Journal articles: 'Hydrology of karst areas'

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Zhang, Chunhua, Xiangkun Qi, Kelin Wang, Mingyang Zhang, and Yueming Yue. "The application of geospatial techniques in monitoring karst vegetation recovery in southwest China." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 41, no. 4 (July 12, 2017): 450–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133317714246.

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The karst region in southwestern China, one of the largest continuous karst areas in the world, is special for its high landscape heterogeneity, unique hydrology, high endemism among vegetation species and high intensity of human disturbance. The region had experienced severe degradation through karst rocky desertification (KRD) between the 1950s and 1990s. Starting in the late 1990s, various levels of the Chinese government conducted several ecological projects to recover degraded karst ecosystems. It was reported that the implementation of these projects had been successful in facilitating the recovery of karst vegetation in many areas. However, global climate changes may compromise the efficacy of recovery. Geospatial techniques had been employed to map and monitor karst ecosystem conditions during the recovery process. We examined the history and progress of the various geospatial techniques applied to monitor and evaluate karst vegetation conditions. In addition, we reviewed the techniques used to assess and monitor KRD, KRD influencing factors, vegetation community type, fractional vegetation cover, vegetation dynamics, vegetation productivity, ecosystem goods and services, vegetation biodiversity, ecosystem health and rural society changes. We also explored the potential to apply geospatial techniques for karst vegetation recovery in the future. It is projected that there will be more remotely sensed images for the vegetation dynamics monitoring at numerous scales. New techniques (e.g. image fusion and data assimilation) will be available to manage scale and heterogeneity issues in the karst landscape.

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Liu, Fan, Guanghui Jiang, Jia Wang, and Fang Guo. "The Recharge Process and Influencing Meteorological Parameters Indicated by Cave Pool Hydrology in the Bare Karst Mountainous Area." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 6, 2021): 1766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041766.

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Understanding the recharge and runoff processes of the vadose zone is significant for water resource management and utilization in karst mountain areas. Hydrological modeling of the vadose zone in karst caves has provided new methods of evaluating water resources in vadose zones. This paper provides modeling of vadose zone hydrology in a subtropical karst cave. The monitoring was conducted in Yuanyang Cave, Fengshan County, Guangxi Province, Southwest China. By monitoring the water level of a pool recharged by drop water in a cave, a model was established to calculate the natural leakage from the bottom and the infiltrated recharge from the vadose zone above. Combined with meteorological data records, the occurrence of recharge events in the vadose zone was analyzed. The correlation between them was established by multiple linear regression. The results showed that the infiltration ratio of precipitation was 20.88%. Recent rainfall of 4–7 days had shown a greater impact on recharge events than that of 3 days. The effect of evaporation was significant. The regression model in the cave pool was used to understand the hydrological process of the vadose zone, which provided a useful method for water resource management and evaluation in the remote karst mountain area.

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Cardoso de Salis, Hugo Henrique, Adriana Monteiro da Costa, João Herbert Moreira Vianna, Marysol Azeneth Schuler, Annika Künne, Luís Filipe Sanches Fernandes, and Fernando António Leal Pacheco. "Hydrologic Modeling for Sustainable Water Resources Management in Urbanized Karst Areas." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 14 (July 16, 2019): 2542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142542.

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The potential of karst aquifers as a drinking water resource is substantial because of their large storage capacity gained in the course of carbonate dissolution. Carbonate dissolution and consequent development of preferential paths are also the reasons for the complex behavior of these aquifers as regards surface and underground flow. Hydrological modeling is therefore of paramount importance for an adequate assessment of flow components in catchments shaped on karsts. The cross tabulation of such components with geology, soils, and land use data in Geographic Information Systems helps decision makers to set up sustainable groundwater abstractions and allocate areas for storage of quality surface water, in the context of conjunctive water resources management. In the present study, a hydrologic modeling using the JAMS J2000 software was conducted in a karst area of Jequitiba River basin located near the Sete Lagoas town in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The results revealed a very high surface water component explained by urbanization of Sete Lagoas, which hampers the recharge of 7.9 hm3 yr−1 of storm water. They also exposed a very large negative difference (−8.3 hm3 yr−1) between groundwater availability (6.3 hm3 yr−1) and current groundwater abstraction from the karst aquifer (14.6 hm3 yr−1), which is in keeping with previously reported water table declines around drilled wells that can reach 48 m in old wells used for public water supply. Artificial recharge of excess surface flow is not recommended within the urban areas, given the high risk of groundwater contamination with metals and hydrocarbons potentially transported in storm water, as well as development of suffosional sinkholes as a consequence of concentrated storm flow. The surface component could however be stored in small dams in forested areas from the catchment headwaters and diverted to the urban area to complement the drinking water supply. The percolation in soil was estimated to be high in areas used for agriculture and pastures. The implementation of correct fertilizing, management, and irrigation practices are considered crucial to attenuate potential contamination of groundwater and suffosional sinkhole development in these areas.

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Allocca, V., F. Manna, and P. De Vita. "Estimating annual effective infiltration coefficient and groundwater recharge for karst aquifers of the southern Apennines." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 8 (August 7, 2013): 10127–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-10127-2013.

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Abstract. To assess the mean annual groundwater recharge of the karst aquifers in southern Apennines (Italy), the estimation of the mean annual effective infiltration coefficient (AEIC) was conducted by means of an integrated approach based on hydrogeological, hydrological, geomorphological, land use and soil cover analyses. We studied a large part of the southern Apennines that is covered by a meteorological network and containing 40 principal karst aquifers. Using precipitation and air temperature time series gathered through monitoring stations operating in the period 1926–2012, the annual effective precipitation (AEP) was estimated, and its distribution was modelled, by considering the orographic barrier and rain shadow effects of the Apennines chain, as well as the altitudinal control. Four sample karst aquifers with available long spring discharge time series were identified for estimating the AEIC by means of the hydrological budget equation. The resulting AEIC values were correlated with other parameters that control groundwater recharge, such as the extension of outcropping karst-rock, morphological settings, land use and covering soil type. A simple correlation relationship between AEIC, lithology and the summit flat and endorheic areas was found. This empirical model has been used to estimate AEIC and mean annual groundwater recharge in other regional karst aquifers. The estimated AEIC values ranged between 48% and 78%, thus matching intervals estimated for other karst aquifers in European and Mediterranean countries. These results represent a deeper understanding of an aspect of groundwater hydrology in karst aquifers which is fundamental for the formulation of appropriate management models of groundwater resources, also taking into account mitigation strategies for climate change impacts. Finally, the proposed hydrological characterisations are also perceived as useful for the assessment of mean annual runoff over carbonate mountains, which is another important topic concerning water management in the southern Apennines.

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Allocca, V., F. Manna, and P. De Vita. "Estimating annual groundwater recharge coefficient for karst aquifers of the southern Apennines (Italy)." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 2 (February 27, 2014): 803–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-803-2014.

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Abstract. To assess the mean annual groundwater recharge of the karst aquifers in the southern Apennines (Italy), the estimation of the mean annual groundwater recharge coefficient (AGRC) was conducted by means of an integrated approach based on hydrogeological, hydrological, geomorphological, land use and soil cover analyses. Starting from the hydrological budget equation, the coefficient was conceived as the ratio between the net groundwater outflow and the precipitation minus actual evapotranspiration (P − ETR) for a karst aquifer. A large part of the southern Apennines, which is covered by a meteorological network containing 40 principal karst aquifers, was studied. Using precipitation and air temperature time series gathered through monitoring stations operating in the period 1926–2012, the mean annual P − ETR was estimated, and its distribution was modelled at a regional scale by considering the orographic barrier and rain shadow effects of the Apennine chain, as well as the altitudinal control. Four sample karst aquifers with available long spring discharge time series were identified for estimating the AGRC. The resulting values were correlated with other parameters that control groundwater recharge, such as the extension of outcropping karst rocks, morphological settings, land use and covering soil type. A multiple linear regression between the AGRC, lithology and the summit plateau and endorheic areas was found. This empirical model was used to assess the AGRC and mean annual groundwater recharge in other regional karst aquifers. The coefficient was calculated as ranging between 50 and 79%, thus being comparable with other similar estimations carried out for karst aquifers of European and Mediterranean countries. The mean annual groundwater recharge for karst aquifers of the southern Apennines was assessed by these characterizations and validated by a comparison with available groundwater outflow measurements. These results represent a deeper understanding of an aspect of groundwater hydrology in karst aquifers which is fundamental for the formulation of appropriate management models of groundwater resources at a regional scale, also taking into account mitigation strategies for climate change impacts. Finally, the proposed hydrological characterizations are also supposed to be useful for the assessment of mean annual runoff over carbonate mountains, which is another important topic concerning water management in the southern Apennines.

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Gulley, J., and D. I. Benn. "Structural control of englacial drainage systems in Himalayan debris-covered glaciers." Journal of Glaciology 53, no. 182 (2007): 399–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214307783258378.

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AbstractEnglacial cave systems were mapped using speleological techniques in three debris-covered glaciers in the Khumbu Himal, Nepal. Detailed three-dimensional mapping of the cave systems and observations of relationships with structures in the surrounding ice show conduits formed by a mechanism directly analogous to speleogenesis in limestone karst. The highest, oldest parts of all passages developed along debris-filled crevasse traces with hydraulic conductivity in the range 10–4 to 10–5ms–1. Conduits form when these hydraulically efficient pathways bridge between areas with different hydraulic potential. They then evolve by grading (through head-ward migration of nick points and vertical incision) to local base level, often the surface of supraglacial lakes. Most supraglacial lakes on Himalayan glaciers are perched above the elevation of the terminal stream, and exist for a few years before draining through englacial conduits. As a result, near-surface drainage evolution is frequently interrupted by base-level fall, and conduits may record multiple phases of incision. Conduits commonly migrate laterally during incision, undermining higher levels of the ice and encouraging collapse. Voids can be created by fluvial processes and collapse of crevassed ice. The oft-noted resemblance of the surface morphology of debris-covered glaciers to karst landscapes thus extends to the subsurface, and karst hydrology provides a framework for understanding englacial drainage.

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Boyer, Douglas G., and Ghiath A. Alloush. "Spatial Distribution of Nitrogen on Grazed Karst Landscapes." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 809–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.374.

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The impact on water quality by agricultural activity in karst terrain is an important consideration for resource management within the Appalachian region. Karst areas comprise about 18% of the region’s land area. An estimated one-third of the region’s farms, cattle, and agricultural market value are located on karst terrain. Mean nitrate concentrations in several karst springs in southeastern West Virginia exhibit a strong linear relationship with the percentage of agriculture land cover. Development of best management practices for efficient nitrogen (N) use and reduction of outflow of N to water from karst areas requires knowledge about N dynamics on those landscapes. Water extractable NO3-N and NH4-N were measured along transects at four soil depths in two grazed sinkholes and one wooded sinkhole. Distribution of soil NO3-N and NH4-N were related to frequency of animal presence and to topographic and hydrologic redistribution of soil and fecal matter in the grazed sinkholes. Karst pastures are characterized by under drainage and funneling of water and contaminants to the shallow aquifer. Control of NO3-N leaching from karst pasture may depend on management strategies that change livestock grazing behavior in sinkholes and reduce the opportunity for water and contaminants to quickly reach sinkhole drains.

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Gunn, Kpoti M., Anthony R. Buda, Heather E. Preisendanz, Raj Cibin, Casey D. Kennedy, and Tamie L. Veith. "Integrating Daily CO2 Concentrations in SWAT-VSA to Examine Climate Change Impacts on Hydrology in a Karst Watershed." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 4 (2021): 1303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13711.

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HighlightsWe used SWAT-VSA to assess the effects of climate change with rising CO2 on the water balance of a karst basin.For future climate, SWAT-VSA with rising CO2 yielded 7.1% less ET and 6.3% more runoff than standard SWAT-VSA.Rising CO2 also affected variable source areas, with greater ET declines and runoff increases in the wettest soils.Findings suggest CO2 effects on water balance should be included in future climate change studies with SWAT-VSA.Abstract. Characterizing the effects of climate change on hydrology is important to watershed management. In this study, we used SWAT-VSA to examine the effects of climate change and increasing atmospheric CO2 (CO2) on the water balance of Spring Creek watershed, a mixed land-use karst basin in the Upper Chesapeake Bay watershed. First, we modified the stomatal conductance and leaf area index (LAI) routines of SWAT-VSA’s Penman-Monteith evapotranspiration (ET) procedure and enabled the model to accept daily CO2 data. Using downscaled climate projections from nine global climate models (GCMs), we then compared water balance estimations from baseline SWAT-VSA against two modified versions of SWAT-VSA. One SWAT-VSA version integrated daily CO2 levels (SWAT-VSA_CO2), while another version added flexible stomatal conductance and LAI routines (SWAT-VSA_CO2+Plant) to the dynamic CO2 capacity. Under current climate (1985-2015), the three SWAT-VSA models produced generally similar water balance estimations, with 51% of precipitation lost to ET and the remainder converted to runoff (10%), lateral flow (9%), and percolate (30%). For future climate (2020-2065), water balance simulations diverged between baseline SWAT-VSA and the two modified SWAT-VSA models with CO2. Notably, variable stomatal conductance and LAI routines produced no detectable effects beyond that of CO2. For the 2020-2065 period, baseline SWAT-VSA projected ET increases of 0.7 mm year-1, while SWAT-VSA models with CO2 suggested that annual ET could decline by approximately -0.4 mm year-1 over the same period. As a result, the two CO2-based SWAT-VSA models predicted streamflow increases of almost 1.6 mm year-1 over the 2020-2065 period, which were roughly double the streamflow increases projected by baseline SWAT-VSA. In general, SWAT-VSA models with CO2 effects produced 22.4% more streamflow in 2045-2065 than the SWAT-VSA model without CO2. Results also showed that adding daily CO2 to SWAT-VSA reduced ET in wetter parts of Spring Creek watershed, leading to greater runoff losses from variable source areas compared to baseline SWAT-VSA. Findings from the study highlight the importance of considering increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations in water balance simulations with SWAT-VSA in order to gain a fuller appreciation of the hydrologic uncertainties with climate change. Keywords: Carbon dioxide, Climate change, Hydrologic model, Water balance, Watershed.

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Nikolaidis, N. P., F. Bouraoui, and G. Bidoglio. "Hydrologic and geochemical modeling of a karstic Mediterranean watershed." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 1 (January 3, 2012): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-1-2012.

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Abstract. The SWAT model was modified to simulate the hydrologic and chemical response of karstic systems and assess the impacts of land use management and climate change of an intensively managed Mediterranean watershed in Crete, Greece. A methodology was developed for the determination of the extended karst area contributing to the spring flow as well as the degree of dilution of nitrates due to permanent karst water volume. The modified SWAT model has been able to capture the temporal variability of both karst flow and surface runoff using high frequency monitoring data collected since 2004 in addition to long term flow time series collected since 1973. The overall hydrologic budget of the karst was estimated and its evaporative losses were calculated to be 28% suggesting a very high rate of karst infiltration. Nitrate chemistry of the karst was simulated by calibrating a dilution factor allowing for the estimation of the total karstic groundwater volume to approximately 500 million m3 of reserve water. The nitrate simulation results suggested a significant impact of livestock grazing on the karstic groundwater and on surface water quality. Finally, simulation results for a set of climate change scenarios suggested a 17% decrease in precipitation, 8% decrease in ET and 22% decrease in flow in 2030–2050 compared to 2010–2020. A validated tool for integrated water management of karst areas has been developed, providing policy makers an instrument for water management that could tackle the increasing water scarcity in the island.

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Li, Ji, Daoxian Yuan, Jiao Liu, Yongjun Jiang, Yangbo Chen, Kuo Lin Hsu, and Soroosh Sorooshian. "Predicting floods in a large karst river basin by coupling PERSIANN-CCS QPEs with a physically based distributed hydrological model." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 3 (March 15, 2019): 1505–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1505-2019.

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Abstract. In general, there are no long-term meteorological or hydrological data available for karst river basins. The lack of rainfall data is a great challenge that hinders the development of hydrological models. Quantitative precipitation estimates (QPEs) based on weather satellites offer a potential method by which rainfall data in karst areas could be obtained. Furthermore, coupling QPEs with a distributed hydrological model has the potential to improve the precision of flood predictions in large karst watersheds. Estimating precipitation from remotely sensed information using an artificial neural network-cloud classification system (PERSIANN-CCS) is a type of QPE technology based on satellites that has achieved broad research results worldwide. However, only a few studies on PERSIANN-CCS QPEs have occurred in large karst basins, and the accuracy is generally poor in terms of practical applications. This paper studied the feasibility of coupling a fully physically based distributed hydrological model, i.e., the Liuxihe model, with PERSIANN-CCS QPEs for predicting floods in a large river basin, i.e., the Liujiang karst river basin, which has a watershed area of 58 270 km2, in southern China. The model structure and function require further refinement to suit the karst basins. For instance, the sub-basins in this paper are divided into many karst hydrology response units (KHRUs) to ensure that the model structure is adequately refined for karst areas. In addition, the convergence of the underground runoff calculation method within the original Liuxihe model is changed to suit the karst water-bearing media, and the Muskingum routing method is used in the model to calculate the underground runoff in this study. Additionally, the epikarst zone, as a distinctive structure of the KHRU, is carefully considered in the model. The result of the QPEs shows that compared with the observed precipitation measured by a rain gauge, the distribution of precipitation predicted by the PERSIANN-CCS QPEs was very similar. However, the quantity of precipitation predicted by the PERSIANN-CCS QPEs was smaller. A post-processing method is proposed to revise the products of the PERSIANN-CCS QPEs. The karst flood simulation results show that coupling the post-processed PERSIANN-CCS QPEs with the Liuxihe model has a better performance relative to the result based on the initial PERSIANN-CCS QPEs. Moreover, the performance of the coupled model largely improves with parameter re-optimization via the post-processed PERSIANN-CCS QPEs. The average values of the six evaluation indices change as follows: the Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient increases by 14 %, the correlation coefficient increases by 15 %, the process relative error decreases by 8 %, the peak flow relative error decreases by 18 %, the water balance coefficient increases by 8 %, and the peak flow time error displays a 5 h decrease. Among these parameters, the peak flow relative error shows the greatest improvement; thus, these parameters are of the greatest concern for flood prediction. The rational flood simulation results from the coupled model provide a great practical application prospect for flood prediction in large karst river basins.

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Wang, Shao, Su, Cui, and Zhang. "The Application of Improved SWAT Model to Hydrological Cycle Study in Karst Area of South China." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 13, 2019): 5024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11185024.

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In the karst area of southern China, karst water is important for supporting the sustainable production and home living for the local residents. Consequently, it is of significance to fully understand the water cycle, so as to make full use of water resources. In karst areas, epikarst and conduits are developed, participating in the hydrological cycle actively. For conventional lumped hydrologic models, it is difficult to simulate the hydrological cycle accurately. These models neglect to consider the variation of underlying surface and weather change. Meanwhile, for the original distributed hydrological model, the existence of epikarst and underground conduits as well as inadequate data information also make it difficult to achieve accurate simulation. To this end, the framework combining the advantages of lumped model–reservoir model and distributed hydrologic model–Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model is established to simulate the water cycle efficiently in a karst area. Xianghualing karst watershed in southern China was selected as the study area and the improved SWAT model was used to simulate the water cycle. Results show that the indicators of ENS and R2 in the calibration and verification periods are both above 0.8, which is evidently improved in comparison with the original model. The improved SWAT model is verified to have better efficiency in describing the hydrological cycle in a typical karst area.

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Lv, Yuxiang, Yongjun Jiang, Wei Hu, Min Cao, and Yang Mao. "A review of the effects of tunnel excavation on the hydrology, ecology, and environment in karst areas: Current status, challenges, and perspectives." Journal of Hydrology 586 (July 2020): 124891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124891.

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Pambudi, Ridwan Arif, and Rijali Isnain Haripa. "DInSAR based land deformation detection in the karst landscape of Gunung Sewu." E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020204003.

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Hydrologic element specifically precipitation was fathomed to contribute in land deformation of karst landscape. Cempaka Tropical Cyclone (TC) had ensued in the last of 2017 in the Indian Ocean implicated to a high rate of rainfall upon the karst landscape of Gunung Sewu. This research aimed to identify the areas where sustained of land deformation due to the Cempaka TC. This research used a method of Differential Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) by utilising a pair of Sentinel-1A satellite imageries to obtain the information of land deformation. The research result demonstrated the karst landscape of Gunung Sewu encountered land deformation after the Cempaka TC had impinged it. The land deformation occurred in the northern region of Gunung Sewu karst landscape in the forms of land uplifting with a range of 1 – 2 mm/year (115.36 km2) and gradually became a land subsidence with a range of -1 - -4 mm/year (989.25 km2) in the southern region of Gunung Sewu karst landscape. This finding was important as a preliminary research to mitigate the hazards and conserve the karst landscape of Gunung Sewu upon the threats of extreme weather in the future.

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Kos, Željko, Bojan Đurin, Dragana Dogančić, and Nikola Kranjčić. "Hydro-Energy Suitability of Rivers Regarding Their Hydrological and Hydrogeological Characteristics." Water 13, no. 13 (June 27, 2021): 1777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13131777.

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The production of electric energy from rivers by using mini, as well as micro hydroelectric power plants, is a very promising solution, especially in rural and isolated areas. Numerous waterways in Croatia and their hydrological and hydrogeological diversity present an opportunity, but also a challenge, for the construction of hydroelectric power plants. Due to the complexity of the water courses’ hydrology, as well as hydrogeological characteristics, it is very hard to determine an appropriate flow pattern (amount), which will be used as an input value for the sizing of hydroelectric power plants. Such analysis will be provided for real case studies in Croatia with special regard to present geological media—media with intergranular porosity (Bednja River), karst media (Gornja Dobra River), and flysch media (Mirna River). Considering different geological media increases the possibility of using the presented methodology on other locations in Croatia, as well in the world. It has been shown that the analyzed rivers definitely have potential for electric energy production, regarding the potential and kinetic river energy. The presented analysis is scientifically original, but also shows the procedure for the determination of the hydro-energy potential of the rivers, as well as for the sizing on the hydropower plants. Hydrology and hydrogeology analyses rounds out the usual hydro-energy analysis, which is in most cases based on basic statistical parameter analysis.

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Redding, J. H. "Route selection for natural gas pipelines in Ireland." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 4, no. 1 (1987): 467–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1987.004.01.56.

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AbstractBy the end of 1986, over 400 km of high pressure (70 bar) natural gas pipeline will have been constructed in the Irish Republic, much of it laid in sparsely populated rural areas where topography, hydrology, near surface geology and ground conditions can significantly influence construction feasibility and cost. Identifying, quantifying and (where possible) avoiding areas of potential difficulty or hazard are aspects of route selection to which engineering geology can make an important contribution. This contribution is discussed in relation to the Cork-Dublin pipeline completed in 1982, and the Limerick, Waterford and Mallow lines due for completion this year. In particular, the application and merits of stereo aerial photographic interpretation, superficial geological mapping and field study are outlined, together with the use of more traditional methods of site investigation. Attention is focussed on indigenous engineering geological problems associated with shallow rock, limestone karst, peat bog and poorly drained alluvial and morainic soils. Data acquisition and presentation are discussed within the overall context of civil engineering contract preparation and administration. The usefulness of this approach, particularly for predicting and minimising construction costs, forestalling claims and generally facilitating on-site supervision, is emphasised.

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Hartmann, Andreas, Juan Antonio Barberá, Jens Lange, Bartolomé Andreo, and Markus Weiler. "Progress in the hydrologic simulation of time variant recharge areas of karst systems – Exemplified at a karst spring in Southern Spain." Advances in Water Resources 54 (April 2013): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2013.01.010.

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De Vita, P., V. Allocca, F. Manna, and S. Fabbrocino. "Coupled decadal variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation, regional rainfall and karst spring discharges in the Campania region (southern Italy)." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 5 (May 11, 2012): 1389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1389-2012.

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Abstract. Thus far, studies on climate change have focused mainly on the variability of the atmospheric and surface components of the hydrologic cycle, investigating the impact of this variability on the environment, especially with respect to the risks of desertification, droughts and floods. Conversely, the impacts of climate change on the recharge of aquifers and on the variability of groundwater flow have been less investigated, especially in Mediterranean karst areas whose water supply systems depend heavily upon groundwater exploitation. In this paper, long-term climatic variability and its influence on groundwater recharge were analysed by examining decadal patterns of precipitation, air temperature and spring discharges in the Campania region (southern Italy), coupled with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The time series of precipitation and air temperature were gathered over 90 yr, from 1921 to 2010, using 18 rain gauges and 9 air temperature stations with the most continuous functioning. The time series of the winter NAO index and of the discharges of 3 karst springs, selected from those feeding the major aqueducts systems, were collected for the same period. Regional normalised indexes of the precipitation, air temperature and karst spring discharges were calculated, and different methods were applied to analyse the related time series, including long-term trend analysis using smoothing numerical techniques, cross-correlation and Fourier analysis. The investigation of the normalised indexes highlighted the existence of long-term complex periodicities, from 2 to more than 30 yr, with differences in average values of up to approximately ±30% for precipitation and karst spring discharges, which were both strongly correlated with the winter NAO index. Although the effects of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) had already been demonstrated in the long-term precipitation and streamflow patterns of different European countries and Mediterranean areas, the results of this study allow for the establishment of a link between a large-scale atmospheric cycle and the groundwater recharge of carbonate karst aquifers. Consequently, the winter NAO index could also be considered as a proxy to forecast the decadal variability of groundwater flow in Mediterranean karst areas.

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Zheng, Qun-Wei, Wei-Ci Su, Feng-Tai Zhang, and Zi-Qin Zhou. "Evaluation of Water Resources Security in the Karst Region from the “Man-Land-Water” Perspective: A Case Study of Guizhou Province." Water 11, no. 2 (January 29, 2019): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11020224.

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This paper constructs a water resources security evaluation model from the “man (human activity intensity)-land (geological and geomorphological features)-water (water resources background conditions)” perspective, which accounts for the characteristics of hydrology and water resources in karst areas. A water resources security evaluation index system is established from three aspects (i.e., the background conditions of water resources, human activity intensity and geological and geomorphological features). The evaluation standard threshold is determined in accordance with relevant standards and domestic/foreign development experience. Both the comprehensive weights obtained by the Lagrange coefficient and the multi-objective fuzzy membership functions are used to comprehensively evaluate the spatial and temporal evolution of water resources security in Guizhou Province from 2001 to 2015. The results show that the water resources security comprehensive index of Guizhou Province was between 0.6 and 0.8 during this time (relatively safe type) and the safety was trending upwards. However, the comprehensive index of water resources security of each city in Guizhou Province demonstrates significant spatiotemporal variation. Whilst the comprehensive index was low in the Western part and high in the Eastern part of the province, it generally improved over time for the entire province. Moreover, the criteria layer indexes of water resources security in Guizhou Province and all cities also showed different degrees of variation and regional consistency across space and time. The interaction among these three aspects promoted the spatiotemporal variation of the Water Resources Security Comprehensive Index. In order to safeguard and improve water resources security, it is important to strengthen ecological and environmental management, promote the efficient use of water resources, establish sound management measures and security system related institutions and ensure water resources security.

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Siska, Peter P., Pierre Goovaerts, and I.-Kuai Hung. "Evaluating susceptibility of karst dolines (sinkholes) for collapse in Sango, Tennessee, USA." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 40, no. 4 (April 7, 2016): 579–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133316638816.

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Dolines or sinkholes are earth depressions that develop in soluble rocks complexes such as limestone, dolomite, gypsum, anhydrite, and halite; dolines appear in a variety of shapes from nearly circular to complex structures with highly curved perimeters. The occurrence of dolines in the studied karst area is not random; they are the results of geomorphic, hydrologic, and chemical processes that have caused partial subsidence, even the total collapse of the land surface when voids and caves are present in the bedrock and the regolith arch overbridging these voids is unstable. In the study area, the majority of collapses occur in the regolith (bedrock cover) that bridges voids in the bedrock. Because these collapsing dolines may result in property damage and even cause the loss of lives, there is a need to develop methods for evaluating karst hazards. These methods can then be used by planners and practitioners for urban and economic development, especially in regions with a growing population. The purpose of the project reported in this paper is threefold: (1) to develop a karst feature database, (2) to investigate critical indicators associated with doline collapse, and (3) to develop a doline susceptibility model for potential doline collapse based on external morphometric data. The study has revealed the presence of short range spatial dependence in the distribution of the dolines’ morphometric parameters such as circularity, the geographic orientation of the main doline axes, and the length-to-width doline ratios; therefore, geostatistics can be used to spatially evaluate the susceptibility of the karst area for doline collapse. The partial susceptibility estimates were combined into a final probability map enabling the identification of areas where, until now, undetected dolines may cause significant hazards.

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Richter, Dominik, Nadine Goeppert, Björn Zindler, and Nico Goldscheider. "Spatial and temporal dynamics of suspended particles and E. coli in a complex surface-water and karst groundwater system as a basis for an adapted water protection scheme, northern Vietnam." Hydrogeology Journal 29, no. 5 (May 28, 2021): 1965–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-021-02356-6.

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AbstractKarst aquifers in subtropical regions are characterized by high variability of water availability and quality due to changes associated with rainy and dry seasons. An additional challenge for water management is the combination of surface-water and karst groundwater systems since high spatiotemporal dynamics cause high variability of water quality. In these cases, adapted protection strategies are required. In this study, a protection approach for the catchment of a river-water diversion point in a rural area in northern Vietnam is developed. The variability of water quality was evaluated by rainy and dry season synoptic surveys of suspended particles and microbial contamination at 49 sites and time series at three sets of paired sites under constant hydraulic conditions. The anthropogenic land-use activities in the catchment were mapped to identify potential contamination sources and to highlight the challenging combination of surface-water and karst groundwater management. The analyzed data indicate differences in water quality between the dry and rainy seasons and a higher influence on water quality from land use than from hydrologic conditions. Furthermore, the results suggest a high risk of contamination resulting from residential areas, agriculture, and livestock farming, and reveal the necessity of implementation of appropriate measures such as restricted farming and the hook-up of buildings to municipal sewage disposal. Finally, the data show that water quality can be improved by adjusting water withdrawals by the time of day. The applied methods can be transferred to other surface-water and karst groundwater systems in similar subtropical environments.

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Bottrell, S. H., Derek Ford, and Paul Williams. "Karst Geomorphology and Hydrology." Geographical Journal 157, no. 1 (March 1991): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/635167.

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22

Groves, Chris. "Book Review: Karst hydrology." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 23, no. 3 (September 1999): 456–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339902300313.

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23

Field, Malcolm S. "Karst Hydrology and Chemical Contamination." Journal of Environmental Systems 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/x7mv-c93e-66gk-bfh7.

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24

Govender, Y., E. Cuevas, L. D. S. Sternberg, and M. R. Jury. "Temporal Variation in Stable Isotopic Composition of Rainfall and Groundwater in a Tropical Dry Forest in the Northeastern Caribbean." Earth Interactions 17, no. 27 (November 1, 2013): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2013ei000534.1.

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Abstract Karst topography links rainfall to groundwater recharge; therefore, possible changes in the hydrology can play an important role in ecosystem function especially in tropical dry forests where water is the most limiting resource. This study investigates the temporal variation in isotopic composition (δ18O and δD values) of rainwater and groundwater in the Guánica Dry Forest of southwestern Puerto Rico. The study not only establishes a dataset of oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition of rainwater to assist in local ecohydrological studies but also establishes the origin of rainfall in the semiarid region of the island. The geographical position of Puerto Rico in the northeastern Caribbean causes the study site to receive marine air masses from the North Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. This research documents the monthly to annual variability in stable isotopic composition of rainwater and estimates the source of groundwater recharge in the Guánica Dry Forest. To calculate the local meteoric water line (LMWL), the authors analyzed the isotopic signatures of rainwater, collected at near-monthly intervals from January 2008 to December 2011. The LMWL (δD = 7.79δ18O + 10.85) is close to the global meteoric water line (δD = 8.17δ18O + 11.27). Isotopic signatures of rainwater for the Guánica Dry Forest are consistent with southeastern Caribbean, where rainfall is of marine origin with an annual cycle contributed by sea surface temperature (SST) and significant intermonthly fluctuations due to rainfall and winds during tropical weather events. The d-excess values in the period of data collection (2008–11) respond to the rainfall–evaporation balance, with little seasonal cycle and strong pulsing events. Comparison of rain and groundwater isotopic compositions in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) Guánica Dry Forest indicates that groundwater recharge is confined to rainfall events of more than 90 mm. Imbalances between rainfall and drought place cumulative stresses on ecosystems where plants and animals synchronize their growth phenology and reproduction to climatic patterns, especially in areas with variable annual cycles. Therefore, it is useful in ecohydrological studies to determine the origins and temporal dynamics of rainfall and groundwater recharge in the Caribbean, where predictions of climate models indicate drying trends.

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Wang, Yong, Long Cang Shu, Cheng Peng Lu, Rong Rong Zhang, and He Ping. "Determining Informational Entropy of KARST Spring Hydrology Based on Wavelet Transform." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 2612–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.2612.

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Wavelet transform by DB4 method can be applied to determine informational entropy of KARST spring hydrology conveniently. The complexity of KARST spring hydrology was described by entropy. Compared with the runoff of surface water, it concludes that KARST spring hydrology has higher complexity than the runoff of surface water.

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Thrailkill, John. "Karst Geomorphology and Hydrology. Derek Ford , Paul WilliamsGeomorphology and Hydrology of Karst Terrains. William B. White." Journal of Geology 98, no. 5 (September 1990): 797–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/629447.

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Frumkin, Amos. "Hydrology and denudation rates of halite karst." Journal of Hydrology 162, no. 1-2 (October 1994): 171–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)90010-8.

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White, William B. "Karst hydrology: recent developments and open questions." Engineering Geology 65, no. 2-3 (August 2002): 85–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-7952(01)00116-8.

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Hill, C. A., and V. J. Polyak. "Karst hydrology of Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA." Journal of Hydrology 390, no. 3-4 (September 2010): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.06.040.

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30

Hartmann, A., T. Gleeson, R. Rosolem, F. Pianosi, Y. Wada, and T. Wagener. "A large-scale simulation model to assess karstic groundwater recharge over Europe and the Mediterranean." Geoscientific Model Development 8, no. 6 (June 11, 2015): 1729–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1729-2015.

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Abstract. Karst develops through the dissolution of carbonate rock and is a major source of groundwater contributing up to half of the total drinking water supply in some European countries. Previous approaches to model future water availability in Europe are either too-small scale or do not incorporate karst processes, i.e. preferential flow paths. This study presents the first simulations of groundwater recharge in all karst regions in Europe with a parsimonious karst hydrology model. A novel parameter confinement strategy combines a priori information with recharge-related observations (actual evapotranspiration and soil moisture) at locations across Europe while explicitly identifying uncertainty in the model parameters. Europe's karst regions are divided into four typical karst landscapes (humid, mountain, Mediterranean and desert) by cluster analysis and recharge is simulated from 2002 to 2012 for each karst landscape. Mean annual recharge ranges from negligible in deserts to > 1 m a−1 in humid regions. The majority of recharge rates range from 20 to 50% of precipitation and are sensitive to subannual climate variability. Simulation results are consistent with independent observations of mean annual recharge and significantly better than other global hydrology models that do not consider karst processes (PCR-GLOBWB, WaterGAP). Global hydrology models systematically under-estimate karst recharge implying that they over-estimate actual evapotranspiration and surface runoff. Karst water budgets and thus information to support management decisions regarding drinking water supply and flood risk are significantly improved by our model.

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Hartmann, A., T. Gleeson, R. Rosolem, F. Pianosi, Y. Wada, and T. Wagener. "A simulation model to assess groundwater recharge over Europe's karst regions." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 7, no. 6 (November 19, 2014): 7887–935. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-7-7887-2014.

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Abstract. Karst develops through the dissolution of carbonate rock and is a major source of groundwater contributing up to half of the total drinking water supply in some European countries. Previous approaches to model future water availability in Europe are either too-small scale or do not incorporate karst processes, i.e. preferential flow paths. This study presents the first simulations of groundwater recharge in all karst regions in Europe with a parsimonious karst hydrology model. A novel parameter confinement strategy combines a priori information with recharge-related observations (actual evapotranspiration and soil moisture) at locations across Europe while explicitly identifying uncertainty in the model parameters. Europe's karst regions are divided into 4 typical karst landscapes (humid, mountain, Mediterranean and desert) by cluster analysis and recharge is simulated from 2002 to 2012 for each karst landscape. Mean annual recharge ranges from negligible in deserts to > 1 m a−1 in humid regions. The majority of recharge rates ranges from 20–50% of precipitation and are sensitive to sub-annual climate variability. Simulation results are consistent with independent observations of mean annual recharge and significantly better than other global hydrology models that do not consider karst processes (PCR-GLOBWB, WaterGAP). Global hydrology models systematically underestimate karst recharge implying that they over-estimate actual evapotranspiration and surface runoff. Karst water budgets and thus information to support management decisions regarding drinking water supply and flood risk are significantly improved by our model.

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Sweeting, M. M., William B. White, and Elizabeth L. White. "Karst Hydrology. Concepts from the Mammoth Cave Area." Geographical Journal 156, no. 1 (March 1990): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/635453.

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Bonacci, Ognjen, Ivo Andrić, and Yosuke Yamashiki. "Hydrology of Blue Lake in the Dinaric karst." Hydrological Processes 28, no. 4 (February 27, 2013): 1890–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9736.

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Bonacci, Ognjen. "Karst hydrogeology/hydrology of dinaric chain and isles." Environmental Earth Sciences 74, no. 1 (September 13, 2014): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3677-8.

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35

Uomini, Natalie T. "Archaeology in karst areas areas." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementary Issues 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg_suppl/2016/00318.

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36

Moglen, Glenn E. "Hydrology and Impervious Areas." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 14, no. 4 (April 2009): 303–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0699(2009)14:4(303).

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37

Leeper, Ronnie, Rezaul Mahmood, and Arturo I. Quintanar. "Influence of Karst Landscape on Planetary Boundary Layer Atmosphere: A Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model–Based Investigation." Journal of Hydrometeorology 12, no. 6 (December 1, 2011): 1512–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jhm1260.1.

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Abstract Karst hydrology provides a unique set of surface and subsurface hydrological components that affect soil moisture variability. Over karst topography, surface moisture moves rapidly below ground via sink holes, vertical shafts, and sinking streams, reducing surface runoff and moisture infiltration into the soil. In addition, subsurface cave blockage or rapid snowmelt over karst can lead to surface flooding. Moreover, regions dominated by karst may exhibit either drier or wetter soils when compared to nonkarst landscape. However, because of the lack of both observational soil moisture datasets to initialize simulations and regional land surface models (LSMs) that include explicit karst hydrological processes, the impact of karst on atmospheric processes is not fully understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the importance of karst hydrology on planetary boundary layer (PBL) atmosphere using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF). This research is a first attempt to identify the impacts of karst on PBL. To model the influence of karst hydrology on atmospheric processes, soil moisture was modified systematically over the Western Kentucky Pennyroyal Karst (WKYPK) region to produce an ensemble of dry and wet anomaly experiments. Simulations were conducted for both frontal- and nonfrontal-based convection. For the dry ensemble, cloud cover was both diminished downwind of karst because of reduced atmospheric moisture and enhanced slightly upwind as moist air moved into a region of increased convection compared to control simulations (CTRL). Moreover, sensible (latent) heat flux and PBL heights were increased (decreased) compared to CTRL. In addition, the wet ensemble experiments reduced PBL heights and sensible heat flux and increased cloud cover over karst compared to CTRL. Other changes were noted in equivalent potential temperature (θe) and vertical motions and development of new mesoscale circulation cells with alterations in soil moisture over WKYPK. Finally, the location of simulated rainfall patterns were altered by both dry and wet ensembles with the greatest sensitivity to simulated rainfall occurring during weakly forced or nonfrontal cases. Simulated rainfall for the dry ensemble was more similar to the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) than CTRL for the nonfrontal case. Furthermore, the initial state of the atmosphere and convective triggers were found to either enhance or diminish simulated atmospheric responses.

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38

Waltham, A. C. "Hydrology and Engineering Geology of Sinkholes and Karst 1999." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 33, no. 4 (November 2000): 353.1–353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/qjegh.33.4.353.

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39

BLOOM, A. L. "Water-Formed Structures: Geomorphology and Hydrology of Karst Terrains." Science 243, no. 4898 (March 24, 1989): 1618–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.243.4898.1618-a.

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40

Delrieu, Guy, John Nicol, Eddy Yates, Pierre-Emmanuel Kirstetter, Jean-Dominique Creutin, Sandrine Anquetin, Charles Obled, et al. "The Catastrophic Flash-Flood Event of 8–9 September 2002 in the Gard Region, France: A First Case Study for the Cévennes–Vivarais Mediterranean Hydrometeorological Observatory." Journal of Hydrometeorology 6, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 34–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-400.1.

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Abstract The Cévennes–Vivarais Mediterranean Hydrometeorological Observatory (OHM-CV) is a research initiative aimed at improving the understanding and modeling of the Mediterranean intense rain events that frequently result in devastating flash floods in southern France. A primary objective is to bring together the skills of meteorologists and hydrologists, modelers and instrumentalists, researchers and practitioners, to cope with these rather unpredictable events. In line with previously published flash-flood monographs, the present paper aims at documenting the 8–9 September 2002 catastrophic event, which resulted in 24 casualties and an economic damage evaluated at 1.2 billion euros (i.e., about 1 billion U.S. dollars) in the Gard region, France. A description of the synoptic meteorological situation is first given and shows that no particular precursor indicated the imminence of such an extreme event. Then, radar and rain gauge analyses are used to assess the magnitude of the rain event, which was particularly remarkable for its spatial extent with rain amounts greater than 200 mm in 24 h over 5500 km2. The maximum values of 600–700 mm observed locally are among the highest daily records in the region. The preliminary results of the postevent hydrological investigation show that the hydrologic response of the upstream watersheds of the Gard and Vidourle Rivers is consistent with the marked space–time structure of the rain event. It is noteworthy that peak specific discharges were very high over most of the affected areas (5–10 m3 s−1 km−2) and reached locally extraordinary values of more than 20 m3 s−1 km−2. A preliminary analysis indicates contrasting hydrological behaviors that seem to be related to geomorphological factors, notably the influence of karst in part of the region. An overview of the ongoing meteorological and hydrological research projects devoted to this case study within the OHM-CV is finally presented.

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Fathoni, Wilda A., M. Widyastuti, Eko Haryono, Hendy Fatchurahman, and M. Ainul Labib. "Hydrological exploration in Karst Suaran, Berau, East Kalimantan, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 200 (2020): 06005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020006005.

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Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat is the karst region’s identity located on the Mangkalihat Peninsula, on the east side of Kalimantan island. Suaran Karst is a type of karst labyrinth, the typology of karst formed by dissolution in pathways fault, and the fault is more intensive in comparison with other regions. The hydrology expedition in the karst region of Suaran has several objectives, including conducting hydrological observations both briefly and periodically. The discovery of the hydrological and hydrogeological characteristics of the karst region. The various hydrological features found in the Suaran karst region are essential parameters that indicate the uniqueness and importance of the Suaran karst region. The results of the exploration of the karst region of Suaran, found 41 hydrological formations, including springs, pocket valleys, and doline..

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BEYNE, PHILIP VAN, VANDA CLAUDINO-SALES, SAULO ROBERTO DE OLIVEIRA VITAL, and DIEGO NUNES VALADARES. "KARST IN URBAN AREAS." William Morris Davis – Revista de Geomorfologia 2, no. 1 (July 15, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.48025/issn2675-6900.v2n1.2021.130.

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In its third edition, the “William Morris Davis – Journal of Geomorphology” presents its second interview with geographers, to head the “Interviews” section, which opens each published issue. This time, it is the first international interview, carried out with Professor Philip van Beynen, from the University of South Florida, in the United States. Professor Philip van Beynen was interviewed on the topic “Karst in Urban Areas”, and brings important data on the subject, with beautiful illustrations and with examples from all over the world. The interview took place on September 17, 2020, with the participation of Vanda de Claudino-Sales (Professor of the Academic Master in Geography at the State University of Vale do Acarau-UVA) and Saulo Roberto Oliveira Vital (Professor of the Department of Geography and the Post-Graduate Program in Geography at the Federal University of Paraiba - UFPB), and was transcribed by Diego Nunes Valadares, master's student on Geography at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte. Professor van Beynen was born in New Zealand, where he received his degree in Geography at the University of Auckland. He earned a master's degree from the same university, and a doctorate and post-doctorate from McMaster University, Canada. He has been a professor at the School of Geoscience at the University of South Florida since 2009, where he has been developing research related to different components of karst environments. The interview shows his great expertise on the subject, and is very much worth to be read and seen even for those who are not specialists in karst.

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43

Delina, Aija, Alise Babre, Konrads Popovs, Juris Sennikovs, and Baiba Grinberga. "Effects of karst processes on surface water and groundwater hydrology at Skaistkalne Vicinity, Latvia." Hydrology Research 43, no. 4 (February 7, 2012): 445–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2012.123.

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The Skaistkalne area in Latvia is one of the places where karst processes in gypsum strata occurs. The Iecava and Memele rivers border the area with extensive surface karst features such as sinkholes and karst lakes. Earlier investigations suggested a hydraulic connection between the Iecava and Memele rivers exists via the karst conduits due to the water level (WL) difference in the rivers. A set of methods was performed to study the possible connection: dye tracer was applied in the Iecava river and its occurrence was visually observed at the karst lakes and Memele river; the current velocity was measured and discharge of rivers calculated at several profiles; surface water and groundwater composition was studied involving in situ measurements of water pH and electrical conductivity, water sampling and chemical analysis of the water samples on the content of sulphates, calcium and magnesium ions. A numerical finite element 3D groundwater flow model was developed to assess the impact of WL changes in rivers to groundwater flow. The study showed that there is direct hydraulic connection between the rivers – water from the Iecava river flows to the Memele river. The groundwater discharge to the Memele river varies seasonally, and more intensive groundwater discharge is observed during the high season.

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44

Day, Michael. "Slope form, erosion, and hydrology in some Belizean Karst depressions." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 12, no. 5 (September 1987): 497–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290120507.

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45

Florea, Lee J., and H. L. Vacher. "Eogenetic Karst Hydrology: Insights from the 2004 Hurricanes, Peninsular Florida." Ground Water 45, no. 4 (July 2007): 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2007.00309.x.

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46

Akdim, Brahim. "Karst landscape and hydrology in Morocco: research trends and perspectives." Environmental Earth Sciences 74, no. 1 (March 14, 2015): 251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4254-5.

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47

Doerr, S. H. "Karst-like landforms and hydrology in quartzites of the Venezuelan Guyana shield: Pseudokarst or "real" karst?" Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 43, no. 1 (March 18, 1999): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/43/1999/1.

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Bárány-Kevei, Ilona, and Márton Kiss. "Biogeomorphological feedback in karst areas." Landscape & Environment 10, no. 3-4 (August 21, 2016): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21120/le/10/3-4/1.

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In the last decades, the research on ecosystem services have emerged in the field of geography. The negative impacts of human activities on the vulnerable karst areas are getting enforced quickly, which have an unfavourable influence on ecosystem service provision. On karstic areas, there are significant geographical processes, connected to biological activities. This issue is not adequately discussed in the current literature of karst ecology. In our study, we give an overview on the biogeomorphological feedbacks that change the functions and overall value of karst ecosystems.

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Ford, D. C. "Environmental change in karst areas." Environmental Geology 21, no. 3 (June 1993): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00775292.

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Zanini, Andrea, Alessandra Feo, Emma Petrella, and Fulvio Celico. "Groundwater Modelling in Karst Areas." Water 13, no. 6 (March 20, 2021): 854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13060854.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Hydrology of karst areas'

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