Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Hydrogène (combustible) – Stockage'
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Iosub, Vasile. "Développement et optimisation d'une unité de stockage de l'ydrogène sur hydrures métalliques utilisée dans les systèmes stationnaires de pile à combustible." Paris 12, 2004. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002109170204611&vid=upec.
Full textThe work bas started with a thorough study of tbe bibliography on the metal hydrides application as hydrogen storage materials in solid gas process. This study has made possible to determine two familles of intermetallic compounds able to reach the needs of the specific application: the AB5-type compounds with MmNi5-xSnx compositions (Mm stands for mischmetal, a mixture of La, Ce, Nd and Pr as well as tbe AB2-type compounds with Zr-pTipMn2-r-sNirVs compositions. In a second time we have tried to optimise hydrogen absorption properties by modifying the alloy composition and structure. Moreover, a study of the kinetics and ageing during cycling was made. From the experimental results, new relations composition - structure - thermodvnamic properties bave been determined in order to adapt other types of hvdrogen storage materials to the specifications
Challet, Sylvain. "Stockage de l'hydrogène dans les hydrures métalliques pour l'alimentation en hydrogène de véhicules à pile à combustible." Paris 12, 2005. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002314920204611&vid=upec.
Full textHydrogen storage remains an issue for its use in mobile applications. Despite its weight, storage in metal hydrides presents advantages in term of safety and volumic capacity. In this work, several families of hydrides have been studied to answer to the working conditions of a main tank or a buffer tank for cold start. The thermodynamic properties of LaNi5 and TiFe type hydrides have been adjusted by suitable substitutions allowing to obtain potentially usable compounds for both kinds of tanks. In order to increase the weight capacity, the effect of M element on thermodynamics properties of lighter hydrides based on Ti-V-M solid solutions (M=Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) has been studied showing the best hydrogenation properties for the Fe compound. Finally, the discovery of hydrogen reactivity of the Ti3Si compound opens new routes
Labbé, Julien. "L’ hydrogène électrolytique comme moyen de stockage d’électricité pour systèmes photovoltaïques isolés." Paris, ENMP, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENMP1434.
Full textStand alone systems supplied only by a photovoltaic generator need an energy storage unit to be fully self-sufficient. Lead acid batteries are commonly used to store energy because of their low cost, despite several operational constraints. A hydrogen-based energy storage unit (HESU) could be another candidate, including an electrolyser, a fuel cell and a hydrogen tank. However many efforts still need to be carried out for this technology to reach an industrial stage. In particular, market outlets must be clearly identified. The study of small stationary applications (few kW) is performed by numerical simulations. A simulator is developed in the Matlab/Simulink environment. It is mainly composed of a photovoltaic field and a storage unit (lead acid batteries, HESU, or hybrid storage HESU/batteries). The system component sizing is achieved in order to ensure the complete system autonomy over a whole year of operation. The simulator is tested with 160 load profiles (1 kW as a yearly mean value) and three locations (Algeria, France and Norway). Two coefficients are set in order to quantify the correlation between the power consumption of the end user and the renewable resource availability at both daily and yearly scales. Among the tested cases, a limit value of the yearly correlation coefficient came out, enabling to recommend the use of the most adapted storage to a considered case. There are cases for which using HESU instead of lead acid batteries can increase the system efficiency, decrease the size of the photovoltaic field and improve the exploitation of the renewable resource. In addition, hybridization of HESU with batteries always leads to system enhancements regarding its sizing and performance, with an efficiency increase by 10 to 40 % depending on the considered location. The good agreement between the simulation data and field data gathered on real systems enabled the validation of the models used in this study
Langohr, David. "Etude du stockage d'hydrogène par adsorption dans des carbones nanostructurés." Paris, ENMP, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ENMP1249.
Full textChaise, Albin. "Etude expérimentale et numérique de réservoirs d’hydrure de magnésium." Grenoble 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE10257.
Full textThe target of this thesis was to study the feasibility of solid hydrogen storage in magnesium hydride (MgH2). At first, kinetic, thermodynamic and thermal properties of activated MgH2 powder have been investigated. Powders sorption kinetics are very sensitive to air exposure. The heat released by the very exothermic absorption reaction needs to be removed to load a tank with hydrogen in a reasonable time. In order to increase the thermal conductivity, a compression process of the material with expanded natural graphite (ENG) has been developed. Owing to that process, tough and drillable disks of MgH2 can be obtained with a reduced porosity and twice the volumetric storage capacity of the free powder bed. Handling those disks is easier and safer. Heat and mass transfer analysis has been carried out with a first small capacity tank (90 Nl), which is adapted to different experimental configurations. A second tank has been designed to fit disks of "MgH2 + ENG". This tank can absorbe 1200 Nl (105 g H. ) in 45 minutes, with a volumetric storage density equivalent to 480 bar compressed hydrogen. At the same time, a numerical modeling of MgH2 tanks has been achieved with Fluent® software. Numerical simulations of sorption process fit experiments and can be used for a better understanding of the storage material thermal and chemical behavior
Stepanek, Ingrid. "Contribution à l'étude du stockage de l'hydrogène dans les nanotubes de carbone." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20087.
Full textLabbé, Julien. "L'Hydrogène électrolytique comme moyen de stockage d'électricité pour systèmes photovoltaïques isolés." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002332.
Full textNguyen, Julien. "Stockage électrochimique d'hydrogène dans le carbure de titane." Limoges, 2013. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/3ef7b178-91cc-4a1d-9d54-d5d078de92db/blobholder:0/2013LIMO4023.pdf.
Full textThis work deals with the feasibility of the electrochemical hydrogen insertion into the substoichiometric titanium carbides TiCx (0. 5 ≤ x ≤ 1) obtained by conventional reactive sintering (natural and hot pressing), and under the form of thin films, as obtained by magnetron reactive sputtering. The electrochemical hydrogen insertion in this material strongly depends on several parameters : (i) the elaboration process ; (ii) the crystalline structure ; and (iii) the stoichiometry of the carbide. The carbides TiCx obtained by hot pressing with x lower or equal to 0. 70 present an ordered crystalline structure where the (111) carbon plans are partially empty, allowing the hydrogen insertion into the material. On the contrary, the carbides prepared by reactive sintering at high temperature (2100°C) do not allow the hydrogen insertion whatever the carbide stoichiometry, because of the disorder of the carbon vacancies inside the crystalline structure. Nevertheless, it is possible to order these carbon vacancies by annealing at low temperature (730°C), this treatment rendering again the carbon plans (111) partially empty, and so, allowing the hydrogen to penetrate inside the titanium carbide with a diffusion coeffcient estimated at 1. 2 X 10-13 cm2. S-1 in TiC0. 60. The electrochemical reaction of oxidation of the titanium carbide was also studied, and it is demonstrated that TiC oxidizes into TiO2 accompanied by a CO2 release
Vilarinho, Franco Tatiana. "Stabilité des solutions aqueuses de borohydrure de sodium lors de la génération d'hydrogène par hydrolyse." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10158.
Full textNumerous investigations are addressing both component optimization and development of miniature energy sources. The rise of portable eletronic devices, brings to the fore the crucial issues of power supply. The foresceable evolution in functionalities and utilizations, as regards portable eletronic devices, together with the introduction of novel electronic components, entail considerable changes in requirements, in terms of power consumption and autonomy. Hydrogen generation by means of the hydrolysis of borohydrides is a promising technology for portable fuel cells. Particularly, sodium borohydride (NaBH4) presents many advantages for that purpose. For example, NaBH4 solutions are non–flammable thus yielding safe processes; the rate of H2 generation is easily controlled by a catalyst; reaction products are environmentally benign and finally the reaction by–product can be recycled. The hydrolysis of NaBH4 in water to produce H2 gives by–products, NaBO2.yH2O, hydrated sodium borate according to MBH4 + (2+x) H2O → 4 H2 + MBO2.xH2O The interesting point of this work is to increase the amount of produced H2 in order to improve the energy density of the H2 generator system. For this, one of the main challenges is to increase the NaBH4 concentration of the cartridge solution thus avoiding the drawbacks induced by NaBO2 crystallization, but also to control the stabillity of this solution, it means add sodium hydroxyde to limit the NaBH4 self–decomposition, thus stabilizing the system. This work shows the two aspects of the analysis of the cartridge timelife : – The kinetic of spontaneous hydrolysis of alkaline aqueous NaBH4 solutions as function of NaOH concentration and the operation temperature range of the cartridge, – An unequivocal understanding of the NaBO2 crystallization process and more specifically the delimitation of the homogeneous liquid phase domain in the quaternary system NaBH4– NaBO2–NaOH–H2O, which represents the mixture present during the hydrogen cartridge operation
Charlas, Benoit. "Etude du comportement mécanique d'un hydrure intermétallique utilisé pour le stokage d'hydrogène." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENI101/document.
Full textIt is harder and harder to find fossil fuels and it becomes therefore more and more expensive. Furthermore the environmental impacts of energy are more and more taken into account. For those reasons new solutions to produce, store, transport energy are currently researched and/or developed. Among those solutions, hydrogen system could be a good solution depending and how its main parts (production, storage, supply and use) are improved.This PhD is relative to hydrogen storage in intermetallic hydride compouds. Hydrogen tanks using these kind of materials have to allow good thermal control of the hydride powder especially because of the exothermicity of the hydriding and endothermicity of the unhydriding reaction. That's why the internal architecture of these vessels are often cellular, the cell walls playing the role of a thermal conductor. If the thermal aspects relative to these tanks are often studied, it is not the case of the mechanical phenomenon induced by the swelling and shrinking of the grains during absorption and desorption of hydrogène by the material. However, the mechanical interaction between the powder and the cell walls could endanger the tank.This PhD consists of two main parts. The first part is a mechanical study of the behavior of a Ti-Cr-V compound while the second is a mechanical modelling and analysis mainly by the Discretes Elements Method (DEM). Thanks to this work the main features and mechanical properties of the hydride (granulometry, matrix compaction, granular flow, powder density …) and their evolution due to cycling were measured. The influence of hydride grains rearrangement induced by hydride breathing were analysed experimentally. It lead to a progressive densification of the powder bed in instrumented cells that resulted in a decrease of porosity and an increase of stresses on cell walls. This effect was reproduced in discrete elements simulations of spherical and clump particles
Gailly, Frédéric. "Alimentation électrique d'un site isolé à partir d'un générateur photovoltaïque associé à un tandem électrolyseur/pile à combustible (batterie H2/O2)." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2011. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/11527/1/Gailly_Frederic.pdf.
Full textZhou, Tao. "Commande et supervision énergétique d’un générateur hybride actif éolien incluant du stockage sous forme d’hydrogène et des super-condensateurs pour l’intégration dans le système électrique d’un micro réseau." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ECLI0010/document.
Full textA hybrid power system is studied in this thesis for the distributed generation based on renewable energy resources and energy storage systems in microgrid applications. It consists of a wind generator as primary energy source, super-capacitors as fast-dynamic storage system, fuel cells and electrolyzers as long-term storage system in hydrogen. They are all connected to a common DC bus and an inverter is used for the connection of the whole system to the grid. In this thesis, we have presented the system modeling, the control design including the power balancing and energy management strategies. This hybrid power system can finally supply controllable smooth powers as most conventional power plants. The performances have been tested in numerical simulations and also on an experimental test bench. As result, it is able to provide ancillary services to the microgrid. The main scientific contributions of this thesis are: the use and the adaptation of the graphical tools for the modeling of complex systems and their design; the design and the experimental implementation of real-time emulators in order to reduce the time and the cost of an experimental platform; the proposition and the validation of two power balancing strategies for the DC-bus voltage regulation and the grid power control and finally the proposition of energy management strategies for the active wind generator to ensure the energy availability
Milanovic, Mirjana. "Contribution à l’étude de la réaction sodium-eau : application à la télédétection de l’hydrogène." Thesis, Paris 10, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA100078.
Full textThe common thread of this work has been the safety problems of energy installations, whether they are nuclear, such as the fast neutron channel that uses sodium as a heat transfer fluid, or for hydrogen as a storage medium for renewable energies. An experimental and modelling study undertaken with CEA Cadarache first focused on understanding the poorly understood mechanism of the sodium-water reaction based on the determination of temperature and concentration fields in the immersion of a sodium ball in a volume of water. We have shown that the reaction kinetics characterized by a fairly long latency time, which we have modeled, progresses like the vapour pressure of solid and then liquid sodium until it reaches 250°C, where disintegration occurs and then the explosion, which may be of the Coulomb type. The temperature of the effluent then peaks at 1400°C. In a second part we used the developments we had previously made in the remote sensing of hydrogen by the Raman effect. The remote detection of this odorless and colorless gas is one of the conditions for the development of hydrogen, the "fuel of the future". With the picosecond laser used, and although the Raman effect is particularly weak, we can determine the concentration of a leak and also what is original the temperature of a flame at distances up to a hundred meters
Zhou, Tao. "Commande et supervision énergétique d'un générateur hybride actif éolien incluant du stockage sous forme d'hydrogène et des super-condensateurs pour l'intégration dans le système électrique d'un micro réseau." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00474041.
Full textLefèvre, Gauthier. "Propriétés physico-chimiques de nouveaux matériaux en couches minces pour le stockage d'hydrogène." Thesis, Artois, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ARTO0406.
Full textHydrogen storage is probably the last lock facing the development of fuel cells system.Hydrogen is a non-harmful, non-polluting that can be used as an energy vector, allowing to produce fossil fuel free electricity efficiently and releasing only water.It could trigger the next technological and green revolution, marking the end of environmental concerns related to energy.Hydrogen is the most energetic gas. These double-edged caracteristics makes it attractive and unsafe at the same time. Solid state storage can be seen as a solution in spite of a moderate hydrogen uptake and a poor desorption process.In this context, research of new materials with enhanced physico-chemical properties is desirable and represent the aim of this work.This thesis is an investigation study. On the one hand, with the help of efficient theoretical structural prediction systems, an exploration of the infinite possibilities offered by metal alloys has been performed. On the other hand, pulsed laser deposition of metal thin films has been implemented to make use of its benefits.The present theoretical study has highlighted the influence of external strains on stability and emergence of alloys in numerous binary systems. In addition, a search for potential hydrides was carried out. Informations obtained are encouraging the use of similar prediction schemes in order to identify new systems.From metallic thin films made by pulsed laser ablation, deposition difficulties and disparities in procedures have been put forward. Nonetheless, singular morphologies have been achieved by this process, opening new insights for designing novel materials
Arora, Divyesh. "Hybridation directe d’une pile à combustible PEM et d’un organe supercapacitif de stockage : étude comparative du vieillissement en cyclage urbain, et gestion optimale de la consommation d’hydrogène." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0097.
Full textThe fuel cell (FC) is poorly adapted to the sudden variations in power encountered in transport applications. The FC hybridization to a supercapacitor (SC) was then studied, since this capacitive storage device allows to manage the power transients. Hybridization is direct/passive, thus reducing the volume, mass and cost of the system. Initially, the feasibility and the impact of SC size on FC performance have been examined numerically. Theoretical investigations show that increasing the size of SC enhances the smoothing effect introduced by the supercapacitor on FC current. This results into slow variations and reduction in both current and voltage amplitudes, a decrease in the fuel cell’s effective current, and therefore in FC electrical losses. Hybridization, compared to its FC operation alone, still reduces hydrogen overconsumption by nearly 50 % under the same operating conditions. These results have been validated by experimental tests carried out on a 100 cm2 single FC and a 3 cell stack. Later, the durability of the FC system has been investigated through long term tests. These durability tests have been conducted on the 100 cm2 single FC test bench using urban cycling protocol (FC-DLC), for both hybridized and unhybridized FC system, with continuous evaluation of degradation extent and causes. These tests suggest no detrimental impact on durability of the FC. For these two operating modes, a progressive aging of the gas diffusion layer seems to appear. Subsequently, in order to further reduce the overconsumption of hydrogen in long-term FC-DLC cycling, different strategies were studied: reducing the minimum gas flow rate imposed by FC-DLC cycling from 0.2 to 0.05 A cm-2, and reducing the hydrogen overstoichiometry coefficient from 1.2 to 1.1. These changes have no influence on the durability of the hybrid cell and have reduced hydrogen overconsumption to 10 %. On the contrary, in case of the unhybridized FC, durability was halved as minimum flows were reduced and it did not work when the overstoichiometry reduced coefficient. Further, work has been extended to high power FC systems (1.2 kW FC system, hybridized with two modules of 165 F, SC module). Finally, the FC downsizing has been demonstrated from 34kW FC system to hybrid source system of 10kW FC hybridized with 566.64 F SC, presenting 21 % hydrogen saving and nearly 50 % net cost savings
Andrieux, Jérome. "Stockage de l'hydrogène dans les borohydrures alcalins : hydrolyse du borohydrure de sodium." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00654299.
Full textTabanjat, Abdulkader. "Modélisation, commande et supervision d'un système multi-sources connecté au réseau avec stockage tampon de l'énergie électrique via le vecteur hydrogène." Thesis, Belfort-Montbéliard, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BELF0266/document.
Full textThe limited reserves of fossil fuel and the pollution gases produced pave the way to promising alternativeRenewable Energy Sources (RESs) such as Solar Energy Sources (SESs) and Wind Energy Sources (WESs).SESs and WESs are freely available and environmentally friendly. However, RESs are intermittent in nature.Therefore, the smoothing of power fluctuations by storing the energy during periods of oversupply and restore it tothe grid when demand becomes necessary. Accordingly, Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) can be appropriatelyused for this purpose.Using several energy sources for constructing HPSs alongside with ESS will require an energy managementstrategy to achieve minimum HPS cost and optimal balance between energy generation and energy consumption.This energy management method is a mechanism to achieve an ideal energy production and to conveniently satisfythe load demand at relatively high efficiency.In this thesis, a Hybrid Power System (HPS) including Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) such as main sourcescombined with Gas Micro-Turbine (GMT) and hydrogen storage system such as Back-up Sources (BKUSs) hasbeen presented. The aim of this hybridization is to build a reliable system, which is able to supply the load andhaving the ability to store the excess energy in hydrogen form and reuse it later when demanded. Consequently, thestored energy at the end of each cycle will be zero and a minimum generated power cost is achieved. In addition,partial shading problem of Photovoltaic (PV) panels is comprehensively studied and a new solution based on simpleswitches and Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) integrated into dSPACE electronic card is created. Consequently, a realtime PV panels reconfiguration and disconnecting shaded ones is performed and minimum power losses isachieved. Then, the PV panels are connected to a Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyser (PEM ELS). Theemitted temperature by the PV panels is transferred to the endothermic element PEM ELS. Consequently, anefficiency enhancement of the hybrid system PVPEM ELS is realized
Ourane, Bassem. "Recherche exploratoire de nouveaux intermétalliques ternaires à base de magnésium : application au stockage d’hydrogène." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0054/document.
Full textHydrogen is one of the means to reduce emissions of greenhouse gas emissions. This is a very abundant fuel and its combustion is highly energetic (3 times more than petrol). An obstacle to its use is its storage. Storage in the solid state has significant advantages in terms of volume capacity (100 to 200 g/L) and safety. Magnesium hydride MgH2 is the candidate who shows the best results in terms of specific capacity (7,6 %wt) . However, it is disadvantaged by slow hydrogenation kinetics and high temperature use (very stable hydride). We are interested in intermetallic magnesium rich RE-TM-Mg (RE = Nd, Gd and TM = Cu, Ni). We highlighted three new compositions: NdNiMg5, GdCuMg4 and GdCuMg12. A post- fusion treatment at 700°C for one week followed by slow cooling at 6°C / h up to 300°C allows to obtain these phases. Only the first composition has been the subject of a comprehensive study. It has an antiferromagnetic ordering at 12 K and reversible storage capacity of 2,8 %wt. An almost pure sample for GdCuMg12 phase could be obtained (a = 9,9721(8) Å, c = 7,775(6) Å and space group: P4 / m). In the case of GdCuMg4, the same experimental conditions allowed us to obtain a nearly pure sample. Its structure has not yet been determined
Zhu, Dan. "Energy management of the embedded hydride tanks considering efficiency degradation and life span on fuel cell vehicles." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCA008.
Full textNowadays, the development of alternative energy sources becoming particularly important due to the effect of climate change and fossil fuels depletion. Hydrogen holds great promise thanks to its unlimited resources, high energy density, large technological flexibility and the environmentally friendly nature. With high potential of safety, storing hydrogen with metal hydrides (MH) is considered to be the optimal on-board hydrogen storage method for the future hydrogen vehicle. This thesis therefore contributes to analyzing the performance and proprieties of embedded MH hydrogen storage systems, including the characteristic estimation, dynamic modeling and thermal management coupling with fuel cells.Firstly, statistical models are proposed for dynamic performance analysis and state of charge (SOC) calculation. The online SOC estimation process is then realized combining a multi-joint state classifier. The dynamic model of the embedded MH tank considering mass and energy conversion is proposed using optimized parameters identified through particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Moreover, the dynamic behavior of the fuel cell system integrating proton-exchange-membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and MH hydrogen storage tank is simulated with a mathematical model set and validated using a database from the real operation vehicles. A thermal management strategy with PID controller is proposed to reduce the degradation and extend the lifespan of PEMFC. Finally, a test bench is designed in laboratory and experiments are carried out to validate the proposed models and strategies
Iosub, Vasile Latroche Michel. "Développement et optimisation d'une unité de stockage de l'ydrogène sur hydrures métalliques utilisée dans les systèmes stationnaires de pile à combustible." Créteil : Université de Paris-Val-de-Marne, 2004. http://doxa.scd.univ-paris12.fr:80/theses/th0210917.pdf.
Full textChallet, Sylvain Latroche Michel. "Stockage de l'hydrogène dans les hydrures métalliques pour l'alimentation en hydrogène de véhicules à pile à combustible." Créteil : Université de Paris-Val-de-Marne, 2005. http://doxa.scd.univ-paris12.fr:80/theses/th0231492.pdf.
Full textLemort, Lucille. "Élaboration et caractérisation d'alliages hydrurables de type ABx (A=Pr, Nd, La, Mg ; B=Ni; x=3, 3.5, 3.8, 5) en vue de leur utilisation comme matière active pour électrode négative d'accumulateurs NiMH." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00599399.
Full textTchakalov, Rossen. "Engineering and optimization of electrode/electrolyte interfaces to increase solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) performances." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPSLM001.
Full textIn this work, we have established an industrial fabrication protocol for single fuel cells with either architectured or planar electrode/electrolyte interfaces. We have demonstrated that in two types of samples, differing in materials, microstructure, number of layers, and architecture location, the architecturation of the electrode/electrolyte interface results in a highly significant performance increase. Polarization measurements and EIS are used to study the electrochemical performances of the cells, to compare the architectured and planar ones. We isolate the influence of the architecturation on global impedance spectra by using an innovative comparison method based on the study of the relative gaps of the frequency-dependent resistance parts. Thus, the architecturation has a strongly favorable influence on the electrochemical performances by enhancing the catalytic capabilities of the electrodes as well as the charge transfer (and in particular the ion transfer) within the cell. The architecturation induces a 60 % increase of the maximum power density for the Type I cells and 75% for the Type II cells
Yassuda, Yamashita Damiela. "Hierarchical Control for Building Microgrids." Thesis, Poitiers, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021POIT2267.
Full textRepresenting more than one-third of global electricity consumption, buildings undergo the most important sector capable of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promote the share of Renewable Energy Sources (RES). The integrated RES and electric energy storage system in buildings can assist the energy transition toward a low-carbon electricity system while allowing end-energy consumers to benefit from clean energy. Despite its valuable advantages, this innovative distributed Building Microgrids (BM) topology requires significant changes in the current electric grid, which is highly dependent on grid energy policies and technology breakthroughs.The complexity of designing a robust Energy Management System (EMS) capable of managing all electric components inside the microgrid efficiently without harming the main grid stability is one of the greatest challenge in the development of BM. To mitigate the harmful effects of unpredictable grid actors, the concept of self-consumption has been increasingly adopted. Nonetheless, further technical-economic analysis is needed to optimally manage the energy storage systems to attain higher marks of self-consumption.Faceing these issues, the purpose of this doctoral thesis is to propose a complete framework for designing a building EMS for microgrids installed in buildings capable of maximising the self-consumption rate at minimum operating cost. Among all possible control architectures, the hierarchical structure has proved effective to handle conflicting goals that are not in the same timeframe. Hence, a Hierarchical Model Predictive (HMPC) control structure was adopted to address the uncertainties in the power imbalance as well as the trade-off between costs and compliance with the French grid code.Considering that buildings are not homogeneous and require solutions tailored to their specific conditions, the proposed controller was enhanced by two data-driven modules. The first data-driven algorithm is to handle inaccuracies in HMPC internal models. Without needing to tune any parameter, this algorithm can enhance the accuracy of the battery model up to three times and improve up to ten times the precision of the hydrogen storage model. This makes the building EMS more flexible and less dependent on pre-modelling steps.The second data-oriented algorithm determines autonomously adequate parameters to HMPC to relieve the trade-off between economic and energy aspects. Relying only on power imbalance data analysis and local measurements, the proposed hierarchical controller determines which energy storage device must run daily based on the estimation of the annual self-consumption rate and the annual microgrid operating cost. These estimations decrease microgrid expenditure because it avoids grid penalties regarding the requirements of annual self-consumption and reduces the degradation and maintenance of energy storage devices.The proposed EMS also demonstrated being capable of exploiting the potentials of shifting in time the charging of batteries of plug-in electric vehicles. The simulation confirmed that the proposed controller preferably charges electric vehicles’ batteries at periods of energy surplus and discharges them during periods of energy deficit, leading the building microgrid to reduce grid energy exchange. The results also showed that electric vehicle batteries' contribution depends on the size of the vehicle parking, their arrival and departure time, and the building’s net power imbalance profile. In conclusion, through simulations using the dataset of both public and residential buildings, the proposed hierarchical building EMS proved its effectiveness to handle different kinds of energy storage devices and foster the development of forthcoming building microgrids
Agbli, Kréhi Serge. "Modélisation multiphysique des flux énergétiques d’un couplage photovoltaïque-électrolyseur PEM-pile à combustible PEM en vue d’une application stationnaire." Thesis, Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA2001/document.
Full textA stand alone multi-source system based on the coupling of photovoltaic energy and both a PEM electrolyser and a PEMFC for stationary application is studied. The system gathers photovoltaic array as main energy source, ultracapacitors and batteries packs in order to smooth respectively fast and medium dynamic by supplying the load or by absorbing photovoltaic source overproduction. Because of the necessity of fuel availability, especially for islanding application like this one, a PEM electrolyser is integrated to the system for in situ hydrogen production.The main purpose being modeling and management of the power flows in order to meet the energy requirement without power cut, a graphical modeling tool namely Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) is used because of its analysis and control strengths. Thanks to the modular feature of the EMR, the different models of each energetic entity of the system are performed before their assembling.By using scale effect, the energetic system sizing is performed according to a household power profile. Then, by the help of the multi-level representation, the maximal control structure (MCS) is deduced from the system EMR model. The electrical reference values of the MCS are generated by applying the power balancing method involving the own dynamic of each source into the energy management strategy. Different behavior modes are taken into account. By considering an irradiance profile for one day, the system is simulated highlighting its suitable behaviour. Moreover, the relevance of the introduced coupling between fuzzy logic controller and the power balancing method is pointed out