Relevant bibliographies by topics / Hydrologic cycle Runoff Streamflow

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Academic literature on the topic 'Hydrologic cycle Runoff Streamflow'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Hydrologic cycle Runoff Streamflow"

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Ajami, Hoori, Ashish Sharma, Lawrence E. Band, et al. "On the non-stationarity of hydrological response in anthropogenically unaffected catchments: an Australian perspective." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 1 (2017): 281–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-281-2017.

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Abstract. Increases in greenhouse gas concentrations are expected to impact the terrestrial hydrologic cycle through changes in radiative forcings and plant physiological and structural responses. Here, we investigate the nature and frequency of non-stationary hydrological response as evidenced through water balance studies over 166 anthropogenically unaffected catchments in Australia. Non-stationarity of hydrologic response is investigated through analysis of long-term trend in annual runoff ratio (1984–2005). Results indicate that a significant trend (p < 0.01) in runoff ratio is evident
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Yang, Chuanguo, Zhaohui Lin, Zhongbo Yu, Zhenchun Hao, and Shaofeng Liu. "Analysis and Simulation of Human Activity Impact on Streamflow in the Huaihe River Basin with a Large-Scale Hydrologic Model." Journal of Hydrometeorology 11, no. 3 (2010): 810–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jhm1145.1.

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Abstract A hydrologic model coupled with a land surface model is applied to simulate the hydrologic processes in the Huaihe River basin, China. Parameters of the land surface model are interpolated from global soil and vegetation datasets. The characteristics of the basin are derived from digital elevation models (DEMs) and a national geological survey atlas using newly developed algorithms. The NCEP–NCAR reanalysis dataset and observed precipitation data are used as meteorological inputs for simulating the hydrologic processes in the basin. The coupled model is first calibrated and validated
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Munyaneza, O., A. Mukubwa, S. Maskey, S. Uhlenbrook, and J. Wenninger. "Assessment of surface water resources availability using catchment modelling and the results of tracer studies in the mesoscale Migina Catchment, Rwanda." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 12 (2014): 5289–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-5289-2014.

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Abstract. In the present study, we developed a catchment hydrological model which can be used to inform water resources planning and decision making for better management of the Migina Catchment (257.4 km2). The semi-distributed hydrological model HEC-HMS (Hydrologic Engineering Center – the Hydrologic Modelling System) (version 3.5) was used with its soil moisture accounting, unit hydrograph, liner reservoir (for baseflow) and Muskingum–Cunge (river routing) methods. We used rainfall data from 12 stations and streamflow data from 5 stations, which were collected as part of this study over a p
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Ahmed, Naveed, Genxu Wang, Martijn J. Booij, et al. "Climatic Variability and Periodicity for Upstream Sub-Basins of the Yangtze River, China." Water 12, no. 3 (2020): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030842.

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The headwaters of the Yangtze River are located on the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau, which is affected by climate change. Here, treamflow trends for Tuotuohe and Zhimenda sub-basins and relations to temperature and precipitation trends during 1961–2015 were investigated. The modified Mann–Kendall trend test, Pettitt test, wavelet analysis, and multivariate correlation analysis was deployed for this purpose. The temperature and precipitation significantly increased for each sub-basin, and the temperature increase was more significant in Tuotuohe sub-basin as compared to the Zhimenda sub-basin. A sta
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Gilbert, James M., and Reed M. Maxwell. "Examining regional groundwater–surface water dynamics using an integrated hydrologic model of the San Joaquin River basin." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 2 (2017): 923–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-923-2017.

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Abstract. Widespread irrigated agriculture and a growing population depend on the complex hydrology of the San Joaquin River basin in California. The challenge of managing this complex hydrology hinges, in part, on understanding and quantifying how processes interact to support the groundwater and surface water systems. Here, we use the integrated hydrologic platform ParFlow-CLM to simulate hourly 1 km gridded hydrology over 1 year to study un-impacted groundwater–surface water dynamics in the basin. Comparisons of simulated results to observations show the model accurately captures important
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Balistrocchi, Matteo, Massimo Tomirotti, Alessandro Muraca, and Roberto Ranzi. "Hydroclimatic Variability and Land Cover Transformations in the Central Italian Alps." Water 13, no. 7 (2021): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13070963.

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Extreme streamflow nonstationarity has probably attracted more attention than mean streamflow nonstationarity in the assessment of the impacts of climate change on the water cycle. Nonetheless, a significant decrease in mean streamflow could lead to conditions of scarcity of freshwater in the long-term period, seriously compromising the sustainability of the demand for civil, agricultural, and industrial uses. Regional analyses are useful to better characterize an area’s nonstationarity, since a clear trend at a global scale has not been detected yet. In this article, long-term and high-qualit
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Hobeichi, Sanaa, Gab Abramowitz, Jason Evans, and Hylke E. Beck. "Linear Optimal Runoff Aggregate (LORA): a global gridded synthesis runoff product." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 2 (2019): 851–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-851-2019.

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Abstract. No synthesized global gridded runoff product, derived from multiple sources, is available, despite such a product being useful for meeting the needs of many global water initiatives. We apply an optimal weighting approach to merge runoff estimates from hydrological models constrained with observational streamflow records. The weighting method is based on the ability of the models to match observed streamflow data while accounting for error covariance between the participating products. To address the lack of observed streamflow for many regions, a dissimilarity method was applied to
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Sun, Jie, Yongping Li, Jiansen Wu, and Hongyu Zhang. "An Ensemble Climate-Hydrology Modeling System for Long-Term Streamflow Assessment in a Cold-Arid Watershed." Water 12, no. 8 (2020): 2293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082293.

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Climate change can bring about substantial alternatives of temperature and precipitation in the spatial and temporal patterns. These alternatives would impact the hydrological cycle and cause flood or drought events. This study has developed an ensemble climate-hydrology modeling system (ECHMS) for long-term streamflow assessment under changing climate. ECHMS consists of multiple climate scenarios (two global climate models (GCMs) and four representative concentration pathways (RCPs) emission scenarios), a stepwise-cluster downscaling method and semi-distributed land use-based runoff process (
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Zhang, Heli, Huaming Shang, Feng Chen, Youping Chen, Shulong Yu, and Tongwen Zhang. "A 422-Year Reconstruction of the Kaiken River Streamflow, Xinjiang, Northwest China." Atmosphere 11, no. 10 (2020): 1100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11101100.

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Our understanding of Central Asian historical streamflow variability is still limited because of short instrumental hydrologcial records. Based on tree-ring cores collected from three sampling sites in Kaiken River basin near Tien Shan, a regional tree-ring width chronology were developed. The correlation analysis showed that the runoff of Kaiken River from previous August to current June was significantly correlated with the regional chronology, and the high correlation coefficient was 0.661 (P < 0.01). Based on the regional chronology, the August-June runoff of Kaiken River has been recon
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Saurral, Ramiro I. "The Hydrologic Cycle of the La Plata Basin in the WCRP-CMIP3 Multimodel Dataset." Journal of Hydrometeorology 11, no. 5 (2010): 1083–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jhm1178.1.

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Abstract General circulation models (GCMs) forced under different greenhouse gases emission and socioeconomic scenarios are currently the most extended tool throughout the scientific community that is used to infer the future climate on Earth. However, these models still have problems in capturing several aspects of regional climate variability in many parts of the globe. In this paper, the hydrological cycle of the La Plata Basin is simulated using the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) distributed hydrology model and forced with atmospheric data from different GCMs to determine to what ext
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hydrologic cycle Runoff Streamflow"

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Asante, Kwabena Oduro. "Approaches to continental scale river flow routing /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Hildebrand, Daniel Steven. "Meteorological Impacts on Streamflow: Analyzing Anthropogenic Climate Change's Effect on Runoff and Streamflow Magnitudes in Virginia's Chesapeake Bay Watershed." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99490.

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Anthropogenic climate change will impact Virginia's hydrologic processes in unforeseen ways in the coming decades. This research describes variability in meteorology (temperature and precipitation) and associated hydrologic processes (evapotranspiration) throughout an ensemble of 31 general circulation models (GCMs) used by the Chesapeake Bay Program (CBP). Trends are compared with surface runoff generation patterns for a variety of land uses to investigate climate's effect on runoff generation. Scenarios representing pairings of the tenth, fiftieth, and ninetieth percentiles of precipitation
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SMALL, DAVID LEROY. "A DIAGNOSTIC STUDY OF A POSSIBLE ACCELERATION OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1159210962.

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Voytenko, Denis. "Modeling Direct Runoff Hydrographs with the Surge Function." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3398.

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A surge function is a mathematical function of the form f(x)=axpe-bx. We simplify the surge function by holding p constant at 1 and investigate the simplified form as a potential model to represent the full peak of a stream discharge hydrograph. The previously studied Weibull and gamma distributions are included for comparison. We develop an analysis algorithm which produces the best-fit parameters for every peak for each model function, and we process the data with a MATLAB script that uses spectral analysis to filter year-long, 15-minute, stream-discharge data sets. The filtering is necessar
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Kusumastuti, Dyah Indriana. "The effects of threshold nonlinearities on the transformation of rainfall to runoff to floods in a lake dominated catchment system /." Connect to this title, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0124.

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Shem, Willis Otieno. "Biosphere-atmosphere interaction over the congo basin and its influence on the regional hydrological cycle." Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006, 2006. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-06302006-152244/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.<br>Dr. Curry, Judy, Committee Member ; Dr. Webster, Peter, Committee Member ; Dr. Weber, Rodney, Committee Member ; Dr. Ingall, Ellery, Committee Member ; Dr. Robert Dickinson, Committee Chair.
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Hearman, Amy. "A modelling study into the effects of rainfall variability and vegetation patterns on surface runoff for semi-arid landscapes." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0047.

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[Truncated abstract] Generally hydrologic and ecologic models operate on arbitrary time and space scales, selected by the model developer or user based on the availability of field data. In reality rainfall is highly variable not only annually, seasonally and monthly but also the intensities within a rainfall event and infiltration properties on semi-arid hillslopes can also be highly variable as a result of discontinuous vegetation cover that form mosaics of areas with vegetation and areas of bare soil. This thesis is directed at improving our understanding of the impacts of the temporal repr
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Kusumastuti, Dyah Indriana. "The effects of threshold nonlinearities on the transformation of rainfall to runoff to floods in a lake dominated catchment system." University of Western Australia. School of Environmental Systems Engineering, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0124.

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[Truncated abstract] Runoff generation behaviour and flooding in a lake dominated catchment are nonlinear, threshold-driven processes that result from the interactions between climate and various catchment characteristics. A complicating feature of the rainfall to runoff transformation, which may have implications for the flood frequency, is that the various surface and subsurface flow pathways are dynamic, heterogeneous and highly nonlinear, consisting of distinct thresholds. To understand the impact of threshold nonlinearities on the rainfall-runoff transformation in such catchments, a syste
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Shem, Willis Otieno. "Biosphere-Atmopshere Interaction over the Congo Basin and its Influence on the Regional Hydrological Cycle." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11558.

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A comprehensive hydrological study of large watersheds in Africa e.g. the Congo basin and the Nile basin has not been vigorously pursued for various reasons. One of the major reasons is the lack of adequate modeling tools that would not be very demanding in terms of input data needs and yet inclusive enough to cover such wide extents (over 3 million square kilometers for the Congo basin). Using a coupled run of the Community Atmospheric model (CAM3) and Community Land Model (CLM3) components of the Community Climate System of Models (CCSM), this study looks into the spatial and temporal var
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Steele, Madeline Olena. "Effects of HRU Size on PRMS Performance in 30 Western U.S. Basins." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/654.

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Semi-distributed hydrological models are often used for streamflow forecasting, hydrological climate change impact assessments, and other applications. In such models, basins are broken up into hydrologic response units (HRUs), which are assumed to have a relatively homogenous response to precipitation. HRUs are delineated in a variety of ways, and the procedure used may impact model performance. HRU delineation procedures have been researched, but it is still not clear how important these subdivision schemes are or which delineation methods are most effective. To start addressing this knowled
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Books on the topic "Hydrologic cycle Runoff Streamflow"

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N, Gelʹfan A., and Institut vodnykh problem (Rossiĭskai͡a︡ akademii͡a︡ nauk), eds. Dinamiko-stokhasticheskie metody modeli formirovanii͡a︡ rechnogo stoka. "Nauka", 1993.

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Keedy, Julia A. Impact of streamflow variability on the Colorado River system operation. Colorado Water Resources Research Institute, 2007.

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Keedy, Julia A. Impact of streamflow variability on the Colorado River system operation. Colorado Water Resources Research Institute, 2007.

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Affairs, Botswana Dept of Water. A study of the impact of small dam construction on downstream water resources: Final report. Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners (Botswana), 1992.

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Hunt, R. J. Evaluating the effects of urbanization and land-use planning using ground-water and surface-water models. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.

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Steuer, Jeffrey J. Use of a watershed-modeling approach to assess hydrologic effects of urbanization, North Fork Pheasant Branch basin near Middleton, Wisconsin. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.

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Steuer, Jeffrey J. Use of a watershed-modeling approach to assess hydrologic effects of urbanization, North Fork Pheasant Branch basin near Middleton, Wisconsin. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.

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Steuer, Jeffrey J. Use of a watershed-modeling approach to assess hydrologic effects of urbanization, North Fork Pheasant Branch basin near Middleton, Wisconsin. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.

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Steuer, Jeffrey J. Use of a watershed-modeling approach to assess hydrologic effects of urbanization, North Fork Pheasant Branch basin near Middleton, Wisconsin. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.

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Steuer, Jeffrey J. Use of a watershed-modeling approach to assess hydrologic effects of urbanization, North Fork Pheasant Branch basin near Middleton, Wisconsin. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hydrologic cycle Runoff Streamflow"

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Lettenmaier, Dennis P. "Modeling of Runoff and Streamflow at Regional to Global Scales." In The Role of Water and the Hydrological Cycle in Global Change. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79830-6_10.

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Dai, Aiguo. "Historical and Future Changes in Streamflow and Continental Runoff." In Terrestrial Water Cycle and Climate Change. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118971772.ch2.

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Wang, Chi-Yuen, and Michael Manga. "Stream Flow." In Lecture Notes in Earth System Sciences. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64308-9_7.

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AbstractChanges in stream discharge after earthquakes are among the most interesting hydrologic responses because they are visible at Earth’s surface and can be dramatic. Here we focus on changes that persist for extended periods but have no obvious source. Such increases have been documented for a long time but their origins are still under debate. We first review some general characteristics of streamflow responses to earthquakes; we then discuss several mechanisms that have been proposed to explain these responses and the source of the extra water. The different hypotheses imply different crustal processes and different water–rock interactions during the earthquake cycle. In most instances, these hypotheses are under-constrained. We suggest that multiple mechanisms may be activated by an earthquake.
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Williams, Mark W., and Nel Caine. "Hydrology and Hydrochemistry." In Structure and Function of an Alpine Ecosystem. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117288.003.0010.

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Seasonally snow-covered areas of Earth’s mountain ranges are important components of the global hydrologic cycle. Although their area is limited, the snowpacks of these areas are a major source of the water supply for runoff and ground water recharge over wide areas of the mid-latitudes. They are also sensitive indicators of climatic change. The release of ions from the snowpack is an important component in the biogeochemistry of alpine areas and may also function as a sensitive indicator of changes in atmospheric chemistry. The demand for water in the semiarid areas of the western United States is reflected in extensive systems of reservoirs, canals, and flow diversions that have been constructed over the past century. Most of the water resources tapped by these systems derives from the mountain environments of the Rocky Mountains, where contributions of the alpine have long been recognized (Martinelli 1975). In Colorado, 9000 km2 of alpine terrain, less than 4% of the state’s area, provide more than 20% of the state’s streamflow and is especially important in maintaining late-summer flows (Martinelli 1975). Lakes in the Rocky Mountains are relatively uncontaminated compared with many other high-elevation lakes in the world, with the median value of NO-3 concentrations less than 1 μeq L-1 (Psenner 1989). However, in comparison with downstream ecosystems, these high-elevation ecosystems are relatively sensitive to changes in the flux of energy, chemicals, and water because of extensive areas of exposed and unreactive bedrock, rapid hydrologic flushing rates during snowmelt, limited extent of vegetation and soils, and short growing seasons (Williams 1993). Hence, even small changes in atmospheric deposition have the potential to result in large changes in ecosystem dynamics and water quality (Williams et al. 1996a). Furthermore, these ecosystem changes may occur in alpine areas before they occur in downstream ecosystems (Williams et al. 1996b). Apart from its use in municipal supply, agriculture, recreation, and power generation, this water also mediates transfers of geomorphic and biological materials. For this reason, the drainage basin, or catchment, has long been recognized as a basic geomorphic unit in environmental research (e.g., Chorley 1967; Bormann and Likens 1969).
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"Effects of Urbanization on Stream Ecosystems." In Effects of Urbanization on Stream Ecosystems, edited by Christopher P. Konrad and Derek B. Booth. American Fisheries Society, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569735.ch10.

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&lt;em&gt;Abstract.&lt;/em&gt;—Urban development modifies the production and delivery of runoff to streams and the resulting rate, volume, and timing of streamflow. Given that streamflow demonstrably influences the structure and composition of lotic communities, we have identified four hydrologic changes resulting from urban development that are potentially significant to stream ecosystems: increased frequency of high flows, redistribution of water from base flow to storm flow, increased daily variation in streamflow, and reduction in low flow. Previous investigations of streamflow patterns and biological assemblages provide a scale of ecological significance for each type of streamflow pattern. The scales establish the magnitude of changes in streamflow patterns that could be expected to produce biological responses in streams. Long-term streamflow records from eight streams in urbanizing areas of the United States and five additional reference streams, where land use has been relatively stable, were analyzed to assess if streamflow patterns were modified by urban development to an extent that a biological response could be expected and whether climate patterns could account for equivalent hydrologic variation in the reference streams. Changes in each type of streamflow pattern were evident in some but not all of the urban streams and were nearly absent in the reference streams. Given these results, hydrologic changes are likely significant to urban stream ecosystems, but the significance depends on the stream’s physiographic context and spatial and temporal patterns of urban development. In urban streams with substantially altered hydrology, short-term goals for urban stream rehabilitation may be limited because of the difficulty and expense of restoring hydrologic processes in an urban landscape. The ecological benefits of improving physical habitat and water quality may be tempered by persistent effects of altered streamflow. In the end, the hydrologic effects of urban development must be addressed for restoration of urban streams.
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Carey, Daniel I. "The Waters of Kentucky." In Water in Kentucky. University Press of Kentucky, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813168685.003.0001.

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This chapter follows water through the hydrologic cycle in Kentucky and shows how water shapes the land and supports the life. It describes and quantifies precipitation, stream flow runoff, groundwater infiltration, and surface water storage in ponds, lakes, and wetlands. Water use and wastewater production and treatment are discussed. Suitability of soils and geology for septic systems are analyzed. Flooding and floodplain management issues are presented. The chapter illustrates our responsibility to maintain this vital resource for all life in the Commonwealth.
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Bianchi, Thomas S. "Hydrodynamics." In Biogeochemistry of Estuaries. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195160826.003.0009.

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The hydrologic cycle has received considerable attention in recent years with particular interest in the dynamics of land–atmosphere exchanges as it relates to global climate change and the need for more accurate numbers in global circulation models (GCMs). Recent advance in remote sensing and operational weather forecasts have significantly improved the ability to monitor the hydrologic cycle over broad regions (Vörösmarty and Peterson, 2000). The application of hydrologic models in understanding interactions between the watersheds and estuaries is critical when examining seasonal changes in the biogeochemical cycles of estuaries. Water is the most abundant substance on the Earth’s surface with liquid water covering approximately 70% of the Earth. Most of the water (96%) in the reservoir on the Earth’s surface is in the global ocean. The remaining water, predominantly stored in the form of ice in polar regions, is distributed throughout the continents and atmosphere—estuaries represent a very small fraction of this total reservoir as a subcomponent of rivers. Water is moving continuously through these reservoirs. For example, there is a greater amount of evaporation than precipitation over the oceans; this imbalance is compensated by inputs from continental runoff. The most prolific surface runoff to the oceans is from rivers which discharge approximately 37,500 km3 y−1 (Shiklomanov and Sokolov, 1983). The 10 most significant rivers, in rank of water discharge, account for approximately 30% of the total discharge to the oceans (Milliman and Meade, 1983; Meade, 1996). The most significant source of evaporation to the global hydrologic cycle occurs over the oceans; this occurs nonuniformly and is well correlated with latitudinal gradients of incident radiation and temperature. The flow of water from the atmosphere to the ocean and continents occurs in the form of rain, snow, and ice. Average turnover times of water in these reservoirs can range from 2640 y in the oceans to 8.2 d (days) in the atmosphere (Henshaw et al., 2000; table 3.1). The aqueous constituents of organic materials, such as overall biomass, have an even shorter turnover time (5.3 d). These differences in turnover rate are critical in controlling rates of biogeochemical processes in aquatic systems.
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"Strategies for Restoring River Ecosystems: Sources of Variability and Uncertainty in Natural and Managed Systems." In Strategies for Restoring River Ecosystems: Sources of Variability and Uncertainty in Natural and Managed Systems, edited by R. L. EDMONDS, R. C. FRANCIS, N. J. MANTUA, and D. L. PETERSON. American Fisheries Society, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569469.ch2.

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&lt;em&gt;Abstract&lt;/em&gt;.—River ecosystems are naturally variable in time and space and this variability is largely determined by climate, geology, and topography. We explore how variability in climate influences rivers. Our specific goals are to discuss (1) the major natural drivers of global-scale climate; (2) variability in temperature, precipitation, and streamflow patterns and how they relate to natural climate oscillations, such as El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and Arctic Oscillation/North Atlantic Oscillation (AO/NAO); (3) how human activities influence climate variability; (4) how climate variability influences river systems; and (5) the need to account for climate variability in river restoration activities. Three regional-scale river drainages are explored in detail: the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest; the Colorado River in the Rocky Mountains and the Southwestern USA; and the Kissimmee–Okeechobee–Everglades drainage in South Florida. As is true for many river drainages, humans have strongly influenced the hydrologic cycle in the three aforementioned basins through land-use practices. Clearing forests, creating urban environments, building dams, irrigating fields, and straightening rivers all contribute to hydrologic change, especially river flooding. Rates of climate change and climate variability are now being influenced by human activities. Restoring the connectivity between river channels and floodplains, and “naturalization” of flow regimes of many large river drainages could be a major management action for ameliorating changes due to increased climate variability.
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"Water and Land Pollution." In Environmental Toxicology, edited by Sigmund F. Zakrzewski. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195148114.003.0016.

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Water covers 70% of the earth’s surface. Only 3% of this is freshwater, which is indispensable in sustaining plant and animal life. The amount of freshwater is maintained constant by the hydrological cycle. This cycle involves evaporation from oceans and inland waters, transpiration from plants, precipitation, infiltration into the soil, and runoff of surface water into lakes and rivers. The infiltrated water is used for plant growth and recharges groundwater reserves. Although the global supply of available freshwater is sufficient to maintain life, the worldwide distribution of freshwater is not even. In some areas the supply is limited because of climatic conditions or cannot meet the demands of high population density. In other places, although there is no shortage of freshwater, the water supply is contaminated with industrial chemicals and is thus unfit for human use. Moreover, fish and other aquatic species living in chemically contaminated water become unfit for human consumption. Thus, water pollution deprives us and other species of two essential ingredients for survival: water and food. An example of hydrologic changes caused by urbanization is given in Figure 11.1. Conditions before and after urbanization were measured in Ontario, Canada, by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (1). In the urban setting, pervious areas are replaced with impervious ones (such as streets, parking lots, and shopping centers). Groundwater replenishment is greatly reduced and runoff is considerably increased by these changes. Thus, urbanization not only contributes to water pollution; it also increases the possibility of floods. Nitrogen is an important element for sustenance of life. However, in order to be incorporated into living matter it has to be converted into an assimilative form—an oxide or ammonia. Until the beginning of the twentieth century most of the atmospheric nitrogen was converted into assimilative form by soil microorganisms and by lightning. Nitrogen compounds which were not utilized by living matter did not accumulate because the denitrifying bacteria decomposed them to elemental nitrogen which was then released back into the atmosphere. In this way the nitrogen cycle was completed.
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