Journal articles: 'HYDROGRAPH SEPARATION'

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Su, Ninghu. "The unit hydrograph model for hydrograph separation." Environment International 21, no. 5 (January 1995): 509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(95)00050-u.

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Mandeville, A. N. "Insights gained from four component hydrograph separation." Hydrology Research 47, no. 3 (February 24, 2016): 606–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2016.061.

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Traditional hydrograph separation techniques split an observed storm hydrograph into two main components representing ‘storm runoff’ and ‘baseflow’. In this paper a new separation technique is described which makes an initial split into two main components, quickflow and slowflow, which are each then subsequently split into two further subcomponents. The resulting procedure is termed the ‘four component hydrograph separation technique’. Various ways of recombining these four subcomponents to build up a curve that represents the observed storm hydrograph are possible, of which two ways are examined in further detail. If it is assumed that the four component separation technique provides a promising representation of an observed storm hydrograph, these two ways allow theoretical and practical insights to be gained into four existing hydrograph separation techniques. A conclusion, common to all four, is that much more care is required in naming the flow lines separating out each of the suggested subcomponents making up the observed storm hydrograph. This paper also emphasises the key role played by the slowflow storm runoff subcomponent, which has not been given sufficient prominence in existing event-based models in the past. A procedure for estimating each of the four subcomponents is illustrated for an observed event.

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Parmentier, B., J. Dooge, and M. Bruen. "Root selection methods in flood analysis." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 7, no. 2 (April 30, 2003): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-7-151-2003.

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Abstract. In the 1970s, de Laine developed a root-matching procedure for estimating unit hydrograph ordinates from estimates of the fast component of the total runoff from multiple storms. Later, Turner produced a root selection method which required only data from one storm event and was based on recognising a pattern typical of unit hydrograph roots. Both methods required direct runoff data, i.e. prior separation of the slow response. This paper introduces a further refinement, called root separation, which allows the estimation of both the unit hydrograph ordinates and the effective precipitation from the full discharge hydrograph. It is based on recognising and separating the quicker component of the response from the much slower components due to interflow and/or baseflow. The method analyses the z-transform roots of carefully selected segments of the full hydrograph. The root patterns of these separate segments tend to be dominated by either the fast response or the slow response. This paper shows how their respective time-scales can be distinguished with an accuracy sufficient for practical purposes. As an illustration, theoretical equations are derived for a conceptual rainfall-runoff system with the input split between fast and slow reservoirs in parallel. These are solved analytically to identify the reservoir constants and the input splitting parameter. The proposed method, called "root separation", avoids the subjective selection of rainfall roots in the Turner method as well as the subjective matching of roots in the original de Laine method. Keywords: unit hydrograph,identification methods, z-transform, polynomial roots, root separation, fast andslow response, Nash cascade

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ACAR, R., and K. SAPLIOGLU. "USING THE PSO ALGORITHM FOR BASEFLOW SEPARATION AND DETERMINATION OF TRENDS FOR THE YESILIRMAK RIVER (NORTH TURKEY)." Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya, no. 1 (January 2024): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.52002/0130-2906-2024-1-58-71.

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Estimation of baseflow is a complex hydrographic task. Baseflow techniques and coefficients vary from basin to basin, stream to stream, and year to year. In this study, meta-heuristic optimization is used to automatically identify baseflow. The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), a meta-heuristic optimization approach, is chosen. The constraint and cost functions were determined using the PSO algorithm, Lyne and Hollick techniques, and a computer application. Over the period 1980-2015, the data were collected at the Kale station in the Yesilırmak River basin to validate the study model. The results show that the hydrographs and baseflow dividing line were separated effectively. It has also been revealed that the PSO has a high speed as well as a high level of precision. In the research, in addition to the baseflow separation, the hydrograph, baseflow, and ratio of the baseflow to the streamflow at the station No. 1402 were assessed using the Mann-Kendall test and Innovative Trend Test (ITA), and as a result, their trends have been found. By the use of both of these methods, it has been shown that all parameters have an unfavorable trend. In addition, the research came to some other significant conclusions, such as the fact that the baseflow declines in tandem with the flow values and that the baseflow rates are low in years with high peak values of the hydrograph.

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Cranmer, A. J., N. Kouwen, and S. F. Mousavi. "Proving WATFLOOD: modelling the nonlinearities of hydrologic response to storm intensities." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 28, no. 5 (October 1, 2001): 837–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l01-049.

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This paper examines the effects of modelling the nonlinearities of hydrologic response to various storm intensities. Radar rainfall data, remotely sensed land use and land cover data, measured streamflows, and meteorological data were incorporated into the distributed flood forecasting model WATFLOOD to synthesize runoff hydrographs for three significant warm weather rainfall events occurring in 1995. The watershed selected for study was the 288 km2 Duffins Creek drainage basin in southern Ontario. The effects of scaling radar rainfall amounts to match regional storm intensities on the synthesized streamflow hydrographs were examined. Computations and analysis were performed in agreement with widely accepted hydrologic principles and assumptions. The observed and synthesized hydrographs were compared using the unit hydrograph method. The observed and composite unit hydrographs matched extremely well in terms of shape, timing, and peak flow magnitude. These results indicated that WATFLOOD is capable of accurately modelling the nonlinear rainfallrunoff processes for increasing rainfall intensities with respect to peak flow, basin lag, and time to peak flow. However, the arbitrariness of assessing the effective rainfall and base-flow separation for the unit hydrograph method can lead to uncertainties in computing peak flow magnitudes. The grid element size and number and the drainage areas above streamflow gauges are of critical importance to the accuracy of the model.Key words: hydrology, watershed model, flood forecasting, hydrological modelling, model validation, unit hydrograph, nonlinear response.

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Wang, Shusen, Junhua Li, and Hazen A. J. Russell. "A novel method for cold-region streamflow hydrograph separation using GRACE satellite observations." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 2649–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2649-2021.

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Abstract. Streamflow hydrograph analysis has long been used for separating streamflow into baseflow and surface runoff components, providing critical information for studies in hydrology, climate and water resources. Issues with established methods include the lack of physics and arbitrary choice of separation parameters, problems in identifying snowmelt runoff, and limitations on watershed size and hydrogeological conditions. In this study, a Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)-based model was developed to address these weaknesses and improve hydrograph separation. The model is physically based and requires no arbitrary choice of parameters. The new model was compared with six hydrograph separation methods provided with the U.S. Geological Survey Groundwater Toolbox. The results demonstrated improved estimates by the new model particularly in filtering out the bias of snowmelt runoff in baseflow estimate. This new model is specifically suitable for applications over large watersheds which is complementary to the traditional methods that are limited by watershed size. The output from the model also includes estimates for watershed hydraulic conductivity and drainable water storage, which are useful parameters in evaluating aquifer properties, calibrating and validating hydrological and climate models, and assessing regional water resources.

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Kirchner, James W. "Quantifying new water fractions and transit time distributions using ensemble hydrograph separation: theory and benchmark tests." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 1 (January 18, 2019): 303–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-303-2019.

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Abstract. Decades of hydrograph separation studies have estimated the proportions of recent precipitation in streamflow using end-member mixing of chemical or isotopic tracers. Here I propose an ensemble approach to hydrograph separation that uses regressions between tracer fluctuations in precipitation and discharge to estimate the average fraction of new water (e.g., same-day or same-week precipitation) in streamflow across an ensemble of time steps. The points comprising this ensemble can be selected to isolate conditions of particular interest, making it possible to study how the new water fraction varies as a function of catchment and storm characteristics. Even when new water fractions are highly variable over time, one can show mathematically (and confirm with benchmark tests) that ensemble hydrograph separation will accurately estimate their average. Because ensemble hydrograph separation is based on correlations between tracer fluctuations rather than on tracer mass balances, it does not require that the end-member signatures are constant over time, or that all the end-members are sampled or even known, and it is relatively unaffected by evaporative isotopic fractionation. Ensemble hydrograph separation can also be extended to a multiple regression that estimates the average (or “marginal”) transit time distribution (TTD) directly from observational data. This approach can estimate both “backward” transit time distributions (the fraction of streamflow that originated as rainfall at different lag times) and “forward” transit time distributions (the fraction of rainfall that will become future streamflow at different lag times), with and without volume-weighting, up to a user-determined maximum time lag. The approach makes no assumption about the shapes of the transit time distributions, nor does it assume that they are time-invariant, and it does not require continuous time series of tracer measurements. Benchmark tests with a nonlinear, nonstationary catchment model confirm that ensemble hydrograph separation reliably quantifies both new water fractions and transit time distributions across widely varying catchment behaviors, using either daily or weekly tracer concentrations as input. Numerical experiments with the benchmark model also illustrate how ensemble hydrograph separation can be used to quantify the effects of rainfall intensity, flow regime, and antecedent wetness on new water fractions and transit time distributions.

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Camacho, V. V., A. M. L. Saraiva Okello, J. W. Wenninger, and S. Uhlenbrook. "Understanding runoff processes in a semi-arid environment through isotope and hydrochemical hydrograph separations." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 1 (January 22, 2015): 975–1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-975-2015.

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Abstract. The understanding of runoff generation mechanisms is crucial for the sustainable management of river basins such as the allocation of water resources or the prediction of floods and droughts. However, identifying the mechanisms of runoff generation has been a challenging task, even more so in arid and semi-arid areas where high rainfall and streamflow variability, high evaporation rates, and deep groundwater reservoirs increase the complexity of hydrological process dynamics. Isotope and hydrochemical tracers have proven to be useful in identifying runoff components and their characteristics. Moreover, although widely used in humid-temperate regions, isotope hydrograph separations have not been studied in detail in arid and semi-arid areas. Thus the purpose of this study is to determine if isotope hydrograph separations are suitable for the quantification and characterization of runoff components in a semi-arid catchment considering the hydrological complexities of these regions. Through a hydrochemical characterization of the surface water and groundwater sources of the catchment and two and three component hydrograph separations, runoff components of the Kaap Catchment in South Africa were quantified using both, isotope and hydrochemical tracers. No major disadvantages while using isotope tracers over hydrochemical tracers were found. Hydrograph separation results showed that runoff in the Kaap catchment is mainly generated by groundwater sources. Two-component hydrograph separations revealed groundwater contributions between 64 and 98% of total runoff. By means of three-component hydrograph separations, runoff components were further separated into direct runoff, shallow and deep groundwater components. Direct runoff, defined as the direct precipitation on the stream channel and overland flow, contributed up to 41% of total runoff during wet catchment conditions. Shallow groundwater defined as the soil water and near-surface water component, contributed up to 45% of total runoff, and deep groundwater contributed up to 84% of total runoff. A strong correlation for the four studied events was found between the antecedent precipitation conditions and direct runoff. These findings suggest that direct runoff is enhanced by wetter conditions in the catchment which trigger saturation excess overland flow as observed in the hydrograph separations.

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9

SHIMADA, Masashi. "New Approach to Hydrograph Separation Using Wavelets." Journal of Japan Society of Hydrology and Water Resources 12, no. 2 (1999): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3178/jjshwr.12.121.

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10

Hannula, Steven R., Kenneth J. Esposito, John A. Chermak, Donald D. Runnells, David C. Keith, and Larry E. Hall. "Estimating Ground Water Discharge by Hydrograph Separation." Ground Water 41, no. 3 (May 2003): 368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02606.x.

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11

Camacho Suarez, V. V., A. M. L. Saraiva Okello, J. W. Wenninger, and S. Uhlenbrook. "Understanding runoff processes in a semi-arid environment through isotope and hydrochemical hydrograph separations." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 10 (October 20, 2015): 4183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-4183-2015.

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Abstract. The understanding of runoff generation mechanisms is crucial for the sustainable management of river basins such as the allocation of water resources or the prediction of floods and droughts. However, identifying the mechanisms of runoff generation has been a challenging task, even more so in arid and semi-arid areas where high rainfall and streamflow variability, high evaporation rates, and deep groundwater reservoirs may increase the complexity of hydrological process dynamics. Isotope and hydrochemical tracers have proven to be useful in identifying runoff components and their characteristics. Moreover, although widely used in humid temperate regions, isotope hydrograph separations have not been studied in detail in arid and semi-arid areas. Thus the purpose of this study is to determine whether isotope hydrograph separations are suitable for the quantification and characterization of runoff components in a semi-arid catchment considering the hydrological complexities of these regions. Through a hydrochemical characterization of the surface water and groundwater sources of the catchment and two- and three-component hydrograph separations, runoff components of the Kaap catchment in South Africa were quantified using both isotope and hydrochemical tracers. No major disadvantages while using isotope tracers over hydrochemical tracers were found. Hydrograph separation results showed that runoff in the Kaap catchment is mainly generated by groundwater sources. Two-component hydrograph separations revealed groundwater contributions of between 64 and 98 % of total runoff. By means of three-component hydrograph separations, runoff components were further separated into direct runoff, shallow and deep groundwater components. Direct runoff, defined as the direct precipitation on the stream channel and overland flow, contributed up to 41 % of total runoff during wet catchment conditions. Shallow groundwater defined as the soil water and near-surface water component (and potentially surface runoff) contributed up to 45 % of total runoff, and deep groundwater contributed up to 84 % of total runoff. A strong correlation for the four studied events was found between the antecedent precipitation conditions and direct runoff. These findings suggest that direct runoff is enhanced by wetter conditions in the catchment that trigger saturation excess overland flow as observed in the hydrograph separations.

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12

Pelletier, Antoine, and Vazken Andréassian. "Hydrograph separation: an impartial parametrisation for an imperfect method." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 3 (March 11, 2020): 1171–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1171-2020.

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Abstract. This paper presents a new method for hydrograph separation. It is well-known that all hydrological methods aiming at separating streamflow into baseflow – its slow or delayed component – and quickflow – its non-delayed component – present large imperfections, and we do not claim to provide here a perfect solution. However, the method described here is at least (i) impartial in the determination of its two parameters (a quadratic reservoir capacity and a response time), (ii) coherent in time (as assessed by a split-sample test) and (iii) geologically coherent (an exhaustive validation on 1664 French catchments shows a good match with what we know of France's hydrogeology). With these characteristics, the method can be used to perform a general assessment of hydroclimatic memory of catchments. Last, an R package is provided to ensure reproducibility of the results presented.

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Ogunkoya, O. O., and A. Jenkins. "Analysis of storm hydrograph and flow pathways using a three-component hydrograph separation model." Journal of Hydrology 142, no. 1-4 (February 1993): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(93)90005-t.

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Kirchner, James W., and Julia L. A. Knapp. "Technical note: Calculation scripts for ensemble hydrograph separation." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 11 (November 24, 2020): 5539–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-5539-2020.

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Abstract. Ensemble hydrograph separation has recently been proposed as a technique for using passive tracers to estimate catchment transit time distributions and new water fractions, introducing a powerful new tool for quantifying catchment behavior. However, the technical details of the necessary calculations may not be straightforward for many users to implement. We have therefore developed scripts that perform these calculations on two widely used platforms (MATLAB and R), to make these methods more accessible to the community. These scripts implement robust estimation techniques by default, making their results highly resistant to outliers. Here we briefly describe how these scripts work and offer advice on their use. We illustrate their potential and limitations using synthetic benchmark data.

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Harris, David M., Jeffrey J. McDonnell, and Allan Rodhe. "Hydrograph Separation Using Continuous Open System Isotope Mixing." Water Resources Research 31, no. 1 (January 1995): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94wr01966.

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Danielescu, Serban, Kerry T. B. MacQuarrie, and Alexandru Popa. "SEPHYDRO: A Customizable Online Tool for Hydrograph Separation." Groundwater 56, no. 4 (June 12, 2018): 589–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12792.

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Hooper, Richard P., and Christine A. Shoemaker. "A Comparison of Chemical and Isotopic Hydrograph Separation." Water Resources Research 22, no. 10 (September 1986): 1444–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/wr022i010p01444.

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Kobayashi, Daiji. "Separation of the snowmelt hydrograph by stream temperatures." Journal of Hydrology 76, no. 1-2 (January 1985): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(85)90096-4.

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Kobayashi, Daiji. "Separation of a snowmelt hydrograph by stream conductance." Journal of Hydrology 84, no. 1-2 (April 1986): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(86)90049-1.

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Lee, Jeonghoon. "A review on hydrograph separation using isotopic tracers." Journal of the Geological Society of Korea 53, no. 2 (April 30, 2017): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14770/jgsk.2017.53.2.339.

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21

Chin, David A. "Quantifying Pathogen Sources in Streams by Hydrograph Separation." Journal of Environmental Engineering 137, no. 9 (September 2011): 770–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000394.

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22

Klaus, J., and J. J. McDonnell. "Hydrograph separation using stable isotopes: Review and evaluation." Journal of Hydrology 505 (November 2013): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.09.006.

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Taylor, Susan, Xiahong Feng, Mark Williams, and James McNamara. "How isotopic fractionation of snowmelt affects hydrograph separation." Hydrological Processes 16, no. 18 (2002): 3683–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1232.

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Buttle, J. M. "Isotope hydrograph separations and rapid delivery of pre-event water from drainage basins." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 18, no. 1 (March 1994): 16–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339401800102.

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Environmental isotopes, such as oxygen-18 and deuterium, have been used increasingly to separate stormflow into its event and pre-event components in order to elucidate the sources, pathways and residence times of water in drainage basins. The majority of isotopic hydrograph separations indicate that pre-event water supplies at least 50% of streamflow at peak discharge in small- and medium-sized basins; however, there is no consensus as to the means by which pre-event water is rapidly exported from drainage basins. The hydrological processes that have been invoked to explain the observed isotopic response of streamflow to rainfall and snowmelt inputs in various environments are reviewed. These processes include groundwater ridging, translatory flow, macropore flow, saturation overland flow, kinematic waves and release of water from surface storage. Tests of the ability of the hypothesized mechanisms to explain the isotopic signature of stormflow from drainage basins will require a more complete integration of hydrometric methods with the use of environmental isotopes than has been achieved previously. Along with various methodological issues associated with the isotopic hydrograph separation technique, the overall relevance of these hydrograph separations to the understanding and prediction of stream hydrochemistry must be evaluated critically.

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25

Výleta, Roman, Peter Rončák, Anna Liová, Peter Valent, Tomáš Bacigál, Zoltán Gribovszki, Zuzana Danáčová, Peter Šurda, Justína Vitková, and Kamila Hlavčová. "The testing of a multivariate probabilistic framework for reservoir safety evaluation and flood risks assessment in Slovakia: A study on the Parná and Belá Rivers." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 71, no. 4 (November 14, 2023): 449–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2023-0027.

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Abstract Intense floods represent a challenge to risk management. While they are multivariate in their nature, they are often studied in practice from univariate perspectives. Classical frequency analyses, which establish a relation between the peak flow or volume and the frequency of exceedance, may lead to improper risk estimations and mitigations. Therefore, it is necessary to study floods as multivariate stochastic events having mutually correlated characteristics, such as peak flood flow, corresponding volume and duration. The joint distribution properties of these characteristics play an important role in the assessment of flood risk and reservoir safety evaluation. In addition, the study of flood hydrographs is useful because of the inherent dependencies among their practice-relevant characteristics present on-site and in the regional records. This study aims to provide risk analysts with a consistent multivariate probabilistic framework using a copula-based approach. The framework respects and describes the dependence structures among the flood peaks, volumes, and durations of observed and synthetic control flood hydrographs. The seasonality of flood generation is respected by separate analyses of floods in the summer and winter seasons. A control flood hydrograph is understood as a theoretical/synthetic discharge hydrograph, which is determined by the flood peak with the chosen probability of exceedance, the corresponding volume, and the time duration with the corresponding probability. The framework comprises five steps: 1. Separation of the observed hydrographs, 2. Analysis of the flood characteristics and their dependence, 3. Modelling the marginal distributions, 4. A copula-based approach for modelling joint distributions of the flood peaks, volumes and durations, 5. Construction of synthetic flood hydrographs. The flood risk assessment and reservoir safety evaluation are described by hydrograph analyses and the conditional joint probabilities of the exceedance of the flood volume and duration conditioned on flood peak. The proposed multivariate probabilistic framework was tested and demonstrated based on data from two contrasting catchments in Slovakia. Based on the findings, the study affirms that the trivariate copula-based approach is a practical option for assessing flood risks and for reservoir safety.

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Lacko, Martina, Kristina Potočki, Kristina Ana Škreb, and Nejc Bezak. "Joint Modelling of Flood Hydrograph Peak, Volume and Duration Using Copulas—Case Study of Sava and Drava River in Croatia, Europe." Water 14, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 2481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14162481.

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Morphodynamic changes in the riverbed may be accelerated by the climate change-induced effects, mostly through the increase of the frequency of extreme climatic events such as floods. This can lead to scouring of the riverbed around the bridge substructure and consequently reduces its overall stability. In order to better understand hydromorphological processes at the local scale, the influence of floods on bridge scour requires a detailed analysis of several interacting flood hydrograph characteristics. This paper presents a multivariate analysis of the annual maximum (AM) flood discharge data at four gauging stations on the Drava and Sava Rivers in Croatia (Europe). As part of the hydrograph analysis, multiple baseflow separation methods were tested. Flood volumes and durations were derived after extracting the baseflow from measured discharge data. Suitable marginal distribution functions were fitted to the peak discharge (Q), flood volume (V) and duration (D) data. Bivariate copula analyses were conducted for the next pairs: peak discharge and volume (Q–V), hydrograph volume and duration (V–D) and peak discharge and hydrograph duration (Q–D). The results of the bivariate copula analyses were used to derive joint return periods for different flood variable combinations, which may serve as a preliminary analysis for the pilot bridges of the R3PEAT project where the aim is to investigate the influences on the riverbed erosion around bridges with installed scour countermeasures. Hence, a design hydrograph was derived that could be used as input data in the hydraulic model for the investigation of the bridge scour dynamics within the project and a preliminary methodology is proposed to be applied. The results indicate that bivariate frequency analysis can be very sensitive to the selected baseflow separation methodology. Therefore, future studies should test multiple baseflow separation methods and visually inspect the performance.

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Prigiobbe, V., and M. Giulianelli. "Quantification of sewer system infiltration using δ18O hydrograph separation." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 3 (July 1, 2009): 727–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.399.

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The infiltration of parasitical water into two sewer systems in Rome (Italy) was quantified during a dry weather period. Infiltration was estimated using the hydrograph separation method with two water components and δ18O as a conservative tracer. The two water components were groundwater, the possible source of parasitical water within the sewer, and drinking water discharged into the sewer system. This method was applied at an urban catchment scale in order to test the effective water-tightness of two different sewer networks. The sampling strategy was based on an uncertainty analysis and the errors have been propagated using Monte Carlo random sampling. Our field applications showed that the method can be applied easily and quickly, but the error in the estimated infiltration rate can be up to 20%. The estimated infiltration into the recent sewer in Torraccia is 14% and can be considered negligible given the precision of the method, while the old sewer in Infernetto has an estimated infiltration of 50%.

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Wels, Christoph, R. Jack Cornett, and Bruce D. Lazerte. "Hydrograph separation: A comparison of geochemical and isotopic tracers." Journal of Hydrology 122, no. 1-4 (January 1991): 253–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(91)90181-g.

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Chizhova, Yu N., E. P. Rets, Yu K. Vasil'chuk, I. V. Tokarev, N. A. Budantseva, and M. B. Kireeva. "Two approaches to hydrograph separation of the glacial river runoff using isotopic methods." Ice and Snow 56, no. 2 (May 11, 2016): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2016-2-161-168.

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Application of the stable isotope method in the balance equations used to calculate separation of the runoff hydrograph from the Djankuat Glacier basin is demonstrated. Simultaneous solution of equations of water, isotope and ion balances is applied to estimate contributions of different components and processes to formation of the Djankuat River runoff regime. For June 2014, we made calculations for the purpose to separate contributions of the spring (isotopically weighted) snow and winter (isotopically depleted) snow. Field works in the glacial basin Djankuat were performed during two ablation seasons, i.e. from June to September of 2013 and 2014. Two approaches were used when calculating separation of the runoff hydrograph by means of solution of systems of equations for isotopic and ion balances: 1) taking account of the isotope fractionation during snow melting, and 2) with no account for the fractionation. Separation of the hydrograph for June 2014 have shown that about 15–20% of the Djankuat River runoff is formed by spring snow melting, sometimes increasing up to 36%. Contribution of spring meltwater to the total runoff increases when the isotope fractionation during the snow melting is taken into account for the calculations. In this case, the contribution of spring snow changes from 30 to 50%.

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Yokoo, Y. "Does discharge time source correspond to its geographic source in hydrograph separations? Toward identification of dominant runoff processes in a 300 square kilometer watershed." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 9 (September 30, 2014): 10931–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-10931-2014.

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Abstract. This study compared a time source hydrograph separation method to a geographic source separation method, to assess if the two methods produced similar results. The time source separation of a hydrograph was performed using a numerical filter method and the geographic source separation was performed using an end-member mixing analysis employing hourly discharge, electric conductivity, and turbidity data. These data were collected in 2006 at the Kuroiwa monitoring station on the Abukuma River, Japan. The results of the methods corresponded well in terms of both surface flow components and inter-flow components. In terms of the baseflow component, the result of the time source separation method corresponded with the moving average of the baseflow calculated by the geographic source separation method. These results suggest that the time source separation method is not only able to estimate numerical values for the discharge components, but that the estimates are also reasonable from a geographical viewpoint in the 3000 km2 watershed discussed in this study. The consistent results obtained using the time source and geographic source separation methods demonstrate that it is possible to characterize dominant runoff processes using hourly discharge data, thereby enhancing our capability to interpret the dominant runoff processes of a watershed using observed discharge data alone.

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He, Zhihua, Katy Unger-Shayesteh, Sergiy Vorogushyn, Stephan M. Weise, Doris Duethmann, Olga Kalashnikova, Abror Gafurov, and Bruno Merz. "Comparing Bayesian and traditional end-member mixing approaches for hydrograph separation in a glacierized basin." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 6 (June 29, 2020): 3289–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-3289-2020.

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Abstract. Tracer data have been successfully used for hydrograph separation in glacierized basins. However, in these basins uncertainties of the hydrograph separation are large and are caused by the spatiotemporal variability in the tracer signatures of water sources, the uncertainty of water sampling, and the mixing model uncertainty. In this study, we used electrical conductivity (EC) measurements and two isotope signatures (δ18O and δ2H) to label the runoff components, including groundwater, snow and glacier meltwater, and rainfall, in a Central Asian glacierized basin. The contributions of runoff components (CRCs) to the total runoff and the corresponding uncertainty were quantified by two mixing approaches, namely a traditional end-member mixing approach (abbreviated as EMMA) and a Bayesian end-member mixing approach. The performance of the two mixing approaches was compared in three seasons that are distinguished as the cold season, snowmelt season, and glacier melt season. The results show the following points. (1) The Bayesian approach generally estimated smaller uncertainty ranges for the CRC when compared to the EMMA. (2) The Bayesian approach tended to be less sensitive to the sampling uncertainties of meltwater than the EMMA. (3) Ignoring the model uncertainty caused by the isotope fractionation likely led to an overestimated rainfall contribution and an underestimated meltwater share in the melt seasons. Our study provides the first comparison of the two end-member mixing approaches for hydrograph separation in glacierized basins and gives insight into the application of tracer-based mixing approaches in similar basins.

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BLUME, THERESA, ERWIN ZEHE, and AXEL BRONSTERT. "Rainfall—runoff response, event-based runoff coefficients and hydrograph separation." Hydrological Sciences Journal 52, no. 5 (October 2007): 843–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1623/hysj.52.5.843.

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Bansah, Samuel, Jonathan Quaye-Ballard, Samuel Andam-Akorful, Edward Bam, and Geophrey K. Anornu. "End-Member Selection in Two-Component Isotope-Based Hydrograph Separation." Open Journal of Modern Hydrology 09, no. 02 (2019): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojmh.2019.92003.

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McDonnell, J. J., M. Bonell, M. K. Stewart, and A. J. Pearce. "Deuterium variations in storm rainfall: Implications for stream hydrograph separation." Water Resources Research 26, no. 3 (March 1990): 455–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/wr026i003p00455.

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Mul, Marloes L., Robert K. Mutiibwa, Stefan Uhlenbrook, and Hubert H. G. Savenije. "Hydrograph separation using hydrochemical tracers in the Makanya catchment, Tanzania." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 33, no. 1-2 (January 2008): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2007.04.015.

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MORTATTI, J., J. M. MORAES, J. C. RODRIGUES, JR, R. L. VICTORIA, and L. A. MARTINELLI. "HYDROGRAPH SEPARATION OF THE AMAZON RIVER USING 18O AS AN ISOTOPIC TRACER." Scientia Agricola 54, no. 3 (September 1997): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90161997000200009.

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The 18O content of rain and river waters was used as an isotopic tracer in order to carry out the hydrograph separation of the Amazon river, during the 1973-1974 hydrological years, and to estimate the contributions of the surface runoff (event water) and baseflow (pre-event water) components to the total river flow. The average surface runoff and baseflow contributions were 30.3 and 69.7% respectively. At peak discharge, the mean contribution of the baseflow was about 57%. The results of the isotopic separation model were compared with the filter-separation autoregressive method, showing similar behavior and magnitude.

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Holko, L., S. Bičárová, J. Hlavčo, M. Danko, and Z. Kostka. "Isotopic hydrograph separation in two small mountain catchments during multiple events." Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 44, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.3344.

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Two-component isotopic hydrograph separation (IHS) was developed to determine the event- and pre-event components of a single storm event. Its application for several sucessive events requires repeated determination of isotopic signatures of end-members (precipitation, pre-event component) for each event. The existence of several possible alternative signatures results in differences in calculated contributions of event-/pre- event components. This article addresses the question of how big the differences could be in small mountain catchments with different methods for detemining the end member signatures. We analyzed data on isotopic composition of daily/event precipitation at different elevations in two catchments located in the highest part of the Carpathians in July 2014.The isotopic composition of streamflow sampled every 4-6 hours was analyzed as well. Elevational gradients of δ18O and δ2H in precipitation in the study period were -0.18 ‰ 100 m-1 and -1.1 ‰ 100 m-1, respectively. An elevation gradient in deuterium excess (0.29 ‰ 100 m-1) was also found. Precipitation on the windward side of the mountains was isotopically lighter than expected for a given rain gauge elevation. Five large rainfall-runoff events occurred in the study period in the meso-scale catchment of the Jalovecký creek (Western Tatra Mountains, area 22.2 km2) and in the headwater catchment of the Škaredý creek (High Tatra Mountains, area 1.4 km2). Isotopic hydrograph separation was conducted using eight options for the isotopic signatures of event and pre-event water. The isotopic signature of the event water (rainfall) was alternatively represented by data from high or low elevations. Pre-event water was represented either by the streamflow before the event or by the value taken from the statistics of the long-term data on isotopic composition of the stream. Both isotopes (18O and 2H) were used to calculate event water fractions during peak flows of individual events. Calculated peak flow event water fractions were below 0.2-0.3 for most events. However, the differences in calculated event water fractions for alternative isotopic composition of end-members were significant even if we did not take into account changes in isotopic composition during individual rainfalls. Coefficients of variation for event water fractions calculated for various options varied during individual events from 0.14 to 0.36. It is therefore perhaps better to use a range of possible values instead of a single accurate number to interpret the IHS results. Hydrograph separations based on 18O and 2H provided similar results.

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Lecce, Scott A. "Flow separation and diurnal variability in the hydrology of Conness Glacier, Sierra Nevada, California, U.S.A." Journal of Glaciology 39, no. 132 (1993): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000015872.

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AbstractA mass-balance approach using hourly discharge and electrical conductivity values measured over a 10 d period during the ablation season was used to separate englacial and subglacial components of the total meltwater discharge from a small alpine glacier in the Sierra Nevada, California, U.S.A. Symmetrical diurnal hydrographs indicate that little delay occurred as water was tranferred through the drainage system. Electrical conductivity (which varied inversely with proglacial discharge) increased abruptly at each daily conductivity maximum, and cross-correlation analysis indicated that subglacial discharge peaked on the rising limb of the englacial hydrograph (about 2 h prior to the englacial peak). This suggests that a translatory flow process operates in which increased water pressure in the englacial system on the rising limb of the diurnal-discharge cycle forced subglacial water from beneath the glacier in advance of short residence-time meltwater. Net radiation dominated the energy balance at the glacier surface, explaining 86% of the variance in proglacial discharge, which was dominated by the englacial flow component.

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Lecce, Scott A. "Flow separation and diurnal variability in the hydrology of Conness Glacier, Sierra Nevada, California, U.S.A." Journal of Glaciology 39, no. 132 (1993): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000015872.

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AbstractA mass-balance approach using hourly discharge and electrical conductivity values measured over a 10 d period during the ablation season was used to separate englacial and subglacial components of the total meltwater discharge from a small alpine glacier in the Sierra Nevada, California, U.S.A. Symmetrical diurnal hydrographs indicate that little delay occurred as water was tranferred through the drainage system. Electrical conductivity (which varied inversely with proglacial discharge) increased abruptly at each daily conductivity maximum, and cross-correlation analysis indicated that subglacial discharge peaked on the rising limb of the englacial hydrograph (about 2 h prior to the englacial peak). This suggests that a translatory flow process operates in which increased water pressure in the englacial system on the rising limb of the diurnal-discharge cycle forced subglacial water from beneath the glacier in advance of short residence-time meltwater. Net radiation dominated the energy balance at the glacier surface, explaining 86% of the variance in proglacial discharge, which was dominated by the englacial flow component.

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Umuhire, Flora, François Anctil, Aubert R. Michaud, and Jacques Desjardins. "Evaluation of Filtering Methods for Hydrograph Separation in Small Agricultural Watersheds in Québec, Canada." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 4 (2020): 981–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13434.

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HighlightsAgricultural hydrology is complex due to the management of surface and subsurface flow to increase productivity.This study provides an interpretation of hydrological functioning, using a geochemical tracer (electrical conductivity) as a reference method, for hydrograph separation and evaluation of filtering methods.Filtering method efficiency must be interpreted according to season, year, watershed relief, and management practices.Routine application of basic filtering concepts is not sufficient to address the heterogeneity of hydrological processes in agricultural watersheds.Abstract. Streamflow hydrographs summarize the behavior of watersheds. Their separation into quick and slow components requires hydrological knowledge of the specific drainage area. To better understand the hydrological response of 14 small agricultural watersheds in Québec, Canada, covering different physiographic attributes ranging from lowlands to hilly and steep landscapes, streamflow electrical conductivity was used as a geochemical tracer. These agricultural watersheds have undergone significant management practices, including artificial drainage. The objective of this research was to evaluate the performance of existing automated filter methods for hydrograph separation (BFLOW, UKIH, PART, FIXED, SLIDE, LOCMIN, and Eckhardt). The geochemical method was used as a reference for comparison with the filter methods. Comparison of the slow flow estimates from non-calibrated filters, using a MANOVA model, showed that the filter performance increased under conditions with high contributions of quick runoff to the stream, such as during snowmelt (spring season), during heavy precipitation, and in subwatersheds with landscape conditions more prone to quick runoff. However, filter performance decreased as hydrological processes predisposed more flow to slower pathways, typically in summer and fall, as well as in lowland landscapes generally associated with high rates of tile drainage rather than in hilly and steep relief. Underlying the filter assumptions is the classic concept of a rainfall event with quick runoff as the main source of the drainage area response. Thus, slow flow is associated with a low threshold response. Eckhardt filter simulations were in good agreement with the geochemical method after calibration, based on model statistical measures (R, NSE, and PBIAS). However, larger errors were associated with higher flow values. The slow flow overestimations were more pronounced during periods of extreme events, i.e., spring runoff and heavy precipitation. The linear concept of the Eckhardt filter yields no information on slow flow response behavior that could be useful in capturing its temporal variability. Because the routing of water has been managed to improve agricultural productivity, these hydrological modifications resulted in a more complex slow flow response. The performance of filtering methods is thus affected. Therefore, simplifications of filter assumptions are less likely to provide more effective estimates of slow flow. Furthermore, given the heterogeneity of hydrological processes due to seasonal climatic characteristics, the routine application of basic filter concepts is not sufficient to address the variable nature of the hydrological response. The variability scale of geochemical separation, from regional (agro-climatic) to local (adjacent watersheds), proved that it is always relevant to have adequate separation. However, the validation of filters without a tracer is limited and almost unsuitable for these agricultural watersheds. Keywords: Agricultural watershed, Artificial drainage, Electrical conductivity, Filtering method, Geochemical method, Hydrograph separation, MANOVA, Quick flow, Slow flow, Tile drainage.

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Singh, Rahaman, Sharma, Laluraj, Patel, Pratap, Gaddam, and Thamban. "Moisture Sources for Precipitation and Hydrograph Components of the Sutri Dhaka Glacier Basin, Western Himalayas." Water 11, no. 11 (October 26, 2019): 2242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11112242.

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Himalayan glaciers are the major source of fresh water supply to the Himalayan Rivers, which support the livelihoods of more than a billion people living in the downstream region. However, in the face of recent climate change, these glaciers might be vulnerable, and thereby become a serious threat to the future fresh water reserve. Therefore, special attention is required in terms of understanding moisture sources for precipitation over the Himalayan glaciers and the hydrograph components of streams and rivers flowing from the glacierized region. We have carried out a systematic study in one of the benchmark glaciers, “Sutri Dhaka” of the Chandra Basin, in the western Himalayas, to understand its hydrograph components, based on stable water isotopes (δ18O and δ2H) and field-based ablation measurements. Further, to decipher moisture sources for precipitation and its variability in the study region, we have studied stable water isotopes in precipitation samples (rain and snow), and performed a back-trajectory analysis of the air parcel that brings moisture to this region. Our results show that the moisture source for precipitation over the study region is mainly derived from the Mediterranean regions (>70%) by Western Disturbances (WDs) during winter (October–May) and a minor contribution (<20%) from the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) during summer season (June–September). A three-component hydrograph separation based on δ18O and d-excess provides estimates of ice (65 ± 14%), snowpack (15 ± 9%) and fresh snow (20 ± 5%) contributions, respectively. Our field-based specific ablation measurements show that ice and snow melt contributions are 80 ± 16% and 20 ± 4%, respectively. The differences in hydrograph component estimates are apparently due to an unaccounted snow contribution ‘missing component’ from the valley slopes in field-based ablation measurements, whereas the isotope-based hydrograph separation method accounts for all the components, and provides a basin integrated estimate. Therefore, we suggest that for similar types of basins where contributions of rainfall and groundwater are minimal, and glaciers are often inaccessible for frequent field measurements/observations, the stable isotope-based method could significantly add to our ability to decipher moisture sources and estimate hydrograph components.

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Munyaneza, O., J. Wenninger, and S. Uhlenbrook. "Identification of runoff generation processes using hydrometric and tracer methods in a meso-scale catchment in Rwanda." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 1 (January 12, 2012): 671–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-671-2012.

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Abstract. Understanding of dominant runoff generation processes in the meso-scale Migina catchment (257.4 km2) in Southern Rwanda was improved using analysis of hydrometric data and tracer methods. The paper examines the use of hydrochemical and isotope parameters for separating streamflow into different runoff components by investigating two flood events occurred during the rainy season "Itumba" (March–May) over the period of 2 yr at two gauging stations. Dissolved silica (SiO2), electrical conductivity (EC), deuterium (2H), oxygen-18 (18O), major anions (Cl− and SO42−) and major cations (Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+) were analyzed during the events. 2H, 18O, Cl− and SiO2 were finally selected to assess the different contributing sources using mass balance equations and end member mixing analysis for two- and three-component hydrograph separation models. The results obtained applying two-component hydrograph separations using dissolved silica and chloride as tracers are generally in line with the results of three-component separations using dissolved silica and deuterium. Subsurface runoff is dominating the total discharge during flood events, More than 80% of the discharge was generated by subsurface runoff for both events. This is supported by observations of shallow groundwater responses in the catchment (depth 0.2–2 m), which show fast infiltration of rainfall water during events. Consequently, shallow groundwater and contributes to subsurface stormflow and baseflow generation. This dominance of subsurface contributions is also in line with the observed low runoff coefficient values (16.7–44.5%) for both events. Groundwater recharge during the wet seasons leads to a perennial river system, and wet season recharge is isotopically characterising all discharge components.

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Aguilar, Víctor Manuel Salas, Víctor Reyes Gómez, and Fernando Paz Pellat. "An alternative approach in hydrograph decomposition and separation of the baseflow." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 65, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 343–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johh-2017-0035.

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AbstractThe identification of the moment when direct flow ends and baseflow begins is one of the biggest challenges of hydrological cycle modeling. The objectives of this research were: to characterize the recession curves (RC) and to separate the components of the hydrograph in a compact model. The RC were extracted from time series in three subwatersheds in Mexico. An expo-linear model was adapted and fitted to the master recession curves to find the transition point of the hydrograph and separate the baseflow. The model discriminated the RC in two decreasing ratios: one linear associated to the direct flow, and one exponential linked to the baseflow. The transition point between these two flows was obtained analytically by equaling both ratios. The derivation of a model parameter allowed to find the maximum points in the hydrometric time series, which were the criterion to separate the baseflow. The application of this model is recommended in the analysis of RC with different magnitudes from the flexibility and attachment to the fundaments of exhaustion of a reservoir.

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Ramli, Ichwana, Sayed Murthada, Zulkifli Nasution, and Ashfa Achmad. "Hydrograph separation method and baseflow separation using Chapman Method – A case study in Peusangan Watershed." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 314 (August 9, 2019): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/314/1/012026.

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Widasmara, Mega Yulisetya, Pramono Hadi, and Nugroho Christanto. "Hydrograph modeling with rational modified method." E3S Web of Conferences 76 (2019): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20197602007.

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Water, a vital natural resource for a human being, could bring negative effects such as flood and landslides. The best way to show the hydrological process is called “model”. One of them is Modified Rational Method (MRM). There are several types of MRM base on its equation modification. Hydrological mass balance or kinematic wave in order to route the flow. With this model modification, the output of the model is not only peak discharge but also unit hydrograph. Model modification was done in the calculation of peak discharges by assigning the C value (coefficient runoff), A value (area) and land characteristic (soil texture, Manning roughness coefficient, and saturation coefficient in the pixel basis. PCRaster software allows us to perform discharge calculation on each pixel. Flow accumulation by using kinematic wave was done to get the unit hydrograph. Three (3) flood events were used to run the model validation, i.e. January 21, January 22, and February 10, 2016. Each event has different rainfall characteristics. The result of this model was DRO hydrograph. Based on the baseflow separation of the observed hydrograph as well as the hydrograph from the model, we found that the flow through the outlet during discharge recession is the base flow. The accuracy value is quite good, i.e. 10–30 %. The result of the model shows a different response between direct runoff and base flow, while time to peak was faster than the recession time.

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Ladouche, B., A. Probst, D. Viville, S. Idir, D. Baqué, M. Loubet, J. L. Probst, and T. Bariac. "Hydrograph separation using isotopic, chemical and hydrological approaches (Strengbach catchment, France)." Journal of Hydrology 242, no. 3-4 (February 2001): 255–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1694(00)00391-7.

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Ramos, José A. "Exponential data fitting applied to infiltration, hydrograph separation, and variogram fitting." Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 20, no. 1-2 (October 20, 2005): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00477-005-0002-9.

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Nejadhashemi, Amir P., Joseph M. Sheridan, Adel Shirmohammadi, and Hubert J. Montas. "Hydrograph Separation by Incorporating Climatological Factors: Application to Small Experimental Watersheds." Journal of the American Water Resources Association 43, no. 3 (June 2007): 744–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00059.x.

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Laudon, Hjalmar, Harry F. Hemond, Roy Krouse, and Kevin H. Bishop. "Oxygen 18 fractionation during snowmelt: Implications for spring flood hydrograph separation." Water Resources Research 38, no. 11 (November 2002): 40–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002wr001510.

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Rimmer, Alon, and Andreas Hartmann. "Optimal hydrograph separation filter to evaluate transport routines of hydrological models." Journal of Hydrology 514 (June 2014): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.04.033.

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Journal articles on the topic 'HYDROGRAPH SEPARATION'

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