Academic literature on the topic 'Hydrogène vert'
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Journal articles on the topic "Hydrogène vert"
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Chevalier, Lucile. "Chef de projet hydrogène vert." Pour l'Éco N° 34, no. 7 (September 1, 2021): 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/poec.034.0056.
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Chevalier, Lucile. "Chef de projet hydrogène vert." Pour l'Éco N° Hors-série, HS7 (October 1, 2021): 68–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/poec.hs7.0068.
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Chevalier, Lucile. "Chef de projet hydrogène vert." Pour l'Éco N° Hors-série, HS10 (October 3, 2022): 90–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/poec.hs10.0090.
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Sebbahi, Seddiq, Nouhaila Nabil, Samir Rachidi, Mohammed El Ganaoui, and Abdelilah Benyoussef. "Hydrogène vert au Maroc : état des lieux et perspectives." Annales des Mines - Réalités industrielles Août 2024, no. 4 (November 2, 2022): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rindu1.224.0148.
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Guénan, Karine. "L’avion à hydrogène ZEROe : défis technologiques et impacts sur l’écosystème." Annales des Mines - Réalités industrielles Mai 2024, no. 2 (June 14, 2024): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rindu1.242.0099.
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L’aviation, symbole de mobilité et de rapprochement, doit réinventer son futur, pour répondre aux exigences de neutralité carbone d’ici 2050. L’hydrogène se présente comme une solution d’avenir pour la décarbonation de nombreuses industries. Cependant, son adoption dans l’aéronautique nécessitera des avancées majeures, de la production et distribution à grande échelle d’hydrogène vert, alimentées par les énergies renouvelables, à la conception de réservoirs cryogéniques sécurisés, en passant par l’adaptation des équipements et infrastructures aéroportuaires. Airbus se positionne en champion de cette transition, collaborant avec des partenaires, leaders mondiaux dans leur domaine respectif, pour concrétiser son ambition. Les concepts novateurs de l’avion à hydrogène ZEROe, propulsé par des piles à combustible ou des moteurs à combustion d’hydrogène, promettent une réduction significative des émissions de CO 2 . L’objectif est clair : transformer l’industrie aéronautique, pour un avenir plus durable, sûr et uni.
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Zhao, Zeying, Min Liu, Guoping Xiao, Tiancheng Cui, Qingxin Ba, and Xuefang Li. "Numerical Study on Protective Measures for a Skid-Mounted Hydrogen Refueling Station." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020910.
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Hydrogen refueling stations are one of the key infrastructure components for the hydrogen-fueled economy. Skid-mounted hydrogen refueling stations (SHRSs) can be more easily commercialized due to their smaller footprints and lower costs compared to stationary hydrogen refueling stations. The present work modeled hydrogen explosions in a skid-mounted hydrogen refueling station to predict the overpressures for hydrogen-air mixtures and investigate the protective effects for different explosion vent layouts and protective wall distances. The results show that the explosive vents with the same vent area have similar overpressure reduction effects. The layout of the explosion vent affects the flame shape. Explosion venting can effectively reduce the inside maximum overpressure by 61.8%. The protective walls can reduce the overpressures, but the protective walls should not be too close to the SHRS because high overpressures are generated inside the walls due to the confined shock waves. The protective wall with a distance of 6 m can effectively protect the surrounding people and avoid the secondary overpressure damage to the container.
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Lepercq, Thierry. "Hydrogène : vers une renaissance industrielle de la France ?" Hors les murs N° 506, no. 5 (March 28, 2021): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ehlm.506.0024.
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Kim, Chae-Hyoung, and In-Seuck Jeung. "Forced Combustion Characteristics Related to Different Injection Locations in Unheated Supersonic Flow." Energies 12, no. 9 (May 8, 2019): 1746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091746.
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This work focuses on forced combustion with regards to the relationship between vent mixer models and several injection locations in unheated supersonic flow. A plasma jet torch was used to ignite the hydrogen-air mixture in a laboratory-scaled combustor duct. The flow field of the combustion was visualized with pressure and gas-sampling measurements. The vent mixers indicate good dispersion characteristics of the mixture for both parallel and normal 1 injections. However, forced combustion is dominantly governed by the injection rate toward the plasma jet (hot source) because the combustible region is restricted under the cold main flow. For this reason, the parallel injection, which provides the hydrogen-air mixture directly toward the plasma jet, shows good combustion performance. The normal 1 injection interacted with the vent mixers and shows slightly good combustion performance. Lastly, the normal 2 injection is little affected by the vent mixers and has poor combustion performance.
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Nam, Hyeonsu, Gun Woo Kim, Hyunyong Lee, Byung Chul Choi, Gilltae Roh, and Youngseung Na. "Numerical Study of the Action of Convection on the Volume and Length of the Flammable Zone Formed by Hydrogen Emissions from the Vent Masts Installed on an International Ship." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 1348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9121348.
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International ships carrying liquefied fuel are strongly recommended to install vent masts to control the pressure of cargo tanks in the event of an emergency. However, the gas emitted from a vent mast may be hazardous for the crew of the ship. In the present study, the volume and length of the flammable zone (FZ) created by the emitted gas above the ship was examined. Various scenarios comprising four parameters, namely, relative wind speed, arrangement of vent masts, combination of emissions among four vent masts, and direction of emission from the vent-mast outlet were considered. The results showed that the convection acts on the volume and length of an FZ. The volume of an FZ increases when there is a reduction in convection reaching the FZ and when strong convection brings hydrogen from a nearby FZ. The length of the FZ is also related to convection. An FZ is elongated if the center of a vortex is located inside the FZ, because this vortex traps hydrogen inside the FZ. The length of an FZ decreases if the center of the vortex is located outside the FZ, as such a vortex brings more fresh air into the FZ.
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Tatsumoto, H., D. Lyngh, P. Arnold, M. Segerup, P. Tereszkowski, and Y. Beßler. "Design of a hydrogen vent line for ESS cryogenic moderator system." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1240, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1240/1/012116.
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Abstract The ESS cryogenic moderator system (CMS) circulates subcooled liquid hydrogen at 17 K and 1 MPa to remove nuclear heating at two hydrogen moderators. All the hydrogen will be safely released to the atmosphere on the roof top of the Target building through a hydrogen vent line (HVL) with a total length of 36 m. Two-phase hydrogen would flow through the HVL because the hydrogen expands by isenthalpic process. The HVL has been designed to avoid decreasing the wall penetration temperature below 253 K and to be sized big enough to limit the backpressure below the design pressure. One-dimensional transient thermohydraulic analysis code that can treat two-phase flow heat transport behavior has been developed. A natural convection heat transfer from air to the cold surface is considered. In this work, the wall temperature reductions and the pressure drop along the HVL during release of cryogenic hydrogen are analyzed. The size and thickness of the HVL have been verified based on the analysis results.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hydrogène vert"
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Phan, Thanh Son. "Élaboration, caractérisation et mise en œuvre d’un catalyseur dans le reformage du biogaz en vue de la production d’hydrogène vert." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EMAC0007.
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La production du biogaz ne cesse d’augmenter dans le monde entier. La combustion pour produire de la chaleur et de l’électricité, de même que la production du biométhane pour l’injection au réseau de gaz de ville sont les deux applications industrielles majeures du biogaz. La recherche actuelle sur la valorisation du biogaz se focalise sur la production des produits à haute valeur ajoutée comme l’hydrogène pour la mobilité. C’est l’objectif principal du projet VABHYOGAZ3, financé par ADEME, qui vise à déployer la production d’H2 à partir du biogaz dans le Tarn. Le procédé de reformage du biogaz adopté par les partenaires industriels du projet VABHYOGAZ3 est le vaporeformage, qui est couramment utilisé dans l’industrie pour reformer le gaz naturel, et qui est un procédé fortement énergivore. Cette thèse a pour objectif de développer des catalyseurs performants pour le reformage à sec du méthane (RSB : conversion de CH4 et CO2 en syngas – mélange de CO et H2) et pour le tri-reformage du méthane (Tri-RB : conversion de CH4, CO2, H2O et O2 en syngas). Le but ultime est d’optimiser l’efficacité énergétique du procédé global de la production d’H2 via le reformage du biogaz, qui est indispensable pour rendre ce procédé économiquement viable. En fait, les catalyseurs en RSB et Tri-RB ont souvent le problème de désactivation catalytique en raison du dépôt de coke et du frittage thermique à haute température (> 700°C). L’obtention d’un catalyseur performant sous les conditions sévères de RSB et Tri-RB est crucial pour le déploiement de ces procédés à large échelle industrielle. Dans un premier temps, une étude sur la thermodynamique des procédés globaux de la production d’H2 via le reformage du biogaz a été effectuée. Les bilans de matière et d’énergie de ces procédés ont aussi été réalisés par la simulation sur Aspen Plus. Ensuite, différents catalyseurs à base de nickel supporté sur les supports d’hydroxyapatite (HAP) et d’hydroxyapatite substituée au Mg (Mg_HAP) ont été préparés et caractérisés. Les supports à base d’HAP sont considérés comme des nouveaux matériaux catalytiques qui ont des propriétés appropriées en catalyse hétérogène, en particulier pour des procédés à haute température tels que RSB et Tri-RB. Dans cette étude, les supports HAP ayant les rapports molaires de Ca/P de 1,55, 1,67 et 1,75, et Mg_HAP (substitution de 2,2, 5,8 et 8,5% de Ca par Mg) ont été synthétisés. Ces supports ont été dopés avec 5% en masse de Ni par imprégnation à sec. Ces catalyseurs ont été évalués dans les deux réactions de RSB et Tri-RB dans un réacteur à lit fixe. Une étude paramétrique sur l’influence des conditions opératoires incluant la température, la pression totale, le débit d’alimentation du biogaz, et le rapport molaire de la vapeur d’eau sur méthane (S/C) et d’oxygène sur méthane (O/C), a été effectuée. L’objectif a été de comparer et d’identifier les meilleurs catalyseurs et les meilleurs conditions opératoires. Les bilans de matières ont été établis. Les raisons de la désactivation catalytique ont été mises en évidence. Enfin, la stabilité catalytique des meilleurs catalyseurs a été étudiée pendant 150-300 h de réaction. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les catalyseurs à base de Ni supporté sur HAP ou Mg_HAP sont compétitifs par rapport aux meilleurs catalyseurs identifiés dans la littérature. Ce travail confirme également l’intérêt de l’utilisation des nouveaux supports à base d’HAP dans la catalyse hétérogène et en particulier dans les procédés à haute températureBiogas production worldwide is increasing steadily. The combustion to generate heat and electricity, and the biomethane production for injection into the city gas grid are currently the two major industrial applications of biogas. Current research on biogas valorization targets the production of high-value products such as hydrogen for transportation. This is the main objective of the VABHYOGAZ3 project funded by ADEME, which aims at deploying the production of H2 from biogas in the Tarn department, France. Biogas steam reforming, adopted by the industrial partners of the VABHYOGAZ3 project, is a commonly used process in the industry to reform natural gas, but it is a highly energy-consuming process. This PhD thesis aims to develop efficient catalysts for the Dry Reforming of Methane (DRM: conversion of CH4 and CO2 into syngas - mixture of CO and H2) and for the Tri-Reforming of Biogas (Tri-RB: conversion of CH4, CO2, H2O and O2 into syngas). The ultimate goal was to optimize the energy efficiency of the overall process of H2 production through the reforming of biogas, which is essential to make the process economically viable. In fact, DRM and Tri-RB catalysts usually have the problem of catalytic deactivation due to coke deposition and thermal sintering at high temperature (> 700 °C). Obtaining an efficient catalyst under severe conditions of DRM and Tri-RM is crucial for the deployment of these processes at large industrial scale. First, a study on the thermodynamics of the overall processes for H2 production via the reforming of biogas was carried out. Mass and energy balances of these processes were also obtained by ASPEN simulation. Then, various nickel-based catalysts supported on hydroxyapatite (HAP) and on hydroxyapatite substituted with Mg (Mg_HAP) were prepared and characterized. HAP-based supports are considered to be new catalytic materials which have suitable properties for heterogeneous catalysis, in particular for high temperature processes such as DRM and Tri-RM. In this study, HAP supports having the Ca/P molar ratio of 1.55, 1.67 and 1.75, and Mg_HAP (substitution of 2.2, 5.8 and 8.5 % of Ca with Mg) have been synthesized. These supports were doped with 5 wt.% of Ni by incipient wetness impregnation method. These catalysts were evaluated for both DRB and Tri-RB reactions in a fixed bed reactor. A parametric study on the influence of operating conditions including temperature, total pressure, biogas feeding rate, and molar ratio of steam to methane (S/C) and oxygen to methane (O/C), has been performed. The objective was to compare and identify the best catalysts and the best operating conditions. Mass balances have been established experimentally. Catalytic deactivation has been discussed and evidenced. Finally, the stability of the best catalysts was studied for a long reaction time of 150-300 h, and catalyst regeneration was also performed. This work shows that Ni-based catalysts supported on HAP or on Mg_HAP are competitive to the best catalysts identified in the literature. This work also confirms the interest of the use of new HAP-based supports in heterogeneous catalysis and particularly in high temperature processes
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Alex, Ansu. "Tidal stream energy integration with green hydrogen production : energy management and system optimisation." Thesis, Normandie, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022NORMC216.
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L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de concevoir, mettre en œuvre et comparer différentes stratégies de gestion de l'énergie et approches d'optimisation pour un système hybride impliquant l'intégration de l'énergie marémotrice flottante avec la production de l'hydrogène vert. Pour atteindre les objectifs, les composants individuels du système sont d'abord modélisés. Les capacités annuelles de performance du système de la centrale d'énergie marémotrice ont ensuite été obtenues à l'aide des profils quotidiens fréquents au poste d'amarrage de Fall of Warness dans les îles Orcades. Les modes de fonctionnement transitoires des électrolyseurs à membrane échangeuse de protons, lorsqu'elles sont soumises à l'énergie de la centrale hydrolienne, ont été analysés sur la base d'une (RBA) stratégie de gestion de l'énergie basée sur des règles. Plus tard, une évaluation préliminaire du coût de production d'hydrogène est effectuée sur la base de différentes conditions de demande quotidienne d'hydrogène et de profils de marée quotidiens. En outre, une approche d'optimisation dans le but de maximiser le profit d'exploitation du système tout en assurant un fonctionnement optimal et suffisant des deux électrolyseurs sous des contraintes réelles du système, est formulée en donnant la priorité à la production d'hydrogène par l'énergie marémotrice. Le problème d'optimisation est résolu à l'aide d'un algorithme génétique basé sur un problème non linéaire à entiers mixtes. Une analyse coûts-avantages complète basée à la fois sur les coûts fixes-variables et sur les facteurs de coûts actualisés est réalisée pour analyser le fonctionnement technico-environnemento-économique optimal d'un système hybride d'énergie marémotrice-éolienne-hydrogène connecté au réseau. Les résultats ont été comparés aux résultats de l'approche basée sur des règles. Les bénéfices annuels dans l'approche d'optimisation ont été estimés supérieurs de 41,5 % par rapport à ceux de la RBA. De plus, d'un point de vue environnemental, les meilleurs résultats d'optimisation étaient supérieurs d’environ 47 % par rapport aux résultats de la RBA en termes de réduction des émissions de carbone. Un électrolyseur dynamique capable de fonctionner à deux fois sa puissance nominale pendant une durée limitée s'avère particulièrement avantageux lorsqu'il est couplé à l'énergie marémotrice qui est de nature cyclique avec des périodes prévisibles de production d'énergie élevée et faible. Enfin, il est conclu que l'approche d'optimisation des coûts fixes-variables est relativement simple dans l'estimation des coûts. Au contraire, bien que des résultats légèrement meilleurs soient obtenus dans le cas de l'approche par coût actualisé, il est nécessaire d'avoir une meilleure connaissance préalable du fonctionnement du système pour estimer finement les facteurs de coût actualisé. Le modèle proposé peut être utilisé comme un outil générique pour l'analyse de la production d'hydrogène dans différents contextes et il est particulièrement applicable dans les sites à fort potentiel d'énergie verte avec des installations de réseau limitéesThe overarching aim of this thesis is to design, implement and compare different energy management strategies and optimisation approaches for a hybrid system involving floating tidal stream energy integration with green hydrogen production. Towards reaching the objectives, the individual system components are modelled initially. The annual system performance capabilities of the tidal stream energy plant are then obtained using frequently occurring daily profiles at the Fall of Warness berth in the Orkney Islands, Scotland. The transitionary operating modes of two polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyser units, when subjected to the energy from the tidal stream plant are analysed based on a rule-based approach energy management strategy. Later, a preliminary evaluation of the hydrogen production cost is assessed based on different daily hydrogen demand and daily tidal profile conditions. Further, an optimisation approach with the objective to maximise the system operating profit ensuring optimal and sufficient operations of both the electrolyser units under real system constraints, is formulated with priority for tidal energy powered hydrogen production. The optimisation problem is solved using a genetic algorithm based on the mixed integer non-linear problem. A comprehensive cost-benefit analysis based on fixed-variable costs and levelised costs factors is performed to analyse the optimal techno-enviro-economic operation of a hybrid grid connected tidal-wind-hydrogen energy system. The outcomes are compared against the rule-based approach results. The annualised profits in the optimisation approach are estimated to be 41.5% higher compared to the rule-based approach. Further, from an environmental view, the best optimisation results are approximately 47% higher than the rule-based approach results in terms of carbon emission reductions. A dynamic electrolyser capable of working at twice of its nominal power rating for limited duration, resulted particularly advantageous when coupled with tidal energy which is cyclic in nature with predictable periods of high and low power generation. Finally, it was determined that the fixed cost (FC) optimisation approach is relatively simple in terms of cost estimation. On the contrary, while the levelised cost (LC) approach yields slightly better results, it necessitates a greater prior knowledge of system operations to reasonably estimate the cost factors. The proposed method can be used as a generic tool for electrolytic hydrogen production analysis under different contexts, with preferable application in high green energy potential sites with constrained grid facilities
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Risal, Laura-Line. "Production d’Hydrogène par Photo-Catalyse de TiO2." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022IPPAE021.
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Afin de palier à l’intermittence des énergies renouvelables, l’utilisation d’un vecteur énergétique tel que l’hydrogène semble une solution idéale. Il permet de stocker massivement de l’énergie sur une longue période de temps, convient à une large gamme d’utilisation (mobilité, chaleur, procédés) et son impact carbone est très intéressant selon sa production. Cette source d’énergie apparait donc comme une bonne alternative aux énergies fossiles dont nous sommes très dépendants. Cependant, 95 % de l’hydrogène est actuellement produit par la technique de vaporeformage du gaz naturel qui conduit à une production importante de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) ! Il est donc nécessaire de le produire par d'autres techniques et, parmi les différentes technologies disponibles, la production par photocatalyse (procédé utilisant la lumière du soleil et l'eau) semble tout à fait appropriée compte tenu de la possibilité de coupler cette technique à une source d'énergie renouvelable comme la lumière du soleil. Le photocatalyseur le plus connu et le plus utilisé actuellement est le dioxyde de titane (TiO2) mais sa synthèse requiert des températures élevées de l’ordre de plusieurs centaines de degrés. De plus, l’activité photocatalytique du TiO2 est limitée et ce dernier est en général dopé avec des métaux nobles afin d’augmenter son pouvoir photocatalytique. Compte tenu de cette problématique, dans le cadre de ce doctorat, un nouveau procédé de synthèse du TiO2 en conditions douces à 50°C a été mis en place. Les matériaux obtenus ont alors été dopés au moyen de métaux non nobles de types zinc (Zn), magnésium (Mg), aluminium (Al). Des tests de dopage sous pression ont aussi effectués et les résultats de production d’hydrogène obtenus en lumière visible sont très prometteursTo circumvent the intermittency of the renewable energies, the use of an energy vector like Hydrogen seems to be an ideal solution. It represents a good way to store energy massively over long periods to be later employed in a wide variety of systems such as mobility, heating or industrial processing, with no impact on the carbon footprint. This source of energy then appears then to be a good alternative to fossil fuels on which we are very dependent. However, 95% of hydrogen is currently produced by the technique of steam reforming of natural gas, which leads to a significant production of carbon dioxide (CO2)! It is therefore necessary to produce it by other techniques and, among the various technologies available, the production by using photocatalysis (a process using only sunlight and water) seems quite appropriate given the possibility of coupling this technique to a renewable energy source such as sunlight. The best-known and most currently used photocatalyst is titanium dioxide (TiO2), but its synthesis requires high temperatures on the scale of several hundreds of degrees. Moreover, its photocatalytic activity is limited and it is generally doped with noble metals in order to increase its photocatalytic power. Given this problem, as part of this doctorate, a new process for TiO2 synthesis under mild conditions at 50°C has been implemented. The materials obtained were then doped with non noble metals such as zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al). Pressure doping tests were also carried out and the hydrogen production results obtained under visible light are very promising
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Sood, Sumit. "Multiphysics modelling for online diagnosis and efficiency tracking : application to green H2 production." Thesis, Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/EDMADIS/2021/2021LILUB028.pdf.
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L’hydrogène vert est le vecteur d’énergie du futur le plus prometteur car il est d’une part capté par des sources renouvelables et inépuisables qui sont les énergies éolienne et/ou solaire et d’autre part permet de meilleurs transport et stockage de l’énergie sur le long terme en bouteilles haute pression par un électrolyseur pour produire ensuite de l’électricité par des piles à combustible sans émission d’aucun polluant. La nature intermittente des SER dégrade la performance et le fonctionnement dynamique des électrolyseurs PEM et leur couplage doit être étudié afin d’assurer la disponibilité opérationnelle et la pérennité du fonctionnement des équipements par une détection précoce des défauts et l’estimation de leurs durées de vie mais aussi le suivi en ligne des performances technico économiques.L’objectif de la thèse réalisé dans le cadre du projet Européen Interreg-2 Mers E2C est de développer un modèle dynamique multi-physique d’un électrolyseur PEM, basé sur une approche Bond-Graph pour une utilisation générique pour d’autres types d’électrolyseur non seulement pour l’analyse mais aussi pour la conception de systèmes de supervision en ligne pour la détection et localisation de défauts. La modélisation des divers composants de l’électrolyseur a été réalisée sous forme de capsules Bond-Graph. Ces capsules peuvent être connectées en tenant compte de la structure du diagramme d’instrumentation pour obtenir un modèle dynamique global. Ce modèle est capable de représenter différentes configurations, du pilote de laboratoire jusqu’à l’échelle industrielle, et également de suivre l’efficacité en temps réel. Le modèle a été converti en MATLAB® Simulink pour implémentation, puis validé expérimentalement sur une cellule alimentée par une Plateforme Multi-Source Hybride comprenant des sources d’énergie solaire et éolienne. Le modèle a été adapté pour représenter et étudier la performance d’un électrolyseur à Membrane Echangeuse d’Anions, dont la configuration et l’architecture sont similaires, en collaboration avec l’Université d’Exeter. Le modèle permet également de développer des algorithmes de commande, diagnostic et pronostic ; ainsi, un diagnostic robuste des défauts est présenté dans ce travail. Une Interface Utilisateur Graphique pour la supervision en ligne incorpore le modèle et les algorithmes de diagnosticRenewable Energy Sources (RES) have emerged as a sustainable alternative to carbon-based energy sources as the world is struggling in limiting the greenhouse effect in the coming years. The use of RES, such as solar and wind, alone is non-reliable due to their intermittent nature. The surplus electricity generated during off-peak hours must be stored to tackle the problem of the unavailability of energy. Green Hydrogen (GH$_2$) generation using electrolyser running on RES has seen an increase in recent years for the storage of this surplus energy due to its advantages over conventional methods (such as batteries and ultra-capacitors) for long term storage and transport. Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) based electrolysers are better suited for the coupling with RES as compared to the alkaline electrolysers due to their faster start-up times and fast dynamic load changing capability. The intermittent nature of RES affects the performance and operation dynamics of the PEM electrolyser and must be analysed and studied in order to make these systems more reliable and safer to use. Mathematical modelling is one of the possible solutions for studying their behavior and developing supervision algorithms.Under the framework of the E2C project of the European Interreg 2-Seas program, a generic dynamic multi-physics model of a PEM electrolyser has been proposed in this work based on Bond Graph (BG) approach. Various components of the PEM electrolyser have been modelled in the form of BG capsules. These capsules can be connected based on the piping and instrumentation diagram of the PEM electrolyser system to have a global model of the system. The developed model is capable of representing different configurations of PEM electrolysers ranging from laboratory scale to industrial scale. The model is also capable of facilitating efficiency tracking in real-time. The developed model in the BG form has been converted into MATLAB® Simulink block diagram from the implementation point of view.The model was then validated using a single cell PEM electrolyser powered by a Hybrid Multi-source Platform (HMP) running on solar and wind energy at the University of Lille. The proposed model was also extended for the modelling and performance study of Anion Exchange Membrane (AEM) electrolysis cell, in collaboration with the University of Exeter of England, which shares a similar configuration and architecture.The developed model for the PEM electrolysis system is also suitable for the development of control, diagnosis, and prognosis algorithms. Therefore, a model-based robust fault diagnosis for PEM water electrolyser has been proposed in this work. The proposed diagnosis algorithms and model have been then utilized for developing the graphical user interface for online supervision
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Queyriaux, Nicolas. "Vers la construction d'une photocathode de production d'hydrogène par une approche moléculaire." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV033/document.
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Alors que les besoins en énergie de nos sociétés modernes ne cessent de croître, et que la prise en compte des enjeux environnementaux occupe une place de plus en plus importante dans le développement de nouvelles technologies, la mise au point de procédés de production d’hydrogène utilisant des ressources renouvelables, telles que le rayonnement solaire comme source d'énergie ou l’eau comme donneur d’électrons et de protons, est un enjeu de toute première nécessité. Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans la continuité des études menées au sein de l’équipe « SolHyCat » du Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux sur le développement de systèmes électro- et photocatalytiques pour la réduction des protons en H2. Dans cette perspective, nous avons ainsi contribué à l’élaboration d’une photocathode moléculaire de production de H2 à travers la compréhension de différents paramètres moléculaires relatifs à sa construction. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à la construction d’un lien covalent entre un motif photosensibilisateur et un centre catalytique de réduction des protons via la synthèse de dyades modèles. En parallèle, nous avons développé une méthodologie de synthèse permettant l’introduction de groupements d’ancrage robustes dans la sphère de coordination de photosensibilisateurs métallo-organiques. Enfin, l'étude des propriétés électrochimiques d'une nouvelle série de catalyseurs de réduction des protons à sphère de coordination polypyridinique a été étudiéeThere is an urgent need to provide solutions for the energetic challenge our planet has to face. The production of “environmentally friendly” fuels such as dihydrogen H2 through sunlight-driven water splitting holds great promise. Hydrogen is indeed a carbon-free energy carrier that can be stored and used on request to produce electricity thanks to the mature fuel cell technology. Moreover, water and solar energy form the ideal couple for H2 production because they are both readily available and their use is considered to be safe for the environment. The design and study of molecular photocatalytic systems for H2 evolution from water has therefore been the subject of intensive research interest in the last decade and their implementation into functional dye-sensitized photoelectrocatalytic cells recently appeared in the literature. It is nevertheless necessary to optimize the efficiency of these molecular systems in order to reach the targeted solar-to-hydrogen conversion yield. In that context, this PhD thesis aimed at getting a better understanding of parameters relevant for the optimization of molecular H2-evolving photocathodes: first, different coupling strategies have been studied to covalently assemble a light-harvesting unit with a redox-active moiety; second, a synthetic methodology allowing introduction of robust anchoring groups in the coordination sphere of ruthenium photosensitizers has been widely studied and the first photoelectrodes characterized; finally, a new series of proton reduction catalysts featuring a polypyridinic ligand has been investigated, allowing important kinetic and mechanistic insights to be obtained
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Rit, Martin. "Évaluation du potentiel de rénovation énergétique d'un territoire dans le cadre de démarches de massification." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPSLM009.
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L'effort de recherche doit se concentrer sur la résolution des problématiques énergétiques à l'échelle mondiale en visant la réduction de la consommation énergétique et des émissions de gaz à effet de serre pour atténuer l'impact du dérèglement climatique. En 2020, le secteur du bâtiment en France était à l'origine d'environ 45% de la consommation finale d'énergie et de 19% des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, constituant un gisement d'économies important.Cette thèse explore la rénovation énergétique du parc bâti résidentiel français, en se concentrant sur l'évaluation des stratégies territoriales à travers la modélisation et l'optimisation. Dans cette optique, ces travaux permettent (1) de caractériser et simuler le parc bâti français à l'aide de données et d'un modèle de simulation énergétique Open Source, (2) de calibrer ce modèle sur les consommations réelles d'électricité et de gaz pour l'ensemble du territoire français, (3) d'optimiser des trajectoires de rénovation énergétique en actionnant des leviers au niveau de chaque bâtiment du territoire et (4) d'appliquer ce modèle à un parc de plusieurs dizaines de milliers de bâtiments à l'aide d'algorithme de clustering. Une analyse de la combinatoire du problème d'optimisation est réalisée, mettant la question de la dimensionnalité des solutions de rénovations, de la granularité temporelle dans l'optimisation et du nombre de contraintes au cœur de ce travail.La méthode développée dans ces travaux a été appliquée pour discuter la pertinence de plans climats définis dans différentes agglomérations françaises pour atteindre la Stratégie Nationale Bas Carbone en 2050. Les résultats issus de cette étude ont fourni une évaluation chiffrée des investissements nécessaires et des subventions publiques à octroyer dans ces grandes villes, ainsi qu'un calendrier pour la réalisation des travaux de rénovation en fonction des différents types de bâtiments. Cette thèse propose ainsi un outil d'aide à la décision, utilisable pour un grand nombre de bâtiments (plusieurs milliers), indépendamment de leur localisation géographique en France et avec une méthode réplicable et transparenteResearch efforts must focus on resolving energy issues on a global scale, with the aim of reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in order to mitigate the impact of climate change. In 2020, the building sector in France was responsible for around 45% of final energy consumption and 19% of greenhouse gas emissions, representing amajor source of savings.This thesis explores the energy renovation of the French residential building stock, focusing on the evaluation of territorial strategies through modelling and optimisation.With this in mind, the work involves (1) characterising and simulating the French building stock using data and an Open Source energy simulation model, (2) calibrating this model on actual electricity and gas consumption for the whole of France, (3) optimising energy renovation trajectories by activating levers at the level of each building in the territory and (4) applying this model to a stock of several tens of thousands of buildings using clustering algorithms. An analysis of the combinatorics of the optimisation problem is carried out, placing the question of the dimensionality of the renovation solutions, the temporal granularity of the optimisation and the number of constraints at the heart of this work.The method developed in this work was applied to discuss the relevance of climate plans defined in various French conurbations for achieving the National Low Carbon Strategy in 2050. The results of this study provided a quantified assessment of the investments required and the public subsidies to be granted in these major cities, as well as a timetable for carrying out the renovation work according to the different types of building. This thesis proposes a decision-making tool that can be used for a large number of buildings (several thousand), regardless of their geographical location in France, and with a replicable and transparent method
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Al, Bacha Serge. "Générateur d’Hydrogène « vert » pour mobilité légère ou de courte distance Hydrogen generation via hydrolysis of ball milled WE43 magnesium waste Hydrogen generation from ball milled Mg alloy waste by hydrolysis reaction Effect of ball milling strategy (milling device for scaling-up) on the hydrolysis performance of Mg alloy waste Effect of ball milling in presence of additives (Graphite, AlCl3, MgCl2 and NaCl) on the hydrolysis performances of Mg17Al12 Corrosion of pure and milled Mg17Al12 in “model” seawater solution Mechanism of hydrogen formation during the corrosion of Mg17Al12 Hydrolysis properties, corrosion behavior and microhardness of AZ91 "model" alloys SECM investigation of galvanic coupling between Mg and Mg17Al12 in AZ alloys Valorization of AZ91 by the hydrolysis reaction for hydrogen production (Electrochemical approach) Clean hydrogen production by the hydrolysis of Magnesium-based material: effect of the hydrolysis solution." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0312.
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L’hydrolyse des déchets d’alliages de magnésium dans l’eau de mer (i.e. solution aqueuse à 3,5% en masse de NaCl) est une nouvelle approche qui permet à la fois la production de l’hydrogène in-situ et la valorisation de déchets a priori non recyclables. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’optimiser la réactivité de ces déchets par broyage mécanique en présence d’additif(s). Nous avons donc investigué les principaux paramètres de broyage (e.g. atmosphère de broyage, vitesse de broyage, ordre d’ajout des additifs) sur la réactivité d’un alliage WE43 et des déchets d’alliages Mg–Al. Un « scale-up » du procédé de traitement des matériaux a été mené pour explorer la possibilité d’industrialisation du procédé. En outre, nous avons montré que le broyage sous argon est plus avantageux que celui sous hydrogène.Les alliages Mg–Al (plus précisément AZ91) sont les plus utilisés. Dans ces alliages, l’aluminium forme avec le magnésium l’intermétallique Mg17Al12. Pour comprendre le mécanisme de production d’hydrogène à partir d’alliages Mg–Al biphasés (i.e. Mg + Mg17Al12), l’évaluation du comportement de chacun de leurs constituants et de leurs interactions est primordiale. A cet égard, les aspects chimique (i.e. hydrolyse) et électrochimique (i.e. corrosion) de la réaction de Mg17Al12 avec une solution similaire à l’eau de mer et l’effet du broyage en présence d’additifs (e.g. graphite, NaCl, MgCl2 et AlCl3) ont été étudiés. L’évolution de la chimie de surface lors des tests de polarisation a prouvé expérimentalement (par spectroscopie Raman), pour la première fois, la formation d’intermédiaires réactionnels et nous a permis de proposer un mécanisme de formation de H2.L’interaction entre Mg et Mg17Al12 a été explorée en comparant les propriétés de matériaux modèles « AZ91 » (Mg + Mg17Al12). Grâce à la microscopie électrochimique à balayage, l’effet du couplage galvanique est étudié à l’interface des deux composants du matériau. La contribution de Mg17Al12 dans la corrosion des alliages AZ91 a ainsi été clarifiée. L’intermétallique est résistant à la corrosion et accélère la corrosion de Mg en raison du couplage galvanique. Les diverses stratégies de broyage adoptées dans ce travail ont été comparées en les appliquant sur un alliage commercial AZ91. Le matériau traité mécaniquement en présence de graphite et d’AlCl3 présente les meilleures performances en hydrolyse.Finalement, nous avons évalué semi-quantitativement la pureté de H2 (la composition du mélange gazeux et son humidité) produit. L’incidence de certaines conditions expérimentales (e.g. composition de la solution, température, rapport de la masse de poudre au volume de la solution) est reportée. Il a ainsi été montré qu’un réacteur d’hydrolyse de Mg opérant à température ambiante avec l’eau de mer produit de l’hydrogène « propre » in-situ et peut être considéré comme un générateur d’hydrogène « vert » à la demandeThe hydrolysis of magnesium alloys wastes in seawater (i.e. 3.5 wt.% of NaCl aqueous solution) is a new approach which allows both in-situ hydrogen production and the valorization of a priori non-recyclable wastes. The objective of this research work is to optimize the reactivity of magnesium-based wastes by ball milling with additives. Therefore, we investigated the effects of the main milling parameters (e.g. milling atmosphere, milling rotation speed, order of the addition of additives) on the reactivity of WE43 alloys and Mg – Al alloys wastes. A « scale-up » of the materials treatment process was conducted to explore the possibility of industrializing the process. In addition, we have shown that milling under argon is more advantageous than under hydrogen.Mg – Al alloys (more precisely AZ91) are the most widely used. In these alloys, Al forms with Mg the intermetallic Mg17Al12. To better understand the mechanism of hydrogen production from these binary Mg – Al alloys (Mg + Mg17Al12), evaluating the behavior of each of their constituents and their interactions is essential. In this regard, the chemical (i.e. hydrolysis) and electrochemical (i.e. corrosion) aspects of the reaction of Mg17Al12 with the model seawater solution and the effect of milling in the presence of additives (e.g. graphite, NaCl, MgCl2 and AlCl3) were studied. The evolution of the surface chemistry during polarization tests has proven experimentally (by Raman spectroscopy), for the first time, the formation of reaction intermediate and has allowed us to propose a mechanism of H2 formation.The interaction between Mg and Mg17Al12 was explored by comparing the properties of model materials of « AZ91 » (Mg + Mg17Al12). Using scanning electrochemical microscopy, the effect of galvanic coupling was studied at the interface of the two components of the material. In view of these studies, the contribution of Mg17Al12 in the corrosion of AZ91 alloys was clarified. The intermetallic is corrosion resistant and accelerates the corrosion of Mg due to galvanic coupling. The various milling strategies adopted in this work were compared by applying them to a commercial AZ91 alloy. Mechanical treated materials with graphite and AlCl3 showed the highest hydrolysis performances.Finally, we semi-quantitatively evaluated the purity of H2 (the composition of the gas mixture and its humidity) produced. The impact of few experimental conditions (e.g. composition of the solution, temperature, ratio of the mass of powder to the volume of solution) is reported. Thus, it has been shown that an Mg hydrolysis reactor operating at room temperature with seawater produces « clean » hydrogen in-situ and can be considered as a « green » hydrogen on demand generator
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Zhou, Zhou. "Synthèse et études structurales de nouveaux [α/aza]-oligomères et cyclooligomères, vers de nouveaux foldamères." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0300/document.
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Ce travail décrit la synthèse et l’étude structurale d’oligomères mixtes et de leurs analogues cycliques alternant des résidus acides α aminés et des résidus acides azaaminés. Le premier chapitre concerne la synthèse en solution des 1:1-[α/aza]-oligomères et des 2:1 [α/aza] oligomères obtenus respectivement par oligomérisation par couplage peptidique de l’azadipeptide Boc-azaPhe-Ala-OMe et de l’azatripeptide Boc-Phe-azaPhe-Ala-OMe correctement déprotégés. Pour la première famille en série L, les rendements en dimérisation et en trimérisation sont moyens en raison de la faible nucléophilie du partenaire amine azadipeptidique. Quant aux 2:1 [α/aza]-oligomères de taille variable, ils ont été isolés avec de très bons rendements quelle que soit la nature L et/ou D des résidus acides α aminés de l’azatripeptide. Ce chapitre présente également l’étude conformationnelle de ces oligomères par spectroscopies RMN et IR, par modélisation moléculaire ainsi que dans certains cas par diffraction des RX. L’analyse des 1:1 [α/aza] oligomères a révélé une auto-structuration majoritaire en solution alternant un coude β et un coude γ stabilisés par des liaisons hydrogène intramoléculaires. L’examen des 2:1 [α/aza] oligomères a permis de mettre en évidence, en série homochirale (L), une conformation majoritaire caractérisée par la formation de coudes β stabilisés par un réseau de liaisons hydrogène intramoléculaires. Des repliements, induits par la formation de coudes β et de coudes γ s’imposent en série hétérochirale (DLDL…). Le second chapitre est consacré à la synthèse en solution et à l’étude conformationnelle des analogues cycliques des oligomères présentés dans le premier chapitre. Les 2:1 [α/aza] cyclooligomères sont surtout discutés, leur synthèse par couplage peptidique intramoléculaire étant plus efficace que celle des 1:1-[α/aza]-cyclooligomères. La formation de nanotubes due à l’empilement des 2 :1-[α/aza]-cyclohexamères homochiraux (L) a été mise en évidence à l’état solide par établissement de liaisons hydrogène intermoléculaires puis suggérée en solution. Le pouvoir gélifiant de certains solvants organiques de l’analogue hétérochiral (DLDL) présage également de son auto-structuration en nanotubes discutée uniquement en solution faute de structure à l’état solideThis work describes the synthesis and structural analysis of mixed oligomers and their cyclic analogues containing an alternation of α-acid residues and α-azaamino acids moieties. The first chapter deals with the “in solution” synthesis of 1:1-[α/aza]-oligomers and 2:1 [α/aza] oligomers respectively, obtained by oligomerization of the properly deprotected azadipeptide Boc-Ala-azaPhe-OMe azadipeptide and Boc-Phe-Ala-OMe-azaPhe tripeptide. For the first family series with L aminoacids, yields dimerization and trimerization are moderate due to the low nucleophilicity of the amine azadipeptidic partner. Concerning the 2:1-[α/aza]-oligomers of variable sizes, they were isolated with very good yields whatever the nature L and / or D of the α-aminoacid residues of the azatripeptide. This chapter also presents the conformational study of these oligomers by NMR and IR spectroscopy, molecular modeling and in some cases by X-ray diffraction. Analysis of the 1:1 [α/aza] oligomers reveals mainly an self-assembly in solution with alternation of β- and γ-turns stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Examination of the 2:1 [α/aza] oligomers in homochiral series (L) evidenced a main conformation with repetitive β turns. Regarding the heterochiral series (DLDL….), it is an alternation of β- and γ-turns which is observed. The second chapter is devoted to the solution synthesis in solution and conformational study of cyclic analogues oligomers presented in the first chapter. 2: 1-[α/aza]-cyclooligomers are mostly discussed because their synthesis by intramolecular peptide coupling is more effective than the 1:1 [α/aza]-cyclooligomers. The formation of nanotubes due to the stacking of the homochiral (L) 2:1-[α/aza]-cyclohexamers has been shown in the solid state and suggested in solution. Furthermore, in heterochiral series, the gelling properties of some organic solvents suggest a self-assembly in solution
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Cany, Camille. "Interactions entre énergie nucléaire et énergies renouvelables variables dans la transition énergétique en France : adaptations du parc électrique vers plus de flexibilité." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLC015/document.
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Le parc électrique français, caractérisé par une part élevée d’électricité nucléaire, est à l’aube d’une période de transition qui s’étendra au-delà de 2050. Cette transition est caractérisée par une augmentation de la part de l’éolien et du solaire et, en parallèle, une réduction de la part du nucléaire dans le mix électrique, laquelle devrait rester toutefois significative. L’intégration de l’éolien et du solaire dans un mix nécessite de mobiliser des moyens de flexibilité supplémentaires pour maintenir le niveau de fiabilité objectif du système, tant dans le court terme que dans le long terme. L’ensemble des leviers du côté de l’offre et de la demande électrique devra être mis en oeuvre pour répondre à ces nouveaux besoins de flexibilité. Le parc nucléaire aura son rôle à jouer.Dans ce contexte, comment la France peut-elle adapter son parc électrique vers plus de flexibilité, tout en conservant un mix bas carbone et en maîtrisant les coûts associés ? L’objectif de la thèse est d’apporter des éclairages à cette question, par l’intermédiaire d’analyses technico-économiques.Les interactions entre énergie nucléaire et énergies renouvelables variables sont analysées grâce à deux approches complémentaires : l’une, essentiellement technique, confronte les sollicitations futures du parc nucléaire à ses possibilités théoriques ; l’autre, technico-économique, évalue le coût pour le système électrique de voir assurée une partie de la flexibilité par le nucléaire et examine des leviers pour réduire ce coût et rendre compétitif un parc nucléaire fonctionnant en mode flexible. Ces deux approches sont basées sur la construction de scénarios aux horizons 2030 et 2050.Nous montrons que les sollicitations en suivi de charge du parc nucléaire croîtront fortement avec l’augmentation de l’éolien et du solaire. Même si le parc possède des marges de manoeuvre pour réaliser plus d’opérations de suivi de charge, celles demandées au parc nucléaire en présence de solaire et d’éolien à des taux supérieurs à 30% de la demande électrique paraissent difficilement soutenables techniquement par lui seul. Du point de vue de la gestion opérationnelle du parc nucléaire, nous remarquons qu’il est souhaitable de favoriser le développement de l’éolien par rapport à celui du solaire, puisque c’est ce dernier qui induit les sollicitations extrêmes en puissance.Le coût de production du nucléaire pourrait augmenter significativement avec la réduction de l’utilisation du parc. Il apparaît alors essentiel de promouvoir un remplacement progressif du parc pour réduire l’impact économique d’une participation à la flexibilité dans la période de transition. Dans le cas de nouveaux investissements nucléaires, une augmentation du prix de la tonne de CO2 pourrait rendre le back-up nucléaire compétitif face aux centrales à gaz à cycle combiné. Par ailleurs, anticiper le développement de nouveaux débouchés devient crucial pour éclairer les choix d’investissements électriques bas-carbone.Pour contourner la difficulté posée par la réduction du taux d’utilisation du nucléaire, nous examinons la flexibilité du nucléaire comme un levier d’offre de service énergétique plus vaste, tout en contribuant à la fiabilité du système électrique. La production d’hydrogène permet des synergies entre renouvelables et nucléaire pour valoriser ses surplus de production. Cette solution paraît intéressante dès 2030 si les capacités du parc nucléaire sont conservées et que l’opérateur choisit une stratégie économique adaptée pour s’ouvrir à de nouveaux débouchés. Le développement des exportations ou des usages de la chaleur sont aussi des options envisageables pour l’utilisation des surplus.Au global, nous recommandons, afin d’encourager les synergies possibles entre énergies bas-carbone, d’appréhender la part du nucléaire en France dans une dynamique adaptée à la pénétration des renouvelables, et au déploiement des marchés des coproduits nucléaires, dont l’hydrogèneThe French power system is transitioning towards a more diversified low carbon mix. The power mix is characterised by a high nuclear share which is to remain significant and the target to increase variable renewables (wind and solar) by 2050. When introduced massively, wind and solar trigger new needs for back-up power, both in the short and long term, to answer the flexibility required in order to maintain the reliability target level of the power system. All flexibility options should be complementarily developed, given their characteristics, and nuclear will have a role to play in this context.How could the French power mix be adapted towards more flexibility while maintaining a low-carbon level and mastering associated costs? The purpose of this PhD thesis is to shed light on this issue thanks to a techno-economic analysisAt first, interactions between nuclear and variable renewables are analysed thanks to two complementary approaches. On the one hand, a technical perspective is adopted by confronting prospective nuclear load-following requirements to the fleet theoretical capabilities. On the other hand, thanks to a techno-economic approach, we evaluate the additional cost of ensuring part of the flexibility requirements with the nuclear fleet and examine options to reduce this cost to make nuclear back-up competitive. These two approaches are based on the construction of realistic scenarios by 2030 and 2050.The French nuclear fleet will be asked for a strong increase of the load following operations with growing wind and solar shares. Even if the nuclear fleet can enable higher power ramps and amplitude variations, when wind and solar account for more than 30% in the total demand, compensating for the power variations induced would require complementary means. From a fleet management perspective, it would be beneficial to favour wind compared to solar in the power mix. The latter induces extreme power ramps and amplitudes for the nuclear fleet.The nuclear production cost could be significantly increased with the decrease of the nuclear utilisation rate. In the transition phase, it would be of great importance to promote a progressive replacement of the nuclear fleet to compensate for the production cost increase. In the case of new nuclear investments, a carbon price increase could make nuclear back-up able to compete with combined-cycle gas turbine plants as the alternative back-up option. Anticipating the development of new outlets becomes crucial to guide future investments in low-carbon power plants.To bypass the issue of the nuclear utilisation rate reduction, it would be worth considering taking advantage of the available excess energy to produce valuable products while providing flexibility services to the grid. Hydrogen production, as a flexible power demand, could enhance synergies between nuclear and variable renewables through new markets to valorise the excess nuclear energy. When wind and solar shares increase, along with the hydrogen market expected growth driven by mobility uses, opportunities are created for the nuclear operator. If the French nuclear capacities are maintained and if an adapted business model is developed, nuclear-hydrogen coproduction could answer the hydrogen demand by 2030. Other options could be considered to find outlets to the excess power such as the development of power exportations or the coproduction of heat and electricity.Overall, in order to foster synergies between low-carbon power plants, the change of the nuclear share in the French power mix should be apprehended through dynamics adapted to the penetration of renewables as well as to the deployment of hydrogen markets, and new markets in general
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Tournadre, Léa. "Vers une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de déformation par croissance libre sous irradiation des alliages de zirconium." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LAROS390.
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Ce travail de thèse a pour objet de contribuer à la compréhension de la déformation des assemblages combustibles REP équipés de composants en alliages de zirconium (Zy-4 ou M5). En particulier, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’accélération de croissance, corrélée à l’apparition d’un type de défaut d’irradiation : les boucles à composante . Des irradiations aux particules chargées nous ont permis de reproduire ces évolutions microstructurales et d’étudier leur représentativité. La morphologie du dommage primaire n’a ainsi que peu d’impact sur la microstructure de boucles tandis que le taux de création de dommage (tout comme la température) semble jouer un rôle majeur. Par ailleurs, la dose seuil pour la nucléation des boucles apparaît étroitement liée à la cinétique de croissance des amas lacunaires et des germes de boucles. Cette cinétique peut être influencée par le taux de création de dommage, les éléments d’alliages, mais également la contrainte ou la présence d’hydrogène (introduit dans le matériau lors de l’oxydation en réacteur). Ce travail a ainsi exploré de manière approfondie l’effet d’une contrainte appliquée dans les domaines d’élasticité et de plasticité ainsi que l’impact de l’hydrogène absorbé sur la nucléation et la croissance des boucles . Conformément au mécanisme SIPA proposé dans la littérature, nous avons observé un effet de la contrainte sur les boucles . Par ailleurs, cette étude met en évidence que l’hydrogène en solution et / ou sous forme d’hydrures influence significativement la nucléation et la croissance des boucles The aim of this PhD work is to have a better understanding of axial elongation of the PWR fuel assemblies manufactured in zirconium alloys (Zy-4 or M5). More specifically, we focused on the growth acceleration of these assemblies, clearly correlated to the nucleation of specific irradiation defects: the c-loops. Irradiations by charged particles were performed in order to reproduce the microstructure evolution and to study its representativeness. Thus, primary damage morphology has no impact on the c-loop microstructures where as the damage creation rate (like the temperature) seems to play a major role. Moreover, the nucleation dose for c-loops appears clearly correlated to the nuclei and vacancy clusters growth kinetics. This kinetics could be influenced by the damage creation rate, the alloying elements, but also by an applied stress or the hydrogen content (which can be introduced during oxidation in reactor). Thus, this work has explored the effect of an applied stress (in the elasticity or plasticity domain) and the impact of the hydrogen pick-up on the nucleation and growth of c-loops. In accordance with the SIPA mechanism described in the literature, we observed an effect of the applied stress on the c-loop microstructures. Moreover, this study clearly shows an impact of hydrogen in solid solution and as precipitated hydrides on the nucleation and growth of c-loops
Books on the topic "Hydrogène vert"
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W, Nyland Ted, Driscoll Susan L, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Hydrogen no-vent fill testing in a 1.2 cubic foot (34 liter) tank. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.
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2
W, Nyland Ted, Driscoll Susan L, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Hydrogen no-vent fill testing in a 1.2 cubic foot (34 liter) tank. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.
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3
Canada, Canada Industrie, ed. Vers une stratégie nationale sur l'hydrogène et les piles à combustible: Un document de discussion pour le Canada. [Ottawa, Ont.]: Industrie Canada, 2005.
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4
Moran, Matthew E. Liquid Transfer Cryogenic Test Facility: Initial hydrogen and nitrogen no-vent fill data. [Washington, D.C.]: NASA, 1990.
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W, Nyland Ted, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Hydrogen no-vent fill testing in a 5 cubic foot (142) liter tank using spray nozzle and spray bar liquid injection. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.
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W, Nyland Ted, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Hydrogen no-vent fill testing in a 5 cubic foot (142) liter tank using spray nozzle and spray bar liquid injection. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.
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W, Nyland Ted, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Hydrogen no-vent fill testing in a 5 cubic foot (142) liter tank using spray nozzle and spray bar liquid injection. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.
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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. NH₃, H₂S, and the radio brightness temperature spectra of the giant planets. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998.
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Herbert, Musurillo, ed. Gregorii Nysseni De vita Moysis. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991.
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hydrogène Vert: Le défi de Demain, Pour une énergie inépuisable et Décarbonée. EDP Sciences, 2023.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Hydrogène vert"
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Armour, E. A. G., and C. W. Chamberlain. "Very Low-Energy Hydrogen-Antihydrogen Scattering." In Few-Body Problems in Physics ’02, 93–96. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6728-1_21.
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Anderson, John E., Paul M. Czysz, and Dale A. Fester. "No-Vent Fill Testing of Liquid Hydrogen." In Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, 1247–55. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3368-9_58.
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Atwood, Jerry L., Leonard J. Barbour, and Agoston Jerga. "Very Large Supramolecular Capsules Based on Hydrogen Bonding." In Crystal Design: Structure and Function, 153–75. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470868015.ch3.
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Jiang, Bin, Tongshen Zhen, and Fangfang Fang. "Experimental Research on High-Pressure Hydrogen Leakage and Diffusion of Hydrogen Refueling Station." In Proceedings of the 10th Hydrogen Technology Convention, Volume 1, 193–99. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8631-6_22.
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AbstractAs the infrastructure to provide hydrogen for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, hydrogen refueling station is a very important part of hydrogen energy utilization. However, due to the characteristics of hydrogen, such as flammability and explosion, low density, wide range of explosive limit concentration, hydrogen refueling station accidents often occur. The existing research on hydrogen refueling stations often uses the method of numerical simulation, and mainly considers the leakage of hydrogen storage tank. There are few relevant experimental studies and little consideration is given to the case of hydrogen pipeline leakage. In order to explore the phenomenon and rule of high-pressure hydrogen leakage and diffusion in the pipeline of hydrogen refueling stations, a full-size high-pressure hydrogen leakage test facility is built based on a real hydrogen refueling station. The vehicle-mounted high-pressure hydrogen storage tank is used as the high-pressure hydrogen gas source to provide constant hydrogen pressure to the test section through the combination of different valves in the pipeline and the instrument control system. By changing different leakage sizes and pressures, the concentration distribution and influence factors after hydrogen leakage are analyzed, which provides an important basis for the optimal layout and operation and maintenance of the safety facilities of the existing hydrogen refueling station.
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Prontera, Andrea. "Italian Hydrogen Policy: Drivers, Constraints and Recent Developments." In Studies in Energy, Resource and Environmental Economics, 149–63. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-59515-8_8.
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AbstractItaly presents, potentially, some important comparative advantages in the emerging clean hydrogen economy. However, unlike other large EU countries, Italy has not yet issued a comprehensive strategy on hydrogen nor has it developed a coherent hydrogen diplomacy. It was only with the National Recovery and Resilience Plan, launched in the wake of the COVID-19 crisis, that Italy upgraded its measures for promoting green hydrogen and related activities. The main players in the Italian hydrogen landscape are national industrial actors, especially state-owned energy companies. This leading role can be an important asset to overcome the problems related to an industrial system otherwise composed of small and medium companies, which can suffer competition from hydrogen frontrunners. Externally, Italy has supported all the European and multilateral initiatives on hydrogen. The main focus of the Italian international approach, however, is linked to the hydrogen hub concept, which targets the MENA region and is also supported by its national energy companies. This concept has received a further push after the beginning of the war in Ukraine. Yet, its practical realization is very problematic because of domestic and external challenges.
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Hays, G. N., L. C. Pitchford, J. B. Gerardo, J. T. Verdeyen, and Y. M. Li. "Excitation and Ionization Rates in Hydrogen at Very High E/n." In Swarm Studies and Inelastic Electron-Molecule Collisions, 107. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4662-6_22.
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Wallenborn, J., and B. Bernu. "A Model for the Ionization Equilibrium of a Very Dense Hydrogen Plasma." In TEUBNER-TEXTE zur Physik, 113–16. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-99736-4_14.
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Honkonen, Scott C., and David J. Chato. "Comparison of Liquid Hydrogen no-Vent Fill Test Data with Analytic Models." In Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, 153–60. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2522-6_18.
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Moran, Matthew E., Ted W. Nyland, and Susan L. Driscoll. "Hydrogen No-Vent Fill Testing in a 34 Liter (1.2 Cubic Foot) Tank." In Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, 1257–64. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3368-9_59.
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Goss, W. M., Claire Hooker, and Ronald D. Ekers. "To the US National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 1961." In Historical & Cultural Astronomy, 653–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07916-0_38.
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AbstractRabi to Pawsey 31 October 1961:By 1960, radio astronomy was flourishing in the USA. The pace of development had greatly intensified from 1955 to 1960. Radio astronomy had developed in multiple groups spread across the country, a very different pattern from the single Australian group and the two groups in the UK. By 1957 the universities of California (Berkeley), Cornell, Harvard, Ohio State and Stanford all had active radio astronomy programs. At the Carnegie Institute Department of Terrestrial Magnetism (DTM), Franklin and Burke had discovered the intense bursts of radio emission from Jupiter, and the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) had made detailed studies of the thermal emission from the moon and the planets using their 50-foot dish. Following the detection of the 21 cm hydrogen line by Ewen and Purcell at Harvard, Bart Bok (Harvard astronomy department) had built up a group of astronomers focussed on the interpretation of observations of the 21 cm hydrogen line. As noted by Kellermann et al. (Open Skies, 2020, p. 54), the Harvard project was managed by astronomers and not by radio scientists as in Australia and the UK. Many of these Harvard graduates were to become members of the NRAO scientific staff, a very different team composition than the instrumentally based groups of radio scientists and engineers that dominated the Australian groups.
Conference papers on the topic "Hydrogène vert"
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Haberbusch, Mark, and Terry Hui. "No-Vent� Liquid Hydrogen Storage System." In 45th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2009-5331.
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Kakatsios, Xenophon K. "Hydrogen: A Very Promising Energy Carrier for the Future." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33208.
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As we enter the new century, new fuels may be required for both stationary power and transportation to ameliorate the triple threats of local air pollution, global climate change and dependence on unstable nations for imported oil. Shifting away from fossil fuels may be essential within decades if citizens in the developing world achieve even a significant fraction of the per capita energy consumption enjoyed by the industrial nations. Business-as-usual or evolutionary shifts in energy consumption patterns may not be adequate. New paradigms and new energy initiatives may be required to protect the environment while providing the energy services we have come to expect. Hydrogen could play a significant role as a clean energy carrier in the future for both stationary and transportation markets. Produced from renewable energy or nuclear power, hydrogen could become the backbone of a truly sustainable energy future – an energy system that consumes no non-renewable resources and creates no pollution or greenhouse gases of any type during operation. However, to achieve this potential, hydrogen must overcome serious economic, technological and safety perception barriers before it can displace fossil fuels as the primary energy carrier throughout the world. In this paper we explore the current status of hydrogen and fuel cell systems compared to other fuel options for reducing pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and suggest the introduction of hydrogen into the energy economy.
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Molkov, V., V. Shentsov, and J. Quintiere. "Sustained Hydrogen Leak Concentration in Enclosure with One Vent." In Proceedings of the Seventh International Seminar Fire and Explosion Hazards. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-5936-0_14-03.
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Zhang, Chongchong, Heyi Feng, Lijing Mu, Xin Wang, and Guide Deng. "Safety Assessment of Hydrogen Discharge With Various Types of Vent Exit." In ASME 2023 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2023-106155.
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Abstract A hydrogen vent is one of the fundamental equipment that ensures safe operation of hydrogen systems. Its venting direction could significantly affect the hydrogen concentration in the surrounding air. As the density of hydrogen is small compared to air, a hydrogen vent is typically installed away from personnel exposure area, which minimizes safety risk during venting process. However, a vent exit with an upward direction has a risk of taking in rainwater. Thus, this article studies the effect of the vent exit directions in hydrogen system from safety perspective; the considered directions are horizontal, vertical downwards, and a miter cut. The analysis was carried out by numerical simulation, in which the effect of discharge speed, wind speed, and nitrogen concentration were considered. The nitrogen concentration was considered because the system may be discharged with nitrogen gas before operation, some left-over nitrogen gas in pipelines may mix with hydrogen at the beginning of system operation. The safety margin in the study was taken as 25% of hydrogen lower explosive limit (LEL), which is 1% volume concentration of hydrogen. The results show that the vertical downwards vent results in the greatest risk distance. In contrast, risk distance is the smallest with horizontal vent. Compared to pure hydrogen discharging, hydrogen-nitrogen mixture gas would increase the risk distance. The distance reaches maximum for horizontal, vertical downwards, and miter cut when the nitrogen concentration is 95%, 75%, and 55%, respectively. The maximum distances are 0.8m, 0.5m, and 0.2m, respectively. It can be observed that the wind speed significantly affects the hydrogen diffusion at the vent exit, in which the increasing amount of vertical downwards vent is greater than horizontal vent at level 1 wind speed (0.3 m/s). The risk distance decreases at level 2 wind speed (1.6 m/s) because the hydrogen concentration is reduced due to diffusion. Among the studied vent exit direction, the horizontal vent has the best overall performance, while vertical downwards vent has the worst overall performance.
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Hecht, Ethan, and Nick Killingsworth. "Effect of wind on cryogenic hydrogen dispersion from vent stacks." In Proposed for presentation at the International Conference on Hydrogen Safety held September 21-24, 2021 in Edinburgh, Scottland. US DOE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1888420.
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Halsey, David. "A Zero-Gravity Thermodynamic Vent System for a Liquid Hydrogen Tank." In Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/871521.
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Giraud, Pascal, Hugo Bruhier, Isabel Verrier, Salma Rabaj Pacha, Christelle Varenne, Jérôme Brunet, Amadou Ndiaye, and Yves Jourlin. "SPR sensor based on switch effect for very low hydrogen detection." In Functional Materials: Advances and Applications, edited by Alistair H. Kean and Nikhil Bhalla. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2691091.
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Abe, Katsuya, Akira Yamada, and Makoto Konagai. "Characterization of Hydrogen in Epitaxial Si Films Grown at Very Low Temperature." In 1997 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.1997.a-13-3.
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Ni, Hang, Xinhe Qu, Gang Zhao, Ping Zhang, and Wei Peng. "Energy Analysis and Parametric Study of Hydrogen and Electricity Co-Production System Coupled With a Very-High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor." In 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-91900.
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Abstract Hydrogen is an important clean alternative energy resource for the future, and nuclear hydrogen production can efficiently produce carbon-free hydrogen on a large scale. In this study, a hydrogen and electricity co-production system coupling iodine-sulfur cycle with a very-high-temperature gas-cooled reactor is proposed. The helium on the secondary side of the intermediate heat exchanger provides high-grade heat for the sulfuric acid decomposition reactor and hydroiodic acid decomposition reactor, and the steam extracted from the power generation circuit provides low-grade heat for other hydrogen production components. A supercritical steam generator is used and a reheating section is designed to improve power generation efficiency. The energy analysis reveals that as the hydrogen production rate increases, the power generation efficiency decreases, whereas the overall hydrogen and electricity efficiency increases. The power generation efficiency and overall hydrogen and electricity efficiency of the system are 38.2 % and 45.5 % at a hydrogen production rate of 161.73 mol/s. The parametric study shows that the power generation efficiency and overall hydrogen and electricity efficiency of the system increase with an increase in the main steam temperature or main steam pressure, and decrease with an increase in the reheated steam pressure. Among the three parameters, the main steam temperature markedly affects the performance of the system, followed by the reheated steam pressure and main steam pressure.
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Kiefer, Thomas, Arnaud Salette, Guillermo Villanueva, and Jurgen Brugger. "Very large scale arrays of chemo-mechanical nanoswitches for ultralow power hydrogen sensing." In 23rd IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memsys.2010.5442547.
Full textReports on the topic "Hydrogène vert"
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Gillette, J. L., and R. L. Kolpa. ANL-08-02 Overview of Interstate Hydrogen Pipeline Systems. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011902.
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Design requirements for hydrogen pipelines are still evolving. Although there are several hundred miles of hydrogen pipelines throughout the world, most hydrogen pipelines are designed to transport hydrogen only short distances, from the production facility to the end-user. Many such applications typically represent only a few hundred feet of pipeline and operate with maximum pressures of considerably less than the 1,000 psi absolute (psia) or more that would likely be required for long-distance pipeline transmission of hydrogen. The safety record for these pipelines is considered to be very good. This safe history notwithstanding, the definition of required safety margins, codes, and standards for application to large-scale hydrogen transport remains a work in progress. It is therefore not possible at this time to definitively specify the design details of hydrogen transmission pipelines. However, based on the design parameters of some hydrogen pipelines and on experience with natural gas pipelines, it is reasonable to suggest some design parameters that could very well be applicable to the flow rates, distances, and pressures associated with the long-distance transmission of hydrogen via pipeline.
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PARMA, JR, EDWARD J., PAUL S. PICKARD, and AHTI JORMA SUO-ANTTILA. Very High Efficiency Reactor (VHER) Concepts for Electrical Power Generation and Hydrogen Production. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/820885.
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PACKER, M. J. Evaluation of Helium Purge & Vent Process to Reduce Hydrogen Concentrations in the Large Diameter Container & Cask Void Volumes at T Plant. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/808360.
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Bruce. L52059 Evaluation of Grouted Tee Connections for Thin-Walled Pipe. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), May 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010250.
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There are a number of applications where the attachment of hot tap fittings to in-service pipelines by welding is difficult, if not impossible. These applications include very thin-wall pipelines, older carbon steel pipelines with very high carbon equivalent values, pipelines made of high-alloy materials, sub-sea pipelines, etc. There are two primary concerns with welding onto in-service pipelines and piping systems. The first concern is for welder safety during welding, since there is a risk of burnthrough, where the welding arc causes the pipe wall to be penetrated allowing the contents to escape. The second concern is for the integrity of the system following welding, since welds made in-service cool at an accelerated rate as the result of the flowing contents ability to remove heat from the pipe wall. These welds, therefore, are likely to have hard, crack-susceptible heat-affected zones (HAZs) and may be susceptible to hydrogen cracking. An alternative method of attaching hot tap fittings is therefore attractive. This repot evaluated the use of Grouted Tee technology developed by Advantica for the installation of in-service branch connections in situations where in-service welding is difficult or impossible.
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Chen, Weixing. PR-378-083601-R02 Effect of Pressure Fluctuations on Growth Rate of Near-Neutral pH SCC. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011010.
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This report summarizes the work completed in Phase 1 and Phase 2 of PRCI SCC-2-12 project: Effect of Pressure Fluctuations on Growth Rate of Near-Neutral pH SCC. The following two insights from the two-phase PRCI SCC 2-12 project can be proven to be the most important: 1) The identification of three types of pressure fluctuations and their different susceptibility to crack growth; 2) The importance of load interaction effects during variable amplitude pressure fluctuations in the prediction of crack growth rate. The work has enabled us to divide near-neutral pH SCC cracking into the following two governing processes: the dissolution growth process for crack initiation and early stage crack growth and the hydrogen facilitated fatigue growth after crack initiation and dormancy. The first process features very high rate of dissolution at the pipe surface caused by various forms of galvanic processes and reduced crack growth in the depth direction leading to crack dormancy. The hydrogen facilitated fatigue growth process has been determined to be predominant for the crack growth after crack initiation and dormancy. Depending on the location of pipeline sections, the pressure fluctuations could be characterized into three types based on the relative pressure levels of the large loading events and the minor cycles. It has been determined from extensive experimental investigations that crack growth under Type I pressure fluctuations with frequent underload cycles, which is often found within 30 km downstream of a compressor station, can be enhanced significantly because of effects of load interactions of variable amplitude of cyclic loading. The load-interactions during SCC of pipeline steels in near-neutral pH environments are complex, which include both the time independent load-history interactions and the time dependent load interactions related to the rate of diffusion of hydrogen and hydrogen embrittlement in response to various scenarios of pressure fluctuations. Based on the experimental findings obtained, strategies for mitigating near-neutral pH crack initiation and crack growth during field operations have been proposed. The experimental findings have also been integrated into a software, namely the Pipe-Online, for making crack growth and remaining life prediction. For the purpose of capturing all the crack-growth contributing events of pressure fluctuations for life predictions, a method of recording pressure fluctuations has also been developed.
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Sentcоv, Valentin, Andrei Reutov, and Vyacheslav Kuzmin. Electronic training manual "Acute poisoning with gaseous toxicants". SIB-Expertise, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0775.29012024.
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The widespread use of dichloroethane, hydrogen tetrachloride, trichlorethylene in various sectors of modern industry and the high (up to 50%) mortality rate in case of poisoning with these toxicants indicate the need for increased attention to the understanding and treatment of poisonings with these toxicants. The very widespread use of chlorine and ammonia in large cities for various activities creates an increased risk to the health of the population of large and small cities and towns. This electronic educational resourse consists of six theoretical educational modules: acute poisoning with dichloroethane, acute poisoning with carbon tetrachloride, acute poisoning with trichlorethylene, acute poisoning with chlorine, acute poisoning with ammonia, acute injuries with irritants. The theoretical block of modules is presented by presentations, the text of lectures with illustrations. Control classes in the form of test control accompany each theoretical module. After studying all modules, the student passes the final test control. Mastering the electronic educational resourse will ensure a high level of readiness to provide specialized toxicological care by doctors of various specialties.
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Sentcоv, Valentin, Andrei Reutov, and Vyacheslav Kuzmin. Electronic training manual "Acute poisoning with psychotropic substances". SIB-Expertise, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0777.29012024.
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The significant variety of properties and wide distribution of opiates and opioids in the modern pharmaceutical industry entail not only positive, but also negative consequences in people's lives. The constant search for new drugs entails the emergence of new substances with psychotropic effects. The widespread use of vinegar essence in the food industry, nitrogen oxides in agriculture, and the frequent appearance of carbon disulfide in everyday life create an increased risk to public health. Positional compression syndrome very often accompanies poisoning with psychotropic substances, which leads to a high risk of disability for victims or even death. This electronic educational resourse consists of seven theoretical educational modules: opioid poisoning, acute psychostimulant poisoning, vinegar essence poisoning, acute carbon monoxide poisoning, acute nitrogen oxide poisoning, acute hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide poisoning, positional compression syndrome. The theoretical block of modules is presented by presentations, the text of lectures with illustrations. Control classes in the form of test control accompany each theoretical module. After studying all modules, the student passes the final test control. Mastering the electronic educational resourse will ensure a high level of readiness to provide specialized toxicological care by doctors of various specialties.
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Krishna, Shree, and Ravi Krishnamurthy. PR-328-173802-R01 Hard Spot NDE Evaluation. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011542.
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The presence of hard spot in pipelines, a localized confined region of relatively higher hardness, are prone to crack initiation and hydrogen embrittlement. Early detection of hard spots before it can be an integrity threat is an essential part of integrity management plan for pipelines susceptible to hard spot related failures. Electromagnetic principles and its dependence on the microstructure, heat treatment and chemistry are used effectively for hard spots characterization. The ability to detect shallow hard spots is essential for thermo-mechanically heat treated steel. It is unclear whether there are commercial tools that are effective, and no quantitative data is available. A holistic review of the existing and emerging technologies and their theoretical basis for the hard spot detection and their applicability to pipelines is indeed needed. This work reviews the electromagnetic principles that are applicable for hard spot detection/discrimination, and the applicable technologies that are either developed or being developed by various global NDE suppliers. Four different technologies have been identified for further examination during Phase II. The intent would be to quantify the detection/discrimination and characterization capabilities of each of these technologies. Selected providers have a unique way of hard spot identification and it would be very beneficial to compare their performance in the phase-II of this project. Inspection approaches, their key principles and their latest development are presented in this report.
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Adas, Camilo Abduch. Decarbonization Routes for Global Road Mobility and Regional Challenges. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2023025.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The importance of decarbonizing mobility to slow climate change is already a common goal worldwide. However, there is a lack of alignment on which technological routes to take. While the electrification of mobility assumes dominance in some markets, it is essential to consider specificities of each region so that different applications of transport modes can be concretely evaluated.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph"><b>Decarbonization Routes for Global Road Mobility and Regional Challenges</b> discusses regional approaches, such as those from Brazil and India, that can offer more representative participation in global decarbonization processes. These routes leverage these countries’ domestic talent and regional potential instead of simply copying the solutions coming from developed countries. Biofuels, biomass, and green hydrogen can be very effective ways of reducing global warming for these countries and others with similar economic characteristics, bringing more opportunities for market development and competitive advantages for various economic sectors.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph"><a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank">Click here to access the full SAE EDGE</a><sup>TM</sup><a href="https://www.sae.org/publications/edge-research-reports" target="_blank"> Research Report portfolio.</a></div></div>
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Swankie, Martin, and Andrews. L51641 Evaluate NDT Methods for Welds in Service. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), March 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010626.
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The inspection of welds made onto in-service pipelines, which are made primarily for attaching branch connections and repair sleeves, has been the subject of much concern in recent years. The difficulties associated with the inspection of these welds have long been recognized and, historically, the amount of inspection given to such welds has been small. The inspection of welds joining various appurtenances to pipelines is hampered for a number of reasons. The joint geometries can vary considerably, but none of them are particularly suited to detailed inspection. Surface techniques, such as magnetic particle and liquid-penetrant testing, rely on the flaws being at or near the surface, and this is not necessarily the case with the welds of concern. Radiography is difficult since it is not possible to place a radiation source within the pipeline. Ultrasonic inspection is, therefore, the only option if a full volumetric inspection is required. This is made difficult by the inherent complex geometries, and limited access to many of the welds. Welding on pipelines containing flowing, pressurized products results in very rapid cooling of the weld metal and heat-affected-zone regions, significantly increasing the risk of cracking. The use of high hydrogen consumables (specifically EXX10 SMAW electrodes) adds considerably to the risk The probability of discontinuities forming during welding on in-service pipelines is therefore considerably greater than for pipelines that do not contain flowing products. The goal of the present work was to evaluate existing techniques, and to develop and verify improved methodsfor inspection of such welds. In the first phase of this program, welded assemblies that contain realistic examples of discontinuities that occur in practice were produced In the second phase, the reliability of existing nondestructive testing methods were evaluated along with the reliability of novel nondestructive testing systems. The overall objectives of these first two phases were to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of nondestructive testing methods currently applied to welds made onto in-service pipelines, and to assess the improvement possible with methods that are more advanced, but so far have had limited application to these welds. The objective for the Phase III continuation of this project is to demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of nondestructive testing methods using procedures that are optimized based on the knowledge acquired in the first two phases.