Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Hydrologie – Brésil – Amazonie (Brésil)'
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Barroux, Gwénaël. "Etude biogéochimique d'un système lacustre de la plaine d'inondation amazonienneCas de la varzea de Curuai (Para, Brésil)." Toulouse 3, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00086496.
Full textThe Amazon Rivers catchments area is composed of 5% area of floodplain. The question is “how does this area impact the biogeochemistry of the Amazon main stem?”. In the present study we tried to overview many aspects of floodplain chemical operation through the observation of the “Lago Grande de Curuaí” floodplain. We carried a particular interest on the water dissolved phase chemistry (<0. 22µm) and its relationship with the behaviour of maturating bed load sediment and the occurrence of phytoplanktonic productivity climax. We also proposed a quantification of elemental fluxes and stocks in the vegetation reservoir, which are comparable to those of the Amazon River. Thanks to a hydrological computation of the floodplain, we are able to give detailed sources participation, fluxes and stocks of dissolved element in the floodplain at the internal scale and the whole system scale. This computation model allows us to present some clues of the recycling of element through the vegetation and through physic-chemical processes that occurs mainly on redox sensitive element (Mn, Fe). Amazonian floodplains appear to be an important sink of metals such as Mn and Fe but are essentially transit places for the majority of elements. So the Amazonian floodplains present an “in time” impact on the Amazon River as its essentially collect element from the Amazon during rising water stage and deliver it during falling water stage with a percentage of fluxes that might reach significant level. So they are important actors of the temporal distribution of dissolved element in the Amazon River and might be considered in any element transfer model from land to the oceans
Dutra, Maia Poliana. "Le rôle des échanges entre le fleuve Amazone et la plaine d'inondation dans les processus de transport, de spéciation et de piégeage du mercure." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOU30266.
Full textOne of the major environmental problem in the Amazon basin is the risk of mercury (Hg) contamination in aquatic environments and in riparian populations. The organic form of this element, the monomethylmercury (MMHg), shows a high toxicity and can reach elevated levels in fish due to the bioaccumulation and biomagnification processes in the food web. High rate of Hg methylation were measured particularly in floodplain lakes and in dam reservoirs. Even if in the Amazon basin floodplains occupy ~5% of the watershed area, they are still poorly studied. In the present work, we study the role of the water exchanges between the Amazon River and the floodplain lakes in the transfer, transport, partition and storage of mercury. Our study area is the "várzea do Curuai ", located along the Amazon River, 900 km upstream from the mouth. Most of the studied floodplain lakes, in particular all the white water lakes, receives water and sediment from the mainstream, whereas the black water lakes are more influenced by runoff and groundwater inputs. This work shows that the cycle and the distribution of the Hg species in the "várzea do Curuai " are more controlled by the hydrological dynamics of the Amazon R. And the local watershed. In the floodplain lakes, the MMHg and total Hg are mainly transported in the particulate phase, especially during the rising water stage when the river is flooding the lakes. During the water and sediment transfer in floodplain lakes, different Hg speciation processes occur, such as: i) the coagulation or flocculation of inorganic mercury with organo-mineral complexes that limits the amount of mercury available for bacterial methylation; effectively, we don't observe any MMHg enrichment between the Amazon River and the white water lakes, ii) a probably photo-reduction of Hg2+ in Hg° and its volatilisation in the atmosphere, inducing a depletion of dissolved Hg in the surface waters, iii) the re-suspension process of bottom sediments by the wind action and by bioturbation, enriching the water column in particulate Hg associated with oxy-hydroxides of Fe and Mn, iv) the Hg methylation and desorption of particulate MMHg but only in the black water lakes that are characterized by the reductive conditions. .
Bouchez, Julien. "Relations entre dynamique sédimentaire et altération dans les grandes fleuves : exemple de l'Amazone." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077055.
Full textRivers transport the residual products of continental weathering, that display a large range of grain size, mineralogical and chemical compositions. These grains are sorted within the river channel during transport to the ocean. The Amazon Basin main tributaries have been sampled along depth-profiles, at various lateral positions. In the dissolved phase, lateral heterogeneities of major species and strontium isotopic composition, along with constraints on turbulent mixing, I suggest that most large rivers are not well-mixed regarding their different tributaries. At ail sites, suspended matter concentration significantly increases with depth. Chemical and isotopic compositions of suspended matter also vary I greatly with depth. A new classification of chemical elements, following their behaviour with respect to sorting and I weathering, is proposed. Comparison of the chemical composition, along the whole grain size range, ofr Amazon sediments between the outlet of the Andes and the river mouths, suggests relatively low weathering intensities during transfer of sediments through the floodplain. Finally, using organic carbon content and 14C activity measurements, we I demonstrate that fossil organic carbon oxidation during transfer through the floodplain results in a significant input of 1 CO2 in the atmosphere, nearly countering silicate weathering at the basin scale
Vieira, Getirana Augusto Cesar. "Contributions de l'altimétrie spatiale à la modélisation hydrologique des grand bassins en Amazonie." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/856/.
Full textIncreasing deforestation and climate change are considered as important factors with respect to changes of standards for the Amazon basin water availability. These changes can greatly impact biodiversity and also hydropower production in this region. Moreover, no reliable prevision can be carried out without a proper hydrological monitoring network. This thesis proposes a methodological approach that enables the integration of satellite data, spatial altimetry, in particular, into the large scale hydrological modeling of the Amazon basin. The MGB-IPH hydrological model has been used to simulate the hydrological processes of the Negro River basin, the second biggest tributary of the Amazon River. The main contributions of this study are: i) the proposition of two new treatments in the data pre-processing phase - the first one deals with digital elevation model modifications to improve hydrological information acquisition, while the second one proposes a watershed discretization approach based on mini-basins; ii) a procedure that allows hydrological model output flows to be evaluated taking into account spatial altimetry data; iii) the generation of rating-curves and the estimation of river bed heights and slopes by using modeled streamflow and spatial altimetry; and iv) the investigation of the potential of spatial altimetry data to be integrated into the automatic calibration of distributed hydrological models. The results indicate that spatial altimetry is an important source for generating data that can supply and complement in situ dataset, which, due to its scarcity, inhibits and constrains the adequate modeling of hydrological processes at large basins in Amazonia
Vaz, De Almeida Flavio-Guilherm. "Etudes des variations temporelles du champ de pesanteur terrestre à partir des données de la mission GRACE : application au bassin amazonien." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/583/.
Full textThe objective of this work is to analyze the temporal variations of the gravitational field, determined by the space mission Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), and its relationships to the dynamics of water in the Amazon basin area. For this reason, was developed a methodology to estimate the water level in not controlled stocks or difficult to reach floodplains. With this intention, the Stokes coefficients, calculated by the Groupe de Recherche de Geodesie Spatiale (GRGS) Toulouse-FR, were converted into equivalent water height (EWH) for a ~4-year period (July-2002 to May-2006). In this basin, the amplitudes of EWH signal are the largest on Earth and can reach about 1250mm at the center of the basin. Analysis of the uncertainties indicate that it represents ~160 mm of EWH in this basin, including Stokes coefficient uncertainties (~130 mm), leakage errors (12 ~ 21 mm) and spectrum truncation (10 ~ 15 mm). This amplitude was indirectly validated by the comparison between equivalent vertical crustal displacements due to surface water load and the vertical movements of the Manaus GPS permanent monitoring stations, near to the center of the basin. The values of EWH thus obtained were compared with the in-situ water level collected by the Brazilian National Agency of Water (ANA) at 233 ground-based hydrometric stations (HS). Although EWH and HS measure different water bodies, high correlation, up to ~80% in most of the cases, is detected. This high correlation allows adjusting linear relationships between both series for the major tributaries of the Amazon. The regression coefficients decrease from upstream to downstream along the rivers reaching the theoretical value 1 at the mouth of the Amazon in the Atlantic Ocean
Temgoua, André Guy Tranquille. "Modélisation du fonctionnement hydrique d'une forêt amazonienne brésilienne à l'échelle d'un versant." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27334/27334.pdf.
Full textPicard, Jacky. "Les marchands de rêves : représentations sociales de l'échange et développement rural sur un front de colonisation en Amazonie brésilienne." Bordeaux 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR30011.
Full textThe agricultural colonization of the amazonian areas made more accessible by the opening of roads at the end of the 1960s, developed a hope for thousands of penniless brazilian people. Social conflicts, extremely violent, show that the access to the land still represents an obstacle to the realization of their dreams. Analysing these conflicts and the social organization of the settlers' communities that colonized the conquered land reveals the permanence of paternalist forms of domination and exploitation. Middlemen appear among the farmers and they set up a kind of advance loan on the harvest : food, and mainly manufactured good from the neighbour towns. The people who accept the loans do so because they are compelled to, but also because they hope the relationship thus established will grant them the protection they think necessary to succeed. They entrust their creditors with the commercialization of their harvest and doing so, are deprived of the market value of their overwork. The representation of these exchanges under a commercial form makes unintelligible to them the origin of the exploitation that reinforces the precariousness of their living conditions. Meanwhile, the farmers who succeed in acquiring some cattle do not need so much a protector. The "land race", sometimes conflictual, and the farmers infatuation for stock farming and, consequently, their participation in the pasture extension in the amazon, fit into strategies adapted to the paternalist social world but also contribute to its decline
Carneiro, Filho Arnaldo. "Evolution des paysages dans le bassin moyen du Rio Négro (Amazonie brésilienne) depuis le pléniglaciaire moyen : Apports des indicateurs morphogéniques des archives alluviales et éoliennes." Strasbourg 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR1GEO1.
Full textThe amazonian quaternary environmental history is still poorly known. Paleoecological data are scarce and extrapolations of long paleoclimatic reconstructions based on pollen evidence alone seems inadequate to give a picture of the recent Quaternary changes for the entire Amazon basin. Our multidisciplinary approach intends to bring some new evidences of the quaternary landscape evolution of the northern portion of the Amazon basin. The study on relict linear eolian dunes bordering the Rio Negro River and some tributaries, indicates a past drier climate regime during the Pleistocene - Holocene transition. Here we present thermoluminescence ages spanning the period of 32,000 B. P. The final dune stabilization took place after 8,000 B. P. At present, the dunes are fixed by vegetation. Closely, the Itui Lake pollen core provides a synthesis of Holocene vegetation dynamics between 9,580 and 6,500 BP. Fluvial sediment cores spanning 55 000 to 37 000 BP were obtained from six terraces (Aracá and Cuieiras rivers) on the Rio Negro basin. Plant macrofossil records indicate that before 5̃5 000 B. P. , lowland areas were covered by a vegetation mosaic similar to the present one. After 55 000 BP the hydrological systems are marked by the installation of a more seasonal climate and the alluvial deposits have a strong asymmetrical shape if compared with the present depositional conditions. The lowermost unit consists of 2-3m of interbedding of fine to medium gravelly massive or cross-stratified sand and lenticular bodies of massive or cross-stratified sandy gravel with very fine to coarse pebbles. This facies unit was deposited in a sand gravel braided system perhaps associated to more drier and seasonal sort of climate. These results argue against the current opinions of absence of drastic ecological changes in the Amazon LGS. As a consequence, debate concerning the ecological consequences of Amazonian aridity in terms of biogeography and biodiversity needs to be reopened
Giral, Sylvie. "Variations des rapports isotopiques 18O/16O des kaolinites de deux profils latéritiques amazoniens : signification pour la pédologie et la paléoclimatologie." Aix-Marseille 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX30026.
Full textÉloy, Ludivine. "Entre ville et forêt : le futur de l'agriculture amérindienne en question : transformations agraires en périphérie de São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Nord-ouest amazonien, Brésil." Paris 3, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00124085.
Full textThis thesis is a study of indigenous agriculture transformations around a small amazonian city. More than the demographic density, the agrarian transformations depend on the migration trajectories of the families up to the city, through various property rights in natural ressources and possibilities of collecting incomes mediated by large kinship networks. The farmers select imported agricultural techniques and transform their traditional practices. If one observes the existence of a specialization towards the market, family strategies of diversification are more current. The multilocal territorialities make it possible to compensate for the increasing scarcity of the natural resources, and to satisfy new aspirations. Swidden cultivation plays a central part in these territorial transformations, because, from its flexibility, it combines in space and time with the other activities. These innovations place again the Indigenous peoples as the central actors of the creation of the modernity in their territories
Arnauld, de Sartre Xavier. "Territorialités contradictoires des jeunes ruraux amazoniens : mobilités paysannes ou sédentarités professionnelles ?" Toulouse 2, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00003992.
Full textYouth's future is a crucial stake for family farmers, trade unionists and sustainable development actors of a pioneer frontier of Amazônia. For the trade unionists and sustainable development actors, their objectives of make the farmers adopt sustainable practices would not be achieved with the current farmers; that's why they transferred their hopes on young farmers. The family farmers would like to reproduce their peasant way of life with their children. This these studies, by the way of analysis of semi structured interviews, the stakes of these hopes; and tries to compare them to the conceptions and practices of young farmers. These, analysed by the way of biographical interviews and formalised in a typology, are strongly different of wishes of those actors, and lead us to conclude that professionalization of family farming is a process which imply a deep break in the farmers conceptions
Da, Costa Gurgel Helen. "Paludisme et dynamiques environnementales dans l'état de Roraima au Brésil." Paris 10, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA100001.
Full textDuring the last few decades, malaria has affected the lives of many people in the most impoverished regions of the world. In some regions, like the Amazon Region, this has also been a period of major social and environmental change. The State of Roraima, Brazil, has had to accept significant streams of migrants arriving mostly from the north-east of Brazil. As a result, the number of malaria cases has exploded. The main purpose of this work is to enlighten the dynamics of those environmental and social factors, as well as those linked with public policies, related to the evolution of Malaria in Roraima. The work uses Remote Sensing and GIS technologies, as well as a method to analyse spatial-temporal dynamics. The main results show that environmental factors, mainly related to the dynamics of the vector, have an influence at the local scale; social factors (population dynamics and cultures), play out more at middle scale; and public policy factors have an influence at regional scale
Veiga, Iran. "Savoirs locaux et organisation sociale de l'agriculture amazonienne : la gestion durable des milieux en question." Toulouse 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU20058.
Full textOliveira, Barros Maria Eleusa de. "Effet de la macrofaune sur la structure et les processus physiques du sol de paturages dégradés d' Amazonie." Paris 6, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA066378.
Full textOliveira, Elisiana Pereira de. "Le peuplement des Collemboles édaphiques en Amazonie brésilienne : systématique, biogéographie et écologie." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30209.
Full textBuclet, Benjamin. "Le marché international de la solidarité : les organisations non gouvernementales en Amazonie Brésilienne." Paris, EHESS, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EHES0113.
Full textIn the Brazilian Amazonia, NGOs (non-governmental organizations) epitomize the social dynamics that characterize the region. They offer a forum for the expression of strong local identities, they are mediators between the population and public authorities and they are the local embodiment of social-ecological international concerns. However, although NGOs propose an alternative model of development and their projects may plant the seeds of innovative forms of social management, they are embedded in a social system that is imbued with traditional forms of domination. The growth of the "third sector" encouraged by government and market forces alike, evokes the question of NGOs' legitimacy, which in the absence of true democratic representation, is essentially based on their capacity to mobilize certain social groups and negoctiate with public authorities. Based on the observation of the modus operandi and fiels acitivies of NGOs in eastern Brazilian Amazonia, this thesis analyzes how their existence influences the handing of current social issues
Machado, Carlos José Saldanha. "La dynamique de la recherche scientifique en Amazonie : les acteurs face aux enjeux et limites de la production de la connaissance sur la nature." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05H029.
Full textThe fact that we have been attributing increasing importance to scientific research on the tropical rain forest, specially on the amazon, means that we should study these activities that became strategie. The objective of this work is to contribute to our understanding of those scientific practices, their dynamics and organization at the amazon region. Our focus is on the construction of knowledge and the build up of a research infrastructure and for doing that we use two series of interviews (in Brazil and France), one case study and examination of the scientific literature. This inquiry allow us to advancie the thesis that those actions of one researche actors posses one unique dynamics because each step forward reveal the conformation of the object of study that is renewes accordind to place, time and scale of observation. The combination of specific factors generated form different situations that does not maintaint the relionship among them. A dynamic view of the context and environment where research is conducted take us to the conclusion them the word amazon acquires various meanings, and that the scientific knowledge produced on/from this region results in a multitude of cognitive practices where the concrete realizations do not let themselves harmonize easily
Loureiro, João de Jesus Paes. "Le miroir brisé de l'imaginaire : une poétique de la culture amazonienne." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05H084.
Full textLenormand-Bon, Véronique. "Hommes et mangroves du littoral du Pará (Amazonie Brésilienne)." Bordeaux 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR30080.
Full textOn the ria coastline of the Pará state, in Brazilian Amazonia, we find a succession of mangroves, beaches and sand-dunes. The mangroves there constitute a true coastal forest, covering nearly 2000 km². This interface, marked by its blurred limits, woks simultaneously as a barrier against human systematic penetration and settlement, and as a means of subsistence for the local populations fishing and collecting crustaceans and molluscs. This area, because it is part of the coastal region, more densely populated than the reste of the state, muste endure the changes involved by modernization and growing exchanges. In our study of the coastline as a system, with its immense diversity in terms of men’s working activities or integration within the regional space, we will focus on the question of spatial organization. Our subject wil be dealt with from different angles and on diferent scales, so as to find out what elements influence it, including a complex, unique physical environment, closeness to the land or on the contrary to the sea or estuaries, the history of human settlement, and the road infrastructures. The disparities between the various areas tend to increase with modernization, population pressure, human migration and pressure on the natural ressources, which precisely arouses the question of how to manage them in terms of the latter. The organization of the local human societies, their living space and ressources may change according to the conflicts regarding how to use the land, the perturbations of the environment and the socio-economic mutations. Various strategies may be adopted so as to handle, adapt to and finally cope with the latter more or less successfullly
Loureiro, Violeta Refkalefsky. "Redresseurs de l'histoire en Amazonie brésilienne : conflits et mouvements sociaux." Paris 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA030036.
Full textAmong the advantages of the policies of the military dictatorship in brazil conceived to attract large amounts of capital to the amazon, one must note the possibility to buy large parcels of land. However, in the amazon, this was often accomplished with lands and forest already anhabited by rural settlers and indians. This was the case of an area comprising almost 400. 000 hectares in the municipality of viseu au para, in the region known as gelba cidapar. Enterprise and state mobilized to evict the people, to deliver the land to enterprise but the settlerts and indians resisted. The enterprises formed private militia, and engaged pistoleiros (hired killers) to kill the colonists and the rural leaders. During the struggle, rose quintino, a social bandit who assumed the role of righter of wrongs, by killings the enemies of the peasants. Quintino died january 4, 1985. Even after his death, the peasant moviment continues. In 1988, (24 years after the beginnings of the conflict), the land was expropriatedin favor of the rural settlers and indians
Capredon, Élise. "Les Églises autonomes : Évangélisme, chamanisme et mouvement indigène chez les Baniwa de l’Amazonie brésilienne." Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0735.
Full textBased on one and a half year of ethnographic research, this dissertation explores the religious practices of the Baniwa, an Arawak-speaking group of the Brazilian Amazonia whose members have mainly converted to evangelicalism, a Protestant movement, since the mid-20th century. More specifically, I investigate the reorganization of such practices in an urban context, that is among the Baniwa who live in the city and in peri-urban villages. Through a reflection structured around four major themes – Amerindian conversions, growth of evangelical Churches in Brazil, shamanism and indigenous movements – this work sheds light on a little-known aspect of the Amazonian native people’s relation to Christianity. While Amerindian conversions in the Lowlands of South America are generally presented in anthropological literature as an ephemeral or unstable phenomenon, the results of this analysis show the continuity of the Baniwa evangelical movement. Under the influence of indigenous political mobilizations, this movement emancipates itself from the non-native missionaries and pastors and consolidates itself through the constitution of an extensive network of autonomous native Churches, while reconfiguring the place of shamanism in the group
Albert, Bruce. "Temps du sang, temps des cendres : représentation de la maladie, système rituel et espace politique chez les Yanomami du Sud-Est (Amazonie brézilienne)." Paris 10, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA100293.
Full textLeon, Juan Gabriel. "Utilisation conjointe de l'altimétrie spatiale et de la mesure in-situ pour la régionalisation du débit dans le Bassin Versant du Rio Negro." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00079951.
Full textL'altimétrie spatiale radar peut elle être utilisée pour régionaliser les débits du Bassin du Rio Negro ? Si oui, les méthodologies développées peuvent elles être appliquées à un bassin encore moins bien instrumenté, par exemple celui du fleuve Caqueta, en Amazonie Colombienne ?
Nous présentons le méthodologie utilisée pour définir une série temporelle de hauteur d'eau à une station virtuelle (intersection entre une trace satellite et un plan d'eau) à partir des mesures des missions radar Topex/Poseidon et ENVISAT. La mise en œuvre d'un modèle hydrodynamique permet de propager les débits à partir de quelques stations de mesures in-situ jusqu'aux stations virtuelles. Une courbe de tarage (relation hauteur/débit) peut alors être estimée aux stations virtuelles ce qui permet de compléter les mesures in-situ et de densifier le réseau hydrologique; ainsi que déterminer certains paramètres physiques tels que la profondeur moyenne de l'eau sur la section transversale, la pente du fond du lit et le coefficient de rugosité de Manning. L'introduction de 21 et 11 stations virtuelles respectivement sur le cours principal du Rio Negro et le Caqueta, nous a permis de réduire d'environ 10 fois les tailles des bassins pour lesquels on peut disposer désormais de mesures de flux à partir des mesures spatiales.
Simões, Aquiles. "La réforme agraire en Amazonie brésilienne : innovation et apprentissage social." Toulouse 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU20004.
Full textThis doctoral thesis traces the related development of the objectives led by the land reform in a very specific region: the two main actors in this joint development being on one hand the public policies of regional and rural development and on the other hand the families of farmers. After a long period of struggles over the land ownership, a very new scenario of development for the South-East part of the Para State (in Brazil) began to spring up at the beginning of the Nineties. This development was closely linked with the voluntarist policy set up by the Ministry of Agricultural Development, which purpose was to supervise the family agriculture. As the trade-union rural movement was proclaiming and leading the elaboration of a regional program of rural and lasting development, a whole combination of measures inhering in the public policies and following the land reform assets took also place. So, all these actors became interdependent and created thus a very specific system of their own. Innovation and social apprenticeship are from now on a key double process. This double process has contributed to the creation of a real Net of social apprenticeship. In order to have a complete view over the methods followed by the double process, we have found it interesting to ask all the local actors about their wishes, their ideas and the steps that had led them to develop new competences , new social and professional identities. It seemed that the implicit necessity to create new skills in governing the rural territories required from the local actors many changes
Cornu, Sophie. "Cycles biogéochimiques du silicium, du fer et de l'aluminium en forêt amazonienne." Aix-Marseille 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX30069.
Full textDe, Souza Ruiz Maria Auxiliadora. "La construction de la force indigène : éducation et formation des leaderships indigènes du Haut Rio Negro." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006VERS011S.
Full textThis thesis contributes to the discussion on the processes of training of the indigenous leaderships of Brazilian Amazonia – specifically of Alto Rio Negro – by analysing the education programs of the governmental institutions of the Amazonas state. The research addresses the main orientations of the indigenous educational policy: What is the true meaning of an autonomous, suitable, specific and differentiated indigenous school? How can autonomy be reached by associating the indigenous school to present and future projects? Which elements contribute to unifying the indigenous leaderships? Which forms participation of the movements take in the constitution processes of the indigenous leaderships? The answers to these questions suggest the description of the phases of education of the various indigenous people and ethno-groups integrated into the national society. The link between traditional and contemporary indigenous leaderships also take an important place in the examination of social demands and the political action aspiring to power holding
Erikson, Philippe. "Les Matis d'Amazonie : parure du corps, identité ethnique et organisation sociale." Paris 10, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA100134.
Full textThis dissertation is an anthropological monography of the Matis, Amerinds of Western Brazil. It aims at being holistic - ours being the first description of this fragment of the panoan linguistic family- but also comparative in scope, our data being systematically reset in its regional ethnographical context. The main theme is that of self-perception and construction of collective identity among the Matis, focused through the angle of "symbolical body building" (ornaments, worn artefacts, tattoos. . . ), and the ensuing emic theories such as cosmology, morality, gustatory principles, and foreign affairs. A filmography and an exhaustive bibliography are given in appendix
Thomas, Fabien. "Rôle de deux ingénieurs de l'écosystème : le termite Cornitermes sp. et l'annélide Andiodrilus pachoensis sur le fonctionnement du sol dans le Sud-est amazonien." Paris 12, 2006. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002460570204611&vid=upec.
Full textIn Amazonia, transformation of forest to pasture by family agriculture alters physical and chemical properties of clayey soil and is also reflected by changes in soil engineers populations, , and thus in their own-making biogenic structures. The aim of this study was to determine the impacts on soil functions of two soil engineer species of the Brazilian north-east Amazonia: the earthworm Andiodrilus pachoensis and the termite Cornitermes sp. As well as to establish a global typology of biogenic structure produced by the engineers. Study fields were characterised by latosols with a clayey-sandy superficial layer. In forest, the 0-10 cm layer was organic and homogeneous whereas in slash and burned pastures it was compact and heterogeneous because of locally lamellar structure between Brachiaria brisantha clumps and the spot distribution of organic matter and hydromorphy. In pastures, Cornitermes mounds density was of 38 nests per ha while in forest, no mound was found. Their spatial distribution was heterogeneous but significantly linked to the type of soil. Physical and chemical properties of these structures showed a great structural stability and resistance to annual slash and burned culture. The farming destruction of termite mounds creates an immediate positive effect but, in a second time, a negative effect, when organic matter stocked in the internal foliated part has been totally burnt and structural stability of the mounds wall has been increased by pseudo-sand and hematite making. Andiodrilus pachoensis casts density was significantly lower in pastures and their distribution was clumped at the large scale (> 15 cm) whereas in forest spatial analyses showed that the cast distribution varied highly between plots: from random to clumped or inhibited. Earthworm casts density was not significantly correlated with tuft density and their production was independent to B. Brisantha tufts presence in pastures or litter quantity in forests. Texture of casts was clayey sandy like soil superficial layer and its structural stability was greater than the surface soil one. When they were burnt, casts took a reddish colour, evidence of clay pectisation and hematite making but their structural stability and cations concentration did no change. Various biogenic structures typologies were established from organic matter study (NIRS) or porosity estimation (micromorphologic analysis). Results underline the necessity to gather specifics data on soil keystone species in order to define significant functional group for modelling of global soil functions
Da, Silva Lopes Raquel. "O letramento selvagem : um estudo socio-anthropologico da apropriaçào da escrita por trabalhadores rurals assentados em àrea de reforma agrària na regiào da transamazônica." Paris 13, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA131004.
Full textThis dissertation discusses the process of appropriation of writing by rural workers in the area of agrarian reform in the Transamazonian Region, in the town of Anapu, west of the Pará State. The main line of investigation is developed in the perspective of ethnography of learning contexts and the uses of writing as social practice. This takes us to question the relations that can be established between the knowledge of writing, its many social uses and the strategies of maintenance of the conditions of a way of life strongly marked by a basic oral tradition. The results show that, instead of an adaptation to the logic of the literate culture and modernization supposedly resulting from literacy, there is a process of appropriation of writing as a strategy to maintain and preserve a countryside ethos by strengthening the social relations markedly non-modern, emphasizing the reinsertion of economic relations in more broad social relations as a way of facing the voracious introduction of the market economy in a country based economy. The main goal of this dissertation is therefore to show that writing by itself does not have any intrinsic power of transformation of reality; instead, it is always determined by the socio-cultural context as well as the mechanism of its teaching and dissemination, which lead us to analyze it less in terms of its consequences (what it does to people) and more in terms of it social practice (what people can concretely do to it)
Silva, Portanova Rogério. "Ecologie et politique au Brésil." Paris 8, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA080917.
Full textThe theme of the following thesis is the relation between ecology and policy in brazil first of all, we've analysed liberal and conservative conceptions based on the nature as far as a project of national construction is concerned. As a political and a social subject, ecology appeared in brazil about 1980. It comes from democratisation process of brazil society, that involves new social and political actors'emergence. The development of our work is divided in two parts. The first part deals with ecology as social association (ngo) and, the second one, with ecology as political party. Therefore, brazil green party survey has been developed in this line. Ecologist association is, among others, more important than green party. So, in a chapter, we've studied chico mendes'struggle and forest people's organisation to save amazonia. The great question coming from our thesis, is to know, if there is an independence space for ecology based on a socio-political way. For a deeply answer we've analysed programs of other brazil political parties. This, to make us able to precise how ecology theme is developed. According to green party, we've studied its origin, proclamation, program, government plan, election platform, political allies, electoral results and its juridical problems. To end, we've noticed, throughout a typology, the different theories of ecology conception. In conclusion, we've developed few proposals from intellectuals concerned by this subject
Deane, de Abreu Sa Diniz Janaina. "Évaluation-construction de projets de développement local à partir de la valorisation des produits forestiers de l'Amazonie brésilienne : le cas de la noix du Brésil." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX24012.
Full textThis thesis concerns research, which aims to change the local configuration of a forest production chain based on the evaluation of previous experiences and action-research. The research focuses on the production chain of the Brazil nut, an Amazonian forest product. Many previous projects, which worked toward the valorization of local products, were conceived as strategies for nature conservation and local development. Our research tried, first, to understand why those projects did not achieve the expected results. For that, six case studies were carried out in order to identify the factors of success and failure of this kind of project. Those factors helped to guide a deeper theoretical approach to conceive of paths for action. The theoretical review concerns three levels of analysis: the general context (sustainable development and extractivism), the management of collective organizations (empowerment, self-organization and self-management) and their organizational environment (production chain, supply chain and networks). Secondly, an action-research for the construction of a new production chain configuration was carried out. The main changes identified are related particularly to empowering the gatherers, as well as empowering their collective organizations, and finally to engaging young gatherers in the promotion of the production chain and the new relations established among the production chain actors. As a result of the research, we can conclude that: The evaluation of previous experiences is essential to plan future actions within communities, the participation of local actors depends on information and training strategies adapted to the local context, the community members participation from the project’s design contributes to the empowerment of their organizations, and the operational logistics process is an effective lever to initiate and support the construction of collective actions
Carvalho, Soraya Abreu de. "Entre opportunisme et persistance. Quelles dynamiques et perspectives d'évolution pour les exploitations laitières familiales de la Transamazonienne ?" AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/60/58/40/PDF/Carvalho_Soraya_Final.pdf.
Full textThe Brazilian Amazonia, detaining a vast biodiversity, has undergone great transformations in the economic, social, cultural and ecological aspects. The Transamazonica (Brazilian Highway 230 Region) distinguishes by the great participation of the family agriculture, in terms of occupied area, population and food production. It is characterized by a diverse system of production, where cattle breeding and dairy takes a strategic role as a food source to the families, generating income by selling of milk and calf. In this context, cattle breeding have been suffering substantial changes in its system of milk production, and in its productive chain. The aim of this study is to understand how the family agriculture establishments of milk systems work in the Eastern Brazilian Amazonia frontier, in the municipality of Brasil Novo (state of Pará). A methodological arrangement has been used combining interviews with farmers and key informants, retroactive analysis over the importance of the milk in its way to the establishments, typologies of the establishments in 2001 and 2009, besides the empirical knowledge acquired throughout the fifteen years of research-development in the region. The results have shown a spectrum of evolution in the milk establishments, where two types of producers distinguishes, that we have named “Opportunistic Type” and “Persistent Type”. Due to both inside and outside establishment factors, there is a constant fluctuation throughout this spectrum. Among these factors, the market access is fundamental, and it greatly defines the orientation that the producers follow when conducting their milk systems. The chain of milk production still shows concern. The direct producer-consumer trade in still a usual practice. The milk-processing factories are of small capacity, with disperse collective capacity radius, presenting a history of instability in their process. The precarious infrastructure in both the road system and electricity are key factors to explain the timid increase in the chain production structure in this region. These aspects take to a high degree of insecurity to most farmers, preventing them from investing in the activity, even with the low cost of the milk production. These deficiencies might have been resolved with adapted public policies, as well as by the strong increase of the local market, due to the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Dam construction
Le, Borgne-David Anne. "Les nouvelles logiques migratoires des paysans du Sud-Ouest du Parana - Brésil : "Le salariat plutôt que la malaria"." Toulouse 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU20054.
Full textFor more than one century, peasants families from the south of brazil provided, for each generation, the same status of theirs as "landowners and independant workers" through the migration of the elder sons towards free and woody lands in septentrionals areas. The analysis of the evolution of migratory inclinations from south-west of parana brought out a recent but clear break in that spatial and secular dynamics and the search of new kinds of families system. The elaboration of new migratory logics brings them now to turn away from the "malaria" of tropical forest areas and to turn towards the wages system. This analysis deals with three points : the historical analysis of the process sets off, first of all, the contents and the mecanisms of that logic of reproduction of the family system in the space that led to the occupation of the south-west of parana and then to the migrations towards amazonian frontier areas. The study of two settling projects in the amazonian forest then shows how the desapointed expectations of the settlers broke out the dynamics of the reproduction of the family system in the space. In the end, the analysis of a third settling area in the cerrados in parallel with the evolution of the agricultural context in the south brings out the tendency at the present time of migratory floods and, consequently, the new family reproduction strategies wich appeal to wages system and which no longer have to go through the conquest of free and fertile lands
Monosowski, Elizabeth. "L'Evaluation et la gestion des impacts sur l'environnement de grands projets de développement : le barrage de Tucurui en Amazonie, Brésil." Paris, EHESS, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991EHES0034.
Full textThis thesis analyses the environmental assessment studies undertaken for tucurui hydropower dam, and their contribution to the project's environmental management. Tucurui dam was the first large artificial lake ever built in a tropical rainforest. First, the project's technic al and economic characteristics are presented, and also related to the brazilian energy policies and to the eastern amazon regional development (grande carajas programme). Second, the studies undertaken are focused, aswell as their development's context: the relationship among scientists and decision-makers, the conceptual methodological framework. The adequacy and implementation of environmental management actions are also analysed, referred to the institutional capacities and the roles of social actors. Third, the lessons of tucurui experience are highligh tec: the eia studies are examined under three perspectives: as a technoscientific activity; as a decision-making support instrument, as a procedure for social control and negociation. The conclusion evaluates the real impacts of tucurui, and stresses the need to develop better assessment and management tools, in order to deal with the complexity of environment development issues
Bonaudo, Thierry. "La gestion environnementale sur un front pionnier amazonien." Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003472.
Full textAraujo, Vieira de Andrade Terence Keller. "La mise en tourisme dans la Haute Amazonie brésilienne. Une approche géographique." Thesis, Paris 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA030169.
Full textThe thesis that we propose starts from the idea that questioning of the spatial dimension of tourism would be a way to understanding the transformations of the geographical places and societies that surround them. Concentrating the focus on the upper Brazilian Amazon, reveals us one of the most diversified, complex and attractive biome for the human curiosity, and which is also the region with the least touristic flows of Brazil. This paradox forces us to analyze this part of the globe for its specificities, but as it is also a part of a whole, we are led to adopt a systematic approach of the tourism. Our goal will be to analyze interactions between different actors of the upper Brazilian Amazon and it creates touristic places. Thus, two major questionings will be the guideline to follow throughout our reasoning. Firstly, how did the Amazonian places become touristic over the time? and secondly, how the actions of the actors stimulate the transformation of the Amazonian touristic places? This is the reason why we propose an empirical and pragmatic reading of the tourist phenomenon based on different geographical scales. Changing the distance and the angle of the observation will be the method used to confront the various representations of the actors around the tourism development. The multiple view on the intentions of the local populations, travelers' flows, as well as those led by the politics and economics actors, makes us think about the geographical specificities: the organization of an unstructured space, with lower population density, but with a strong presence of social and environmental resources and in the process of integration into a world tourist space
Santana, Viviane Lucia. "La contribution du pouvoir des ONG Européennes au développement durable dans l'Amazonie brésilienne." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0042.
Full textAs part of this thesis in Sociology, this presents a study on the social and environmental context of Brazilian Amazon, by taking as a problematic the participation of the social fields in the process of sustainable development in this region of Brazil. The research has also highlighted the importance of the Environment Sociology for the study of contemporary issues such as those concerning the society and the relationship with the environment. This dimension of the man and the nature is strong in this region that is still considered as an exotic place by the presence of its tropical forest, wich became a symbol of the international environmentalist cause. Nevertheless, the chapter of the thesis also introduce the major problems wich exist in the social context of the Brazilian Amazon. The NGOs field also participates with the power relations that are established around this emerging theme of the sustainable development to the Brazilian Amazon, by some social factors wich are relevant to be approached, such as : its interaction with local actors and the presence of its symbolic power that can legitimize its actions. The case studies present the interaction between social actors for some projects and actions for sustainable development in the Amazon
Tsayem-Demaze, Moïse. "Caractérisation et suivi de la déforestation tropicale par télédétection : application aux défrichements agricoles en Guyane française et au Brésil." Orléans, 2002. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00592532.
Full textThis thesis presents a multi-sensor investigation of deforestation due to agricultural clearings and their spatial evolution in Amazonian forests. The methodology we used comprises two main stages. The first consists in characterizing clearing patterns (abattis in French Guiana and pioneers fronts in Brazil) on optical images (NOAA AVHRR, Spot 4 VEGETATION, Landsat TM, Spot XS, aerial photographs) and radar data (JERS, ERS). The second step deals with data processing in order to highlight the spatial evolution of clearings and explain land use dynamics. These two steps lead to the development of a remote sensing-based strategy for the monitoring and the management of Amazonian forest. This strategy is divided into monitoring levels corresponding to sensors characteristics and clearings extension
Almeida, Maria Geralda de. "Expérience de colonisation rurale dans l'Etat d'Acre en Amazonie brésilienne." Bordeaux 3, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985BOR30012.
Full textXavier, Luciano. "Modélisation hydrologique à partir de données GRACE : application sur les bassins versants brésiliens." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2023/.
Full textUnderstanding large scale water fluxes is a great challenge to be met when addressing climate modeling. Data from space gravimetry GRACE mission has been derived since 2002 for allowing a more precise determination of the Earth gravity field. Over the continents, main gravity changes taking place at the seasonal scale are due to the water cycle. Thus, since the planning phase GRACE data had been envisaged as a unique source of information on water cycle variability on large scale. This has been fully attested since its data became available for the scientific community. The present Ph. D. Thesis aims at discussing Total Water Storage (TWS) series derived from GRACE solutions suitability as an additional data source for large scale hydrological modeling. A great effort has been done in analyzing TWS spatiotemporal variability over large Brazilian watersheds, especially the Amazon basin. The obtained results show that GRACE TWS series could represent main water cycle characteristics at the seasonal and interannual scale. As a next step, the suitability of integrating GRACE TWS data has been addressed within a simple approach applied to the Negro River basin, one of the most important subbasins of Amazon watershed. From the obtained results many of the limitations in using these data for hydrological modeling purposes could be discussed, and a improved framework for analysis has then be proposed
Cadier, Eric. "Hydrologie des petits bassins du Nordeste brésilien semi-aride." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20257.
Full textVivier, Elise. "Transformation des modèles alimentaires en Amazonie brésilienne : utilisations traditionnelles, aliments industriels et enjeux sociaux." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR2029/document.
Full textObserving dietary role model and the ways of consumption allow to glimpse a succession of phenomenons such as social changes brought by the economic dynamism at the scale of the Brazil. Researches led in the Ciriaco reserve aim to establish a dietary profile in order to understand the weight of the choices made by its inhabitants , and the origins of such choices. The point of creating a global profil is also to measure the impact of their dietary choices on their daily lives, and to take possession of the phenomenon called dietary transition. The dietary monetization, the lack of education so much as the changes of seasons are considered the origins of the transformation of the role model and thus by the access on new food, changed and without any identity value ; responsible for the consequences on the health and also responsible of some kind of dietary insecurity which also bring social, economic, political, epidemiological and environmental disruptions
Beaufort, Bastien. "La fabrique des plantes globales : une géographie de la mondialisation des végétaux du Nouveau Monde et particulièrement de l’Amazonie." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA174/document.
Full textFar from being an under-populated, wild or pristine region, the Amazon rainforest appears on the contrary to be the domestication center of origin of some of the most important plants of humanity. Therefore tobacco, cocoa, coca, rubber ; peppers, sweet potatoes, pineapples and cassava all originate from the largest tropical rainforest of the world. Nevertheless today, the biodiversity paradigm proposes to share in a fair way the benefits issued from the use of the crops with the indigenous people who discovered them. This aim implies to ask the following question: how does a plant become global? In other terms, how do some crops, originally produced and consumed at local or regional scales, become commodities exchanged and sometimes financiarized through planetary scales? Based on a several years multi-located fieldwork experience in the Amazon basin and thanks to the method of the global commodity chains analysis, we will try, from the human geography socio-spatial perspective, to understand the mechanisms of globalization of the Amazonian crops. Our first chapter will be dedicated to the construction of a theoretical model. In order to test its accuracy we will apply it, in the second and third chapters, to two contemporary crops in their way of globalization: the Amazonian nut (Bertholletia excelsa), particularly in Brazil, and the guaraná (Paullinia cupana Sorbilis), particularly around the Sateré Mawé indigenous people
Pereira, de Lima Ricardo Angelo. "Antropizacion, dinámicas de ocupación del territorio y desarrollo en la Amazonía Brasileña : el caso del estado de Amapá." Toulouse 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU20112.
Full textAs most of tropical forest, world summits on environment and development programs have put the Amazonian region at the forefront of international efforts to ensure environmental protection of the planet. In these programs, Amazonia is traditionally no more than a merely world biogenetic heritage area or o carbon sequestration park, but new strategies of regional development attempt to combine growth and protection/conservation, as it occurs specifically in the Brazilian state of Amapá. In this way, the dissertation aims to give an updated account of the dynamics of land occupation and of the concentration of landed property, as well of the subsequent environmental and social changes witch have occurred during the last 30 years in the state of Amapá
Moreira, Edma Silva. "Movimento social Amazônico em defesa de territorios e de modos de vida rurais : estudo sociologico no Baixo Xingu." Paris 13, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA131006.
Full textThis study discusses a process of collective actions by a group of rural communities in the municipality of Porto de Moz, situated in the region of Almeirin, in the Lower Amazon, State of Pará. The municipality of Porto Moz has a history marked by two rubber boom periods (1870-1920 and 1942-1945) that lead to rubber tree exploitation and resulted in diverse processes of territorialization. A significant part of the current rural population of the municipality is formed by families of forest owners, managers, and workers. Informal and formally, these groups are denominated “Traditional groups”. At the end of the 20th century, national territorial policies motivated valorization of capital in the Brazilian Amazon through large projects. Until then relatively isolated, Porto Moz was invaded by commercial fisherman and logging companies that threatened its territory organization and its traditional socioeconomic structure. Families and communities reacted with the support of the local Catholic Church. Their organization and the consistent support of the Church contributed to the creation of small farmers and fisherman trade unions in the national level, and the introduction of the workers party, PT, in that area. The communities became stronger enough to confront threats against their socioeconomic organization and way of life, thus depending less on the Church. After first, some communities determined their working and living spaces; then, they took charge of the socioeconomic organization of the west of the municipality, which encompasses 1,300,000 hectares (70% of the municipality), according to the statute of Conservation Unit, as an Extractive Reserve. This law was proposed to the State by rubber tapers of the State of Acre in response to their forced removal from their forests. The studies of the similarities and relationship between the social phenomena in Acre and in Porto Munoz and other regions, allowed me to create a hypothesis of a social movement in the Amazon
Bernal, Roberto Jaramillo. "Indiens urbains : processus de "reconformation" de l'identité ethnique indienne à Manaus." Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0159.
Full textDurieux, Laurent. "Etude des relations entre les caractéristiques géographiques de la surface et les nuages convectifs dans la région de l'arc de déforestation en Amazonie." Aix-Marseille 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX10059.
Full textSousa, Daniel José Lima de. "Étude pétrologique et cristallochimique du kaolin de la rivière Capim - Pará, Brésil." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005INPL041N.
Full textThe Capim Kaolinic District, located in the eastem Brazilian Amazon, constitutes one of the most important kaolin deposits in the world. Known for its high whiteness, its noble application is in the paper industry. The kaolin developed at the expense of Cretaceous sandy-clayey sediments of the Ipixuna Formation, on which intense lateritic processes took place from the Mesozoic to the Cenozoic. This work aims at tracing the evolution of the Capim kaolin faciès, taking into consideration macromorphological, mineralogical, micromorphological, textural, chrystallo-chemical and geochemical studies. These studies, based on the description of profiles in the exploration fronts of the open pit of the Imerys Rio Capim Caulim mine (IRCC), encompassed X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), differential and gravimetric thermal analysis (DTA-GTA) , optical analysis of thin sections, chemical analysis, scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), both equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray detector (EDS), porosity and surface specific determinations, cationic exchange capacity (CEC) measurements, UV-visible determination, infrared and Mossbauer spectroscopies, statistical analysis and the Pb-Pb isotopic analysis using single zircon vaporization. Six facies (sand kaolin, soft kaolin, lower transition facies, ferruginous crust, upper transition facies and flint kaolin) are defined and related to different stages of the supergenic proœss. The transition facies and the ferruginous crust represent relicts of a ferruginization process that led to the formation of a thick ferruginous duricrust on the soft kaolin, which in turn evolved from sandy-clayey sediments of the Ipixuna Formation (sand facies). A subsequent deferruginization event caused the degradation of the duricrust, resulting in the flint kaolin facies. The chemical analyses corroborate to the lateritic processes, characterized by the ferruginization and deferruginization mechanisms that led to the distinction of the different facies. Even if ferruginization and deferruginization mechanisms led to the individualization of different Capim River kaolin facies, the sa me heavy mineraI assembly persists in ail facies, evidencing that these minerais originated from the same basal sediments. Provenance studies carried out on the soft and flint faciès allowed to trace the possible sources of sediments that host the ore. The Pb-Pb vaporization method was applied to four predominant morphologic classes of detrital zircons and the ages obtained were compared to the main age intervals of the rocks surrounding the Capim Kaolin District (CKD). Four major plateau ages (2. 15,2. 02,1. 87 and 1. 51 Ga) were defined for both soft and flint facies, indicating a common source for the kaolin
Prost, Catherine. "Organisation et rôle géopolitique de l'armée au Brésil." Paris 8, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA081554.
Full textPresentation of the geographic organization of the army : national distribution but desequilibrated (40 % of the troops are situated in the South of the country and only 10 % in the "legal Amazony"). Study about the militaries : their formation, thier political ideas, their hierarchical organization. The Brazilian army is goinig through an "existential crisis" due to its low budget, the polemics about the political repression during the military regime between 1964 and 1985, and the actual debate on the reforms of the military organization and its new missions. A chapter of geohistory follows. The army played of more a role of defence against foreigners, than of territorial expansion, which was done by settlers. Pacific independance in 1822. The army supports the central power by repressing regional riots. After the war against Paraguay (1865-70), the army becomes a profession and its political importance grows. It orients itself to interior affairs, including direct interventions in national politics. A national school of geopolitics, the Geopolitica, is created by the work of several generations of officers, with the influence of foreign doctrines. Several civil governments will apply these ideas, but in 1964, the military chiefs take power and put into practice their theoretical theses : fight against the "communist foe", rivalry with Argentina for the regional power, development of the Amazone region to complete "national integration" and economic growth. In 1985, the military chiefs return power to the civilians after a particularly long transition, maintaining a military influence in the state. At present, the creation of the Mercosur leads to the cessation of the hypothecal conflict with Argentina. The army can orient itself toward a bigger control of the Amazone region which is a vulnerable region (little population, growth of illegal activities). The military influence can still have authoritarian aspects, but the control of the army by the state is getting stronger with President Cardoso. This positive change in outlook strengthens denomcracy in Brazil
Le, Clec'h Solen. "Spatialisation des services écosystémiques en contexte de front pionnier amazonien : analyse critique d'un outil de la gestion environnementale." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN20029/document.
Full textTo implement ecosystem services, key notion of environmental management, more and more actors have turned to quantification and mapping procedures. Because of its operational dimension that seems to be natural for many actors,ecosystem service mapping is often considered as an already operational and neutral tool. Yet, cartographical representation involves choices that are not neutral. Since mapping can raise doubts and technical limitations that often reflect in the notion itself, it can be seen as a way to critically analyze the notion. This thesis aims to study the mapping toolapplied to ecosystem services in order to understand their potential contribution to environmental management. To do so, it critically analyses the methodological dimension of the ecosystem service notion and its mapping. Furthermore, it aims topromote understanding of the relationships between human practices and the state of the natural environment, notably through the determination of factors of control that enable the quantification of ecosystem services. This thesis is based on the study case of deforestation areas in the Brazilian Amazon, where the landscape has been changing rapidly andrecently. Based on satellite images at high and moderate spatial resolution and on sampling data, statistical methods are implemented in order to map one or several indicators of ecosystem services. The results obtained allow the understanding of spatial repartition and the structure of these indicators, in connection with the way farmers use their land and the structural components of the territory. They also highlight the limitations and issues underlying the notion of ecosystem services and its implementation