also presents an analysis of the location and the basic parameters of gas storage and carbon dioxide storage facilities currently operating in underground aquifers. To date, there have been no successful attempts to store hydrogen under analogous conditions. This is mainly due to the parameters of this gas, which are associated with high requirements for its storage.
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Luboń, Katarzyna, and Radosław Tarkowski. "Hydrogen Storage in Deep Saline Aquifers: Non-Recoverable Cushion Gas after Storage." Energies 17, no. 6 (March 21, 2024): 1493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17061493.
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Underground hydrogen storage facilities require cushion gas to operate, which is an expensive one-time investment. Only some of this gas is recoverable after the end of UHS operation. A significant percentage of the hydrogen will remain in underground storage as non-recoverable cushion gas. Efforts must be made to reduce it. This article presents the results of modeling the cushion gas withdrawal after the end of cyclical storage operation. It was found that the amount of non-recoverable cushion gas is fundamentally influenced by the duration of the initial hydrogen filling period, the hydrogen flow rate, and the timing of the upconing occurrence. Upconing is one of the main technical barriers to hydrogen storage in deep saline aquifers. The ratio of non-recoverable cushion gas to cushion gas (NRCG/CG) decreases with an increasing amount of cushion gas. The highest ratio, 0.63, was obtained in the shortest 2-year initial filling period. The lowest ratio, 0.35, was obtained when utilizing the longest initial filling period of 4 years and employing the largest amount of cushion gas. The presented cases of cushion gas recovery can help investors decide which storage option is the most advantageous based on the criteria that are important to them.
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Quintos Fuentes, José Ernesto, and Diogo M. F. Santos. "Technical and Economic Viability of Underground Hydrogen Storage." Hydrogen 4, no. 4 (November 29, 2023): 975–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen4040057.
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Considering the mismatch between the renewable source availability and energy demand, energy storage is increasingly vital for achieving a net-zero future. The daily/seasonal disparities produce a surplus of energy at specific moments. The question is how can this “excess” energy be stored? One promising solution is hydrogen. Conventional hydrogen storage relies on manufactured vessels. However, scaling the technology requires larger volumes to satisfy peak demands, enhance the reliability of renewable energies, and increase hydrogen reserves for future technology and infrastructure development. The optimal solution may involve leveraging the large volumes of underground reservoirs, like salt caverns and aquifers, while minimizing the surface area usage and avoiding the manufacturing and safety issues inherent to traditional methods. There is a clear literature gap regarding the critical aspects of underground hydrogen storage (UHS) technology. Thus, a comprehensive review of the latest developments is needed to identify these gaps and guide further R&D on the topic. This work provides a better understanding of the current situation of UHS and its future challenges. It reviews the literature published on UHS, evaluates the progress in the last decades, and discusses ongoing and carried-out projects, suggesting that the technology is technically and economically ready for today’s needs.
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Ren, T., X. Shen, and F. Zhang. "Numerical simulation of fingering in the underground hydrogen storage." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1335, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1335/1/012049.
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Abstract Underground hydrogen storage has garnered interest in recent years owing to the considerable demand for clean energy. Hydrogen is more diffusive than air and has relatively low density and viscosity. These unique properties induce distinct hydrodynamic phenomena during hydrogen storage. Cushion gas has been proven to be a potential remedy for attenuating the adverse impacts of underground hydrogen storage. To investigate the influence of the cushion gas, a microscopic numerical simulation was performed with Fluent software using the Eulerian multi-fluid model. Carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and methane are usually used as the preferred candidates for cushion gases in underground hydrogen storage systems. In this study, nitrogen was used as the cushion gas and was injected along with hydrogen into heterogeneous porous media with volume fractions ranging from 0% to 70%. A parameterization study was then performed to elucidate the influences of the injection rate and viscosity of the fluid on the fingering pattern. Two representative types of fingering, viscous fingering and capillary fingering, were observed under different gas mixtures and boundary conditions. After the simulation, an image analysis was performed to capture the evolution of the fingering pattern. The specific fingering area, number of branches, and fractal dimensions are proposed as geometric indices to describe the shape of the fingering pattern. The results showed that there was a remarkable enhancement in saturation due to the injection of the cushion gas, depending on the concentration of the gas mixture. This study offers insight on the design of gas mixture injection in underground hydrogen storage and can be further extended to the hydrochemo–mechanical coupled numerical simulation of multiphase gas injection in porous media.
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Uliasz-Misiak, Barbara, Joanna Lewandowska-Śmierzchalska, Rafał Matuła, and Radosław Tarkowski. "Prospects for the Implementation of Underground Hydrogen Storage in the EU." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 15, 2022): 9535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249535.
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The hydrogen economy is one of the possible directions of development for the European Union economy, which in the perspective of 2050, can ensure climate neutrality for the member states. The use of hydrogen in the economy on a larger scale requires the creation of a storage system. Due to the necessary volumes, the best sites for storage are geological structures (salt caverns, oil and gas deposits or aquifers). This article presents an analysis of prospects for large-scale underground hydrogen storage in geological structures. The political conditions for the implementation of the hydrogen economy in the EU Member States were analysed. The European Commission in its documents (e.g., Green Deal) indicates hydrogen as one of the important elements enabling the implementation of a climate-neutral economy. From the perspective of 2050, the analysis of changes and the forecast of energy consumption in the EU indicate an increase in electricity consumption. The expected increase in the production of energy from renewable sources may contribute to an increase in the production of hydrogen and its role in the economy. From the perspective of 2050, discussed gas should replace natural gas in the chemical, metallurgical and transport industries. In the longer term, the same process will also be observed in the aviation and maritime sectors. Growing charges for CO2 emissions will also contribute to the development of underground hydrogen storage technology. Geological conditions, especially wide-spread aquifers and salt deposits allow the development of underground hydrogen storage in Europe.
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Michael, Karsten, Jonathan Ennis-King, Julian Strand, Regina Sander, and Chris Green. "Suitability of depleted gas fields for underground hydrogen storage in Australia." APPEA Journal 62, no. 2 (May 13, 2022): S456—S460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21055.
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If there is a significant adoption of hydrogen in Australia as an energy carrier, it will be necessary to have storage options to buffer the fluctuations in supply and demand, both for domestic use and for export. For large-scale storage in a single location, underground hydrogen storage (UHS) is the preferred option for reasons of both cost and safety. The search for suitable sites for UHS will depend on the proximity to potential hydrogen generation, ports, and processing infrastructure, as well as CO2 storage options for blue hydrogen. Although UHS in salt caverns is an established technology, most of the suitable salt deposits in Australia (in the Canning Basin in WA, the Adavale Basin in Qld, and the Amadeus Basin in the NT) are not always well-located for production and transport. Depleted gas fields have been used previously for storage of hydrogen-rich gas mixtures as well as natural gas storage and appear to be the most promising and widely available UHS option in Australia. There appears to be sufficient storage capacity in depleted gas fields in most of the geographic areas with hydrogen production potential. However, there are still technical challenges to be addressed, such as the extent of possible contamination of the stored hydrogen with residual hydrocarbons, and the possible effects of geochemical reactions and microbial processes.
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Clemens, Torsten, Martin Hunyadi-Gall, Andreas Lunzer, Vladislav Arekhov, Martin Datler, and Albert Gauer. "Wind–Photovoltaic–Electrolyzer-Underground Hydrogen Storage System for Cost-Effective Seasonal Energy Storage." Energies 17, no. 22 (November 14, 2024): 5696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17225696.
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Photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy generation result in low greenhouse gas footprints and can supply electricity to the grid or generate hydrogen for various applications, including seasonal energy storage. Designing integrated wind–PV–electrolyzer underground hydrogen storage (UHS) projects is complex due to the interactions between components. Additionally, the capacities of PV and wind relative to the electrolyzer capacity and fluctuating electricity prices must be considered in the project design. To address these challenges, process modelling was applied using cost components and parameters from a project in Austria. The hydrogen storage part was derived from an Austrian hydrocarbon gas field considered for UHS. The results highlight the impact of the renewable energy source (RES) sizing relative to the electrolyzer capacity, the influence of different wind-to-PV ratios, and the benefits of selling electricity and hydrogen. For the case study, the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) is EUR 6.26/kg for a RES-to-electrolyzer capacity ratio of 0.88. Oversizing reduces the LCOH to 2.61 €/kg when including electricity sales revenues, or EUR 4.40/kg when excluding them. Introducing annually fluctuating electricity prices linked to RES generation results in an optimal RES-to-electrolyzer capacity ratio. The RES-to-electrolyzer capacity can be dynamically adjusted in response to market developments. UHS provides seasonal energy storage in areas with mismatches between RES production and consumption. The main cost components are compression, gas conditioning, wells, and cushion gas. For the Austrian project, the levelized cost of underground hydrogen storage (LCHS) is 0.80 €/kg, with facilities contributing EUR 0.33/kg, wells EUR 0.09/kg, cushion gas EUR 0.23/kg, and OPEX EUR 0.16/kg. Overall, the analysis demonstrates the feasibility of integrated RES–hydrogen generation-seasonal energy storage projects in regions like Austria, with systems that can be dynamically adjusted to market conditions.
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Vagapov, R. K., and K. A. Ibatullin. "On the corrosive aggressiveness of operating conditions at infrastructure facilities of underground gas storage facilities." Practice of Anticorrosive Protection 28, no. 4 (December 1, 2023): 7–17. https://doi.org/10.31615/j.corros.prot.2023.110.4-1.
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Gas injected or withdrawn from underground storage facilities is characterized by the presence of corrosive carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide (from associated petroleum gas from oil fields or coal seams). In such environments, in the presence of moisture, conditions will arise for carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide corrosion to occur. However, there have been no previous studies of the problems of internal corrosion at underground gas storage facilities, despite their widespread distribution (PJSC Gazprom operates 23 such gas storage facilities in Russia). According to Gazprom VNIIGAZ LLC, it is incorrect to use tests in the vapor phase for such conditions (without contact of the metal with the aqueous environment), which leads to underestimated corrosion rates, not reflecting the real corrosion situation in underground gas storage facilities. The same erroneous results are obtained by using models (programs such as Norsok or others) to calculate the theoretical corrosion rate of steel used in underground gas storage facilities, because they were developed for completely different conditions of carbon dioxide corrosion on oil pipelines. The only correct way to obtain reliable corrosion data is to conduct model corrosion tests. Based on the results of the analysis of operational parameters and the research carried out by Gazprom VNIIGAZ LLC, it was determined that the most optimally simulate the aggressiveness of the environments of underground gas storage facilities are 2 types of tests - under conditions of moisture condensation on the metal and under conditions of variable wetting of the steel surface on a corrosion test bench developed by us. Simulation tests carried out by Gazprom VNIIGAZ LLC showed an increased rate of internal corrosion of carbon and low-alloy steels (up to 1…4 mm/year) with corrosion-hazardous parameters typical for underground gas storage facilities. During testing, increased localization of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide corrosion is observed. Under such corrosive conditions, the main methods of protecting underground gas storage facilities will be either the use of corrosion inhibitors or the replacement of material design with corrosion-resistant steel.
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Bradshaw, Marita, Stephanie Rees, Liuqi Wang, Mike Szczepaniak, Wayne Cook, Sam Voegeli, Christopher Boreham, et al. "Australian salt basins – options for underground hydrogen storage." APPEA Journal 63, no. 1 (May 11, 2023): 285–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj22153.
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As Australia and the world transition to net zero emissions, hydrogen will continue to grow in importance as a clean energy source, with underground hydrogen storage (UHS) expected to be a key component of this new industry. Salt (halite) caverns are a preferred storage option for hydrogen, given their scale, stability and the high injection and withdrawal rates they can support. The use of salt caverns for storing gas is an established industry in North America and Europe but not in Australia, where exploration for suitable storage locations is in the initial frontier stages. Australia’s known major halite deposits occur in Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic sequences and are predominantly located in western and central Australia. This analysis has identified potential in eastern Australia in addition to the proven thick halite in the Adavale Basin, Queensland. Building on Geoscience Australia’s previous salt studies in the Canning, Polda and Adavale basins, this study expands the portfolio of areas prospective for halite in onshore and offshore basins using both direct and indirect evidence. The study correlates paleogeography and paleoclimate reconstructions with evidence of salt in wells, and in geophysical and geochemical data. Salt cavern design for UHS, the solution mining process, and the preferred salt deposits are also discussed. The results will provide pre-competitive information through a comprehensive inventory of areas that may be prospective for UHS.
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Uliasz-Misiak, Barbara, Joanna Lewandowska-Śmierzchalska, and Rafał Matuła. "Selection of Underground Hydrogen Storage Risk Assessment Techniques." Energies 14, no. 23 (December 1, 2021): 8049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14238049.
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The article proposes the use of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method to select a risk assessment technique associated with underground hydrogen storage. The initial choosing and ranking of risk assessment techniques can be considered as a multi-criteria decision problem. The usage of a decision model based on six criteria is proposed. A ranking of methods for estimating the risks associated with underground hydrogen storage is presented. The obtained results show that the application of the AHP-based approach may be a useful tool for selecting the UHS risk assessment technique. The proposed method makes it possible to make an objective decision of the most satisfactory approach, from the point of view of all the adopted decision criteria, regarding the selection of the best risk assessment technique.
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Arekhov, Vladislav, Torsten Clemens, Jonas Wegner, Mohamed Abdelmoula, and Taoufik Manai. "The Role of Diffusion on Reservoir Performance in Underground Hydrogen Storage." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 26, no. 04 (November 8, 2023): 1566–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214435-pa.
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Summary Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) has the potential to balance fluctuating sustainable energy generation and energy demand by offering large-scale seasonal energy storage. Depleted natural gas fields or underground gas storage fields are attractive for UHS as they might allow for cost-efficient hydrogen storage. The amount of cushion gas required and the purity of the backproduced hydrogen are important cost factors in UHS. This study focuses on the role of molecular diffusion within the reservoir during UHS. Although previous research has investigated various topics of UHS such as microbial activity, UHS operations, and gas mixing, the effects of diffusion within the reservoir have not been studied in detail. To evaluate the composition of the gas produced during UHS, numerical simulation was used here. The hydrogen recovery factor and methane-to-hydrogen production ratio for cases with and without diffusive mass flux were compared. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to identify important factors for UHS, including permeability contrast, vertical-to-horizontal permeability ratio, reservoir heterogeneity, binary diffusion coefficient, and pressure-dependent diffusion. Additionally, the effect of numerical dispersion on the results was evaluated. The simulations demonstrate that diffusion plays an important role in hydrogen storage in depleted gas reservoirs or underground gas storage fields. Ignoring molecular diffusion can lead to the overestimation of the hydrogen recovery factor by up to 9% during the first production cycle and underestimation of the onset of methane contamination by half of the back production cycle. For UHS operations, both the composition and amount of hydrogen are important to design facilities and determine the economics of UHS, and hence diffusion should be evaluated in UHS simulation studies.
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Tarkowski, R., and B. Uliasz-Misiak. "Towards underground hydrogen storage: A review of barriers." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 162 (July 2022): 112451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112451.
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Lemieux, Alexander, Alexi Shkarupin, and Karen Sharp. "Geologic feasibility of underground hydrogen storage in Canada." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 45, no. 56 (November 2020): 32243–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.08.244.
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Hematpur, Hamed, Reza Abdollahi, Shahin Rostami, Manouchehr Haghighi, and Martin J. Blunt. "Review of underground hydrogen storage: Concepts and challenges." Advances in Geo-Energy Research 7, no. 2 (December 22, 2022): 111–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.46690/ager.2023.02.05.
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Hemme, Christina, and Wolfgang van Berk. "Hydrogeochemical Modeling to Identify Potential Risks of Underground Hydrogen Storage in Depleted Gas Fields." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (November 19, 2018): 2282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112282.
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Underground hydrogen storage is a potential way to balance seasonal fluctuations in energy production from renewable energies. The risks of hydrogen storage in depleted gas fields include the conversion of hydrogen to CH4(g) and H2S(g) due to microbial activity, gas–water–rock interactions in the reservoir and cap rock, which are connected with porosity changes, and the loss of aqueous hydrogen by diffusion through the cap rock brine. These risks lead to loss of hydrogen and thus to a loss of energy. A hydrogeochemical modeling approach is developed to analyze these risks and to understand the basic hydrogeochemical mechanisms of hydrogen storage over storage times at the reservoir scale. The one-dimensional diffusive mass transport model is based on equilibrium reactions for gas–water–rock interactions and kinetic reactions for sulfate reduction and methanogenesis. The modeling code is PHREEQC (pH-REdox-EQuilibrium written in the C programming language). The parameters that influence the hydrogen loss are identified. Crucial parameters are the amount of available electron acceptors, the storage time, and the kinetic rate constants. Hydrogen storage causes a slight decrease in porosity of the reservoir rock. Loss of aqueous hydrogen by diffusion is minimal. A wide range of conditions for optimized hydrogen storage in depleted gas fields is identified.
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Kut, Paweł, Katarzyna Pietrucha-Urbanik, and Martina Zeleňáková. "Assessing the Role of Hydrogen in Sustainable Energy Futures: A Comprehensive Bibliometric Analysis of Research and International Collaborations in Energy and Environmental Engineering." Energies 17, no. 8 (April 13, 2024): 1862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17081862.
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The main results highlighted in this article underline the critical significance of hydrogen technologies in the move towards carbon neutrality. This research focuses on several key areas including the production, storage, safety, and usage of hydrogen, alongside innovative approaches for assessing hydrogen purity and production-related technologies. This study emphasizes the vital role of hydrogen storage technology for the future utilization of hydrogen as an energy carrier and the advancement of technologies that facilitate effective, safe, and cost-efficient hydrogen storage. Furthermore, bibliometric analysis has been instrumental in identifying primary research fields such as hydrogen storage, hydrogen production, efficient electrocatalysts, rotary engines utilizing hydrogen as fuel, and underground hydrogen storage. Each domain is essential for realizing a sustainable hydrogen economy, reflecting the significant research and development efforts in hydrogen technologies. Recent trends have shown an increased interest in underground hydrogen storage as a method to enhance energy security and assist in the transition towards sustainable energy systems. This research delves into the technical, economic, and environmental facets of employing geological formations for large-scale, seasonal, and long-term hydrogen storage. Ultimately, the development of hydrogen technologies is deemed crucial for meeting sustainable development goals, particularly in terms of addressing climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Hydrogen serves as an energy carrier that could substantially lessen reliance on fossil fuels while encouraging the adoption of renewable energy sources, aiding in the decarbonization of transport, industry, and energy production sectors. This, in turn, supports worldwide efforts to curb global warming and achieve carbon neutrality.
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Filippova, D. S., V. E. Stolyarov, and E. A. Safarova. "Features of monitoring storage of methane-hydrogen mixtures." SOCAR Proceedings, SI2 (December 30, 2021): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5510/ogp2021si200552.
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The storage of methane-hydrogen mixtures (MHM) in existing underground gas storage facilities (UGS) is a prerequisite for the development of a "carbonneutral" strategy of the Russian Federation. The use of technologies for storage and delivery of MHM in industrial volumes should be ensured by experimental research, the creation of a regulatory framework and the introduction of modern methods for maintaining the operational reliability of the existing Unified Gas Transportation System (UGSS). The need for scientific and project work is determined by the peculiarities of the storage of MHM and the assessment of the likelihood of negative technogenic and mechanical consequences during the operation of the equipment. The materials provide the main risk models of the processes that arise in the case of hybrid storage of MHM. The use of cluster technology for storage and transportation of MHM is proposed, and the need to ensure constant monitoring of the component composition of gas as part of the implementation of an integrated automated flow technology is shown. Keywords: methane-hydrogen mixtures; hydrogen energy; underground gas storage; hardware control; risks.
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Opoku Duartey, Kwamena, William Ampomah, Hamid Rahnema, and Mohamed Mehana. "Underground Hydrogen Storage: Transforming Subsurface Science into Sustainable Energy Solutions." Energies 18, no. 3 (February 6, 2025): 748. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030748.
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As the global economy moves toward net-zero carbon emissions, large-scale energy storage becomes essential to tackle the seasonal nature of renewable sources. Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) offers a feasible solution by allowing surplus renewable energy to be transformed into hydrogen and stored in deep geological formations such as aquifers, salt caverns, or depleted reservoirs, making it available for use on demand. This study thoroughly evaluates UHS concepts, procedures, and challenges. This paper analyzes the most recent breakthroughs in UHS technology and identifies special conditions needed for its successful application, including site selection guidelines, technical and geological factors, and the significance of storage characteristics. The integrity of wells and caprock, which is important for safe and efficient storage, can be affected by the operating dynamics of the hydrogen cycle, notably the fluctuations in pressure and stress within storage formations. To evaluate its potential for broader adoption, we also examined economic elements such as cost-effectiveness and the technical practicality of large-scale storage. We also reviewed current UHS efforts and identified key knowledge gaps, primarily in the areas of hydrogen–rock interactions, geochemistry, gas migration control, microbial activities, and geomechanical stability. Resolving these technological challenges, regulatory frameworks, and environmental sustainability are essential to UHS’s long-term and extensive integration into the energy industry. This article provides a roadmap for UHS research and development, emphasizing the need for further research to fully realize the technology’s promise as a pillar of the hydrogen economy.