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Journal articles on the topic 'Hydrogeology, groundwater, modelling, Iraq'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Najeeb, Fadi Raed. "Hydrogeology of Al-Hamdaniya, Northern Iraq." Iraqi Geological Journal 54, no. 2B (2021): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.54.2b.10ms-2021-08-30.

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The current study evaluated the hydrogeological conditions and hydraulic properties of the groundwater aquifers in Qaraqosh, Karamless and Bartella areas within Al-Hamdaniya district east Mosul. The depths and water tables of groundwater for 48 well were measured in October 2019, were ranged between 5 - 45 meters and 234 - 278.5 meters, respectively. The highest water table reaches in the center of the studied area north Qaraqosh and decreases gradually in all directions. A map of the flow net was drawn, and it was found that the general direction of water movement is from north to south, with

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STAŚKO, Stanisław. "NUMERICAL MODELLING IN POLISH HYDROGEOLOGY – SHORT REVIEW OF RESULTS IN 2004–2017 YEARS." Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego 471 (October 1, 2018): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.4932.

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Review of more than 200 publications on numerical modelling in hydrogeology has been presented as a base for the presentation the progress and development of this widely used method, especially during the years 2004–2017. Three stages in the research methods of modelling has been noticed. The main trends in the field of modelling groundwater flow, the mass transport and pollutants migration, practical applications, research processes and improvement of the research method has been discussed. Highlighting the many benefits of this method are given some examples as well as indicated on the const

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3

Ouedraogo, Issoufou, Arthur Girard, Marnik Vanclooster, and François Jonard. "Modelling the Temporal Dynamics of Groundwater Pollution Risks at the African Scale." Water 12, no. 5 (2020): 1406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051406.

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Groundwater pollution risk modelling is an important asset to improve groundwater management and protection. In this study, we assess the temporal dynamics of groundwater pollution risk at the continental scale, using the DRASTIC model. The approach was developed using continental-scale data on soil properties, topography, land use, geology, hydrogeology, and climate with a resolution of 15 × 15 km2. We compared continental-scale groundwater pollution risk for the years 1990, 2000, and 2010. The results showed significant inter-annual variations of the spatial distribution of pollution risk. C

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Karim, Hawber A., and Diary A. Al-Manmi. "Integrating GIS-based and geophysical techniques for groundwater potential assessment in Halabja Said Sadiq sub-basin, Kurdistan, NE Iraq." Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 24, no. 6 (2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/j.v24i6.891.

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Groundwater is an important resource in Halabja Said Sadiq sab-basin, Sulaymaniyah district for agricultural and other uses. Continuous dramatic extraction of groundwater from legal and illegal wells led to a severe decline in the water table for the last thirty years. The objectives of this study are to delineate the groundwater productivity zones by combining the geographic information system and geoelectrical survey, which serves to recognize the locations of good groundwater storage and recharge zones. The Halabja Said Sadiq sub-basin has been selected as a case study to delineate the grou

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Hernàndez-Diaz, Rebeca, Emma Petrella, Antonio Bucci, et al. "Integrating Hydrogeological and Microbiological Data and Modelling to Characterize the Hydraulic Features and Behaviour of Coastal Carbonate Aquifers: A Case in Western Cuba." Water 11, no. 10 (2019): 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11101989.

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Carbonate aquifers are the primary source of freshwater in Cuba. Unfortunately, coastal groundwater is often contaminated by seawater intrusion. The main aim of the present study was to test the efficacy of an experimental modelling approach, ranging from hydrogeology/geomorphology to microbiology, to better characterise both the hydraulic features and behaviour of a coastal carbonate aquifer and acquire useful information to prevent groundwater salinization. The interdisciplinary approach was an effective tool in order to understand (i) the hydraulic role played by some fault zones; (ii) the

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Ali, Sayhan Mahmood Mustafa, and Omer S. Ibrahiem Al-Tamimi. "Hydraulic Characteristics of the Aquifer up Al-Khassa Dam Sub-Basin Kirkuk/NE Iraq." Iraqi Journal of Science 60, no. 5 (2019): 1085–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2019.60.5.17.

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The aim of this study is to the evaluation of the general hydrogeology condition of the Al-Khassa sub-basin area. Pumping test has been done for five wells in the area. The hydrogeological characteristics (transmissivity, hydraulic conductivity and storage coefficient) were determined in the area by input data which obtained from the pumping test process into the (AquiferWin32, Version 5) software program. The data were analyzed using Copper-Jacob, Theis and Hantuosh methods for pumping, the values of hydraulic characteristics range from: transmissivity (0.98 to 19.57) mÂ²/day in (W7-W9-W10-W1

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Whitehead, P. G., and W. M. Edmunds. "Modelling and reconstruction of the River Kennet palaeohydrology and hydrogeology: Silbury Hill and Avebury in 4,400 BP." Hydrology Research 43, no. 5 (2012): 551–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2012.137.

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With the availability of Global Circulation Models (GCMs) it is now possible to apply hydrological and hydrogeological models and knowledge to assess environmental conditions in past climates. In the upper Kennet there is considerable interest in the development of the construction of the man-made hill at Silbury. Silbury was built in several stages over a period of time and the question arises as to the availability of water for the people who built Silbury. The current Kennet flows at Silbury are low and the current stream tends to be dry for on average 5 months of the year. The aim of the r

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Khayyun, Thair Sharif, and Mustafa Talib Sharif. "Modelling of Groundwater Quality of Tigris River Reach-in Baghdad-Iraq Using Groundwater Modeling System Software." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 779, no. 1 (2021): 012087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/779/1/012087.

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9

H. Jalut, Qassem. "Modelling of Groundwater Flow of Baquba District Area, Diyala Governorate, North-East, Iraq." Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences 13, no. 3 (2020): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24237/djes.2020.13302.

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Onafeso, O. D., A. O. Olusola, and S. A. Adeniyi. "Hydrogeological deep percolation modelling of groundwater recharge in Voinjama Region, Liberia." Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management 9, no. 6 (2016): 700–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejesm.v9i6.4.

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Indirect physical methods of assess groundwater recharge rely on the measurement or estimation of soil physical parameters, which along with soil physical principles; can be used to estimate the potential or actual recharge. However, the deep percolation method uses a daily water- budget approach to simulate deep percolation. In this method, the model computes daily fluxes of water into and out of a volume extending from the top of foliage to the bottom of the root zone and accounts for changes in water content. In most environments, deep percolation is destined to recharge the saturated syste

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Ouedraogo, Issoufou, and Marnik Vanclooster. "A meta-analysis and statistical modelling of nitrates in groundwater at the African scale." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 6 (2016): 2353–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-2353-2016.

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Abstract. Contamination of groundwater with nitrate poses a major health risk to millions of people around Africa. Assessing the space–time distribution of this contamination, as well as understanding the factors that explain this contamination, is important for managing sustainable drinking water at the regional scale. This study aims to assess the variables that contribute to nitrate pollution in groundwater at the African scale by statistical modelling. We compiled a literature database of nitrate concentration in groundwater (around 250 studies) and combined it with digital maps of physica

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Al-Muqdadi, Sameh W. H., Rudy Abo, Mohammed O. Khattab, and Firas M. Abdulhussein. "Groundwater Flow-Modeling and Sensitivity Analysis in a Hyper Arid Region." Water 12, no. 8 (2020): 2131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082131.

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Groundwater modelling is particularly challenging in arid regions where limited water recharge is available. A fault zone will add a significant challenge to the modelling process. The Western Desert in Iraq has been chosen to implement the modelling concept and calculate the model sensitivity to the changes in aquifer hydraulic properties and calibration by researching 102 observations and irrigation wells. MODFLOW-NWT, which is a Newtonian formulation for MODFLOW-2005 approaches, have been used in this study. Further, the simulation run has been implemented using the Upstream-Weighting packa

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Ashoor, Fatin Abdul_kareem, Amer D. Zmat, and Muthanna H. AlDahhan. "Pellet Softening Process for the Removal of the Groundwater Hardness; Modelling and Experimentation." Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences 12, no. 3 (2019): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30772/qjes.v12i3.603.

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A lab scale pellet reactor (PR) was designed and fabricated to carry out extensive investigations on the removal efficiency of the hardness of groundwater. The groundwater of 2200 – 2600 mg/L hardness was collected from Abdulla Ibnalhassan wells area located at the west desert of Al-Shinafiyah district (70 km to the southwest of Al-Dewaniyah city, Iraq). Both hydrodynamic parameters of the pellet reactor (porosity and fluidized bed height) and the parameters of calcium carbonate crystallization process (calcium carbonate equilibrium, pellet size, and density) were modeled and compared with the

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Sumer, S. M., J. J. Elton, and J. A. Tapics. "Dewatering optimization using a groundwater flow model at the Whitewood open-pit coal mine, Alberta." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 25, no. 4 (1988): 684–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t88-079.

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By 1980, coal production and coal recovery at the Whitewood mine, Alberta, were unacceptably low as a result of poor groundwater and surface water control at the mine. A feasibility study conducted to determine the most cost-effective method to reduce groundwater inflows into the mine pit and reduce pore-water pressures in the mine walls concluded that a vertical well dewatering system, which would be located behind the highwall, was the most suitable. A finite difference computer model was constructed and successfully applied to design the dewatering system. The flexibility and ease of applic

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Shishaye, Haile A., Douglas R. Tait, Kevin M. Befus, Damien T. Maher, and Michael J. Reading. "New insights into the hydrogeology and groundwater flow in the Great Barrier Reef catchment, Australia, revealed through 3D modelling." Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 30 (August 2020): 100708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2020.100708.

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16

He, X. L., T. O. Sonnenborg, F. Jørgensen, and K. H. Jensen. "The effect of training image and secondary data integration with multiple-point geostatistics in groundwater modelling." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 8 (2014): 2943–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2943-2014.

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Abstract. Multiple-point geostatistical simulation (MPS) has recently become popular in stochastic hydrogeology, primarily because of its capability to derive multivariate distributions from a training image (TI). However, its application in three-dimensional (3-D) simulations has been constrained by the difficulty of constructing a 3-D TI. The object-based unconditional simulation program TiGenerator may be a useful tool in this regard; yet the applicability of such parametric training images has not been documented in detail. Another issue in MPS is the integration of multiple geophysical da

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17

Frick, Maximilian, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, Mauro Cacace, and Michael Schneider. "Boundary condition control on inter-aquifer flow in the subsurface of Berlin (Germany) – new insights from 3-D numerical modelling." Advances in Geosciences 49 (August 6, 2019): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-49-9-2019.

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Abstract. We investigate the degree of hydraulic interconnection between the different (regional to local) groundwater compartments with respect to the choice of boundary conditions and their impact onto the groundwater safety beneath the urban centre of Berlin, capital city of Germany. To this end, we carry out a systematic study based on 3-D hydrothermal models differing in terms of imposed parametric set-ups of the hydrogeology, as well as different surface forcing with respect to their impact on fresh groundwater production. The study area is part of the Northeast German Basin and consists

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18

Al-Jawad, Jafar Y., Sadik B. Al-Jawad, and Robert M. Kalin. "Decision-Making Challenges of Sustainable Groundwater Strategy under Multi-Event Pressure in Arid Environments: The Diyala River Basin in Iraq." Water 11, no. 10 (2019): 2160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102160.

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A robust decision-making tool is needed to meet sustainability challenges and to manage water resources that are under development pressure, water scarcity, and climate change impact. To tackle such challenges, optimization modelling can be employed to explore regional sustainable management scenarios of groundwater exploitation. Multi-objective management modelling of various alternatives was developed for the Diyala River Basin in Iraq using Borg multi-objectives evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) and ε-DSEA algorithms. In almost all modelled cases, the upper aquifer storage is predicted to be de

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19

Benischke, Ralf. "Review: Advances in the methodology and application of tracing in karst aquifers." Hydrogeology Journal 29, no. 1 (2021): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02278-9.

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AbstractTracer methods have been widely used in many fields of environmental and natural sciences, and also in human health sciences. In particular, tracers are used in the study of karst hydrogeology, typically focusing on phenomena such as sinkholes, sinking rivers and large karst springs. It is known that tracers have been used since antiquity. The aim of tracer tests has been to investigate underground flow paths, transport processes and water–rock interactions, and to get an insight into the functioning of a karst aquifer. In karst hydrogeology, tracer methods are the most important inves

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Grundmann, Jens, Ayisha Al-Khatri, and Niels Schütze. "Managing saltwater intrusion in coastal arid regions and its societal implications for agriculture." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 373 (May 12, 2016): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-373-31-2016.

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Abstract. Coastal aquifers in arid and semiarid regions are particularly at risk due to intrusion of salty marine water. Since groundwater is predominantly used in irrigated agriculture, its excessive pumping – above the natural rate of replenishment – strengthen the intrusion process. Using this increasingly saline water for irrigation, leads to a destruction of valuable agricultural resources and the economic basis of farmers and their communities. The limitation of resources (water and soil) in these regions requires a societal adaptation and change in behaviour as well as the development o

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21

Nilsson, Ann-Chatrin, María J. Gimeno, Eva-Lena Tullborg, et al. "Methodology for Hydrogeochemical Sampling to Characterise Groundwaters in Crystalline Bedrock: Developments Made within the Swedish Radwaste Programme." Geofluids 2020 (August 3, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8740492.

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The search by SKB (Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co.) for a site to locate the deep geological repository for spent nuclear fuel in Sweden has involved geoscientific investigations at several locations since the 1970s. The objectives were to characterise geologically a bedrock volume as well as its hydrogeology and hydrochemistry. To acquire high-quality hydrogeochemical data, a complete system for groundwater sampling and analysis, as well as for interpretation strategies, has been developed through a continuous process of modification and refinement. Since the largest part of the

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Fronzi, Davide, Francesco Mirabella, Carlo Cardellini, et al. "The Role of Faults in Groundwater Circulation before and after Seismic Events: Insights from Tracers, Water Isotopes and Geochemistry." Water 13, no. 11 (2021): 1499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13111499.

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The interaction between fluids and tectonic structures such as fault systems is a much-discussed issue. Many scientific works are aimed at understanding what the role of fault systems in the displacement of deep fluids is, by investigating the interaction between the upper mantle, the lower crustal portion and the upraising of gasses carried by liquids. Many other scientific works try to explore the interaction between the recharge processes, i.e., precipitation, and the fault zones, aiming to recognize the function of the abovementioned structures and their capability to direct groundwater fl

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Messerschmid, Clemens, Martin Sauter, and Jens Lange. "Field-based estimation and modelling of distributed groundwater recharge in a Mediterranean karst catchment, Wadi Natuf, West Bank." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 2 (2020): 887–917. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-887-2020.

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Abstract. While groundwater recharge is one of the most prominently covered subjects in hydrogeology, the spatial distribution of recharge has been given relatively little attention, especially in semi-arid, karstic aquifers. Under conditions of highly diverse geology, relief, vegetation and land use, the complexity and variability of spatially distributed hydrological processes remains a challenge in many regions around the world. This is particularly true for hitherto ungauged basins, such as Wadi Natuf, a 103 km2 large karstic Eastern Mediterranean watershed in the Palestinian upstream moun

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Iwanaga, Takuya, Fateme Zare, Barry Croke, et al. "Development of an integrated model for the Campaspe catchment: a tool to help improve understanding of the interaction between society, policy, farming decision, ecology, hydrology and climate." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 379 (June 5, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-379-1-2018.

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Abstract. Management of water resources requires understanding of the hydrology and hydrogeology, as well as the policy and human drivers and their impacts. This understanding requires relevant inputs from a wide range of disciplines, which will vary depending on the specific case study. One approach to gain understanding of the impact of climate and society on water resources is through the use of an integrated modelling process that engages stakeholders and experts in specifics of problem framing, co-design of the underpinning conceptual model, and discussion of the ensuing results. In this

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Sharpe, D. R., A. Pugin, S. E. Pullan, and G. Gorrell. "Application of seismic stratigraphy and sedimentology to regional hydrogeological investigations: an example from Oak Ridges Moraine, southern Ontario, Canada." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 40, no. 4 (2003): 711–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t03-020.

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Hydrogeological models need to be supported by a clear understanding of the subsurface geology to provide effective assessment, flow modelling, or management of groundwater regimes. This paper illustrates how geophysical and sedimentological data can be used to significantly improve watershed-scale hydrostratigraphic models by advancing our understanding of the subsurface through regional hydrogeological investigations in the Greater Toronto Area. The example of a 3 km shallow seismic reflection survey that traverses a buried channel within Bowmanville Creek watershed, Oak Ridges Moraine, Onta

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Tecklenburg, Christina, and Theresa Blume. "Identifying, characterizing and predicting spatial patterns of lacustrine groundwater discharge." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 10 (2017): 5043–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-5043-2017.

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Abstract. Lacustrine groundwater discharge (LGD) can significantly affect lake water balances and lake water quality. However, quantifying LGD and its spatial patterns is challenging because of the large spatial extent of the aquifer–lake interface and pronounced spatial variability. This is the first experimental study to specifically study these larger-scale patterns with sufficient spatial resolution to systematically investigate how landscape and local characteristics affect the spatial variability in LGD. We measured vertical temperature profiles around a 0.49 km2 lake in northeastern Ger

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Daraei, Rahman, Bengin M.A. Herki, and Aryan Far H.Sherwani. "Study on the Rapid Drawdown and Its Effect on Portal Subsidence of Heybat Sultan Twin Tunnels in Kurdistan-Iraq." Civil Engineering Journal 3, no. 7 (2017): 496–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2017-00000108.

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The excavation of tunnels below the water table causes variations in the hydraulic level, pore pressure and effective stresses. In this regard, rapid drawdown is considered as a destructive phenomenon as to the change in the flow regime which has mostly been studied for the reservoirs of embankment dams. The rapid drawdown occurred at the upstream shell of the dam gives rise to increase in the pore pressure at the upstream shell. This is as a result of the incompliance between the water loss inside the shell and the reservoir water level. Hence, it would be more likely to have instability and

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Arfib, Bruno, Ghislain de Marsily, and Jacques Ganoulis. "Coastal karst springs in the Mediterranean basin : study of the mechanisms of saline pollution at the Almyros spring (Crete), observations and modelling." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 173, no. 3 (2002): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/173.3.245.

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Abstract Variations in salinity and flow rate in the aerial, naturally salty spring of Almyros of Heraklion on Crete were monitored during two hydrological cycles. We describe the functioning of the coastal karstic system of the Almyros and show the influence of the duality of the flow in the karst (conduits and fractured matrix) on the quality of the water resource in the coastal area. A mechanism of saltwater intrusion into this highly heterogeneous system is proposed and validated with a hydraulic mathematical model, which describes the observations remarkably well. Introduction. – Fresh gr

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Preene, Martin. "Conceptual modelling for the design of groundwater control systems." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, November 13, 2020, qjegh2020–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/qjegh2020-138.

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Groundwater control is required to allow excavations and tunnels to be formed in stable and workably dry conditions below groundwater level. Representative and relevant conceptual models are an essential requirement for the successful development of groundwater control schemes. Prior to construction, conceptual models can aid the planning of ground investigations to help select borehole depths, borehole locations and hydrogeological testing methods. During construction the effectiveness of groundwater control techniques will vary with different hydrogeological conditions and the hydraulic cond

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Al-Manmi, Diary A. Mohammed, Sarkhel H. Mohammed, and Péter Szűcs. "Integrated remote sensing and GIS techniques to delineate groundwater potential area of Chamchamal basin, Sulaymaniyah, NE Iraq." Kuwait Journal of Science 48, no. 3 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.48129/kjs.v48i3.9699.

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Groundwater management in the semi-arid areas is a crucial issue and requires more scientific study and techniques. Groundwater potential areas for part of the Chamchamal basin are determined using two techniques, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and a geographic information system (GIS). Several Input factors were used to produce a thematic map, including geology, structure, drainage density, land-use/landcover, slope steepness, lineament density, and hydrogeology. Based on the relative importance, the layers are ranked which control the groundwater potential areas. The factor classifie

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SADURSKI, Andrzej, and Elzbieta Przytuła. "DISPOSABLE GROUNDWATER RESOURCES OF RIVER BASINS IN POLAND IN THE LIGHT OF SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT." Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, December 1, 2016, 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.4328.

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The term groundwater resources was introduced to hydrogeology from economic geology similarly to the resources of ore bodies almost a hundred years ago. It has been used for the need of physical planning, investment in new water intakes, and water management. Discussion on the groundwater resources started in the past after implementation of new methods of their evaluation, e.g. analytical approaches, and physical and then numerical modelling techniques. The ecological aspects of water demand, indicated in the Water Framework Directive, oblige the EU countries to introduce a new idea for the e

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Mielby, Susie, Tom Martlev Pallesen, and Peter B. E. Sandersen. "3D hydrogeological modelling for urban subsurface management in Odense, Denmark." Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin, July 15, 2016, 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v35.4400.

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The subsurface material in urban areas comprises the original geological succession together with anthropogenic modifications and deposits. The Geological Survey of Denmark previously performed geological mapping in selected Danish cities (e.g. Mertz 1974), but this practice stopped in the mid-1980s. The lack of recent systematic mapping in urban areas is apparent not only in Denmark but also in most other European countries (COST 2015). However, there is a growing demand for knowledge of the subsurface beneath our cities for a number of reasons: increased urbanisation, infiltration of excess

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Giese, Markus, and Roland Barthel. "Review: Saltwater intrusion in fractured crystalline bedrock." Hydrogeology Journal, August 31, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-021-02396-y.

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AbstractDuring the past few years, the number of regional and national assessments of groundwater quality in regard to saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers has increased steadily. However, most of the international literature on saltwater intrusion is focused on coastal plains with aquifers in unconsolidated material. Case studies, modelling approaches and parameter studies dealing with saltwater intrusion in those systems are abundant. While the hydrogeology of fractured rock has been intensively studied with both modelling approaches and parameter studies—mainly in relation to deep-laying

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Littleboy, A. K., P. J. Degnan, R. S. Mcleod, and S. Norris. "Site Characterization Strategy and Its Role in Post Closure Performance Assessment." MRS Proceedings 506 (1997). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-506-719.

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ABSTRACTCalculations of risk or dose from the groundwater flow pathway are a central part of the assessment of post closure performance for a deep repository system for radioactive waste. These calculations need to be supported by a knowledge of the various components of the disposal system. Site characterisation provides a site specific geological database which can be used to build, test and refine numerical models of the geosphere and, to some extent, the biosphere components of the disposal system in order to evaluate its future evolution.Site characterisation programmes, and groundwater f

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