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Deshotel, Matthew Wayne. "Enhancing Undergraduate Water Resources Engineering Education Using Data and Modeling Resources Situated in Real-world Ecosystems| Design Principles and Challenges for Scaling and Sustainability." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10266036.
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<p> Recent research and technological advances in the field of hydrology and water resources call for parallel educational reforms at the undergraduate level. This thesis describes the design, development, and evaluation of a series of undergraduate learning modules that engage students in investigative and inquiry-based learning experiences and introduces data analysis and numerical modeling skills. The modules are situated in the coastal hydrologic basins of Louisiana, USA. Centered on the current crisis of coastal land loss in the region, the modules immerse students in a suite of active-learning experiences in which they prepare and analyze data, reproduce model simulations, interpret results, and balance the beneficial and detrimental impacts of several real-world coastal restoration projects. The modules were developed using a web-based design that includes geospatial visualization via a built-in map-interface, textual instructions, video tutorials, and immediate feedback mechanisms. Following pilot implementations, an improvement-focused evaluation was conducted to examine the effectiveness of the modules and their potential for advancing students’ experiences with modeling-based analysis in hydrology and water resources. Both qualitative and quantitative data was collected including Likert-scale surveys, student performance grades, informal interviews, and text-response surveys. Students’ perceptions indicated that data and modeling-driven pedagogy using local real-world projects contributed to their learning and served as an effective supplement to instruction. The evaluation results also pointed out some key aspects on how to design effective and conducive undergraduate learning experiences that adopt technology-enhanced, data and modeling-based strategies, and how to pedagogically strike a balance between sufficient module complexity, ensurance of students’ continuous engagement, and flexibility to fit within existing curricula limitations. Additionally, to investigate how such learning modules can achieve large scale adoption, a total of 100 interviews were conducted with academic instructors and practicing professionals in the field of hydrology and water resources engineering. Key perspectives indicate that future efforts should appease hindering factors such as steep learning curves, lack of assessment data, refurbishment requirements, rigidness of material, time limitations.</p><p>
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Fabbiani-Leon, Angelique Marie. "Comparison method between gridded and simulated snow water equivalent estimates to in-situ snow sensor readings." Thesis, University of California, Davis, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1604056.
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<p> California Department of Water Resources (DWR) Snow Surveys Section has recently explored the potential use of recently developed hydrologic models to estimate snow water equivalent (SWE) for the Sierra Nevada mountain range. DWR Snow Surveys Section’s initial step is to determine how well these hydrologic models compare to the trusted regression equations, currently used by DWR Snow Surveys Section. A comparison scheme was ultimately developed between estimation measures for SWE by interpreting model results for the Feather River Basin from: a) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) gridded SWE reconstruction product, b) United States Geological Survey (USGS) Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS), and c) DWR Snow Surveys Section regression equations. Daily SWE estimates were extracted from gridded results by computing an average SWE based on 1,000 ft elevation band increments from 3,000 to 10,000 ft (i.e. an elevation band would be from 3,000 to 4,000 ft). The dates used for processing average SWE estimates were cloud-free satellite image dates during snow ablation months, March to August, for years 2000–2012. The average SWE for each elevation band was linearly interpolated for each snow sensor elevation. The model SWE estimates were then compared to the snow sensor readings used to produce the snow index in DWR’s regression equations. In addition to comparing JPL’s SWE estimate to snow sensor readings, PRMS SWE variable for select hydrologic response units (HRU) were also compared to snow sensor readings. Research concluded with the application of statistical methods to determine the reliability in the JPL products and PRMS simulated SWE variable, with results varying depending on time duration being analyzed and elevation range.</p>
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Diaz, Carlos Luis Perez. "Development of a Microwave - Remote Sensing Based Snow Depth Product." Thesis, The City College of New York, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10745516.
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<p> Snow is a key component of the Earth’s energy balance, climate, environment, and a major source of freshwater in many regions. Seasonal and perennial snow cover affect up to 50% of the Northern Hemisphere landmass, which accounts for vast regions of the Earth that influence climate, culture, and commerce significantly. Information on snow properties such as snow cover, depth, and wetness is important for making hydrological forecasts, monitoring climate change, weather prediction, and issuing snowmelt runoff, flash flood, and avalanche warnings. Hence, adequate knowledge of the areal extent of snow and its properties is essential for hydrologists, water resources managers, and decision-makers. </p><p> The use of infrared (IR) and microwave (MW) remote sensing (RS) has demonstrated the capability of estimating the presence of snow cover and snowpack properties with accuracy. However, there are few publicly accessible, operational RS-based snow depth products, and these only provide the depth of recently accumulated dry snow because retrievals lose accuracy drastically for wet snow (late winter - early spring). Furthermore, it is common practice to assume snow grain size and wetness to be constant to retrieve certain snow properties (e.g. snow depth). This approach is incorrect because these properties are space- and time- dependent, and largely impact the MW signal scattering. Moreover, the remaining operational snow depth products have not been validated against in-situ observations; which is detrimental to their performance and future calibrations. </p><p> This study is focused on the discovery of patterns in geospatial data sets using data mining techniques for mapping snow depth globally at 10 km spatial resolution. A methodology to develop a RS MW-based snow depth and water equivalent (SWE) product using regression tree algorithms is developed. The work divided into four main segments includes: (1) validation of RS-based IR and MW-retrieved Land Surface Temperature (LST) products, (2) studying snow wetness by developing, validating, and calibrating a Snow Wetness Profiler, (3) development of a regression tree algorithm capable of estimating snow depth based on radiative (MW observations) and physical snowpack properties, and (4) development of a global MW-RS-based snow depth product built on the regression tree algorithm. </p><p> A predictive model based on Regression Tree (RT) is developed in order to model snow depth and water equivalent at the Cooperative Remote Sensing Science and Technology Center – Snow Analysis and Field Experiment (CREST-SAFE). The RT performance analyzed based on contrasting training error, true prediction error, and variable importance estimates. The RT algorithm is then taken to a broader scale, and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Global Change Observation Mission – Water 1 (GCOM-W1) MW brightness temperature measurements were used to provide snow depth and SWE estimates. These SD and SWE estimates were evaluated against twelve (12) Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL) sites owned by the National Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and JAXA’s own snow depth product. Results demonstrated that a RS MW-based RT algorithm is capable of providing snow depth and SWE estimates with acceptable accuracy for the continental United States, with some limitations. The major setback to the RT algorithm is that it will only provide estimates based on the data with which it was trained. Therefore, it is recommended that the work be expanded, and data from additional in-situ stations be used to re-train the RT algorithm. The CREST snow depth and water equivalent product, as it was named, is currently operational and publicly accessible at https://www.noaacrest.org//snow/products/. </p><p>
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Almamalachy, Yousif. "Utilization of Remote Sensing in Drought Monitoring Over Iraq." Thesis, Portland State University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10283891.
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<p> Agricultural drought is a creeping disaster that overshadows the vegetative cover in general and cropland specifically in Iraq, a country that was well known for its agricultural production and fertile soil. In the recent years, the arable lands in Iraq experienced increasing land degradation that led to desertification, economic losses, food insecurity, and deteriorating environment. Remote sensing is employed in this study and four different indices are utilized, each of which is derived from MODIS satellite mission products. Agricultural drought maps are produced from 2003 to 2015 after masking the vegetation cover. Year 2008 was found the most severe drought year during the study period, where drought covered 37% of the vegetated land. This part of the study demonstrated the capability of remote sensing in fulfilling the need of an early warning system for agricultural drought over such a data-scarce region.</p><p> This study also aims to monitor hydrological drought. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite-derived monthly Terrestrial Water Storage (TWS) is the hydrological drought indicator, that is used to calculate the deficit. Severity of drought events are calculated by integrating monthly water deficit over the drought period. In addition, drought recovery time is assessed depending on the estimated deficit. Major drought events are classified into several levels of severity by applying a drought monograph approach. The results demonstrated that GRACE TWS is a reliable indicator for drought assessment over Iraq, and provides useful information for decision makers which can be utilized in developing drought adaptation and mitigation strategies. </p><p>
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Rahmani, Vahid. "Assessing impacts of climate change on Kansas water resources: rainfall trends and risk analysis of water control structures." Diss., Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18342.
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Doctor of Philosophy<br>Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering<br>Stacy L. Hutchinson<br>Precipitation impacts hydrologic structures, agricultural production, water resources management, and recreational activities, all of which significantly affect a state’s economy. Water control structure design is based on the maximum runoff rate resulting from storms with a specific return period and duration. The Rainfall Frequency Atlas (National Weather Service Technical Paper 40, 1961) (TP-40) provided statistical rainfall analysis as the basis for hydrologic structure design until the information was updated for Kansas in February 2013 (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Atlas 14, volume 8) (Atlas-14). With growing concern about the effects of global climate change and predictions of more precipitation and extreme weather events, it is necessary to explore rainfall distribution patterns using the most current and complete data available. In this work, the changes in rainfall patterns were studied using the daily rainfall data from 23 stations in Kansas and 15 stations from adjacent states with daily rainfall data of 1890 through 2012. Analysis showed an increase in extreme precipitation events in Kansas with increase in magnitude from the northwest to southeast part of the state. A comparison of results of the TP-40 analysis to period 1980–2009, showed that approximately 84% of the state had an increase in short-term rainfall event magnitudes. In addition, trend analyzes on the total annual rainfall indicated a gradual increase at 21 out of 23 stations, including eight statistically significant trends. A change-point analysis detected a significant sudden change at twelve stations as early as 1940 and as recently as 1980. The increasing trend, particularly after the significant change-points, is useful in updating water management plans and can assist with agricultural production decisions such as crop selection and new plant variety development. A comparison between 10-yr, 24-hr storms from TP-40 and Atlas-14 indicated a change of -12% to 5% in Kansas. However, the number of exceedances from the 10-yr, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 7-, and 10-day storms demonstrated a tendency towards more exceedances, particularly in the last five decades. Results of this study are useful for hydrologic structure design and water resources management in order to prevent accepting additional risk of failure because of the current changing climate.
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Dhungel, Hari. "Investigating the Temporal and Spatial Variability of Flow and Salinity Levels in an Ungaged Watershed for Ecological Benefits:A Case Study of the Mentor Marsh Watershed." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1532016261996327.
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Mounir, Adil. "Development of a Reservoir System Operation Model for Water Sustainability in the Yaqui River Basin." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1513880139368117.
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Gunn, Kpoti M. "Potential Impacts of Irrigation Groundwater Withdrawal on Water Resources in the Scippo Creek-Scioto River Watershed (Ohio)." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429888176.
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Shrestha, Sabin. "Impact of Global Climate Change on Extreme Streamflow: A Case Study of the Great Miami River Watershed in Southwestern Ohio." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1494940474699982.
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Matheny, Ashley Michelle. "Development of a Novel Plant-Hydrodynamic Approach for Modeling of Forest Transpiration during Drought and Disturbance." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1468595149.
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Wärmark, Katarina. "Assessment of water footprint for civil construction projects." Thesis, Institutionen för vatten och miljö, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet (SLU), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-257147.
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Water is an irreplaceable resource and the strain on it is getting tougher. Around 40 per cent of the water withdrawn in Europe is for industrial use. With a growing population and an increased demand for food and energy per capita, the demand and pressure on our water resources will increase. CEEQUAL is a rating scheme for the civil construction industry and has raised the water footprint as an important sustainability issue to consider when choosing building materials. There is however little knowledge within the industry of how to do this. This paper offers information regarding available water footprint tools and gives a practical example using two of the most developed methods; the Water Footprint Network (WFN) method and Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). The case study showed that the results are very dependent on which method one chooses. The LCA method gives a bigger footprint since it is more inclusive than the WFN method. There are however some similarities when looking at which of the materials that are high-risk and low-risk materials when it comes to freshwater footprint. Among the studied products, steel was the material that uses and consumes the most water per kilogram, and could also be imported from water scarce areas. Fill material had a low water consumption and use per kilogram, but the huge amount used in the project makes it the material that used and consumed most water in total. Fill material is most often produced locally because of the large amount used, and was therefore not as significant when weighting the results by a water stress index. Calculating a water footprint can be used as a part of declaring the environmental performance of a project by including it in an Environmental Product Declaration (EPD), a sustainability report or by setting up an Environmental Profit and Loss (E P&L) account for water. It can also be used to identify and assess risks related to water use.<br>Färskvatten är en begränsad, men förnybar resurs som på grund av sina unika egenskaper saknar substitut i många processer och användningsområden. Resursen är ojämnt fördelad över världen och många lever idag i vattenstressade regioner. I Europa står industrisektorn för cirka 40 procent av det totala vattenuttaget. Med en växande befolkning och ökad efterfrågan på mat och energi per capita kommer konkurrensen om vattenresurserna att bli hårdare. Vi måste därför anpassa oss efter denna verklighet och framtid och börja använda våra färskvattenresurser mer effektivt. Certifieringssystemet CEEQUAL har lyft vattenavtryck för byggprodukter som en viktig fråga vid val av material. Inom branschen vet man i dagsläget inte hur man ska hantera den frågan och utgångspunkten för denna rapport är att ge vägledning bland de metoder som finns tillgängliga idag samt att ge ett praktiskt exempel på två av de mest utvecklade metoderna, Water Footprint Network (WFN) metoden och livscykelanalys (LCA). Som ett praktiskt exempel utfördes en fallstudie som visade att resultatet av en vattenavtrycksanalys beror väldigt mycket på vilken metod som väljs, vilket innebär att harmonisering inom branschen är viktigt. LCA-metoden ger ett större avtryck än WFNmetoden då metoden inkluderar fler typer av vattenanvändning. Av de studerade materialen visade sig stål vara det som både använder och förbrukar mest vatten per kilogram. Det är också ett material som i betydande grad importeras från regioner som kan vara vattenstressade. Fyllnadsmaterial var ett av materialen med lägst vattenavtryck per kilogram, men då det används i så stora mängder i anläggningsprojekt är det detta material som bidrar med störst totalt vattenavtryck. På grund av den stora mängd som används utvinns fyllnadsmaterial dock oftast lokalt. Detta gör att vattenavtryckets signifikans minskar när det viktas med ett vattenstressindex, då det generellt finns gott om vatten i Sverige. Vattenavtryck kan användas till deklaration av potentiell påverkan på vattenresurser genom att inkludera resultatet i en miljövarudeklaration eller hållbarhetsrapport. Det kan även användas i ett naturkapitalkonto (E P&L) för vatten eller för att identifiera risker kopplade till vattenanvändning samt ge vägledning vid materialval och val av leverantör.
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Lamichhane, Niraj. "Prediction of Travel Time and Development of Flood Inundation Maps for Flood Warning System Including Ice Jam Scenario. A Case Study of the Grand River, Ohio." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1463789508.
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Bayareddy, Venkata Subbarao. "Determination of Ineffective Flow Areas in Bridge Modeling Using HEC-RAS by Locating Ineffective Flow Stations." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1462356833.
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Villines, Jonathan A. "USING GIS TO DELINEATE HEADWATER STREAM ORIGINS IN THE APPALACHIAN COAL-BELT REGION OF KENTUCKY." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/bae_etds/15.
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Human activity such as surface mining can have substantial impacts on the natural environment. Performing a Cumulative Hydrologic Impact Assessment (CHIA) of such impacts on surface water systems requires knowing the location and extent of these impacted streams. The Jurisdictional Determination (JD) of a stream’s protected status under the Clean Water Act (CWA) involves locating and classifying streams according to their flow regime: ephemeral, intermittent, or perennial. Due to their often remote locations and small size, taking a field inventory of headwater streams for surface mining permit applications or permit reviews is challenging. A means of estimating headwater stream location and extent, according to flow regime using publicly available spatial data, would assist in performing CHIAs and JDs. Using headwater point-of-origin data collected from Robinson Forest in eastern Kentucky along with data from three JDs obtained via a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), headwater streams in the Appalachian Coal Belt were characterized according to a set of spatial parameters. These characteristics were extrapolated using GIS to delineate headwater streams over a larger area, and the results were compared to the National Hydrography Dataset (NHD).
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Sabbah, Walid Wajeeh. "Developing A GIS And Hydrological Modeling Approach For Sustainable Water Resources Management In The West Bank -- Palestine." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2005. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/297.
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This research deals with setting up a GIS and hydrological modeling based approach for sustainable water resources management in the West Bank of Palestine. This water sustainability approach took into consideration the water balance, the social, the economic, the demographic, the environmental, and the institutional components in order to enhance and promote the sustainable development in Palestine, both on the short and long runs. To evaluate the water balance component, a methodology was introduced to create the Water Sustainability Map (WSM). Since the groundwater is currently the only accessible water source by the Palestinians, the WSM is represented by the Aquifer Sustainable Yield (ASY) which is equivalent to the annual renewable recharge of the various aquifer formations in the West Bank. The ASY was determined by integrating the watershed boundaries derived from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with the available hydrological and meteorological data by using GIS. This GIS based approach was used to create the rainfall, evapo-transpiration, and runoff coverages by interpolating their values from the measured parameters. The total estimated ASY using this GIS approach was 679.7 MCM/Yr. which constituted the upper limit for the overall water use in all assumed future water demand scenarios. This approach fulfilled the demographic, social, and economic water sustainability components by proposing water demand scenarios for the period from 2005 to 2025 based on the gradual increase of population and their per capita water use, the available water infrastructure, and based on the value of water where priority was given to the household water use. This approach fulfilled the environmental dimension of water sustainability by studying the water quality and identifying the locations with high pollution indicators for various water use purposes and recommending ways to prevent the environmental degradation and groundwater pollution. This approach fulfilled the institutional dimension of water sustainability by reviewing the current institutions dealing with water management and distribution, recommending options to enhance their efficiency, and finally by proposing some options to save additional water in the West Bank.
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Castrellon, Romero Maria Gabriela. "Characterization and Modeling of a Tropical Groundwater System| La Villa Watershed, Panama." Thesis, University of California, Davis, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10972988.
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<p> Groundwater plays an important role in runoff generation in the humid tropics, both as subsurface stormflow during rain events and sustaining baseflow during dry periods. Yet groundwater fluxes in tropical areas, particularly groundwater/surface-water (GW-SW) interactions, are not very well characterized at regional scales, thus preventing us from estimating how climate change and anthropogenic activities will affect future groundwater availability. In the case of Panama, abundance of water resources has caused its misuse and thus groundwater is exploited without previous knowledge of its distribution and availability. However, regions of the country such as the Central Pacific Region suffer from water scarcity during periods of extended drought, when streamflow reduces significantly and shallow wells get dry. Understanding groundwater dynamics, especially GW-SW interactions, is crucial for government authorities to make informed decisions in order to secure water availability for current and future generations. This thesis presents advances on the characterization of the La Villa groundwater basin, located in the Central Pacific Region of Panama. By building a groundwater conceptual and numerical model, and a surface water model, potential recharge areas and groundwater flow patterns were identified. Also, the model reveals that groundwater feeds the rivers, not only during dry periods, but throughout the year. Although this preliminary model is not yet capable of predicting the total amount of groundwater stored, and neither can be used to inform management decision, it can inform us of which features have the greatest influence on groundwater flow and it can tell us what types of data are necessary to improve the results of the simulation. The development of these models is the first step towards the development of an integrated hydrologic simulation that can be used to test different climate change and/or management scenarios.</p><p>
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Ng, Nicole. "Spatiotemporal variations of baseflow generation in the United States." Thesis, State University of New York Col. of Environmental Science & Forestry, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10192876.
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<p> The traditional paradigm of baseflow generation assumes a uniform water table contributes baseflow evenly across a watershed. This thesis considers an alternate paradigm in which baseflow originates from a mix of localized sources that drain at different rates. Four forested headwater catchments across the United States were examined for spatial variability in baseflow sources by analyzing fractional baseflow contribution from each subcatchment relative to the catchment outlet. This revealed that subcatchment flow contributions changed dynamically through time, supporting the idea of different drainage rates in different places. A parallel linear reservoir model, which is predicated on heterogeneity in flow sources and not groundwater hydraulics, was used to simulate results consistent with observations in some of the study catchments. These results support the idea that in some locations baseflow recession may be better explained by landscape spatial heterogeneity than by aquifer hydraulics. </p>
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Sulistioadi, Yohanes Budi. "Satellite Altimetry and Hydrologic Modeling of Poorly-Gauged Tropical Watershed." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1382544894.
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Carsillo, Vincent John. "MONITORING STORMWATER INFILTRATION IN A VACANT LOT COMPARING TIME-LAPSE ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/518905.
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Geology<br>M.S.<br>Vacant lots in cities and surrounding urban areas can potentially be used for stormwater management because they are pervious. However, the extent to which vacant lots provide pervious cover to increase infiltration and reduce stormflow is poorly understood. The goal of this study was to develop faster methods for monitoring stormwater infiltration to improve characterization of heterogeneous urban systems. Geophysical techniques are capable of mapping and characterizing subsurface materials, but are often limited by time and sensitivity constraints. In this study, the infiltration characteristics of a vacant lot created by the demolition of a house was characterized using a series of modeling, field and lab experiments. Site characterization under background conditions with an EM Profiler was used to map zones of different fill materials. Three zones were identified in the study site: grass area, driveway area, and a former house area. Transient soil moisture conditions were monitored during irrigation tests using two geophysical methods (electrical resistivity tomography [ERT] and electromagnetic induction [EM]) to evaluate method sensitivity and differences between the three zones. ERT proved more sensitive than EM profiling at detecting changes in the three zones. Soil moisture changes in the driveway area were particularly difficult to detect using EM. The EM Profiler showed a reduction rather than increase in conductivity at the start of irrigation and storms, which was attributed to flushing of high conductivity pore fluids by dilute irrigation or rain water. This explanation was supported using Archie’s Law to model the response of apparent conductivity under highly conductive pore fluid conditions. The EM Profiler was also used under natural precipitation conditions to quickly monitor areas too large for the ERT to reasonably survey. The results suggested that EM instrument drift needs to be corrected to make the method more sensitive. It was difficult to detect differences in hydrologic characterization between areas of the vacant lot using traditional soil point measurements because of the inherent spatial variability. The most useful point measurement was soil moisture loggers. Data from soil moisture loggers was used to parameterize the model; in addition, the soil moisture loggers showed a slow drying period. By combining the EM Profiler method with soil moisture data and applying corrections for drift, some improvement in sensitivity might be achieved. Quantitative characterization of fill material was shown by ERT, which detected more heterogeneous infiltration in the area of the former house than in the grass area.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Neel, Brendan R. "Aquifer Mergence Zones of the East Newport Mesa, Orange County, CA| A Geochemical Investigation of Hydrogeologic Structure and Groundwater Flow." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10977817.
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<p> Aquifer mergence zones are erosional unconformities that hydraulically join interlaying aquifers. In the East Newport Mesa in Orange County, Southern California, aquifer mergence zones may provide a pathway for potentially impaired low-quality groundwater of the shallow, semi-perched aquifer to migrate into the underlying regional, potable, confined aquifers. Major ion and stable isotope results imply that vertical mixing is occurring locally between the discrete shallow and deep groundwater endmembers. Vertical mixing is suggested by anomalously young radiocarbon age-dates of deep groundwater units. Radon-222 results show that shallow groundwater is discharging from the mesa, and is also actively intruded by surface water. Mixing of shallow and deep waters at these mergence zones may pose a threat to the deeper regional aquifer system. </p><p>
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Boening, Kathryn Margaret. "Impacts of Green Infrastructure Practices and Rainfall Characteristics on Sewershed Hydrology and Water Quality." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1595352797878418.
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Rodriguez, Arellano Jose Luis. "Conceptual framework to estimate economic feasibility of groundwater banking on agricultural land." Thesis, University of California, Davis, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1604062.
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<p> Since 1865 California has practiced underground water storage through artificial recharge; however, in many parts of the state these efforts have been insufficient to meet its growing water demands, particularly for irrigated agriculture. During dry periods, vast agricultural areas depend upon groundwater for irrigation. In these areas, groundwater banking (GB) should be an essential strategy of their water management operations. GB is the practice of using surface water for percolation or injection into aquifers for later recovery. One variation of GB currently being studied in California is the use of agricultural lands for this practice (Ag-GB). Economic implications of Ag-GB need to be analyzed to inform water agencies and farmers interested in implementing this practice. This study proposes a conceptual model for determining the economic feasibility of Ag-GB at the irrigation district level. The Orland-Artois Water District (OAWD) in Glenn County is considered as the case study, and alfalfa as the test crop due to its tolerance to flooding and low use of pesticides and fertilizers which could leach into the aquifer. The proposed model consists of four components. The first component, the agricultural water demand calculator, calculates agricultural water demands based on historic land use, monthly reference evapotranspiration (ETo), monthly average precipitation, and average crop coefficient (Kc) values for the region. The second component, the aquifer mass balance model, is a one-bucket mass balance model that quantifies inflows and outflows to the simplified aquifer. The third component, the agronomic model, estimates costs and benefits of Ag-GB in terms of energy savings from pumping and crop production. The fourth component, the economic feasibility output, evaluates costs and benefits are evaluated to determine economic feasibility. The period of analysis is from 1993 through 2013. </p><p> Two policies (A and B) for implementation of Ag-GB are proposed and tested. Policy A proposes that all growers in OAWD pay for the implementation of the Ag-GB program. Policy B proposes that alfalfa growers using their lands for Ag-GB (Ag-GB alfalfa growers) are exempted from paying for Ag-GB implementation and the rest of the growers (non Ag-GB growers) pay for it. The economic analysis suggests that Policy A brings more costs than benefits to the Ag-GB alfalfa growers and hence is rejected as feasible. Policy B seems to bring more benefits than costs to all growers in OAWD and therefore it has potential to be economically feasible under the assumptions and limitations of the model. </p>
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Grogan, Danielle Sarah. "Global and regional assessments of unsustainable groundwater use in irrigated agriculture." Thesis, University of New Hampshire, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10117670.
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<p> Groundwater is an essential input to agriculture world-wide, but it is clear that current rates of groundwater use are unsustainable in the long term. This dissertation assesses both current use of groundwater for country- to global-scale agriculture, and looks at the future of groundwater. The focus is on 1) quantifying food directly produced as a result of groundwater use across spatially-varying agricultural systems, 2) projecting future groundwater demands with consideration of climate change and human decision-making, and 3) understanding the system dynamics of groundwater re-use through surface water systems. All three are addressed using a process-based model designed to simulate both natural and human-impacted water systems. </p><p> Irrigation can significantly increase crop production. Chapter 1 combines a hydrology model (WBM) with a crop model to quantify current crop production that is directly attributed to groundwater irrigation in China. Unsustainably-sourced groundwater — defined as groundwater extracted in excess of recharge — accounted for a quarter of China’s crop production, and had significant spatial variability. Climate variability and groundwater demand magnified one another in hot and dry years, causing increased irrigation demand at the same time as limited surface water supplies. </p><p> Human decisions about water resource management can impact both the demand and sustainability of groundwater use. Chapter 2 takes an interdisciplinary approach to projecting India’s future (to 2050) groundwater demands, combining hydrology and econometric modeling. The econometric model projects how humans make decisions to expand or contract the irrigated land area of crops in response to climate change. Even in areas with precipitation increases, human decisions to expand irrigated areas led to increasing demands for groundwater. We additionally assessed the potential impact of a large water infrastructure project to alleviate groundwater demands in India, and found that maximum alleviation (up to 16%) was dependent upon the storage volume and location of new reservoirs. </p><p> One proposed method for reducing the world’s demand for groundwater is to increase the efficiency of agricultural water use. However, these same inefficiencies cause a portion of extracted groundwater to enter surface water systems; it can then be reused, creating a complex system in which groundwater demand does not linearly decline with increased water use efficiency. Chapter 3 quantifies the amount of groundwater that enters surface water systems, the number of times this water is reused for agriculture, and the minimum amount of groundwater required by current agricultural systems in the hypothetical scenario of perfect irrigation efficiency.</p>
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Bellmore, Rebecca Anne. "Hydrologic dynamics control dissolved organic matter export from watersheds| Fields-scale processes in a small, artificially drained agricultural catchment, and patterns across ecosystems." Thesis, Washington State University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3684751.
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<p>Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is an important component of nutrient cycling and energy transfer within and between ecosystems. Understanding controls over the magnitude and quality of DOM that is transferred from soils to surface water is needed to better characterize the terrestrial-aquatic carbon flux and effects of terrestrial DOM on downstream ecosystems. A meta-analysis of the response of in-stream dissolved organic nitrogen concentration (DON) to high flow events indicates that DON typically increases with flow across a wide range of ecosystem types, likely as novel DOM sources in the landscape are mobilized and transported to streams and rivers. Mechanisms controlling DOM export, including dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and DON concentrations and the quality of DOM, were examined in a small agricultural catchment in eastern Washington State. In the soil column, DOC concentration declined and source of DOM shifted from humic-like and plant-derived to microbially-derived with depth through the profile. Across seasons and years, DOM exported via drain discharge during low flows resembled that found deep in the soil profile, and DOM exported during high flows suggests topsoil and litter sources contribute to export. A simple mixing model suggests that litter leachate can contribute over 50% of DOM during peak flow. Based on modeled contributions of litter, topsoil and subsoil DOM during storm events, DOC concentration is over-predicted, except for peak flows, suggesting removal via sorption and/or microbial decomposition in the soil column control DOC export on the timescale of events. Although the character of exported DOM shifts with flow conditions, laboratory incubations suggest bioavailability to the stream sediment microbial community is consistently low, with a maximum of 7% loss over 6 days, indicating exported DOM is likely transported beyond the immediate stream reach. An analysis of anticipated effects of climate change on the flow regime in the catchment projects the wettest years to become more variable, with non-linear effects on the magnitude of DOC export. Finally I explore how climate change assessments can be incorporated into nonpoint source nutrient management plans, despite current uncertainty about the magnitude and timeframe of climate effects on nutrient loading.
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Emmons, Jason Daniel. "Quantifying the restorable water volume of Sierran meadows." Thesis, University of California, Davis, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1553338.
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<p> The Sierra Nevada is estimated to provide over 66% of California's water supply, which is largely derived from snowmelt. Global climate warming is expected to result in a decrease in snow pack and an increase in melting rate, making the attenuation of snowmelt by any means, an important ecosystem service for ensuring water availability. Montane meadows are dispersed throughout the mountain range providing wildlife habitat, water filtration, and water storage. Despite the important role of meadows in the Sierra Nevada, the majority are degraded from stream incision, which increases volume outflows and reduces overbank flooding, thus reducing infiltration and potential water storage. Restoration of meadow stream channels would therefore improve hydrological functioning, including increased water storage. The potential water holding capacity of restored meadows has yet to be quantified, thus this research seeks to address this knowledge gap by estimating the restorable water volume due to stream incision. More than 17,000 meadows were analyzed by categorizing their erosion potential using channel slope and soil texture, ultimately resulting in six general erodibility types. Field measurements of over 100 meadows, stratified by latitude, elevation, and geologic substrate, were then taken and analyzed for each erodibility type to determine average depth of incision. Restorable water volume was then quantified as a function of water holding capacity of the soil, meadow area and incised depth. Total restorable water volume across meadows in the Sierra Nevada was found to be 120 x 10<sup>6</sup>m<sup>3</sup>, or approximately 97,000 acre-feet. Using 95% confidence intervals for incised depth, the upper and lower bounds of the total restorable water volume were found to be 107 x 10<sup>6</sup>m<sup> 3</sup> – 140 x 10<sup>6</sup>m<sup>3</sup>. Though this estimate of restorable water volume is small in regards to the storage capacity of typical California reservoirs, restoration of Sierra Nevada meadows remains an important objective. Storage of water in meadows benefits California wildlife, potentially attenuates floods, and elevates base flows, which can ease effects to the spring snowmelt recession from the expected decline in Sierran snowpack with atmospheric warming.</p>
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Brown, Krista M. "GROUNDWATER-STREAM INTERACTIONS AND WATER QUALITY OF FORMER DAM RESERVOIRS IN NORTHEAST, OHIO." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1564530847224908.
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Shedekar, Vinayak Shamrao. "Developing an integrated, multi-scale modeling system for assessing conservation benefits in subsurface drained watersheds." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1480606965301556.
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Schultz, Lynn L. "Agricultural Land Use, Watershed Characteristics, and Hydrological Forces Contributing to the Impairment of a Shallow Lake in the Western Corn Belt Ecoregion." Thesis, Minnesota State University, Mankato, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10254675.
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<p> The Lake Titlow watershed (approximately 35,000 acres) in south-central Minnesota is part of the Minnesota River Basin. The lake is listed in the draft 2010 Clean Water Act Section 303d for nutrient pollution, eutrophication, and biological indicators for impairment of aquatic life and recreational use. Over 90 percent of pre-settlement wetlands are currently drained for agricultural land use. The Lake Titlow watershed is over 80 percent row crops and land use is implicated as a primary cause of impairment in the lake. </p><p> Water samples were collected from the Lake Titlow tributaries McLeod-Sibley Judicial Ditch Number 18 (JD18), Sibley County Ditch Number 18 (CD18), and Ditch 250 (D250) during 2009 and 2010 and were analyzed for total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), and nitrate-nitrite nitrogen (NOx). Investigative methods included continuous recording stream stage and through the use of rating curves, discharge. Runoff, sediment loads, and nutrient loads were then determined from the field data. Four rain gauges collected precipitation each year and were used to assess the impact of precipitation on runoff and loading. Four characteristic precipitation events were selected for each of the calendar years 2009 and 2010 to estimate the loads of sediment and nutrients to the lake and more fully understand the specific roles that land use, hydrologic soil group, slope, and precipitation play with regard to causing sediment and nutrient loading in the lake. </p><p> Results indicate runoff and loads are significant and highly variable by position within the watershed, areas referred to herein as subsheds. The row crop land use, soils characteristics, and precipitation do contribute to overall runoff and loads; however, they do not control subshed variability. Although the low-sloping land surfaces of the watershed should not contribute to overall runoff and loads, results indicate that subtle slope changes in the JD18Lo and CD18Lo subsheds could contribute to the variability of loads seen in these portions of the watershed. </p><p> The location and type of best management practices to implement is debatable because the results of this study indicate that large runoffs and loads could originate within any given subshed during any given rainstorm event. This study was unable to precisely identify the root cause of the variability in subshed runoff and loading. Therefore, it is suggested to look at other factors (e.g., antecedent soil moisture, rainfall intensity, mass wasting, etc.) to explain the subshed variability in the sediment and nutrient loading in future studies of this lakeshed.</p>
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Haidar, Md Atif Ibne. "Sustainable Water Allocation in Umarkhed Taluka through Optimization of Reservoir Operation in the Wardha Sub-basin, India." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1620365781849216.
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Hartung, Erik Walter. "Aging bioretention cells: Do they still function to improve water quality?" Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1497480428253195.
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Hallström, Ellinor. "Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) and Water Resource Management of the tropical mountain ecosystem páramo : A case study in the northern parts of Ecuador." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-148534.
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Latin America has pioneered the concept of Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) as a strategy to improve the management of ecosystem services. Ecuador is not an exception, where many PES schemes have been implemented to protect the tropical mountain ecosystem “páramo” and the water resources these areas are generating for downstream societies. A successful PES scheme needs to achieve both targeted bio-physical objectives and at the same time benefit local conditions while not risking to sacrifice the local demand for ecosystem services. This balance is explored here in a case study focusing on the Río Grande watershed in the highlands in the northern parts of Ecuador by exemplifying community participation in the public PES scheme Socio Bosque (PSB) starting in 2009. The water resource distribution (precipitation, discharge, actual evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration) in the watershed was evaluated over the last decades. The local perception of the PSB and its impacts on local and regional water resources were also studied and characterized. The results showed that the annual discharge in the Río Grande watershed has decreased significantly from 1967-2014 and that the annual discharge was significantly lower between 1997-2015 compared to 1979-1997. Since precipitation did not decrease significantly during this period, the changes of the annual discharge are more likely depended on factors controlling the seasonal distribution of discharge and evapotranspiration in the watershed. For example, large scale land use changes coupled with a significantly warmer climate in the region could be a possible driver. Of course, this would not exclude other important factors such as changes in water demand and the supply of freshwater from the Río Grande watershed to downstream societies. The results of this case study showed that it is likely too early to see any impacts in the water balance components as a direct response to the implemented PSB scheme. Clearly, this motivates a need for continued evaluation of the local perception and the water resources to ensure that the need and demand for ecosystem services in a long-term perspective are maintained.<br>Latinoamérica ha sido pionera en el concepto de Pago por Servicios Ecosistémicos (PSE o PES en lassiglas en inglés) como estrategia para mejorar la gestión de servicios ecosistémicos. En Ecuador, se han implementado muchos PSE para proteger el ecosistema montañoso tropical de El Páramo así como los recursos acuíferos que dichas áreas generan para las sociedades que habitan cuenca abajo. Un esquema de PSE exitoso requiere alcanzar los objetivos biofísicos y respetar las necesidades locales de servicios ambientales. Este equilibrio se ha analizado tomando como objeto de estudio la cuenca hidrográfica del Río Grande en las tierras altas del norte de Ecuador y la participación comunitaria en el programa de PSE denominado Socio Bosque (PSB) iniciado en 2009. Se estudiaron la distribución del agua (precipitación, descarga del agua, evapotranspiración actual y evapotranspiración potencial) en la cuenca hidrográfica durante las últimas décadas. También se estudiaron los impactos locales y regionales del PSB en los recursos hídricos y los percepción local con respecto a la implementación de PSB. Los resultados muestran que la descarga anual de la cuenca hidrográfica ha decrecido significativamente durante el período comprendido entre 1967 y 2014, particularmente, señalan un decrecimiento considerablemente mayor entre 1997 y 2015 con respecto al período 1979-1997. La precipitación no se redujo durante el período estudiado y, en consecuencia, los cambios en la descarga anual dependen presumiblemente de factores que controlan la distribución estacional de la descarga y la evapotranspiración en la cuenca. Como ejemplo, los intensos cambios en el uso del suelo junto a un clima regional marcadamente más cálido pueden ser dos condicionantes del fenómeno. Esto no excluye otros factores como los cambios en la demanda y abastecimiento de agua potable en la cuenca del Río Grande en las comunidades que se encuentran distribuidas a lo largo del río. Los resultados muestran que es aún temprano para observar impactos en los componentes del balance hídrico como resultado directo de la implementación de un esquema de PSB. Esto motiva la necesidad de una evaluación continua de la percepción local y un monitoreo los recursos hídricos para garantizar que las necesidades y demandas de servicios ecosistémicos en la región se mantengan a largo plazo.
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Sharp, Scotty. "Assessment of Atrazine in a Rural Water Source: Rough River Lake, Kentucky." TopSCHOLAR®, 2006. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/264.
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Atrazine [2-chloro- 4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-l,3,5-triazine], a widely used herbicide in US corn production, impacts quality of drinking water for many rural water supply systems. Four systems at Rough River Lake, Kentucky, have had high levels of atrazine in raw water and in some cases finished water that have exceeded the legal limit of 3 parts per billion (ppb). The Rough River Lake watershed is 1,700-km2, much of which is located in limestone karst. A hypothesis was developed stating that there would be higher concentrations of atrazine in the northeast section of the Rough River Watershed, located in Hardin County, due to the no-till corn production of the area and karst features. Surface and subsurface samples were collected from eighteen locations (including all major tributaries) within the study area. Sampling began during the Spring of 2005 growing season on a fourteen-day cycle and a twenty-eight day cycle during the fall and winter months. Atrazine concentrations rose at nearly all sites within weeks of the spring application in May, and then began to decrease by late July. Five locations had over 3 ppb for at least two sampling rounds. Two sites exceeded 10 ppb. Global Polynomial Interpolation Analysis was used as both a data exploration tool and a way to demonstrate a definite spatial and temporal pattern to atrazine within the study area. It was also concluded, the reservoir with its larger volume and lower water velocity plays a significant affect on a longer residence time of atrazine, while the tributaries showed lower concentrations of atrazine most likely due to higher velocity and smaller volume of water.
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Pricope, Narcisa. "Modeling Soil Erosion in the Upper Green River, KY." TopSCHOLAR®, 2006. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/258.
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Off-site soil erosion has tremendous impacts on the present state of most river systems throughout the United States, contributing sediments to channels mainly as nonpoint pollution resulting from land-use and agricultural practices and leading to sedimentation downstream and downwind, a decrease in the transport capacity of streams, increase in the risk of flooding, filling reservoirs, and eutrophication. A primary focus in examining the problems associated with soil erosion arid ultimately in proposing control measures should be on identifying the sources of the sediment. Therefore, a model that would be able to assess soil erosion needs to start by identifying the sediment sources and delivery paths to channels, link these sediment supply processes to in-channel sediment transport and storage and ultimately to basin sediment yield. This study focuses on the Upper Green River Basin in Kentucky and is concerned with analyzing hillslope erosion rates using The Unit Stream Power Erosion and Deposition soil erosion model (Mitas and Mitasova, 1996) and GIS, and thereby estimating patterns of sediment supply to rivers in order to predict which portions of the channel network are more likely to store large amounts of fine sediments. Results indicate that much of the eroded sediments are redistributed within the hillslope system, but also that a large proportion is delivered to the channel. These predictions have been tested by sampling the fine sediment content of the streambed at key locations along the channel network and comparing the observed patterns to those predicted by the soil erosion model. By linking topographic and soil characteristics with land cover data, it has been concluded that high intensity erosion tends to occur at contact between different vegetation covers, on barren lands and croplands, and 15-25% slopes poorly protected by vegetation. Erosion ""hot spots"" have been identified in the Pitman Creek HUC 05110001-90-130 and 05110001-90-050, both part of the Big Pitman Creek sub-basin, as well as in Mill and Falling Timber Creeks with lower intensity.
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Jurek, Anne C. "Vulnerability of groundwater to perchloroethylene contamination from dry cleaners in the Niles Cone Groundwater Basin, southern Alameda County, California." Thesis, San Jose State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1567998.
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<p> Releases of perchloroethylene (PCE) from dry cleaners pose a threat to groundwater quality. An assessment was performed of the Niles Cone Groundwater Basin to determine its vulnerability to PCE contamination from both historic and more recently operating dry cleaners. Sensitivity assessments of the Basin's two subbasins were performed using a modification of the DRASTIC Index Method, whereby the hydrogeological variables of depth to water, aquifer media, vadose zone media, and soil drainage classification were represented by a range of sensitivity categories and ratings assigned to each range. A source assessment was performed by identifying the locations of historic and presently operating dry-cleaning plants and assigning a threat ranking to each based on the approximate years in which the four generations of dry-cleaning machinery were introduced. Using ArcGIS, the sensitivity assessments and the source assessment were mapped, and the source assessment was superimposed over the sensitivity maps to create vulnerability maps of the two subbasins. The most sensitive area of the Below Hayward Fault subbasin in the forebay area near the Hayward Fault is due to a higher proportion of coarse-grained aquifer and vadose zone media and a thinner to absent aquitard due to deposition from the Alameda Creek. The existence of dry cleaners of higher threat makes this an area that is vulnerable to PCE contamination.</p>
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Haider, Muhammad Rezaul. "Longitudinal Thermal and Solute Dynamics in Regulated Rivers." DigitalCommons@USU, 2017. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6870.
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Dam releases increase river stage and can reverse groundwater movement into and out of the river. As the flood, thermal, and solute waves travel downstream in a regulated river, the size of the waves is anticipated to be affected both by river processes and exchanges with near river groundwater. This study established a modeling framework to quantify the influences of the groundwater exchanges on the temperatures and solute concentration dynamics along regulated rivers. The wave properties, volume of exchanges, conservative solute mass exchanges, and heat energy exchanges were calculated as a function of time and distance downstream. Results show that the temperature and solute concentrations are influenced by the arrival of flood waves. Groundwater exchanges were found to affect temperatures along the river with a minimal effect on solute concentration. These findings provide insight regarding the influences of hydropeaking occurring in a large fraction of rivers in the world which has important implications for water quality and the ecology of regulated rivers.
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Klein, Josefin. "Water resource sensitivity from a Mediterranean perspective : Using a hydrological model to explore the combined impacts of climate and land-water management changes." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi och kvartärgeologi (INK), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-94691.
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Future water supplies will be affected by both climate change and altered land-water management. In the Mediterranean region, an expected warming and drying together with increased water withdrawal in key tourist destinations will put further pressure on already scarce water resources. In this study, a scenario analysis was conducted to explore the combined impacts of climate and land-water management changes in an 89 km2 watershed upstream of Navarino Environmental Observatory, southwestern Greece. A simple process-based hydrological model based on the Thornthwaite-Mather water balance procedure for the estimation of daily actual evapotranspiration and soil moisture was used to predict streamflow and storage fluxes. The model conceptualization includes two storage compartments, loosely representing a shallow and fast draining groundwater component (S1) and a deep and slowly draining component (S2) from where the irrigation water was assumed to be taken. These were calibrated assuming no change in the hydrologic system over the three years of available data (2009-2011). The scenario analysis included the IPCC’s A2 and B2 projections for 2071-2100 and two scenarios for land-water management change 1) the conversion of olive groves to golf courses and 2) an export of irrigation water to a hypothetical golf course located outside of the catchment boundaries. The model results indicated vulnerability to future climate change which could reduce streamflow and potentially lead to a draw-down of the water table. For example, even under the B2 scenario (the least dry of the climate change scenarios explored), model simulated storages will be reduced by 32-87% and the simulated streamflow by 28-86% of the current level through introduction of a golf course size representing only 1.5% of the catchment area (depending of course on season considered and golf course location). The hydrologic system would thus be altered from the current 2009-2011 state by future land-water management changes towards intensive irrigation (such as golf course development) coupled with climate change.<br>Framtida vattentillgångar kommer påverkas av både klimatförändringar och förändrad mark- och vattenförvaltning. I Medelhavsregionen väntas ett varmare och torrare klimat i kombination med ökad vattenanvändning i viktiga turistdestinationer att öka trycket ytterligare på de redan knappa vattenresurserna. I den här studien genomfördes en scenarioanalys över hur kombinationen av klimatförändringar och mark-och vattenförvaltningsförändringar kan påverka vattenresurserna i ett 89 km2 stort avrinningsområde uppströms om Navarino Environmental Observatory, sydvästra Grekland. En enkel process-baserad hydrologisk modell baserad på Thornthwaite-Mathers vattenbalansmetod för uppskattning av varje dags evapotranspiration och markfuktighet användes för att förutsäga förändringar i vattenföring och grundvattennivå. Konceptualiseringen av modellen inkluderar två vattenmagasin som approximativt kan sägas representera en grund och snabbt dränerande grundvattenkomponent (S1) och en djup och långsamt dränerande grundvattenkomponent (S2) varifrån bevattningsvattnet antogs tas. Dessa kalibrerades utefter antagandet att grundvattennivån var stabil under åren med tillgänglig data (2009-2011). Scenarioanalysen inkluderade the IPCC’s A2 och B2 projektioner för 2071-2100 samt två scenarior för mark-och vattenförvaltningsförändring 1) en konvertering av olivlundar till golfbanor och 2) en export av vatten för bevattningsändamål till en hypotetisk golfbana utanför avrinningsområdets gränser. Resultaten av modellen indikerade en sårbarhet för klimatförändringar vilka kan komma att minska vattenföringen i vattendragen och potentiellt leda till en sänkning av grundvattennivån. Exempelvis, kommer det simulerade grundvattenmagasinet att reduceras med 32-87% och den simulerade vattenföringen med 28-86% av dagens nivå av en golfbaneareal som representerar bara 1,5 % av avrinningsområdets area (beroende på årstid och golfbanans placering) till och med i IPCC’s B2 scenario (det klimatscenario som förutspår minst minskning av nederbörden och minst uppvärmning). Det hydrologiska systemet kommer således att ändras från dagens tillstånd genom framtida mark-och vattenförvaltningsförändringar mot intensiv bevattning (såsom golfbaneetablering) i kombination med klimatförändringarnas påverkan.<br><p>Degree project in the master program: Hydrology, hydrogeology and water resources.</p><p>Examensarbete inom masterprogrammet: Hydrologi, hydrogeologi och vattenresurser.</p>
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DeChant, Caleb Matthew. "Quantifying the Impacts of Initial Condition and Model Uncertainty on Hydrological Forecasts." Thesis, Portland State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3628148.
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<p> Forecasts of hydrological information are vital for many of society's functions. Availability of water is a requirement for any civilization, and this necessitates quantitative estimates of water for effective resource management. The research in this dissertation will focus on the forecasting of hydrological quantities, with emphasis on times of anomalously low water availability, commonly referred to as droughts. Of particular focus is the quantification of uncertainty in hydrological forecasts, and the factors that affect that uncertainty. With this focus, Bayesian methods, including ensemble data assimilation and multi-model combinations, are utilized to develop a probabilistic forecasting system. This system is applied to the upper Colorado River Basin for water supply and drought forecast analysis. </p><p> This dissertation examines further advancements related to the identification of drought intensity. Due to the reliance of drought forecasting on measures of the magnitude of a drought event, it is imperative that these measures be highly accurate. In order to quantify drought intensity, hydrologists typically use statistical indices, which place observed hydrological deficiencies within the context of historical climate. Although such indices are a convenient framework for understanding the intensity of a drought event, they have obstacles related to non-stationary climate, and non-uniformly distributed input variables. This dissertation discusses these shortcomings, demonstrates some errors that conventional indices may lead to, and then proposes a movement towards physically-based indices to overcome these issues. </p><p> A final advancement in this dissertation is an examination of the sensitivity of hydrological forecasts to initial conditions. Although this has been performed in many recent studies, the experiment here takes a more detailed approach. Rather than determining the lead time at which meteorological forcing becomes dominant with respect to initial conditions, this study quantifies the lead time at which the forecast becomes entirely insensitive to initial conditions, and estimating the rate at which the forecast loses sensitivity to initial conditions. A primary goal with this study is to examine the recovery of drought, which is related to the loss of sensitivity to below average initial moisture conditions over time. Through this analysis, it is found that forecasts are sensitive to initial conditions at greater lead times than previously thought, which has repercussions for development of forecast systems.</p>
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Caldwell, Timothy J. "Effects of Climate and Water Use on the Ecology of Mountain Lakes and Rivers in the Western United States." Thesis, University of Nevada, Reno, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13424864.
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<p> Climate change and over-use of natural resources impacts ecosystems worldwide. Understanding physical impacts from climate and natural resource use on biological processes at multiple scales of spatial and ecological organization is needed to make useful predictions under global change scenarios. Mountain aquatic ecosystems are of particular concern because they are sensitive to climate change, represent hot spots of biodiversity, and they integrate atmospheric, terrestrial and aquatic processes into biological responses. The objective of this dissertation is to quantify physical impacts and biological responses of climate and water use on mountain aquatic ecosystems in the Western United States. In Chapter 1, I developed a data set of ice break-up dates using remote sensing techniques for mountain lakes across the Sierra and Cascade Mountain Ranges coupled with downscaled climate data to quantify drivers of lake ice phenology. I developed a predictive linear mixed effects model and used and ensemble of 15 global climate models to project changes in lake ice break-up dates through the 21<sup>st</sup> century. The results suggest that low snowpack and increased energy fluxes associated with elevated air temperatures drive earlier ice break-up dates. Projections of ice break-up show that ice break-up will be 61 ± 5 days if greenhouse gas emissions are not reduced. In Chapter 2, I analyzed specific ecological responses to earlier ice break-up dates in Castle Lake, California (a natural, sub-alpine lake). I predicted that consumer (Brook Trout; <i>Salvelinus fontinalis</i>) energetics and habitat use would be regulated by either climate driven water temperature or variation in food availability. The data suggest that earlier ice break-up results in a longer duration of surface water temperatures > 15 °C, coupled with decreased and increased food production in the pelagic and littoral zones, respectively. Isotopic and telemetry data showed that consumer resources and habitat use were driven by water temperature and were independent of food availability. In early ice break-up years, consumers grew less because they were thermally excluded from productive littoral zones when water temperatures were warmer for longer periods of time relative to late ice break-up years. In Chapter 3, I demonstrate that decreased streamflow in mountain rivers can reduce abundance and size structure of food supply to drift foraging Rainbow Trout <i>(Onchorhynchus mykiss)</i>. In response to changes in streamflow and food availability, trout abandoned their energetically profitable drift foraging strategy and actively searched for prey. The shift in foraging behavior resulted in negative bioenergetic efficiencies in flow impaired sites. Taken collectively this research demonstrates that both predictable and unpredictable consequences of physical change drive biological responses across spatial gradients, ecosystem types, and levels of ecological organization.</p><p>
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Howcroft, William. "Ground Water Flow and Water Resources Investigation of the Auburn, Summers and Shakertown Springs Karst Ground Water Basins, Logan and Simpson Counties, Kentucky." TopSCHOLAR®, 1992. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1426.
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The City of Auburn is faced with a number of problems relating to its dependency on two karst springs, Auburn and Summers Springs, to meet its water requirements. Besides being extremely vulnerable to contamination, the springs often discharge and insufficient volume of water needed for public consumption and dilution of the City’s treated wastewater. Thus the City wishes to find an additional source of water and views nearby Shakertown Spring as a possibility. The study has three main objectives: 1) delineation of the Auburn, Summers, and Shakertown Springs ground water basins, 2) determination of the volume of available water at each spring, and 3) investigation of additional potential water supplies as alternatives to the use of Shakertown Spring. A well survey and karst hydrogeological inventory, supplemented by dye tracing, were conducted to reveal water table information necessary for ground water basin delineation and construction of a potentiometric map. Water monitoring stations were constructed at the three springs, discharge measurements performed and stage monitored over a fifteen month period. The Auburn, Summers, and SHakertown Springs Karst Ground Water Basins are estimated to possess areas of 9.74, 3.49 and 19.02 square miles (25.23, 9.04, and 49.26 square kilometers) respectively. Summers Spring was found to have an estimated base flow discharge of 1 – 2 cubic feet per second (cfs) (0.03 – 0.06 cubic meters per second (cms)) and Shakertown Spring an estimated base flow discharge of 8 – 9 cfs (0.2-0.3 cms). Estimation of base flow discharge at Auburn Spring was not possible due to the location of the City’s water intake pipe at the spring head. However, a minimum discharge of .22 cfs (0.01 cms) was recorded on thirteen separate occasions during the period monitored. Five alternatives for the City of Auburn, including Shakertown Spring and two additional, though smaller, water sources are presented. The best source of water for the City must be decided with consideration of cost and need. A potentiometric map depicting ground water basins, water table contours and subsurface flow routes is presented as a tool for the City of Auburn to aid in decisions regarding its water resources.
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Wamsley, Peter Randal. "Laboratory Analysis of Sustainable Nutrient Treatment Methods for Agricultural Runoff." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1334797563.
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Eger, Caitlin Genet. "Nutrient Retention in Roadside Retrofit Rain Gardens." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1343837490.
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Wijayarathne, Dayal Buddika. "Shallow Groundwater Modeling of the Historical Irwin Wet Prairie in the Oak Openings of Northwest Ohio." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1435749359.
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Ganesan, Yogesh Kumar. "Hydrology of/and Nitrate Transport from a Corn-Soybean Rotation with Water Table Management and Seasonal Wetland Conditions." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1524060689779001.
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Nemecek, Matthew G. "Determination of Variations in Streambed Conductance along Paint Creek through Riverbank Filtration – An Indirect Modeling Approach." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1308700581.
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Perusini, Heather Brittany. "Temporal Variation of Mercury in Effluent from Two Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in Southwest Ohio." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1472248610.
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Wigmore, Oliver Henry Wigmore. "Assessing Spatiotemporal Variability in Glacial Watershed Hydrology: Integrating Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Field Hydrology, Cordillera Blanca, Peru." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1471854919.
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Buzulencia, Hayley Catherine. "THE CHARACTERIZATION AND SURVEY OF INORGANIC SULFUR REDOX ASSOCIATED WITH WETLAND HYDROLOGICAL FLUCTUATIONS." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1574288446961206.
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Clare, Evan. "DECOMPOSING A WATERSHED’S NITRATE SIGNAL USING SPATIAL SAMPLING AND CONTINUOUS SENSOR DATA." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ce_etds/87.
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Watershed features, physiographic setting, geology, climate, and hydrologic processes combine to produce a time-variant nutrient concentration signal at the watershed outlet. Anthropogenic influences, such as increased agricultural pressures and urbanization, have increased overall nutrient loadings delivered to the fluvial network. The impact of such increased nutrient loadings on Kentucky’s drinking water remains a potential threat to the region.
By coupling spatial sampling of nitrate concentrations in surface water with contemporary nutrient and water quality sensor technology, a decomposition of the Upper South Elkhorn watershed’s nitrate signal and an estimation of source timing and loading in the watershed was completed. The goal of the project was the decomposition of the integrated nitrate signal observed at the outlet of the Upper South Elkhorn watershed into contributing runoff and groundwater sources from agricultural/pasture and urban/suburban land-uses.
Decomposing the watershed’s nitrate signal yielded new knowledge learned about nitrate source, fate and transport in immature fluviokarst. This thesis discusses how mean, seasonal, and fluctuating nitrate behavior is related to soil processes, groundwater transfer, streambed removal, and event dynamics. It is expected that the decomposition of the nitrate signal will allow for the targeting of both the timing and sources for nutrient reductions in a watershed.
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Archer, Jana E. "Spatiotemporal Analyses of Recycled Water Production." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3223.
Full textAbstract:
Increased demands on water supplies caused by population expansion, saltwater intrusion, and drought have led to water shortages which may be addressed by use of recycled water as recycled water products. Study I investigated recycled water production in Florida and California during 2009 to detect gaps in distribution and identify areas for expansion. Gaps were detected along the panhandle and Miami, Florida, as well as the northern and southwestern regions in California. Study II examined gaps in distribution, identified temporal change, and located areas for expansion for Florida in 2009 and 2015. Production increased in the northern and southern regions of Florida but decreased in Southwest Florida. Recycled water is an essential component water management a broader adoption of recycled water will increase water conservation in water-stressed coastal communities by allocating recycled water for purposes that once used potable freshwater.
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Pazol, Jordan Samuel. "Effects of Floodplain Reconnection on Storm Response of Restored River Ecosystems." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1618926160551753.
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