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Rossi, G., F. Catani, L. Leoni, S. Segoni, and V. Tofani. "HIRESSS: a physically based slope stability simulator for HPC applications." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 1 (2013): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-151-2013.
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Abstract. HIRESSS (HIgh REsolution Slope Stability Simulator) is a physically based distributed slope stability simulator for analyzing shallow landslide triggering conditions in real time and on large areas using parallel computational techniques. The physical model proposed is composed of two parts: hydrological and geotechnical. The hydrological model receives the rainfall data as dynamical input and provides the pressure head as perturbation to the geotechnical stability model that computes the factor of safety (FS) in probabilistic terms. The hydrological model is based on an analytical solution of an approximated form of the Richards equation under the wet condition hypothesis and it is introduced as a modeled form of hydraulic diffusivity to improve the hydrological response. The geotechnical stability model is based on an infinite slope model that takes into account the unsaturated soil condition. During the slope stability analysis the proposed model takes into account the increase in strength and cohesion due to matric suction in unsaturated soil, where the pressure head is negative. Moreover, the soil mass variation on partially saturated soil caused by water infiltration is modeled. The model is then inserted into a Monte Carlo simulation, to manage the typical uncertainty in the values of the input geotechnical and hydrological parameters, which is a common weak point of deterministic models. The Monte Carlo simulation manages a probability distribution of input parameters providing results in terms of slope failure probability. The developed software uses the computational power offered by multicore and multiprocessor hardware, from modern workstations to supercomputing facilities (HPC), to achieve the simulation in reasonable runtimes, compatible with civil protection real time monitoring. A first test of HIRESSS in three different areas is presented to evaluate the reliability of the results and the runtime performance on large areas.
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Bateni, Norazlina, Sai Hin Lai, Frederik Josep Putuhena, Darrien Yau Seng Mah, and Md Abdul Mannan. "A Rainfall Simulator Used for Testing of Hydrological Performances of Micro-Detention Permeable Pavement." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.18 (2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.18.16671.
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A rainfall simulator for laboratory experimentation is developed to test hydrological performances of micro-detention pond permeable pavement, MDPP. Rainfall characteristics consisting of rainfall intensity, spatial uniformity, raindrop size, and raindrop velocity show that natural rainfall is simulated with sufficient accuracy. The rainfall simulator used pressure nozzles to spray water for rainfall intensity from 40 to 220mm/hr. Uniformity distribution test gives coefficient of uniformity of 95% over an area of 1m2. The raindrops falling at velocity ranging from 0.5 to 15m/s with drop sizes diameter between 2 to 5mm. Free drainage system below the rainfall simulator is accompanied with outlet tanks attached with ultrasonic sensor devices to record the outflow data. During the experiments, the outflow received is 98% in average. Experiment results in typical runoff hydrograph and percolation rate of the MDPP system. This shows the ability of the rainfall simulator to obtain initial hydrology data to aid in the design of the MDPP prototype.
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Paiewonsky, Pablo, and Oliver Elison Timm. "Description and validation of the Simple, Efficient, Dynamic, Global, Ecological Simulator (SEDGES v.1.0)." Geoscientific Model Development 11, no. 3 (2018): 861–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-861-2018.
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Abstract. In this paper, we present a simple dynamic global vegetation model whose primary intended use is auxiliary to the land–atmosphere coupling scheme of a climate model, particularly one of intermediate complexity. The model simulates and provides important ecological-only variables but also some hydrological and surface energy variables that are typically either simulated by land surface schemes or else used as boundary data input for these schemes. The model formulations and their derivations are presented here, in detail. The model includes some realistic and useful features for its level of complexity, including a photosynthetic dependency on light, full coupling of photosynthesis and transpiration through an interactive canopy resistance, and a soil organic carbon dependence for bare-soil albedo. We evaluate the model's performance by running it as part of a simple land surface scheme that is driven by reanalysis data. The evaluation against observational data includes net primary productivity, leaf area index, surface albedo, and diagnosed variables relevant for the closure of the hydrological cycle. In this setup, we find that the model gives an adequate to good simulation of basic large-scale ecological and hydrological variables. Of the variables analyzed in this paper, gross primary productivity is particularly well simulated. The results also reveal the current limitations of the model. The most significant deficiency is the excessive simulation of evapotranspiration in mid- to high northern latitudes during their winter to spring transition. The model has a relative advantage in situations that require some combination of computational efficiency, model transparency and tractability, and the simulation of the large-scale vegetation and land surface characteristics under non-present-day conditions.
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Polyakov, Viktor, Jeffry Stone, Chandra Holifield Collins, et al. "Rainfall simulation experiments in the southwestern USA using the Walnut Gulch Rainfall Simulator." Earth System Science Data 10, no. 1 (2018): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-19-2018.
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Abstract. This dataset contains hydrological, erosion, vegetation, ground cover, and other supplementary information from 272 rainfall simulation experiments conducted on 23 semiarid rangeland locations in Arizona and Nevada between 2002 and 2013. On 30 % of the plots, simulations were conducted up to five times during the decade of study. The rainfall was generated using the Walnut Gulch Rainfall Simulator on 2 m by 6 m plots. Simulation sites included brush and grassland areas with various degrees of disturbance by grazing, wildfire, or brush removal. This dataset advances our understanding of basic hydrological and biological processes that drive soil erosion on arid rangelands. It can be used to estimate runoff, infiltration, and erosion rates at a variety of ecological sites in the Southwestern USA. The inclusion of wildfire and brush treatment locations combined with long-term observations makes it important for studying vegetation recovery, ecological transitions, and the effect of management. It is also a valuable resource for erosion model parameterization and validation. The dataset is available from the National Agricultural Library at https://data.nal.usda.gov/search/type/dataset (DOI: https://doi.org/10.15482/USDA.ADC/1358583).
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Gustafsson, Lars-Göran, Doug J. Lumley, Claes Lindeborg, and Jan Haraldsson. "Integrating a Catchment Simulator into Wastewater Treatment Plant Operation." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 11-12 (1993): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0645.
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A catchment model which describes the hydrological and hydrodynamic processes in the catchment to the Rya wastewater treatment plant in Göteborg, Sweden is presented. The model uses hydrological models (MouseNAM) of 20 subcatchments and a hydrodynamic model (MousePIPE) of the tunnel system to make flow and CSO predictions. The catchment model has been used to evaluate several different operating strategies of the plant's pumping station and will be implemented as an operating tool. Efforts are under way to establish hydraulic and mass transport models for the pumping station and primary settling so that a loading model for the activated sludge process can be defined.
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Mendes, Thiago Augusto, Sávio Aparecido dos Santos Pereira, Juan Félix Rodriguez Rebolledo, Gilson de Farias Neves Gitirana, Maria Tereza da Silva Melo, and Marta Pereira da Luz. "Development of a Rainfall and Runoff Simulator for Performing Hydrological and Geotechnical Tests." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (2021): 3060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063060.
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Laboratory apparatuses for the analysis of infiltration and runoff enable studies under controlled environments and at reduced costs. Unfortunately, the design and construction of such systems are complex and face difficulties associated with the scale factor. This paper presents the design, construction, and evaluation of a portable rainfall and runoff simulator. The apparatus allows the evaluation of unsaturated soils with and without vegetation cover, under a wide range of simulation scenarios. The apparatus also enables the control of the intensity, size, and uniformity of simulated raindrops for variable surface slope, specimen thickness, and length conditions. The monitoring of the volumetric water content and matric suction and a rigorous computation of water balance are ensured. The obtained results indicate that the automated rainfall generator produces raindrops with Christiansen uniformity coefficients higher than 70%, and with an adequate distribution of raindrop sizes under a range of rainfall intensities between 86.0 and 220.0 mm h−1. The ideal rainfall generator conditions were established for a relatively small area equal to or lower than 1.0 m2 and considering rainfall events with return periods of 10 to 100 years.
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Winterfeld, P. H., and Yu-Shu Wu. "Simulation of Coupled Thermal/Hydrological/Mechanical Phenomena in Porous Media." SPE Journal 21, no. 03 (2016): 1041–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/173210-pa.
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Summary For processes such as production from low-permeability reservoirs and storage in subsurface formations, reservoir flow and the reservoir stress field are coupled and affect one another. This paper presents a thermal/hydrological/mechanical (THM) reservoir simulator that is applicable to modeling such processes. The fluid- and heat-flow portion of our simulator is for general multiphase, multicomponent, multiporosity systems. The geomechanical portion consists of an equation for mean stress, derived from linear elastic theory for a thermo-poroelastic system, and equations for stress-tensor components that depend on mean stress and other variables. The integral finite-difference method is used to solve these equations. The mean-stress and reservoir-flow variables are solved implicitly, and the remaining stress-tensor components are solved explicitly. Our simulator is verified by use of analytical solutions for stress- and strain-tensor components and is compared with published results.
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Nasiri, Mehran. "Improving drainage conditions of forest roads using the GIS and forest road simulator." Journal of Forest Science 66, No. 9 (2020): 361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/16/2020-jfs.
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In this study a new method of locating culverts is presented with the composition of achieved discharge from hydrological analysis and simulated forest roads in RoadEng 3D simulator to improve drainage condition. Locating culverts was performed on a small scale (1:20 000, using GIS) and large scale (1:2 000, road geometric design simulator). The small-scale study regarding the achieved discharge from streams shows that the installation of some culverts is not necessary. The large-scale study also showed that the geometric design of forest road has a significant effect on locating culverts and its accuracy. To improve drainage conditions 6 culverts and 2 waterfronts taking into account the geometric design of forest road, hydrological conditions and appropriate intervals (155 m) have been proposed. No installation or lack of accuracy to find the best location of culverts may result in the occurrence of creep and landslide, so the cost of destruction would be several times higher than the cost of technical buildings construction.
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Smit, Yvonne, Martine van der Ploeg, and Adriaan Teuling. "Rainfall Simulator Experiments to Investigate Macropore Impacts on Hillslope Hydrological Response." Hydrology 3, no. 4 (2016): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology3040039.
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Chouksey, Arpit, Vinit Lambey, Bhaskar Nikam, Shiv Aggarwal, and Subashisa Dutta. "Hydrological Modelling Using a Rainfall Simulator over an Experimental Hillslope Plot." Hydrology 4, no. 1 (2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology4010017.
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Kamp, R. G., and H. H. G. Savenije. "Hydrological model coupling with ANNs." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 6 (2006): 3629–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-3-3629-2006.
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Abstract. Model coupling in general is necessary but complicated. Scientists develop and improve conceptual models to represent physical processes occurring in nature. The next step is to translate these concepts into a mathematical model and finally into a computer model. Problems may appear if the knowledge, encapsulated in a computer model and software program is needed for another purpose. In integrated water management this is often the case when connections between hydrological, hydraulic or ecological models are required. Coupling is difficult for many reasons, related to data formats, compatibility of scales, ability to modify source codes, etc. Hence, there is a need for an efficient and cost effective approach to model-coupling. One solution for model coupling is the use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). The ANN can be used as a fast and effective model simulator which can connect different models. In this paper ANNs are used to couple four different models: a rainfall runoff model, a river channel routing model, an estuarine salt intrusion model, and an ecological model. The coupling as such has proven to be feasible and efficient. However the salt intrusion model appeared difficult to model accurately in an ANN. The ANN has difficulty to represent both short term (tidal) and long term (hydrological) processes.
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Xu, Kai, and Hui Qing Peng. "Estimating Runoff and Environment Protection in Tao River Basin based on Swat Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 340 (July 2013): 942–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.340.942.
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The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to simulate runoff yield in Tao River Basin on ArcView GIS platform. The main objective was to validate the performance of SWAT and the feasibility of this model as a simulator of runoff in a catchment. The investigation was conducted using a 6-year historical runoff record from 2001 to 2008 (2001-2004 for calibration and 2005-2008 for validation). The simulated monthly runoff matched the observed values satisfactorily, with Re was less than 20%, R2 > 0.78 and Nash-suttclife (Ens)>0.8 for both calibration and validation period at 4 hydrological stations. These indicated that the simulation of runoff was reasonable, reflecting the validity of SWAT model in Tao River Basin.
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Bui, Minh Tuan, Jinmei Lu, and Linmei Nie. "A Review of Hydrological Models Applied in the Permafrost-Dominated Arctic Region." Geosciences 10, no. 10 (2020): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10100401.
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The Arctic region is the most sensitive region to climate change. Hydrological models are fundamental tools for climate change impact assessment. However, due to the extreme weather conditions, specific hydrological process, and data acquisition challenges in the Arctic, it is crucial to select suitable hydrological model(s) for this region. In this paper, a comprehensive review and comparison of different models is conducted based on recently available studies. The functionality, limitations, and suitability of the potential hydrological models for the Arctic hydrological process are analyzed, including: (1) The surface hydrological models Topoflow, DMHS (deterministic modeling hydrological system), HBV (Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning), SWAT (soil and water assessment tool), WaSiM (water balance simulation model), ECOMAG (ecological model for applied geophysics), and CRHM (cold regions hydrological model); and (2) the cryo-hydrogeological models ATS (arctic terrestrial simulator), CryoGrid 3, GEOtop, SUTRA-ICE (ice variant of the existing saturated/unsaturated transport model), and PFLOTRAN-ICE (ice variant of the existing massively parallel subsurface flow and reactive transport model). The review finds that Topoflow, HBV, SWAT, ECOMAG, and CRHM are suitable for studying surface hydrology rather than other processes in permafrost environments, whereas DMHS, WaSiM, and the cryo-hydrogeological models have higher capacities for subsurface hydrology, since they take into account the three phase changes of water in the near-surface soil. Of the cryo-hydrogeological models reviewed here, GEOtop, SUTRA-ICE, and PFLOTRAN-ICE are found to be suitable for small-scale catchments, whereas ATS and CryoGrid 3 are potentially suitable for large-scale catchments. Especially, ATS and GEOtop are the first tools that couple surface/subsurface permafrost thermal hydrology. If the accuracy of simulating the active layer dynamics is targeted, DMHS, ATS, GEOtop, and PFLOTRAN-ICE are potential tools compared to the other models. Further, data acquisition is a challenging task for cryo-hydrogeological models due to the complex boundary conditions when compared to the surface hydrological models HBV, SWAT, and CRHM, and the cryo-hydrogeological models are more difficult for non-expert users and more expensive to run compared to other models.
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Prudhomme, Christel, Simon Parry, Jamie Hannaford, Douglas B. Clark, Stefan Hagemann, and Frank Voss. "How Well Do Large-Scale Models Reproduce Regional Hydrological Extremes in Europe?" Journal of Hydrometeorology 12, no. 6 (2011): 1181–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jhm1387.1.
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Abstract This paper presents a new methodology for assessing the ability of gridded hydrological models to reproduce large-scale hydrological high and low flow events (as a proxy for hydrological extremes) as described by catalogues of historical droughts [using the regional deficiency index (RDI)] and high flows [regional flood index (RFI)] previously derived from river flow measurements across Europe. Using the same methods, total runoff simulated by three global hydrological models from the Water Model Intercomparison Project (WaterMIP) [Joint U.K. Land Environment Simulator (JULES), Water Global Assessment and Prognosis (WaterGAP), and Max Planck Institute Hydrological Model (MPI-HM)] run with the same meteorological input (watch forcing data) at the same spatial 0.5° grid was used to calculate simulated RDI and RFI for the period 1963–2001 in the same European regions, directly comparable with the observed catalogues. Observed and simulated RDI and RFI time series were compared using three performance measures: the relative mean error, the ratio between the standard deviation of simulated over observed series, and the Spearman correlation coefficient. Results show that all models can broadly reproduce the spatiotemporal evolution of hydrological extremes in Europe to varying degrees. JULES tends to produce prolonged, highly spatially coherent events for both high and low flows, with events developing more slowly and reaching and sustaining greater spatial coherence than observed—this could be due to runoff being dominated by slow-responding subsurface flow. In contrast, MPI-HM shows very high variability in the simulated RDI and RFI time series and a more rapid onset of extreme events than observed, in particular for regions with significant water storage capacity—this could be due to possible underrepresentation of infiltration and groundwater storage, with soil saturation reached too quickly. WaterGAP shares some of the issues of variability with MPI-HM—also attributed to insufficient soil storage capacity and surplus effective precipitation being generated as surface runoff—and some strong spatial coherence of simulated events with JULES, but neither of these are dominant. Of the three global models considered here, WaterGAP is arguably best suited to reproduce most regional characteristics of large-scale high and low flow events in Europe. Some systematic weaknesses emerge in all models, in particular for high flows, which could be a product of poor spatial resolution of the input climate data (e.g., where extreme precipitation is driven by local convective storms) or topography. Overall, this study has demonstrated that RDI and RFI are powerful tools that can be used to assess how well large-scale hydrological models reproduce large-scale hydrological extremes—an exercise rarely undertaken in model intercomparisons.
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Tsarouchi, Gina, and Wouter Buytaert. "Land-use change may exacerbate climate change impacts on water resources in the Ganges basin." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 2 (2018): 1411–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1411-2018.
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Abstract. Quantifying how land-use change and climate change affect water resources is a challenge in hydrological science. This work aims to quantify how future projections of land-use and climate change might affect the hydrological response of the Upper Ganges river basin in northern India, which experiences monsoon flooding almost every year. Three different sets of modelling experiments were run using the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) land surface model (LSM) and covering the period 2000–2035: in the first set, only climate change is taken into account, and JULES was driven by the CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) outputs of 21 models, under two representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), whilst land use was held fixed at the year 2010. In the second set, only land-use change is taken into account, and JULES was driven by a time series of 15 future land-use pathways, based on Landsat satellite imagery and the Markov chain simulation, whilst the meteorological boundary conditions were held fixed at years 2000–2005. In the third set, both climate change and land-use change were taken into consideration, as the CMIP5 model outputs were used in conjunction with the 15 future land-use pathways to force JULES. Variations in hydrological variables (stream flow, evapotranspiration and soil moisture) are calculated during the simulation period. Significant changes in the near-future (years 2030–2035) hydrologic fluxes arise under future land-cover and climate change scenarios pointing towards a severe increase in high extremes of flow: the multi-model mean of the 95th percentile of streamflow (Q5) is projected to increase by 63 % under the combined land-use and climate change high emissions scenario (RCP8.5). The changes in all examined hydrological components are greater in the combined land-use and climate change experiment. Results are further presented in a water resources context, aiming to address potential implications of climate change and land-use change from a water demand perspective. We conclude that future water demands in the Upper Ganges region for winter months may not be met.
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Coelho, C. O. A., A. J. D. Ferreira, A. Laouina, et al. "Changes in land-use and their impact on erosion rates and overland flow generation in the Maghreb region." Revue des sciences de l'eau 17, no. 2 (2005): 163–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705528ar.
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The ongoing intensification of grazing as well as the replacement of traditional land management systems in the Maghreb has brought to the forefront the fundamental role of land-use in determining soil erosion hazard. This paper reports on erosion rates and soil hydrological characteristics of a variety of land uses in Morocco and Tunisia. The results were obtained through rainfall simulation experiments carried out in the field using a portable simulator, following the design of CERDÀ et al. (1997). Traditional land management systems - typically involving a combination of agriculture, animal husbandry and forestry - produced the least amounts of overland flow and the lowest soil erosion rates. Over-exploitation of these systems apparently has only minor hydrological and erosional impacts. Heavily grazed, degraded "maquis" shrublands, on the other hand, produced considerable amounts of overland flow. At the plot scale of the rainfall simulation experiments (0.24 m2), the corresponding sediment loads are rather insignificant. Nevertheless, slopes where "maquis" shrublands (which generally have very compacted soils) occur upslope from more erodible soils may present a major erosion hazard.
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Liu, Haifan, Heng Dai, Jie Niu, et al. "Hierarchical sensitivity analysis for a large-scale process-based hydrological model applied to an Amazonian watershed." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 10 (2020): 4971–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4971-2020.
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Abstract. Sensitivity analysis methods have recently received much attention for identifying important uncertainty sources (or uncertain inputs) and improving model calibrations and predictions for hydrological models. However, it is still challenging to apply the quantitative and comprehensive global sensitivity analysis method to complex large-scale process-based hydrological models (PBHMs) because of its variant uncertainty sources and high computational cost. Therefore, a global sensitivity analysis method that is capable of simultaneously analyzing multiple uncertainty sources of PBHMs and providing quantitative sensitivity analysis results is still lacking. In an effort to develop a new tool for overcoming these weaknesses, we improved the hierarchical sensitivity analysis method by defining a new set of sensitivity indices for subdivided parameters. A new binning method and Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) were implemented for estimating these new sensitivity indices. For test and demonstration purposes, this improved global sensitivity analysis method was implemented to quantify three different uncertainty sources (parameters, models, and climate scenarios) of a three-dimensional large-scale process-based hydrologic model (Process-based Adaptive Watershed Simulator, PAWS) with an application case in an ∼ 9000 km2 Amazon catchment. The importance of different uncertainty sources was quantified by sensitivity indices for two hydrologic outputs of interest: evapotranspiration (ET) and groundwater contribution to streamflow (QG). The results show that the parameters, especially the vadose zone parameters, are the most important uncertainty contributors for both outputs. In addition, the influence of climate scenarios on ET predictions is also important. Furthermore, the thickness of the aquifers is important for QG predictions, especially in main stream areas. These sensitivity analysis results provide useful information for modelers, and our method is mathematically rigorous and can be applied to other large-scale hydrological models.
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Sordo-Ward, Alvaro, Ivan Gabriel-Martín, Paola Bianucci, Giuseppe Mascaro, Enrique R. Vivoni, and Luis Garrote. "Stochastic Hybrid Event Based and Continuous Approach to Derive Flood Frequency Curve." Water 13, no. 14 (2021): 1931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13141931.
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This study proposes a methodology that combines the advantages of the event-based and continuous models, for the derivation of the maximum flow and maximum hydrograph volume frequency curves, by combining a stochastic continuous weather generator (the advanced weather generator, abbreviated as AWE-GEN) with a fully distributed physically based hydrological model (the TIN-based real-time integrated basin simulator, abbreviated as tRIBS) that runs both event-based and continuous simulation. The methodology is applied to Peacheater Creek, a 64 km2 basin located in Oklahoma, United States. First, a continuous set of 5000 years’ hourly weather forcing series is generated using the stochastic weather generator AWE-GEN. Second, a hydrological continuous simulation of 50 years of the climate series is generated with the hydrological model tRIBS. Simultaneously, the separation of storm events is performed by applying the exponential method to the 5000- and 50-years climate series. From the continuous simulation of 50 years, the mean soil moisture in the top 10 cm (MSM10) of the soil layer of the basin at an hourly time step is extracted. Afterwards, from the times series of hourly MSM10, the values associated to all the storm events within the 50 years of hourly weather series are extracted. Therefore, each storm event has an initial soil moisture value associated (MSM10Event). Thus, the probability distribution of MSM10Event for each month of the year is obtained. Third, the five major events of each of the 5000 years in terms of total depth are simulated in an event-based framework in tRIBS, assigning an initial moisture state value for the basin using a Monte Carlo framework. Finally, the maximum annual hydrographs are obtained in terms of maximum peak-flow and volume, and the associated frequency curves are derived. To validate the method, the results obtained by the hybrid method are compared to those obtained by deriving the flood frequency curves from the continuous simulation of 5000 years, analyzing the maximum annual peak-flow and maximum annual volume, and the dependence between the peak-flow and volume. Independence between rainfall events and prior hydrological soil moisture conditions has been proved. The proposed hybrid method can reproduce the univariate flood frequency curves with a good agreement to those obtained by the continuous simulation. The maximum annual peak-flow frequency curve is obtained with a Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient of 0.98, whereas the maximum annual volume frequency curve is obtained with a Nash–Sutcliffe value of 0.97. The proposed hybrid method permits to generate hydrological forcing by using a fully distributed physically based model but reducing the computation times on the order from months to hours.
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Le Vine, N., A. Butler, N. McIntyre, and C. Jackson. "Diagnosing hydrological limitations of a land surface model: application of JULES to a deep-groundwater chalk basin." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 1 (2016): 143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-143-2016.
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Abstract. Land surface models (LSMs) are prospective starting points to develop a global hyper-resolution model of the terrestrial water, energy, and biogeochemical cycles. However, there are some fundamental limitations of LSMs related to how meaningfully hydrological fluxes and stores are represented. A diagnostic approach to model evaluation and improvement is taken here that exploits hydrological expert knowledge to detect LSM inadequacies through consideration of the major behavioural functions of a hydrological system: overall water balance, vertical water redistribution in the unsaturated zone, temporal water redistribution, and spatial water redistribution over the catchment's groundwater and surface-water systems. Three types of information are utilized to improve the model's hydrology: (a) observations, (b) information about expected response from regionalized data, and (c) information from an independent physics-based model. The study considers the JULES (Joint UK Land Environmental Simulator) LSM applied to a deep-groundwater chalk catchment in the UK. The diagnosed hydrological limitations and the proposed ways to address them are indicative of the challenges faced while transitioning to a global high resolution model of the water cycle.
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Le Vine, N., A. Butler, N. McIntyre, and C. Jackson. "Diagnosing hydrological limitations of a Land Surface Model: application of JULES to a deep-groundwater chalk basin." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 8 (2015): 7541–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-7541-2015.
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Abstract. Land Surface Models (LSMs) are prospective starting points to develop a global hyper-resolution model of the terrestrial water, energy and biogeochemical cycles. However, there are some fundamental limitations of LSMs related to how meaningfully hydrological fluxes and stores are represented. A diagnostic approach to model evaluation is taken here that exploits hydrological expert knowledge to detect LSM inadequacies through consideration of the major behavioural functions of a hydrological system: overall water balance, vertical water redistribution in the unsaturated zone, temporal water redistribution and spatial water redistribution over the catchment's groundwater and surface water systems. Three types of information are utilised to improve the model's hydrology: (a) observations, (b) information about expected response from regionalised data, and (c) information from an independent physics-based model. The study considers the JULES (Joint UK Land Environmental Simulator) LSM applied to a deep-groundwater chalk catchment in the UK. The diagnosed hydrological limitations and the proposed ways to address them are indicative of the challenges faced while transitioning to a global high resolution model of the water cycle.
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Li, K. Y., M. T. Coe, and N. Ramankutty. "Investigation of Hydrological Variability in West Africa Using Land Surface Models." Journal of Climate 18, no. 16 (2005): 3173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3452.1.
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Abstract The availability of freshwater is a particularly important issue in Africa where large portions of the continent are arid or semiarid and climate is highly variable. Sustainable water resource management requires the assessment of hydrological variability in response to nature climate fluctuation. In this study, a land surface model, the Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS), and a hydrological routing model, the Hydrological Routing Algorithm (HYDRA), are used to investigate the hydrological variability in two large basins, the Lake Chad basin (LCB) and the Niger River basin (NRB), located in West Africa, over the period from 1950 to 1995. The IBIS land surface hydrological module was calibrated and validated for arid and semiarid Africa, and major enhancements were made to the module, including the development of a dynamic root water–extraction formulation, the incorporation of a Green–Ampt infiltration parameterization, and modification to the prescribed root distribution, the runoff module, and weather generator. The results show that the hydrology in this area is highly variable over time and space. The coefficient of variance (CV) of annual rainfall ranges from 10%–15% in the southern portions of the basins to 30%–40% in the northern portions. The annual evapotranspiration (ET) varies with a slightly lower CV compared to the rainfall, but the runoff is extremely sensitive to the rainfall fluctuation, particularly in the central portions of the basins (8°–13°N in LCB and 12°–16°N in NRB) where the CVs in runoff are as high as 100%–200%. The annual river discharge varies largely in concert with the rainfall fluctuation, with the CV being 37% in LCB and 23%–63% in NRB. In terms of the whole basin, the relative hydrologic variability (rainfall, evapotranspiration, runoff, and river discharge) is significantly higher in the dry period than in the wet period, and the interannual variability in runoff is more than twice as high as compared to rainfall or ET.
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Rosso, R., M. C. Rulli, and D. Bocchiola. "Transient catchment hydrology after wildfires in a Mediterranean basin: runoff, sediment and woody debris." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 1 (2007): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-125-2007.
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Abstract. The transient effect of forest fires on runoff, erosion and yield of woody biomass has been investigated by combining the experimental approach with mathematical models of hydrological processes. The case study is the Branega creek in Liguria, Italy, where a forest fire in August 2003 caused substantial changes to soil and vegetation, and left a considerable amount of woody debris on the ground. Immediately after the fire, rainfall simulator experiments in adjacent burned and unburned plots showed the extent to which fire had increased runoff and erosion rates. A distributed hydrological model using the tube-flux approach, calibrated on experimental measurements, has been used to investigate hill slope and channel erosion in a small sub-catchment, 1.5 ha in area, nested in the Branega basin. Simulation runs show that the model accommodates the observed variability of runoff and erosion under disturbed and undisturbed conditions. A model component describing the delivery of wood from hill slopes to the channel in post-fire conditions, validated against local survey data, showed that the removal and transport of woody biomass can be reproduced using an integrated hydrological approach. Hence, transient complexity after wildfires can be addressed by such an approach with empirically determined physically-based parameters.
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Eldridge, DJ, and TB Koen. "Run-Off and Sediment Yield From a Semi-Arid Woodland in Eastern Australia. Ii. Variation in Some Soil Hydrological Properties Along a Gradient in Soil Surface Condition." Rangeland Journal 15, no. 2 (1993): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9930234.
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Three sites on red earth soils were examined at Yathong Nature Reserve and 'Coan Downs' in central- western New South Wales. The sites represented a gradient in soil surface condition from a stable, uneroded and productive site, supporting moderately dense perennial grasses (site 1) to a moderately unstable and degraded site with few perennials and evidence of erosion (site 3). The hydrological characteristics of the three sites were measured using a rainfall simulator on plots with varying vegetation cover. Water ponded earlier at the degraded site, and run-off and sediment removal increased as the soil surface became more degraded. Associated with this was an increase in the importance of vegetation cover, and a decrease in the importance of soil physico-chemical variables as descriptors of soil hydrological properties. The results are consistent with the notion that vegetation plays a more important role in maintaining soil hydrological processes as the soil surface becomes more degraded.
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Flipo, N., M. Poulin, S. Even, and E. Ledoux. "Hydrological part of CAWAQS (Catchment Water Quality Simulator): fitting on a small sedimentary basin." SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 29, no. 2 (2005): 768–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03680770.2005.11902782.
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Miecznik, Magdalena, Jerzy, Wojciech Mietelski, Edyta Łokas, and Krzysztof Kleszcz. "Modeling of the Cs137 and Sr90 contamination transportation process performed for the vicinity of National Radioactive Wastes Disposal in Różan (NE Poland)." Computer Science and Mathematical Modelling, no. 7/2018 (July 18, 2018): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.2002.
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This paper contains the results of radionuclides transportation modeling under National Radioactive Waste Disposal (NRWD) grounds in Różan (northeast Poland). The disposal is of the low- and intermediate-level waste (LILW) type. We simulated the radionuclides transportation process through sandy soils. The simulation was performed in a self-written simulator in Scilab using the finite difference method. The model included diffusion, advection and radioactive decay. The model was tested according to convergence and stability. Assuming the hydrological gradient being 0.008, the contamination transportation time was 30–46 years depending on the modeled problem. The modeled distance of 600 m was from underneath the disposal to the exudation in the Narew ravine. Radioactive decay for both cesium (Cs137) and strontium (Sr90) had a significant impact on the results. The model proved to be a useful tool for performing simple scientific simulations. This survey was part of a PhD thesis.
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Zulkafli, Z., W. Buytaert, C. Onof, W. Lavado, and J. L. Guyot. "A critical assessment of the JULES land surface model hydrology for humid tropical environments." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 11 (2012): 12523–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-12523-2012.
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Abstract. Global land surface models (LSMs) such as the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) are originally developed to provide surface boundary conditions for climate models. They are increasingly used for hydrological simulation, for instance to simulate the impacts of land-use changes and other perturbations on the water cycle. This study investigates how well such models represent the major hydrological fluxes at the relevant spatial and temporal scales – an important question for reliable model applications in poorly understood, data-scarce environments. The JULES-LSM is implemented in a 360 000 km2 humid tropical mountain basin of the Peruvian Andes–Amazon at 12 km grid resolution, forced with daily satellite and climate reanalysis data. The simulations are evaluated using conventional discharge-based evaluation methods, and by further comparing the magnitude and internal variability of the basin surface fluxes such as evapotranspiration, throughfall, and surface and subsurface runoff, of the model with those observed in similar environments elsewhere. We find reasonably positive model efficiencies and high correlations between the simulated and observed streamflows, but high root-mean-square errors affecting the performance in smaller, upper sub-basins. We attribute this to errors in the water balance and JULES-LSM's inability to model baseflow. We also found a tendency to underrepresent the high evapotranspiration rates of the region. We conclude that strategies to improve the representation of tropical systems to be (1) addressing errors in the forcing (2) incorporating local wetland and regional floodplain in the subsurface representation.
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Ehsan Bhuiyan, Md Abul, Efthymios I. Nikolopoulos, Emmanouil N. Anagnostou, et al. "Assessment of precipitation error propagation in multi-model global water resource reanalysis." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 4 (2019): 1973–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1973-2019.
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Abstract. This study focuses on the Iberian Peninsula and investigates the propagation of precipitation uncertainty, and its interaction with hydrologic modeling, in global water resource reanalysis. Analysis is based on ensemble hydrologic simulations for a period spanning 11 years (2000–2010). To simulate the hydrological variables of surface runoff, subsurface runoff, and evapotranspiration, we used four land surface models (LSMs) – JULES (Joint UK Land Environment Simulator), ORCHIDEE (Organising Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems), SURFEX (Surface Externalisée), and HTESSEL (Hydrology – Tiled European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts – ECMWF – Scheme for Surface Exchanges over Land) – and one global hydrological model, WaterGAP3 (Water – a Global Assessment and Prognosis). Simulations were carried out for five precipitation products – CMORPH (the Climate Prediction Center Morphing technique of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or NOAA), PERSIANN (Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks), 3B42V(7), ECMWF reanalysis, and a machine-learning-based blended product. As a reference, we used a ground-based observation-driven precipitation dataset, named SAFRAN, available at 5 km, 1 h resolution. We present relative performances of hydrologic variables for the different multi-model and multi-forcing scenarios. Overall, results reveal the complexity of the interaction between precipitation characteristics and different modeling schemes and show that uncertainties in the model simulations are attributed to both uncertainty in precipitation forcing and the model structure. Surface runoff is strongly sensitive to precipitation uncertainty, and the degree of sensitivity depends significantly on the runoff generation scheme of each model examined. Evapotranspiration fluxes are comparatively less sensitive for this study region. Finally, our results suggest that there is no single model–forcing combination that can outperform all others consistently for all variables examined and thus reinforce the fact that there are significant benefits to exploring different model structures as part of the overall modeling approaches used for water resource applications.
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Kim, Mi Eun, Young Su Jang, Chil Ho Nam, and Hyun Suk Shin. "A Study on the Effectiveness Verification of Hydrological Cycle of Pervious Pavement using LID Simulator." Journal of the Korean Water Resources Association 48, no. 5 (2015): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3741/jkwra.2015.48.5.321.
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Yan, Renhua, Junfeng Gao, and Lingling Li. "Modeling the hydrological effects of climate and land use/cover changes in Chinese lowland polder using an improved WALRUS model." Hydrology Research 47, S1 (2016): 84–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2016.204.
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Hydrological processes in lowland polders, especially those for paddy rice planting, are affected by complicated factors. The improved Wageningen Lowland Runoff Simulator (WALRUS) model incorporates an irrigation and drainage scheme, and a new stage–discharge relationship to account for hydrological processes in multi-land-use polder with paddy fields and pumping stations. Here, this model was applied to assess how climate and land use changes affected the runoff of a Chinese polder in Poyang Lake basin in the past two decades. Simulated results showed that the runoff in the autumn–winter transition and midsummer months increased significantly, whereas those in the other months decreased slightly during the period of 1996–2005, primarily affected by climate change. For the period of 2006–2014, the runoff in the autumn–winter transition and midsummer increased, while that in the other months declined, affected by both climate and land use/cover changes. The land use/cover change resulting from the conversion of rice–wheat rotation to dominantly double-rice cropping and the expansion of residential area, increased the runoff during this period by demanding more irrigation water from the outside basin.
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Vesuviano, Gianni, and Virginia Stovin. "A generic hydrological model for a green roof drainage layer." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 4 (2013): 769–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.294.
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A rainfall simulator of length 5 m and width 1 m was used to supply constant intensity and largely spatially uniform water inflow events to 100 different configurations of commercially available green roof drainage layer and protection mat. The runoff from each inflow event was collected and sampled at one-second intervals. Time-series runoff responses were subsequently produced for each of the tested configurations, using the average response of three repeat tests. Runoff models, based on storage routing (dS/dt = I–Q) and a power-law relationship between storage and runoff (Q = kSn), and incorporating a delay parameter, were created. The parameters k, n and delay were optimized to best fit each of the runoff responses individually. The range and pattern of optimized parameter values was analysed with respect to roof and event configuration. An analysis was performed to determine the sensitivity of the shape of the runoff profile to changes in parameter values. There appears to be potential to consolidate values of n by roof slope and drainage component material.
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Thomaz, Edivaldo Lopes. "Runoff and sediment transport in a degraded area." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 36, no. 1 (2012): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832012000100025.
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Gully erosion occurs by the combined action of splash, sheetwash and rill-wash (interrill and rill erosion). These erosion processes have a great capacity for both sediment production and sediment transport. The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate hydrological and sediment transport in a degraded area, severely dissected by gullies; to assess the hydraulic flow characteristics and their aggregate transport capacity; and to measure the initial splash erosion rate. In the study area in Guarapuava, State of Paraná, Brazil (lat 25º 24' S; long 51º24' W; 1034 m asl), the soil was classified as Cambissolo Húmico alumínico, with the following particle-size composition: sand 0.116 kg kg-1; silt 0.180 kg kg-1; and clay 0.704 kg kg-1. The approach of this research was based on microcatchments formed in the ground, to study the hydrological response and sediment transport. A total of eight rill systems were simulated with dry and wet soil. An average rainfall of 33.7 ± 4.0 mm was produced for 35 to 54 min by a rainfall simulator. The equipment was installed, and a trough was placed at the end of the rill to collect sediments and water. During the simulation, the following variables were measured: time to runoff, time to ponding, time of recession, flow velocity, depth, ratio of the initial splash and grain size. The rainsplash of dry topsoil was more than twice as high as under moist conditions (5 g m-2 min-1 and 2 g m-2 min-1, respectively). The characteristics of the flow hydraulics indicate transition from laminar to turbulent flow [Re (Reynolds number) 1000-2000]. In addition, it was observed that a flow velocity of 0.12 m s-1 was the threshold for turbulent flow (Re > 2000), especially at the end of the rainfall simulation. The rill flow tended to be subcritical [Fr (Froude Number) < 1.0]. The variation in hydrological attributes (infiltration and runoff) was lower, while the sediment yield was variable. The erosion in the rill systems was characterized as limited transport, although the degraded area generated an average of 394 g m-2 of sediment in each simulation.
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Montaldo, Nicola, Matteo Curreli, Roberto Corona, Andrea Saba, and John D. Albertson. "Estimating and Modeling the Effects of Grass Growth on Surface Runoff through a Rainfall Simulator on Field Plots." Journal of Hydrometeorology 21, no. 6 (2020): 1297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-20-0049.1.
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AbstractSeasonal changes in grass cover impact the generation of surface runoff due to the effects of grass roots on soil hydrologic properties and processes (i.e., infiltration). Using a rainfall simulator in a grass field site, we broadly investigated the influence of different initial conditions of soil moisture and grass growth stages on rainfall–runoff transformations. To parameterize the stages of grass growth, we used the height of the vegetation hveg, which is related to the leaf area index. Surprisingly, typical characteristics of runoff formation (peak flow and time to peak flow) were conditioned mainly by hveg. The runoff coefficient decreased about 40% when grass reached its maximum growth and was inversely and significantly related to the height of grass in general. Using the rainfall simulator experiments, we estimated the saturated soil hydraulic conductivity ks, a key parameter of infiltration models. We found strong relationships between ks and hveg when the Philip infiltration model was used, and we proposed a linear relationship between ks and hveg, making ks vary in time with grass growth (i.e., hveg). We compared predictions of hydrologic models at plot scale using ks varying with grass growth with predictions using a constant ks, as hydrological models commonly assume. Neglecting ks variability with grass growth can lead to errors up to 100% in surface runoff predictions at an event time scale and up to 87% at a monthly time scale. Ecohydrological models for runoff predictions should take into account the influence of grass growth dynamics on soil infiltration parameters.
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Zulkafli, Z., W. Buytaert, C. Onof, W. Lavado, and J. L. Guyot. "A critical assessment of the JULES land surface model hydrology for humid tropical environments." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 3 (2013): 1113–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1113-2013.
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Abstract. Global land surface models (LSMs) such as the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) are originally developed to provide surface boundary conditions for climate models. They are increasingly used for hydrological simulation, for instance to simulate the impacts of land use changes and other perturbations on the water cycle. This study investigates how well such models represent the major hydrological fluxes at the relevant spatial and temporal scales – an important question for reliable model applications in poorly understood, data-scarce environments. The JULES-LSM is implemented in a 360 000 km2 humid tropical mountain basin of the Peruvian Andes–Amazon at 12-km grid resolution, forced with daily satellite and climate reanalysis data. The simulations are evaluated using conventional discharge-based evaluation methods, and by further comparing the magnitude and internal variability of the basin surface fluxes such as evapotranspiration, throughfall, and surface and subsurface runoff of the model with those observed in similar environments elsewhere. We find reasonably positive model efficiencies and high correlations between the simulated and observed streamflows, but high root-mean-square errors affecting the performance in smaller, upper sub-basins. We attribute this to errors in the water balance and JULES-LSM's inability to model baseflow. We also found a tendency to under-represent the high evapotranspiration rates of the region. We conclude that strategies to improve the representation of tropical systems to be (1) addressing errors in the forcing and (2) incorporating local wetland and regional floodplain in the subsurface representation.
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Kincl, David, David Kabelka, Jan Vopravil, and Darina Heřmanovská. "Estimating the curve number for conventional and soil conservation technologies using a rainfall simulator." Soil and Water Research 16, No. 2 (2021): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/114/2020-swr.
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The aim of the article was to verify the curve number (CN) values given in the National Engineering Handbook (NEH) methodology, whether they really correspond to all wide-row crops. The tested crops were maize, hops and potatoes grown using conventional and soil conservation technologies. All these crops are classified as wide-row crops, but they are very different in terms of the cultivation process. The basis for the calculation of our CN values were field measurements carried out using a rainfall simulator within the time span from 2014 to 2020 on the soil corresponding to hydrological group B in two repetitions: naturally dry soil corresponding to an ARC II curve and saturated soil corresponding to an ARC III curve. The results show that our calculated CN values for the conventional cultivation of wide-row crops are, in principle, the same as the CN values given in the NEH methodology. On the contrary, a certain difference was recorded in the soil conservation technologies with plant residues on the surface, in the case of naturally dry soil. Lower CN values are clearly seen in the technologies of no-till maize, strip-till maize and hops with catch crops, which was confirmed by the statistical tests, probably due to the interception and surface roughness.
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Ren, Diandong, Ming Xue, and Ann Henderson-Sellers. "Incorporating Hydraulic Lift into a Land Surface Model and Its Effects on Surface Soil Moisture Prediction." Journal of Hydrometeorology 5, no. 6 (2004): 1181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-385.1.
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Abstract In comparison with the Oklahoma Atmospheric Surface-layer Instrumentation System (OASIS) measurements, the Simulator for Hydrology and Energy Exchange at the Land Surface (SHEELS), a multilayer soil hydrological model, simulates a much faster drying of the superficial soil layer (5 cm) for a densely vegetated area at the OASIS site in Norman, Oklahoma, under dry conditions. Further, the measured superficial soil moisture contents also show a counterintuitive daily cycle that moistens the soil during daytime and dries the soil at night. The original SHEELS model fails to simulate this behavior. This work proposes a treatment of hydraulic lift processes associated with stressed vegetation and shows via numerical experiments that both problems reported above can be much alleviated by including the hydraulic lift effect associated with stressed vegetation.
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Cuceloglu, Gokhan, and Izzet Ozturk. "Assessing the Impact of CFSR and Local Climate Datasets on Hydrological Modeling Performance in the Mountainous Black Sea Catchment." Water 11, no. 11 (2019): 2277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11112277.
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Precise representation of precipitation input is one of the predominant factors affecting the simulation of hydrological processes in catchments. Choosing the representative climate datasets is crucial to obtain accurate model results, especially in mountainous regions. Hence, this study assesses the suitability of the Climate Forecasting System Reanalysis (CFSR) and local climate data to simulate the streamflow at multiple gauges in the data-scarce mountainous Black Sea catchment. Moreover, the applicability of using the elevations band in the model is also tested. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is used as a hydrological simulator. Calibration and uncertainty analysis are performed by using SWAT-CUP with the Sequential Uncertainty Fitting (SUFI-2) algorithm based on monthly streamflow data at six different hydrometric stations located at different altitudes. The results reveal that the CFSR dataset provides quite reasonable agreements between the simulated and the observed streamflow at the gauge stations compared to the local dataset. However, SWAT simulations with both datasets result in poor performance for the upstream catchments of the study area. Considering orographic precipitation by applying elevation bands to the local climate dataset using CFSR data leads also to significant improvements to the model’s performance. Model results obtained with both climate datasets result in similar objective metrics, and larger uncertainty with a coefficient variation (CV) ranging from 73% to 107%. This paper mainly highlights that (i) global climate datasets (i.e., CFSR) can be a good alternative especially for data-scarce regions, (ii) elevation band application can improve the model performance for the catchments with high elevation gradients, and iii) CFSR data can be used to determine precipitation lapse rate in data scarce-regions.
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Jan, Ahmad, Ethan T. Coon, and Scott L. Painter. "Evaluating integrated surface/subsurface permafrost thermal hydrology models in ATS (v0.88) against observations from a polygonal tundra site." Geoscientific Model Development 13, no. 5 (2020): 2259–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2259-2020.
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Abstract. Numerical simulations are essential tools for understanding the complex hydrologic response of Arctic regions to a warming climate. However, strong coupling among thermal and hydrological processes on the surface and in the subsurface and the significant role that subtle variations in surface topography have in regulating flow direction and surface storage lead to significant uncertainties. Careful model evaluation against field observations is thus important to build confidence. We evaluate the integrated surface/subsurface permafrost thermal hydrology models in the Advanced Terrestrial Simulator (ATS) against field observations from polygonal tundra at the Barrow Environmental Observatory. ATS couples a multiphase, 3D representation of subsurface thermal hydrology with representations of overland nonisothermal flows, snow processes, and surface energy balance. We simulated thermal hydrology of a 3D ice-wedge polygon with geometry that is abstracted but broadly consistent with the surface microtopography at our study site. The simulations were forced by meteorological data and observed water table elevations in ice-wedge polygon troughs. With limited calibration of parameters appearing in the soil evaporation model, the 3-year simulations agreed reasonably well with snow depth, summer water table elevations in the polygon center, and high-frequency soil temperature measurements at several depths in the trough, rim, and center of the polygon. Upscaled evaporation is in good agreement with flux tower observations. The simulations were found to be sensitive to parameters in the bare soil evaporation model, snowpack, and the lateral saturated hydraulic conductivity. Timing of fall freeze-up was found to be sensitive to initial snow density, illustrating the importance of including snow aging effects. The study provides new support for an emerging class of integrated surface/subsurface permafrost simulators.
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Salvatici, Teresa, Veronica Tofani, Guglielmo Rossi, et al. "Application of a physically based model to forecast shallow landslides at a regional scale." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 7 (2018): 1919–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-1919-2018.
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Abstract. In this work, we apply a physically based model, namely the HIRESSS (HIgh REsolution Slope Stability Simulator) model, to forecast the occurrence of shallow landslides at the regional scale. HIRESSS is a physically based distributed slope stability simulator for analyzing shallow landslide triggering conditions during a rainfall event. The modeling software is made up of two parts: hydrological and geotechnical. The hydrological model is based on an analytical solution from an approximated form of the Richards equation, while the geotechnical stability model is based on an infinite slope model that takes the unsaturated soil condition into account. The test area is a portion of the Aosta Valley region, located in the northwest of the Alpine mountain chain. The geomorphology of the region is characterized by steep slopes with elevations ranging from 400 m a.s.l. on the Dora Baltea River's floodplain to 4810 m a.s.l. at Mont Blanc. In the study area, the mean annual precipitation is about 800–900 mm. These features make the territory very prone to landslides, mainly shallow rapid landslides and rockfalls. In order to apply the model and to increase its reliability, an in-depth study of the geotechnical and hydrological properties of hillslopes controlling shallow landslide formation was conducted. In particular, two campaigns of on site measurements and laboratory experiments were performed using 12 survey points. The data collected contributed to the generation of an input map of parameters for the HIRESSS model. In order to consider the effect of vegetation on slope stability, the soil reinforcement due to the presence of roots was also taken into account; this was done based on vegetation maps and literature values of root cohesion. The model was applied using back analysis for two past events that affected the Aosta Valley region between 2008 and 2009, triggering several fast shallow landslides. The validation of the results, carried out using a database of past landslides, provided good results and a good prediction accuracy for the HIRESSS model from both a temporal and spatial point of view.
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Adams, R., G. Parkin, J. C. Rutherford, R. P. Ibbitt, and A. H. Elliott. "Using a rainfall simulator and a physically based hydrological model to investigate runoff processes in a hillslope." Hydrological Processes 19, no. 11 (2005): 2209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5670.
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Shibuo, Yoshihiro, Eiji Ikoma, Oliver Saavedra Valeriano, et al. "Implementation of Real-Time Flood Prediction and its Application to Dam Operations by Data Integration Analysis System." Journal of Disaster Research 11, no. 6 (2016): 1052–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2016.p1052.
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Despite recent advances in hydrological models and observation technology, the prediction of floods using advanced models and data has not yet been fully implemented for practical use. The major issues in prediction originate from the underlying uncertainty of the initial conditions of the basin and the accuracy of the precipitation forecast. Effective transmission of flood information to corresponding authorities is also necessary when considering countermeasures against an oncoming flood. We present in this article a data archive and model integrated system to overcome these issues. The system realizes flood forecasting by employing a land surface model coupled with hydrological model and an ensemble precipitation forecast model to address the accuracy of initial conditions and precipitation. While the Water and Energy Budget Based Distributed Hydrological Model (WEB-DHM) rigorously estimates the physical state of the basin, the ensemble precipitation forecast model analyzes historical errors in forecasts and returns precipitation ensembles reflecting the uncertainty in the forecast specifically regarding the target basin. A combination of these models yields an ensemble of streamflow forecasts. We further develop a virtual reservoir simulator to enhance the proactive use of forecast information to support decision-making by reservoir managers. These models are integrated into the Data Integration Analysis System (DIAS). The feasibility of the system for practical use is tested against data from recent typhoon events.
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Mendes, Thiago Augusto, Roberto Dutra Alves, Gilson de Farias Neves Gitirana, Sávio Aparecido dos Santos Pereira, Juan Félix Rodriguez Rebolledo, and Marta Pereira da Luz. "Evaluation of Rainfall Interception by Vegetation Using a Rainfall Simulator." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (2021): 5082. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095082.
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Interception by vegetation is one of the main variables controlling hydrological and geo-environmental problems such as erosion, landslides and floods. Interception, along with precipitation and evapotranspiration, is required for the modeling of infiltration, percolation and runoff. Unfortunately, the measurement of interception in the field is time consuming, burdensome and subject to testing parameters with relatively high variability. In this context, experiments using rainfall simulators (RSs) have the potential to provide an alternative approach that addresses most of the limitations of field experiments. This paper presents a new approach to evaluate interception that combines a RS and the monitoring of the wetting front using pore-water pressure instrumentation at specific locations of the specimen. Two specimens are required, one with and another without vegetation. The proposed approach was applied to Paspalum notatum (bahiagrass) and a tropical soil. The results indicated an average interception of 5.1 mm of the simulated rainfall for a slope at 15 degrees, rainfall intensity of 86 mm h−1, and duration of 60 min. Furthermore, the vegetation decreased the surface runoff that contributes to erosion. The proposed method will enable studies on the interception mechanisms and the various involved variables, with benefits to the modeling of soil-vegetation-atmosphere interaction.
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Szabó, Judit Alexandra, Csaba Centeri, Boglárka Keller, et al. "The Use of Various Rainfall Simulators in the Determination of the Driving Forces of Changes in Sediment Concentration and Clay Enrichment." Water 12, no. 10 (2020): 2856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102856.
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Soil erosion is a complex, destructive process that endangers food security in many parts of the world; thus, its investigation is a key issue. While the measurement of interrill erosion is a necessity, the methods used to carry it out vary greatly, and the comparison of the results is often difficult. The present study aimed to examine the results of two rainfall simulators, testing their sensitivity to different environmental conditions. Plot-scale nozzle type rainfall simulation experiments were conducted on the same regosol under both field and laboratory conditions to compare the dominant driving factors of runoff and soil loss. In the course of the experiments, high-intensity rainfall, various slope gradients, and different soil surface states (moisture content, roughness, and crust state) were chosen as the response parameters, and their driving factors were sought. In terms of the overall erosion process, the runoff, and soil loss properties, we found an agreement between the simulators. However, in the field (a 6 m2 plot), the sediment concentration was related to the soil conditions and therefore its hydrological properties, whereas in the laboratory (a 0.5 m2 plot), slope steepness and rainfall intensity were the main driving factors. This, in turn, indicates that the design of a rainfall simulator may affect the results of the research it is intended for, even if the differences occasioned by various designs may be of a low order.
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Asghari, Keyvan, and Mohsen Nasseri. "Spatial rainfall prediction using optimal features selection approaches." Hydrology Research 46, no. 3 (2014): 343–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2014.178.
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Rainfall as a semi-random hydrological event is difficult to forecast due to some very complicated and unforeseen physical factors and their chaotic behavior. Artificial neural networks (ANN), which perform a nonlinear mapping between inputs and outputs, have played a crucial role in rainfall forecasting. In this paper, some feature selection approaches have been implemented to simulate the regional scale rainfall field in order to address a few deficiencies of ANN, such as selection of informative features of input data encountered in hydrological processes. The main simulator is a multi-layer perceptron neural network optimized by simple genetic algorithm (GA) to determine optimal input vectors in order to compare with other statistical approaches. Current rainfall from a limited number of neighboring stations is shown to be valuable to forecast current rainfall of certain target stations in the province of Fars in Iran for 30 min leading time. Among the studied features selection approaches such as chi-squared, linear correlation coefficient and mutual information (MI), the results by MI have considerable competency with regard to computational efficiency using the optimized scenario by GA.
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Silveira, Alexandre, Jorge M. G. P. Isidoro, Fábio P. de Deus, et al. "Enhancing the spatial rainfall uniformity of pressurized nozzle simulators." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 28, no. 1 (2017): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/meq-07-2015-0140.
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Purpose Rainfall simulators are used on experimental hydrology, in areas such as, e.g., urban drainage and soil erosion, with important timesaving when compared to real scale hydrological monitoring. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to increase the quality of rainfall simulation, namely, for its use with scaled physical models. Design/methodology/approach Two pressurized rainfall simulators are considered. M1 uses three HH-W 1/4 FullJet nozzles under an operating pressure of 166.76 kPa and was tested over a 4.00 m length by 2.00 m width V-shaped surface. M2 was prepared to produce artificial rainfall over an area of 10.00 m length by 10.00 m width. The spatial distribution of rainfall produced from a single nozzle was characterized in order to theoretically find the best positioning for nozzles to cover the full 100 m2 area with the best possible rainfall uniformity. Findings Experiments with M1 led to an average rainfall intensity of 76.77-82.25 mm h−1 with a 24.88 per cent variation coefficient and a Christiansen Uniformity Coefficient (CUC) of 78.86 per cent. The best result with M2 was an average rainfall intensity of 75.12-76.83 mm h−1 with a 21.23 per cent variation coefficient and a CUC of 83.05 per cent. Practical implications This study contributes to increase the quality of artificial rainfall produced by pressurized rainfall simulators. Originality/value M2 is the largest rainfall simulator known by the authors worldwide. Its use on rainfall-runoff studies (e.g. urban areas, erosion, pollutant transport) will allow for a better understanding of complex surface hydrology processes.
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Mao, Ganquan, and Junguo Liu. "WAYS v1: a hydrological model for root zone water storage simulation on a global scale." Geoscientific Model Development 12, no. 12 (2019): 5267–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-5267-2019.
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Abstract. The soil water stored in the root zone is a critical variable for many applications, as it plays a key role in several hydrological and atmospheric processes. Many studies have been conducted to obtain reliable information on soil water in the root zone layer. However, most of them are mainly focused on the soil moisture within a certain depth rather than the water stored in the entire rooting system. In this work, a hydrological model named the Water And ecosYstem Simulator (WAYS) is developed to simulate the root zone water storage (RZWS) on a global scale. The model is based on a well-validated lumped model and has now been extended to a distribution model. To reflect the natural spatial heterogeneity of the plant rooting system across the world, a key variable that influences RZWS, i.e., root zone storage capacity (RZSC), is integrated into the model. The newly developed model is first evaluated based on runoff and RZWS simulations across 10 major basins. The results show the ability of the model to mimic RZWS dynamics in most of the regions through comparison with proxy data, the normalized difference infrared index (NDII). The model is further evaluated against station observations, including flux tower and gauge data. Despite regional differences, generally good performance is found for both the evaporation and discharge simulations. Compared to existing hydrological models, WAYS's ability to resolve the field-scale spatial heterogeneity of RZSC and simulate RZWS may offer benefits for many applications, e.g., agriculture and land–vegetation–climate interaction investigations. However, the results from this study suggest an additional evaluation of RZWS is required for the regions where the NDII might not be the correct proxy.
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Nasruddin and Aso. "Rain Effect Frequency of Infiltration Rate and Infiltration Capacity in Common Soil: Laboratory Test with Rainfall Simulator." Journal La Multiapp 1, no. 1 (2020): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journallamultiapp.v1i1.37.
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Analyzing the Influence of Rain Frequency Infiltration Rate and Infiltration Capacity in Common Soil Type (Laboratory Testing Study With Rainfall Simulator). Infiltration is the flow of water into the ground through the soil surface. This process is a very important part of the hydrological cycle and in the process of transferring rain into the flow of water in the soil before reaching the river. Infiltration (infiltration rate and capacity) is influenced by various variables, including soil type, slope inclination, density and type of vegetation, soil moisture content, and rainfall intensity. This study aims to determine the effect of rainfall frequency on the infiltration rate and infiltration capacity on common soil types. This research is a type of laboratory experimental research, using rainfall simulator tool. The soil used in this study is common soil type. Furthermore, artificial rain was provided with intensity I5, I15, and I25 and performed infiltration rate reading on the Drain Rainfall Simulator. The rate and capacity of infiltration in common soils increase proportionally to the increased intensity of rainfall, the higher the intensity of rainfall the higher the infiltration occurring at the same level of rain frequency. The rate and capacity of infiltration in common soils decrease proportionally to the increasing frequency of rain, the more the frequency of rain the smaller the infiltration occurring at the same level of rainfall intensity
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Lupon, Anna, José L. J. Ledesma, and Susana Bernal. "Riparian evapotranspiration is essential to simulate streamflow dynamics and water budgets in a Mediterranean catchment." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 7 (2018): 4033–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4033-2018.
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Abstract. Riparian trees can regulate streamflow dynamics and water budgets by taking up large amounts of water from both soil and groundwater compartments. However, their role has not been fully recognized in the hydrologic literature and the catchment modeling community. In this study, we explored the influence of riparian evapotranspiration (ET) on streamflow by simulating daily stream water exports from three nested Mediterranean catchments, both including and excluding the riparian compartment in the structure of the PERSiST (Precipitation, Evapotranspiration and Runoff Simulator for Solute Transport) rainfall–runoff model. The model goodness of fit for the calibration period (September 2010–August 2012) significantly improved with the inclusion of the riparian compartment, especially during the vegetative period, when according to our simulations, the riparian zone significantly reduced the overestimation of mean daily streamflow (from 53 % to 27 %). At the catchment scale, simulated riparian ET accounted for 5.5 % to 8.4 % of annual water depletions over a 20-year reference period (1981–2000), and its contribution was especially noticeable during summer (from 8 % to 26 %). Simulations considering climate change scenarios suggest large increases in riparian ET during the dormant period (from 19 % to 46 %) but only small increases (from 1 % to 2 %) in its contribution to annual water budgets. Overall, our results highlight that a good assessment of riparian ET is essential for understanding catchment hydrology and streamflow dynamics in Mediterranean regions. Thus, the inclusion of the riparian compartment in hydrological models is strongly recommended in order to establish proper management strategies in water-limited regions.
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Adera, Abebe G., and Knut T. Alfredsen. "Climate change and hydrological analysis of Tekeze river basin Ethiopia: implication for potential hydropower production." Journal of Water and Climate Change 11, no. 3 (2019): 744–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2019.203.
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Abstract Climate change is expected to intensify the hydropower production in East Africa. This research investigates the runoff and energy production in the current and future climate for the Tekeze hydropower plant located in the Tekeze river basin in the northern part of Ethiopia. The rainfall-runoff model HBV and the hydropower simulator nMAG were used to generate runoff and energy production in the current and future climate. A combination of five regional climate models and seven global climate models from the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment were used to generate bias-corrected scenarios for the future climate. The result shows an increase in future runoff which was shown to be due to an increase in precipitation. However, the current operational strategy of the power plant did not utilize the future runoff in an optimal way. Therefore, based on the projected future inflow, we have developed a new reservoir operational strategy to preserve water for power production. As a result, the energy production was increased, and the flood spill from the reservoir reduced. This shows the need to adapt the hydropower production system to the future flow regimes to get the most out of the available water.
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Lepore, C., E. Arnone, L. V. Noto, G. Sivandran, and R. L. Bras. "Physically based modeling of rainfall-triggered landslides: a case study in the Luquillo Forest, Puerto Rico." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 1 (2013): 1333–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-1333-2013.
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Abstract. This paper presents the development of a rainfall-triggered landslide module within a physically based spatially distributed ecohydrologic model. The model, Triangulated Irregular Networks Real-time Integrated Basin Simulator and VEGetation Generator for Interactive Evolution (tRIBS-VEGGIE), is capable of a sophisticated description of many hydrological processes; in particular, the soil moisture dynamics is resolved at a temporal and spatial resolution required to examine the triggering mechanisms of rainfall-induced landslides. The validity of the tRIBS-VEGGIE model to a tropical environment is shown with an evaluation of its performance against direct observations made within the Luquillo Forest (the study area). The newly developed landslide module builds upon the previous version of the tRIBS landslide component. This new module utilizes a numerical solution to the Richards equation to better represent the time evolution of soil moisture transport through the soil column. Moreover, the new landslide module utilizes an extended formulation of the Factor of Safety (FS) to correctly quantify the role of matric suction in slope stability and to account for unsaturated conditions in the evaluation of FS. The new modeling framework couples the capabilities of the detailed hydrologic model to describe soil moisture dynamics with the Infinite Slope model creating a powerful tool for the assessment of landslide risk.
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Chen, Gang, Wenjuan Hua, Xing Fang, Chuanhai Wang, and Xiaoning Li. "Distributed-Framework Basin Modeling System: II. Hydrologic Modeling System." Water 13, no. 5 (2021): 744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13050744.
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A distributed-framework hydrologic modeling system (DF-HMS) is a primary and significant component of a distributed-framework basin modeling system (DFBMS), which simulates the hydrological processes and responses after rainfall at the basin scale, especially for non-homogenous basins. The DFBMS consists of 11 hydrological feature units (HFUs) involving vertical and horizontal geographic areas in a basin. Appropriate hydrologic or hydraulic methods are adopted for different HFUs to simulate corresponding hydrological processes. The digital basin generation model is first developed to determine the essential information for hydrologic and hydraulic simulation. This paper mainly describes two significant HFUs contained in the DF-HMS for hydrologic modeling: Hilly sub-watershed and plain overland flow HFUs. A typical hilly area application case study in the Three Gorges area is introduced, which demonstrates DF-HMS’s good performance in comparison with the observed streamflow at catchment outlets.