Journal articles: 'Hydrology Hydraulics'

1

Greco, Massimo. "Hydraulics and hydrology in mountain areas." Journal of Mountain Science 11, no. 6 (2014): 1383–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11629-014-2983-7.

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Carleton, Tyler J., and Steven R. Fassnacht. "Linking Hydrologic and Hydraulic Data with Models to Assess Flow and Channel Alteration at Hog Park, Wyoming USA." Hydrology 7, no. 2 (2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology7020029.

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Transbasin diversions and dams allow for water uses when and where there is high demand and low supply, but can come with an expense to the environment. This paper presents a linkage of hydrologic and hydraulic modeling and datasets to assess the hydrologic and hydraulic stability within a transbasin watershed as an approach for meeting water use targets and safeguarding environmental sustainability. The approach used a Prediction in Ungauged Basin (PUB) regionalization technique that completed the parameterization of a study watershed hydrologic model by transferring calibrated parameters from a reference watershed hydrologic model. This resulted in a long-term, simulated natural flow record that was compared to the measured modified flow record for the same time period to assess flow alteration. In the sensitive reach, hydraulic modeling results tracked channel response from before hydrologic modification to baseline using repeated survey years during the hydrologic modification. The combined assessment of hydrology and hydraulics highlighted the relation between flow regime and channel form.

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García Sosa, Jorge, Ismael A. Sánchez y Pinto, Roger A. González Herrera, and Humberto Osorio Rodríguez. "“Understanding by Design” in Hydraulics and Hydrology." International Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 1 (2016): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40999-016-0083-5.

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Thomsen, H. H., and O. B. Olesen. "Hydraulics and hydrology on the Inland Ice." Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 152 (January 1, 1991): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/rapggu.v152.8151.

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Glacier hydrological studies are carried out on the Greenland Inland lce by the Geological Survey of Greenland (GGU) to assess the viability of possible hydro-electric power stations (Thomsen, 1986) in which surface meltwater from the Inland lee margin is by far the most important source of water. Some of this water drains on the surface to the ice margin, but most of it disappears down into the ice through crevasses and moulins. Special emphasis is made on mapping the drainage of water in and under the ice to delineate drainage basins on the Inland Ice.

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Kayima, John K., Aloyce W. Mayo, and Joel K. Nobert. "Hydrology and Hydraulics of the Lubigi Wetland in Uganda." Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 37, no. 1 (2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v37i1.480.

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The Lubigi wetland, which is located in the north-western part of Kampala, receives polluted water from Kampala city and discharges it into Mayanja River. However, there is lack of information and knowledge on the hydrology and hydraulics of the Lubigi wetland, which are important for protection of wetland ecosystems and fulfill the Uganda national policy for the conservation and management of wetland resources. The national policy aims at promoting the conservation of Uganda’s wetlands, in order to sustain their ecological and socio-economic functions for the present and future well- being of all the people of Uganda. Pertinent data collection, field tests and surveys were carried out to gather data necessary for establishing the current status of the hydraulics and hydrology of Lubigi wetland. The results revealed that the Lubigi wetland demonstrates considerable impounding reservoir and flood buffering capacity. This is an important service provided by the wetland, to alleviate possible negative impacts of storms and floods events. The Lubigi wetland total influents and effluents discharges, have mean values of 222,377.60±132,365 m3 /day and 221,356.80±122,256 m3 /d, respectively. The wetland water balance is dominated by the influent discharges which account for 93.21% of the total water influx, and the effluent discharges which account for 97.7% of the total water outflow. The wetland main study area hydraulic residence times, varies between 6.0 hours and 10 days. Hence, the wetland is endowed with abundant water fluxes, water impounding capacity and adequate hydraulic retention times. The volumetric efficiency of the wetland main study area is 63% and 38% during wet season and dry season, respectively. This indicates that on average only about 50% of the volume of the Lubigi wetland main study area is lost through short-circuiting. The dispersion number of the wetland was about 0.01 to 0.03, which indicates that the flow regime through wetland is close to plug flow.

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RUSSELL, ANDREW J. "Hydrology, hydraulics, and geomorphology of the Bonneville Flood." Journal of Quaternary Science 11, no. 5 (1996): 431–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1417(199609/10)11:5<431::aid-jqs264>3.0.co;2-y.

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Fonder, N., and S. Xanthoulis. "Roman aqueduct and hydraulic engineering: case of Nîmes aqueduct and its Pont du Gard bridge." Water Supply 7, no. 1 (2007): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2007.014.

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Romans are considered as the greatest aqueduct builders of the ancient world, though qanat systems were in use in ancient Persia, India, Egypt, and other Middle Eastern countries thousand of years earlier. Based on history documents and civil engineering studies, this paper summarizes hydrology and hydraulics engineering techniques developed by Roman Engineers. The study case is the Nîmes Aqueduct and its Pont du Gard bridge, the most intact aqueduct bridge remaining today. Despite the existence of superb ruins and conducts' frames, little is known of the hydraulic engineering of these Roman aqueducts and on their water supply and flow rates. This paper explains hydraulic structures and regulations used. It demonstrates the expertise of Roman Engineers on hydraulics of open channel flows.

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Tung, Yeou‐Koung. "Mellin Transform Applied to Uncertainty Analysis in Hydrology/Hydraulics." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 116, no. 5 (1990): 659–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1990)116:5(659).

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Pitcher, Lincoln H., and Laurence C. Smith. "Supraglacial Streams and Rivers." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 47, no. 1 (2019): 421–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-053018-060212.

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Supraglacial meltwater channels that flow on the surfaces of glaciers, ice sheets, and ice shelves connect ice surface climatology with subglacial processes, ice dynamics, and eustatic sea level changes. Their important role in transferring water and heat across and into ice is currently absent from models of surface mass balance and runoff contributions to global sea level rise. Furthermore, relatively little is known about the genesis, evolution, hydrology, hydraulics, and morphology of supraglacial rivers, and a first synthesis and review of published research on these unusual features is lacking. To that end, we review their ( a) known geographical distribution; ( b) formation, morphology, and sediment transport processes; ( c) hydrology and hydraulics; and ( d) impact on ice sheet surface energy balance, heat exchange, basal conditions, and ice shelf stability. We conclude with a synthesis of key knowledge gaps and provide recommendations for future research. ▪ Supraglacial streams and rivers transfer water and heat on glaciers, connecting climate with subglacial hydrology, ice sliding, and global sea level. ▪ Ice surface melting may expand under a warming climate, darkening the ice surface and further increasing melt.

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Garcia, Matthew, Andrew Juan, and Philip Bedient. "Integrating Reservoir Operations and Flood Modeling with HEC-RAS 2D." Water 12, no. 8 (2020): 2259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082259.

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Current free to use models developed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) perform unique functions (e.g., hydrology, hydraulics, reservoir operations, and flood impact analysis) that are widely used in numerous studies and applications. These models are commonly set up in a framework that is limited to point source connections, which is problematic in regions with flat topography and complex hydrodynamics. The separate models need to be integrally linked and jointly considered for accurate risk communication and decision-making, especially during major storm events. Recently, Hurricane Harvey (2017) exposed the shortcomings of the existing framework in West Harris County, TX, where an insufficient understanding of potential flood risk and impacts contributed to the extensive flood damages sustained in the region. This work illustrates the possibility of using a single hydraulic model, HEC-RAS 2D, to perform all hydrologic, hydraulic, and reservoir operations modeling necessary for accurate flood impact assessments. Implications of this study include a simplification of the entire flood impact analysis, which could help future flood risk communication and emergency planning.

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Hankin, Barry, Peter Metcalfe, Keith Beven, and Nick A. Chappell. "Integration of hillslope hydrology and 2D hydraulic modelling for natural flood management." Hydrology Research 50, no. 6 (2019): 1535–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2019.150.

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Abstract Natural flood management (NFM) has recently invigorated the hydrological community into redeploying its process understanding of hydrology and hydraulics to try to quantify the impacts of many distributed, ‘nature-based’ measures on the whole-catchment response. Advances in spatial data analysis, distributed hydrological modelling and fast numerical flow equation solvers mean that whole-catchment modelling including computationally intensive uncertainty analyses are now possible, although perhaps the community has not yet converged on the best overall parsimonious framework. To model the effects of tree-planting, we need to understand changes to wet canopy evaporation, surface roughness and infiltration rates; to model inline storage created by ‘leaky barriers’ or offline storage, we need accurate channel hydraulics to understand the changes to attenuation; to model the complex behaviour of the whole network of NFM measures, and the possibility of flood peak synchronisation effects, we need efficient realistic routing models, linked to key flow pathways that take into account the main physical processes in soils and the antecedent moisture conditions for a range of different rainfall events. This paper presents a new framework to achieve this, based on a cascade of the Dynamic Topmodel runoff generation model and the JFlow or HEC-RAS 2D hydraulic models, with an application to the Swindale Catchment in Cumbria, UK. We demonstrate the approach to quantify both the effectiveness of a relatively large ‘runoff attenuation feature’ in the landscape and the uncertainty in the calculation given model parameter uncertainty.

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Merritt, David M., and Ellen E. Wohl. "PROCESSES GOVERNING HYDROCHORY ALONG RIVERS: HYDRAULICS, HYDROLOGY, AND DISPERSAL PHENOLOGY." Ecological Applications 12, no. 4 (2002): 1071–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[1071:pgharh]2.0.co;2.

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Postila, Heini, Anna-Kaisa Ronkanen, Hannu Marttila, and Bjørn Kløve. "Hydrology and hydraulics of treatment wetlands constructed on drained peatlands." Ecological Engineering 75 (February 2015): 232–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.11.041.

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Chen, Yung Ha, and Daryl B. Simons. "Hydrology, hydraulics, and geomorphology of the Upper Mississippi River system." Hydrobiologia 136, no. 1 (1986): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00051500.

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15

Rosbjerg, Dan. "Hydrology and beyond: the scientific work of August Colding revisited." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 9 (2020): 4575–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4575-2020.

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Abstract. August Colding was one of the three pioneers who in the mid-1800s almost simultaneously and independently formulated the first law of thermodynamics, the two others being Robert Mayer and James Joule. This first, significant achievement was followed by a sequence of other ground-breaking discoveries within a broad range of disciplines: magnetism, steam power, gas production, hydraulics, soil physics, hydrology, heating and ventilation, meteorology, and oceanography. Moreover, he made a significant contribution to the understanding of the spread of cholera. In hydrology, he used evaporation experiments to obtain water balances. Independently, he formulated Darcy's law and was the first to calculate the water table between drainpipes and the piezometric surface in confined aquifers. His main occupation, however, was chief engineer in Copenhagen, where he modernized the city by introducing groundwater-based water supply and building a waterworks delivering pressured, clean water into houses, a gasworks and gas-based street lighting, and a citywide sewage system. Colding has not been as recognized internationally as he might deserve, probably because most of his publications were written in Danish. Even in Denmark, he seems today almost forgotten. This paper highlights his most important scientific contributions, in particular his achievements in hydrology, hydraulics, meteorology, and oceanography.

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Sunada, Kengo, and Keiji Nakatsuji. "Trends of Global Environmental Research in Fields of Hydraulics and Hydrology." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 558 (1997): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1997.558_1.

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17

Mallen-Cooper, Martin, and Brenton P. Zampatti. "History, hydrology and hydraulics: Rethinking the ecological management of large rivers." Ecohydrology 11, no. 5 (2018): e1965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eco.1965.

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Abbott, Michael B. "The electronic encapsulation of knowledge in hydraulics, hydrology and water resources." Advances in Water Resources 16, no. 1 (1993): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0309-1708(93)90027-d.

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19

Jocea, Andreea Florina, E. G. Crăciun, and A. Anton. "Approximation Of Scours Using Terrestrial 3D Laser Scanning." Journal of Applied Engineering Sciences 5, no. 1 (2015): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jaes-2015-0004.

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Abstract In designing artwork as bridges, hydraulic calculations have a very important role due to the fact that they are behind their sizing. Bridge designer must therefore possess knowledge of hydrology, hydraulics of bridges and river banks regularization. A problem that arises during the design stage of bridges is the scour phenomenon surrounding bridge pier. Over time, there have been conducted a number of studies which led to the provision of a plurality of mathematical models that are intended scour prediction. In the present article we will present an experimental study to determine the bed profile and measurement of scours products around a pier bridge using 3D terrestrial laser scanner.

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Shen, Zhen Zhou, Wen Yi Yao, Zhan Bin Li, Pei Qing Xiao, Mian Li, and Ji Shan Yang. "The Hydraulic Characteristics of Slope Flow." Advanced Materials Research 601 (December 2012): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.601.123.

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Slope hydrology is an important branch of Modern hydrology, it has a great significance to study the runoff and converge mechanism research of the basin. The characteristics study include of runoff velocity and infiltration rate etc al. the runoff velocity is an important physical quantity to describe overland flow hydraulics characterize. This paper study the effect of slope degrees and water drainage amount on the runoff velocity. The result shows: slope degree and water drainage both are the important factors to change the runoff velocity. The average runoff velocity were increased first and then reach steady-state fluctuations between 0.1-1m/s at different drainage amount, the time they got to the steady states was different. The results could provide some technology support to establishment slope erosion model.

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Zuikov, Andrey, and Tatiana Suehtina. "Hydraulics of smoothly streamlined Venturi channels of critical depth." E3S Web of Conferences 91 (2019): 07021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199107021.

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The article relates to the field of hydraulics and engineering hydrology and is devoted to a study of fluid flow in a non-flooded Venturi channel. The purpose of the work is improvement of methods for calculating profiles and hydraulic characteristics of a Venturi flumes used for measurement of water flow rates in open channels and rivers. Research methods are analytical with experimental verification. A functional relationship is obtained between the Froude number in an arbitrary section of the Venturi channel and its width normalized by the width of the critical section. It is established that within a rectilinear gorge portion of a Venturi channel, the flow is unstable, which is related to the proximity of its parameters to the critical ones. The method of optimization of a profile of a Venturi channel with a dividing cross-section in a gorge that does not contain empirical coefficients is considered. It is shown that the proposed method allows determining all main geometric parameters and hydraulic characteristics of the Venturi flume, including its flow rate coefficient, distribution of depths and flow velocities along the length of a flume with a relative error of ±1%.

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Rashidul Islam, M., and M. Hanif Chaudhry. "Numerical solution of transport equation for applications in environmental hydraulics and hydrology." Journal of Hydrology 191, no. 1-4 (1997): 106–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1694(96)03077-6.

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Rosser, Zoe C., and Richard G. Pearson. "Hydrology, hydraulics and scale influence macroinvertebrate responses to disturbance in tropical streams." Journal of Freshwater Ecology 33, no. 1 (2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2017.1414001.

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Zheleznyakov, G. V. "Problems of the refinement of terminology used in hydraulics and engineering hydrology." Hydrotechnical Construction 31, no. 6 (1997): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03005086.

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Smith, James A., Andrew J. Miller, Mary Lynn Baeck, Peter A. Nelson, Gary T. Fisher, and Katherine L. Meierdiercks. "Extraordinary Flood Response of a Small Urban Watershed to Short-Duration Convective Rainfall." Journal of Hydrometeorology 6, no. 5 (2005): 599–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm426.1.

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Abstract The 9.1 km2 Moores Run watershed in Baltimore, Maryland, experiences floods with unit discharge peaks exceeding 1 m3 s−1 km−2 12 times yr−1, on average. Few, if any, drainage basins in the continental United States have a higher frequency. A thunderstorm system on 13 June 2003 produced the record flood peak (13.2 m3 s−1 km−2) during the 6-yr stream gauging record of Moores Run. In this paper, the hydrometeorology, hydrology, and hydraulics of extreme floods in Moores Run are examined through analyses of the 13 June 2003 storm and flood, as well as other major storm and flood events during the 2000–03 time period. The 13 June 2003 flood, like most floods in Moores Run, was produced by an organized system of thunderstorms. Analyses of the 13 June 2003 storm, which are based on volume scan reflectivity observations from the Sterling, Virginia, WSR-88D radar, are used to characterize the spatial and temporal variability of flash flood producing rainfall. Hydrology of flood response in Moores Run is characterized by highly efficient concentration of runoff through the storm drain network and relatively low runoff ratios. A detailed survey of high-water marks for the 13 June 2003 flood is used, in combination with analyses based on a 2D, depth-averaged open channel flow model (TELEMAC 2D) to examine hydraulics of the 13 June 2003 flood. Hydraulic analyses are used to examine peak discharge estimates for the 13 June flood peak, propagation of flood waves in the Moores Run channel, and 2D flow features associated with channel and floodplain geometry.

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Nouwakpo, Sayjro, Chi-hua Huang, Laura Bowling, Phillip Owens, and Mark Weltz. "Inferring Sediment Transport Capacity from Soil Microtopography Changes on a Laboratory Hillslope." Water 13, no. 7 (2021): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13070929.

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In hillslope erosion modeling, the Transport Capacity (Tc) concept describes an upper limit to the flux of sediment transportable by a flow of given hydraulic characteristics. This widely used concept in process-based erosion modeling faces challenges due to scarcity of experimental data to strengthen its validity. In this paper, we test a methodology that infers the exceedance of transport capacity by concentrated flow from changes to soil surface microtopography sustained during rainfall-runoff events. Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) corresponding to pre- and post-rainfall events were used to compute elevation change maps and estimate spatially-varying flow hydraulics ω taken as the product of flow accumulation and local slope. These spatial data were used to calculate a probability of erosion PE at regular flow hydraulics intervals. The exceedance of Tc was inferred from the crossing of the PE = 0.5 line. The proposed methodology was applied to experimental data collected to study the impact of soil subsurface hydrology on soil erosion and sediment transport processes. Sustained net deposition occurred under drainage condition while PE for seepage conditions mostly stayed in the net erosion regime. Results from this study suggest pulsating erosion patterns along concentrated flow networks with intermittent increases in PE to local maxima followed by declines to local minima. These short-range erosion patterns could not be explained by current Tc-based erosion models. Nevertheless, Tc-based erosion models adequately capture observed decline in local PE maxima as ω increased. Applying the proposed approach suggests a dependence of Tc on subsurface hydrology with net deposition more likely under drainage conditions compared to seepage conditions.

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Tonkin, Zeb, Ivor Stuart, Adrian Kitchingman, et al. "Hydrology and water temperature influence recruitment dynamics of the threatened silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus in a regulated lowland river." Marine and Freshwater Research 70, no. 9 (2019): 1333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf18299.

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Understanding the influence of extrinsic factors such as hydrology and hydraulics on recruitment provides essential insight to inform management of fish populations. The critically endangered silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus is a long-lived, potamodromous pelagophil endemic to Australia’s Murray–Darling Basin. Declines of this species are often attributed to river regulation, although quantitative studies linking hydrology and hydraulics to key aspects of its life cycle are sparse. We used a multidecadal age-structured dataset collected from a locally abundant population of silver perch to quantify the relative importance of different abiotic drivers on year-class strength (recruitment). Silver perch recruited across highly variable hydrological conditions. The strongest year classes were associated with a combination of low to average river discharge (i.e. within channel) and high water temperatures over the peak spawning period, followed in the next year by extended high flows and widespread flooding that promoted survival of age-1+ juvenile fish. We suggest that conditions affecting the growth and dispersal of juvenile fish, in addition to the spawning period, are critical in governing recruitment dynamics. This highlights the need for multiyear flow plans for freshwater fish populations.

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Benito, G., R. Brázdil, J. Herget, and M. J. Machado. "Quantitative historical hydrology in Europe." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 8 (2015): 3517–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3517-2015.

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Abstract. In recent decades, the quantification of flood hydrological characteristics (peak discharge, hydrograph shape, and runoff volume) from documentary evidence has gained scientific recognition as a method to lengthen flood records of rare and extreme events. This paper describes the methodological evolution of quantitative historical hydrology under the influence of developments in hydraulics and statistics. In the 19th century, discharge calculations based on flood marks were the only source of hydrological data for engineering design, but were later left aside in favour of systematic gauge records and conventional hydrological procedures. In the last two decades, there has been growing scientific and public interest in understanding long-term patterns of rare floods, in maintaining the flood heritage and memory of extremes, and developing methods for deterministic and statistical application to different scientific and engineering problems. A compilation of 46 case studies across Europe with reconstructed discharges demonstrates that (1) in most cases present flood magnitudes are not unusual within the context of the last millennium, although recent floods may exceed past floods in some temperate European rivers (e.g. the Vltava and Po rivers); (2) the frequency of extreme floods has decreased since the 1950s, although some rivers (e.g. the Gardon and Ouse rivers) show a reactivation of rare events over the last two decades. There is a great potential for gaining understanding of individual extreme events based on a combined multiproxy approach (palaeoflood and documentary records) providing high-resolution time flood series and their environmental and climatic changes; and for developing non-systematic and non-stationary statistical models based on relations of past floods with external and internal covariates under natural low-frequency climate variability.

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Benito, G., R. Brázdil, J. Herget, and M. J. Machado. "Quantitative historical hydrology in Europe." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 4 (2015): 4413–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-4413-2015.

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Abstract. In the last decades, the quantification of flood hydrological characteristics (peak discharge, hydrograph shape, and runoff volume) from documentary evidence has gained scientific recognition as a method to lengthen flood records of rare and extreme events. This paper describes the methodological evolution of the quantitative historical hydrology under the influence of developments in hydraulics and statistics. In the 19th century, discharge calculations based on flood marks was the only source of hydrological data for engineering design, but later was left aside on favour of systematic gauge records and conventional hydrological procedures. In the last two decades, there is growing scientific and public interest to understand long-term patterns of rare floods, maintain the flood heritage and memory of extremes, and to develop methods for deterministic and statistical application to different scientific and engineering problems. A compilation of 45 case studies across Europe with reconstructed discharges demonstrates that (1) in most cases present flood magnitudes are not unusual within the context of the last millennium, although recent floods may exceed past floods in some temperate European rivers (e.g. the Vltava and Po rivers), (2) frequency of extreme floods have decreased since the 1950s, although some rivers (e.g. the Gardon and Ouse rivers) show a reactivation of rare events over the last two decades. There is a great potential of gaining understanding of individual extreme events based on a combined multiproxy approach (palaeoflood and documentary records) providing high-resolution time flood series and their environmental and climatic changes; and to develop non-systematic and non-stationary statistical models based on relations of past floods with external and internal covariates under natural low-frequency climate variability.

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Kim, Jongho, Sejong Han, and Yong-Sik Cho. "A Combined Model of Hydrology, Hydraulics, Erosion and Sediment Transport at Watershed Scale." Journal of Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 14, no. 5 (2014): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2014.14.5.351.

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Luketina, D., D. Hranisavljevic, S. Clark, F. Fan, and M. Sahu. "Hydrology, hydraulics and economics: a case study of abstracting water from an estuary." Water Supply 3, no. 1-2 (2003): 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0132.

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Designing a least-cost scheme to drinking water from an estuary is a complex task when the water is to be supplied to a town or city close to the mouth of the estuary since the estuarine water is relatively saline in this region. The raw water intake must be sited to minimise the cost of capital works, which may include increased storage, while maintaining the salinity of water supplied to customers within acceptable limits. This is not a trivial exercise as flow in estuaries, i.e. where the river and ocean meet, is complicated by tides, winds, upstream river inflows, erosion, and the rotation of the earth resulting in a relatively complex system in which salinity can vary dramatically in time and space. In turn, the level of risk (of exceeding acceptable salinity in water supplied to the customer) varies depending upon the estuarine behaviour and factors, such as abstraction location, available water storage, and abstraction practice. Here we show, via a case study, how hydrology, hydraulics and economics must be integrated in order to find a least-cost solution that meets the needs of customers.

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Edem, I. D., and U. C. Udo-Inyang. "Depositional Hydrology in the Subtidal Site of Fertilizer Company: Grain-Size Hydraulics Approach." International Letters of Natural Sciences 49 (November 2015): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.49.7.

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Still very much terra incognita, grain shape has the potential to evaluate sedimentary transport, provenance, and depositional environments. There are several standard measures of grain shape. The results revealed that, the soil is non-uniformly graded with tortuous pore geometry due to overlaying layers, even though the grain size varied from granular grained size to medium grained. Therefore the soil under study is not easily moved by transporting medium. Also, there is significant effect of redox potential (ORP) on the electron availability of nitrate and the tested heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Pb, and Cu) were below detection limit of analytical equipment. The least reduced conditions occurred in stations; 2 (control), 3, 6, 15, 18 and 19 with minimum values of 99 to 110 mv. The absence of significant fungi populations in the soil indicates that the soils have no potential to biodegrade hydrocarbons when they are released into the environment.

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Hadadin, N. "Spatial stochastic and analytical approaches to describe the complex hydraulic variability inherent channel geometry." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 4 (2011): 6967–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-6967-2011.

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Abstract. The effects of basin hydrology on channel hydraulic variability for incised streams were investigated using available field data sets and models of watershed hydrology and channel hydraulics for Yazoo River Basin, USA. The study presents the hydraulic relations of bankfull discharge, channel width, mean depth, cross- sectional area, longitudinal slope, unit stream power, and runoff production as a function of drainage area using simple linear regression. The hydraulic geometry relations were developed for sixty one streams, twenty of them are classified as channel evaluation model (CEM) Types IV and V and forty one of them are streams of CEM Types II and III. These relationships are invaluable to hydraulic and water resources engineers, hydrologists, and geomorphologists, involved in stream restoration and protection. These relations can be used to assist in field identification of bankfull stage and stream dimension in un-gauged watersheds as well as estimation of the comparative stability of a stream channel. Results of this research show good fit of hydraulic geometry relationships in the Yazoo River Basin. The relations indicate that bankfull discharge, channel width, mean depth, cross-sectional area have stronger correlation to changes in drainage area than the longitudinal slope, unit stream power, and runoff production for streams CEM Types II and III. The hydraulic geometry relations show that runoff production, bankfull discharge, cross-sectional area, and unit stream power are much more responsive to changes in drainage area than are channel width, mean depth, and slope for streams of CEM Types IV and V. Also, the relations show that bankfull discharge and cross-sectional area are more responsive to changes in drainage area than are other hydraulic variables for streams of CEM Types II and III. The greater the regression slope, the more responsive to changes in drainage area will be.

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Wang, Zhentao, and Kathleen M. Trauth. "Development of GIS-based Python scripts to calculate a water surface profile on a landscape for wetlands decision-making." Journal of Hydroinformatics 22, no. 3 (2020): 628–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2020.167.

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Abstract Wetlands provide many benefits for humans and the natural environment, but land-use changes have reduced their number and areal extent. Interest has grown in examining the landscape to determine those locations where, with minimal effort, it might be possible to develop a mitigation wetland – a location with sufficient water over a sufficient period of time to develop and maintain wetland functioning. This paper proposes a methodology to support the examination of the landscape for mitigation purposes through the application of open channel hydraulics principles to flow over a landscape. The methodology is part of a larger research effort ultimately combining hydrology and hydraulics, along with the landscape processes of infiltration and evapotranspiration, to perform a water balance assessment. Specifically, the methodology is implemented through readily available geographic information system tools along with Python scripts written for this study. The Python scripts automatically extract landscape characteristics from a digital elevation model and calculate hydraulic parameters that are used to determine water surface profiles using the Modified Euler's method. Multiple tests show that the script accurately produces profiles of flow between depressions over a landscape. Such determinations are the first step in understanding where water might exist on the surface to support mitigation wetland functions.

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Guse, Björn, Jochem Kail, Johannes Radinger, et al. "Eco-hydrologic model cascades: Simulating land use and climate change impacts on hydrology, hydraulics and habitats for fish and macroinvertebrates." Science of The Total Environment 533 (November 2015): 542–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.078.

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Zech, Y., and A. Escarmelle. "Use of high-resolution geographical databases for rainfall-runoff relation in urbanised areas." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 9 (1999): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0449.

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Distributed models are more and more used in regional hydrology. One of the main reasons is their essential compatibility with raster data in Geographical Information Systems. Also in urban hydraulics, distributed models are promising but their development depends on the availability of high-resolution data able to represent urban features. Public databases from satellite imaging are not yet adequate. The paper investigates the possibility of using other kinds of databases designed more specifically for cartography. The advantages and inconveniences of such an approach are pointed out, based on two actual examples.

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Borroni, Massimiliano, та Vladimiro Boselli. "HYDRAULICS AND HYDROLOGY IN A PASSAGE OF THE KITĀB AL-ĀṮĀR AL-BĀQIYA BY AL-BĪRŪNĪ". Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 31, № 2 (2021): 159–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0957423921000059.

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AbstractThe authors translate and comment a digression from the Kitāb al-āṯār al-bāqiya on several hydraulic and hydrological subjects. The passage reveals al-Bīrūnī’s understanding of fluvial regimes, water physical behaviour, and of a handful of peculiar natural phenomena. Al-Bīrūnī departs from a discussion of weather forecast and seasonal fluvial regimes of the Tigris, Euphrates, Oxus, and Nile. The main concern of al-Bīrūnī is to defend the principle that water moves only downwards in absence of external forces. In doing so, the Khwarazmian scientist touches on the origin of salinity of the seas, the functioning of syphons related hydraulic machines, and relates a report of an artificial phenomenon, that he dismisses as result of faulty observations, that could be recognised as a hydraulic jump. In addition, the passage contains much relevant information on al-Bīrūnī’s understanding of the inhabitability of subequatorial regions, the possibility of the void, and the water cycle.

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Uhlenbrook, S., and E. de Jong. "T-shaped competency profile for water professionals of the future." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 10 (2012): 3475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-3475-2012.

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Abstract. Global environmental changes introduce new challenges and expose future university graduates in hydrology and related fields to problems of unprecedented complexity and magnitude. The T-shape model is proposed as a generic competency profile guiding the design of university curricula. This model differentiates between cognitive competencies in a certain field (i.e. hydrology; vertical leg of the T), and other cognitive/knowledge competencies in neighboring fields (e.g. hydraulics, aquatic ecology, land use management etc.) and functional, personal and values competencies and meta-competencies (all summarized in the horizontal bar of the T). It is based on the holistic model of professional competencies by Cheetham and Chivers (1996) and related studies (Oskam, 2009). The T-shape profile should apply to all levels of higher education (1st degree till doctorate level) in hydrology and related fields. For the effectiveness of hydrologists as professionals, a variable mix of competencies is required and further discussed. Key aspects are an open attitude for learning, continuous professional development (lifelong learning), and integrative and team working skills. Furthermore, a stimulating learning environment that promotes active learning is essential. As examples that substantiate the proposed T-shape model, the post-graduate education programmes of UNESCO-IHE and the main outcomes from a university curriculum workshop to promote education for sustainable development are introduced.

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Uhlenbrook, S., and E. de Jong. "T-shaped competency profile for water professionals of the future." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 3 (2012): 2935–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-2935-2012.

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Abstract. Global environmental changes expose future university graduates in hydrology and related fields to problems of unprecedented complexity and magnitude. The T-shape model is proposed as a generic competency profile guiding the design of university curricula. This model differentiates between cognitive competencies in a certain field, (i.e. hydrology; vertical leg of the T) other cognitive/knowledge competencies in neighboring fields (e.g. hydraulics, aquatic ecology, land use management etc.) and functional, personal and values competencies and meta-competencies (horizontal bar of the T). It is based on the holistic model of professional competencies by Cheetham and Chivers (1996) and related studies (Oskam, 2009). The T-shape profile should apply to all levels of higher education (1st degree till doctorate level) in hydrology and related fields. For the effectiveness of hydrologists as professionals a variable mix of competencies is required and further discussed. Key aspects are an open attitude for learning, continuous professional development (life long learning), and integrative and team working skills. Furthermore, a stimulating learning environment that promotes active learning is essential. As examples that substantiate the proposed T-shape model, the post-graduate education programmes of UNESCO-IHE and the main outcomes from a university curriculum workshop to promote education for sustainable development are introduced.

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Wesselink, Anna, Huib de Vriend, Hermjan Barneveld, Maarten Krol, and Wiebe Bijker. "Hydrology and hydraulics expertise in participatory processes for climate change adaptation in the Dutch Meuse." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 3 (2009): 583–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.412.

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Many scientists feel that scientific outcomes are not sufficiently taken into account in policy-making. The research reported in this paper shows what happens with scientific information during such a process. In 2001 the Dutch Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management commissioned their regional office in Limburg to assess how flood management objectives could be achieved in future in the Dutch Meuse valley, assuming climate change will increase peak discharges. To ensure political support, regional discussion rounds were to help assess the measures previously identified. This paper discusses the ways in which hydrological and hydraulic expertise was input, understood and used in this assessment process. Project participants as a group had no trouble contesting assumptions and outcomes. Nevertheless, water expertise was generally accepted as providing facts, once basic choices such as starting situation had been discussed and agreed. The technical constraints determined that politically unacceptable measures would have to be selected to achieve the legally binding flood management objective. As a result, no additional space will be set aside for future flood management beyond the already reserved floodplain. In this case, political arguments clearly prevail over policy objectives, with hydraulic expertise providing decisive arbitration between the two.

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Wesselink, Anna, Huib de Vriend, Hermjan Barneveld, Maarten Krol, and Wiebe Bijker. "Hydrology and hydraulics expertise in participatory processes for climate change adaptation in the Dutch Meuse." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 5 (2009): 1369. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.5_erratum1.

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Publisher's note. We regret that in the course of production the address and e-mail of the corresponding author were entangled with that of a co-author; also an acknowledgement had not been incorporated into the final version. The correct versions are as given below.

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Lindenschmidt, K. E., K. Fleischbein, T. Petrow, S. Vorogushyn, S. Theobald, and B. Merz. "Model system development and uncertainty for the provisionary management of extreme floods in large river basins." Advances in Geosciences 5 (December 16, 2005): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-5-99-2005.

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Abstract. A research project is introduced in which a modelling system is being developed to quantify risks of extreme flooding in large river basins. In the system, computer models and modules are coupled to simulate the functional chain: hydrology - hydraulics - polder diversion - dyke failure - flooding - damage estimate - risk assessment. In order to reduce uncertainty in flood frequency analyses, data sets are complimented with information from historical chronicles and artwork. Probable maximum precipitation and discharge are calculated to indicate upper bounds of meteorological and hydrological extremes. Uncertainty analysis is investigated for different degrees of model complexity and compared at different basin scales.

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Griffin, S., W. Bauwens, and K. Ahmad. "Urban Drainage Modelling Intelligent Assistant." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 1-2 (1994): 427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0691.

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The work reported here focuses on research being conducted within the Artificial Intelligence Group at the University of Surrey and the Laboratory of Hydrology at Vrije Universiteit Brussel under the COMETT programme. The paper describes the “Urban Drainage Modelling Intelligent Assistant,” a computer-based tool kit which provides guidance, instruction and support for training on aspects of network modelling in urban drainage design and simulation models commonly used in Europe. The tool kit comprises four interrelated, interactive components: an expert system, a data preparation and model execution tool, a document browsing facility, and a term bank. The results of the work are illustrated with the aid of snapshots of the system in use. The specific emphasis here is on the role played by each component in a) the transfer of knowledge within both an inter-disciplinary field such as urban drainage modelling (hydrology, hydraulics, mathematics, computing), and a multilingual community (of particular importance in Europe at present) and b) the training of novices in urban drainage, enabling them to grasp the domain primitives, their interrelationships and meanings.

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Barnett, A. G. "Nonlinear effects in the propagation properties of numerical schemes employed in computational hydraulics and computational hydrology." Journal of Hydraulic Research 49, no. 3 (2011): 413–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2011.580174.

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Aldama, Alvaro A. "Nonlinear effects in the propagation properties of numerical schemes employed in computational hydraulics and computational hydrology." Journal of Hydraulic Research 46, sup1 (2008): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2008.9521935.

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Camarero, R., L. Granger, C. Marche, M. Soulié, and R. Tinawi. "L'intégration en conception assistée par ordinateur pour les projets pluridisciplinaires de génie civil." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 6 (1988): 990–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l88-131.

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CASTOR is a major project which involves the development and the integration of the software of a computer aided design for hydro projects. Based on a university–industry collaboration, the project involves a number of specialties such as hydraulics, hydrology, reservoir simulation, site characterization, geotechnical engineering, structures, turbines, and computer science. The integration of all components is presented as an advantage despite the restrictions that it could create. The integration covers the basic philosophy in development strategy, the proposed design methodology for users, the sharing of utilities, and the relations with a central data base. A rigorous quality assurance plan is adapted for each module. Key words: computer aided design, hydro development projects, engineering software.

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Strzelecki, Tomasz, and Anna Uciechowska. "Numerical Model of Seepage Around Planned Water Reservoir in Kamieniec Ząbkowicki." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 34, no. 1 (2012): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sgem-2017-0023.

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Abstract With a view to protecting areas lying near the Nysa Kłodzka river and in order to reduce flood wave in Wrocław Waterway System, construction of a water reservoir near Kamieniec Ząbkowicki is being planned. After analysing the hydrology and hydraulics of the river Nysa Kłodzka and the function of reservoirs in Kamieniec Ząbkowicki cascade, a numerical seepage model, based on finite element method (FEM) and taking into account bedrock geology, drainage design and dam sealing, has been proposed. Boussinesq’s mathematical model was used to calculate unconfined groundwater table and vector field of seepage velocity. Building a numerical terrain model and visualisation of the water table in GIS tools enabled presenting calculation results in 3-D space.

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Lima, Rui L. P. de, João R. C. B. Abrantes, João L. M. P. de Lima, and M. Isabel P. de Lima. "Using thermal tracers to estimate flow velocities of shallow flows: laboratory and field experiments." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 63, no. 3 (2015): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johh-2015-0028.

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Abstract Accurate measurement of shallow flows is important for hydraulics, hydrology and water resources management. The objective of this paper is to discuss a technique for shallow flow and overland flow velocity estimation that uses infrared thermography. Laboratory flumes and different bare, vegetated and paved field surfaces were used to test the technique. Results show that shallow flow surface velocities estimated using thermal tracers and infrared technology are similar to estimates obtained using the Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter; similar results were also obtained for overland flow velocity estimates using thermography, here comparing with the dye tracer technique. The thermographic approach revealed some potential as a flow visualization technique, and leaves space for future studies and research.

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Koutsoyiannis, Demetris, and Nikos Mamassis. "From mythology to science: the development of scientific hydrological concepts in Greek antiquity and its relevance to modern hydrology." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 5 (2021): 2419–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2419-2021.

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Abstract. Whilst hydrology is a Greek term, it was not in use in the Classical literature, but much later, during the Renaissance, in its Latin form, hydrologia. On the other hand, Greek natural philosophers (or, in modern vocabulary, scientists) created robust knowledge in related scientific areas, to which they gave names such as meteorology, climate and hydraulics. These terms are now in common use internationally. Greek natural philosophers laid the foundation for hydrological concepts and the hydrological cycle in its entirety. Knowledge development was brought about by searches for technological solutions to practical problems as well as by scientific curiosity. While initial explanations belong to the sphere of mythology, the rise of philosophy was accompanied by the quest for scientific descriptions of the phenomena. It appears that the first geophysical problem formulated in scientific terms was the explanation of the flood regime of the Nile, then regarded as a paradox because of the spectacular difference from the river flow regime in Greece, i.e. the fact that the Nile flooding occurs in summer when in most of the Mediterranean the rainfall is very low. While the early attempts were unsuccessful, Aristotle was able to formulate a correct hypothesis, which he tested through what appears to be the first scientific expedition in history, in the transition from the Classical to Hellenistic periods. The Hellenistic period brought advances in all scientific fields including hydrology, an example of which is the definition and measurement of flow discharge by Heron of Alexandria. These confirm the fact that the hydrological cycle was well understood in Ancient Greece, yet it poses the question why correct explanations were not accepted and, instead, why ancient and modern mythical views were preferred up to the 18th century.

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Mynett, Arthur E., and Zoran Vojinovic. "Hydroinformatics in multi-colours—part red: urban flood and disaster management." Journal of Hydroinformatics 11, no. 3-4 (2009): 166–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2009.027.

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Hydroinformatics found its origin in the advancement of computational hydraulics in the early 1990s but has expanded considerably, both in scope and in application areas. It is now not only being applied in the fields of hydraulics and hydrology (often indicated by the colour blue), but also in environmental science and technology (green) as well as in knowledge systems and knowledge management (yellow). This paper focuses on urban (red) applications of hydroinformatics, taking urban flood and disaster management as an example. It is part of a sequence of papers, each focusing on a particular field (colour) of hydroinformatics, which together constitute a multi-coloured rainbow of application areas that hydroinformatics has expanded into over the past two decades or so. The combined papers on “Hydroinformatics in multi-colours” were presented as the opening keynote of the Workshop on Advances in Hydroinformatics held in Niagara Falls, in June 2007. In this paper—part red of the sequence—the role of urban hydroinformatics in assessing effects of climate change on urban flooding and health risk is addressed in relation to the UN Millennium Development Goals and illustrated on a case study of Dhaka, Bangladesh.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Hydrology Hydraulics'

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