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Journal articles on the topic 'Hydrolysis-dehydration'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Wang, Bin, Chan-Juan Xia, Hong-Lin Fang, Wen-Jie Chen, Yong-Fan Zhang, and Xin Huang. "Mononuclear thorium halide clusters ThX4 (X = F, Cl): gas-phase hydrolysis reactions." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 32 (2018): 21184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp03071e.

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2

Manurung, R., H. Silalahi, O. Winda, and A. G. Siregar. "Synthesis of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural from Cassava (Manihot utilissima pohl) Peels through Dehydration Reaction using Deep Eutectic Solvent Based on Choline Chloride/Citric Acid." Asian Journal of Chemistry 33, no. 5 (2021): 1115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2021.22374.

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The high cellulose content in cassava peel has an opportunity to produce bio-based chemical products in 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) form. This study aimed to determine the optimum conditions of glucose dehydration reaction as a result of hydrolysis of the best cassava peel cellulose. The variables observed in this study were H2SO4 catalyst concentrations in the hydrolysis reaction, temperature and amount of deep eutectic solvents based on choline chloride/citric acid. The optimum dehydration reaction conditions in this study was the glucose:deep eutectic solvents mass ratio of 1:6 at the reaction temperature of 80 ºC. The highest yield of 64.50% at an initial glucose concentration of 5.70% using a 1.5% H2SO4 catalyst during the hydrolysis of cassava peel cellulose. The results obtained in this study indicated that addition of choline chloride/citric acid as deep eutectic solvent can increase the yield of 5-HMF.
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3

Ding, Qing, Xue Gang Luo, and Xiao Yan Lin. "Thermal Decomposition Characteristics of Mg (NO3)2·6H2O and MgCl2·6H2O Composite as Phase Change Material." Materials Science Forum 724 (June 2012): 425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.724.425.

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The thermal decomposition characteristics of Mg (NO3)2·H2O and MgCl2·6H2O composite were studied by integrated thermal analysis. Results show that there are five steps during the thermal decomposition of phase change material (PCM): the starting temperature of each step is 35.5°C, 93°C, 196°C, 260°C and 318°C, respectively. PCM was calcined at different temperatures at each decomposition step. The composition and morphology of the calcined product was characterized by XRD and SEM. Two major reactions including dehydration and hydrolysis occur in the thermal decomposition progress. Dehydration is the main process below 196 °C, while hydrolysis is predominant process when the temperature is higher than 196 °C.
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4

Morávek, Vladimír, and Miloš Kraus. "Kinetics of individual steps in reaction network ethanol-diethyl ether-ethylene-water on alumina." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 51, no. 4 (1986): 763–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19860763.

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The rates of single reactions have been measured at 250 °C in the complex reaction of ethanol dehydration to ethylene and to diethyl ether involving also hydrolysis of the ether, its disproportionation to ethanol and ethylene and its dehydration to ethylene. The found dependences of the initial reaction rates on partial pressures of the reactants were correlated by semiempirical Langmuir-Hinshelwood type rate equations.
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5

Xiong, Xinni, Iris K. M. Yu, Season S. Chen, et al. "Sulfonated biochar as acid catalyst for sugar hydrolysis and dehydration." Catalysis Today 314 (September 2018): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2018.02.034.

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6

Deutsch, John C. "Spontaneous Hydrolysis and Dehydration of Dehydroascorbic Acid in Aqueous Solution." Analytical Biochemistry 260, no. 2 (1998): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abio.1998.2700.

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7

Taniguchi, Takuya, Miri Nakamura, Koichi Tsutao, Kohei Otogawa, Yoshiyuki Ogino, and Toru Asahi. "Reformation of Thalidomide from Its Hydrolysis Compound via Intramolecular Dehydration." Chemistry Letters 50, no. 7 (2021): 1388–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.210099.

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8

Sharma, Neha, Lekha Charan Meher, Krishna Chandra, Mitesh Mittal, Sanjai Kumar Dwivedi, and Madhu Bala. "Synthesis of 2, 5 Dimethyl Furan from Renewable Lignocellulosic Biomass." Defence Life Science Journal 4, no. 2 (2019): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.4.12641.

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Renewable biomass resources could reduce the dependency on the fossil fuels by conversion of its lignocellulose into bio-fuels and other valuable chemicals. Depolymerisation of lignocellulose, hydrolysis of cellulose to monomer glucose and its subsequent dehydration results 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF). HMF is an important platform chemical for fuels and various other applications. The hydrogenation of HMF results 2, 5-dimethylfuran (DMF), which may be a biofuel with 40 per cent greater energy density than that of ethanol. The homogeneous catalytic method is preferred for lignocellulosic biomass conversion to cellulose, its hydrolysis and further dehydration to HMF. The Cu-Ru/C and related catalysts are preferred for hydrogenation of HMD to 2, 5-dimethylfuran. This review is an attempt to summarise the current research and developments in the field of lignocellulose derived HMF and further conversion to DMF as a potential biofuel.
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9

Kristiani, Anis, Kiky Corneliasari Sembiring, Haznan Abimanyu, and Fauzan Aulia. "HIDROLISIS LIGNOSELULOSA PELEPAH DAN TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT DENGAN KATALIS ZIRKONIA TERSULFATASI." Jurnal Kimia Terapan Indonesia 15, no. 2 (2013): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jkti.v15i2.112.

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Lignocellulosic biomass which are frond and empty fruit bunches (EFB) is second generation raw material for ethanol production. Lignocellulose usage is expected to create a green process. Utilization of lignocellulose materials into ethanol involved four main processes, i.e pretreatment, hydrolysis/sacharification, fermentation, distillation and dehydration ethanol that was product. This research aims to optimize hydrolysis process of EFB and frond by using sulfated zirconia catalyst characterized its physical and chemical properties as a solid acid catalyst. Catalytic hydrolysis process conducted at 160 DCfor 3 hours gave the highest TRS (Total Reducing Sugar) which is 17,51 % for EFB while for frondfor 2 hours which is 19,23 % .Keyword: Hydrolysis, solid acid catalyst, lignocellulose, frond, EFB, sulfated zirconia
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10

Xue, Shoufeng, Wenyuan Wu, Xue Bian, and Yongfu Wu. "Dehydration, hydrolysis and oxidation of cerium chloride heptahydrate in air atmosphere." Journal of Rare Earths 35, no. 11 (2017): 1156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jre.2017.06.001.

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11

Higo, Akiyoshi, Hiroshi Katoh, Kazuko Ohmori, Masahiko Ikeuchi, and Masayuki Ohmori. "The role of a gene cluster for trehalose metabolism in dehydration tolerance of the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120." Microbiology 152, no. 4 (2006): 979–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.28583-0.

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Expression of the genes for trehalose synthesis (mts and mth, encoding maltooligosyl trehalose synthase and hydrolase) and trehalose hydrolysis (treH) in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 was up-regulated markedly upon dehydration. However, the amount of trehalose accumulated during dehydration was small, whereas a large amount of sucrose was accumulated. Northern blotting analysis revealed that these genes were transcribed as an operon. Gene disruption of mth resulted in a decrease in the trehalose level and in tolerance during dehydration. In contrast, gene disruption of treH resulted in an increase in both the amount of trehalose and tolerance. These results suggest that trehalose is important for the dehydration tolerance of this cyanobacterium. The amount of trehalose accumulated during dehydration was small, corresponding to 0·05–0·1 % of dry weight, suggesting that trehalose did not stabilize proteins and membranes directly during dehydration. To reveal the role of trehalose, the expression profiles of the wild-type strain and gene disruptants during dehydration were compared by using oligomeric DNA microarray. It was found that the expression of two genes, one of which encodes a cofactor of a chaperone DnaK, correlated with trehalose content, suggesting that a chaperone system induced by trehalose is important for the dehydration tolerance of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120.
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12

Han, Yiping, Shunsuke Watanabe, Hiroshi Shimada та Atsushi Sakamoto. "Dynamics of the leaf endoplasmic reticulum modulate β-glucosidase-mediated stress-activated ABA production from its glucosyl ester". Journal of Experimental Botany 71, № 6 (2019): 2058–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz528.

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Abstract The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is produced via a multistep de novo biosynthesis pathway or via single-step hydrolysis of inactive ABA-glucose ester (ABA-GE). The hydrolysis reaction is catalyzed by β-glucosidase (BG, or BGLU) isoforms localized to various organelles, where they become activated upon stress, but the mechanisms underlying this organelle-specific activation remain unclear. We investigated the relationship between the subcellular distribution and stress-induced activation of BGLU18 (BG1), an endoplasmic reticulum enzyme critical for abiotic stress responses, in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. High BGLU18 levels were present in leaf petioles, primarily in endoplasmic reticulum bodies. These Brassicaceae-specific endoplasmic reticulum-derived organelles responded dynamically to abiotic stress, particularly drought-induced dehydration, by changing in number and size. Under stress, BGLU18 distribution shifted toward microsomes, which was accompanied by increasing BGLU18-mediated ABA-GE hydrolytic activity and ABA levels in leaf petioles. Under non-stress conditions, impaired endoplasmic reticulum body formation caused a microsomal shift of BGLU18 and increased its enzyme activity; however, ABA levels increased only under stress, probably because ABA-GE is supplied to the endoplasmic reticulum only under these conditions. Loss of BGLU18 delayed dehydration-induced ABA accumulation, suggesting that ABA-GE hydrolysis precedes the biosynthesis. We propose that dynamics of the endoplasmic reticulum modulate ABA homeostasis and abiotic stress responses by activating BGLU18-mediated ABA-GE hydrolysis.
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13

Cespi, D., F. Passarini, G. Mastragostino, et al. "Glycerol as feedstock in the synthesis of chemicals: a life cycle analysis for acrolein production." Green Chemistry 17, no. 1 (2015): 343–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4gc01497a.

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Three synthetic routes to obtain acrolein are compared, from a life cycle point of view: one by propylene oxidation and two by the dehydration of glycerol, obtained as a co-product either in triglyceride transesterification to FAME or in hydrolysis to fatty acids.
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14

Taketo, Akira, and Yoriko Taketo. "Reactivation of Streptolysin S by Oligonucleotide." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 42, no. 5 (1987): 599–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1987-0517.

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Abstract Oligonucleotide-streptolysin S complex inactivated by alkali treatment remains nonhemolytic, even after acidification and mixing with intact carrier oligonucleotide rich in guanyl residue. Upon dehydration, how ever, the inactive streptolysin S-oligonucleotide mixture turned to be hemolytic, and this reactivation of the hem olysin was promoted by treatment with guanidine hydrochloride. After alkaline hydrolysis, streptolysin S was freed from nucleotide moiety, by gel filtration through a Sephadex G -50 column. From this nonhemolytic apotoxin as well, active streptolysin S complex was reconstructed upon dehydration with the carrier.
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15

Catrinck, Mariana N., Sebastiano Campisi, Paolo Carniti, Reinaldo F. Teófilo, Filippo Bossola, and Antonella Gervasini. "Phosphate Enrichment of Niobium-Based Catalytic Surfaces in Relation to Reactions of Carbohydrate Biomass Conversion: The Case Studies of Inulin Hydrolysis and Fructose Dehydration." Catalysts 11, no. 9 (2021): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11091077.

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In this work, some physical mixtures of Nb2O5·nH2O and NbOPO4 were prepared to study the role of phosphate groups in the total acidity of samples and in two reactions involving carbohydrate biomass: hydrolysis of polyfructane and dehydration of fructose/glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). The acid and catalytic properties of the mixtures were dominated by the phosphate group enrichment. Lewis and Brønsted acid sites were detected by FT-IR experiments with pyridine adsorption/desorption under dry and wet conditions. Lewis acidity decreased with NbP in the composition, while total acidity of the samples, measured by titrations with phenylethylamine in cyclohexane (~3.5 μeq m−2) and water (~2.7 μeq m−2), maintained almost the same values. Inulin conversion took advantage of the presence of surfaces rich in Brønsted sites, and NbOPO4 showed the best hydrolysis activity with glucose/fructose formation. The catalyst with a more phosphated surface showed less deactivation during the dehydration of fructose/glucose into HMF.
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16

Yates, Peter, Stephen P. Douglas, Sushil K. Datta, and Jeffrey F. Sawyer. "Bridged-ring steroids. V. The total synthesis of 1,4-methano steroids by a modified Torgov sequence." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 66, no. 9 (1988): 2268–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v88-360.

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The Diels–Alder adduct, 17, of cyclopentadiene and 2-methoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone was reduced with sodium borohydride to the ketol 18, whose acetate 19 was further reduced with zinc amalgam to the monoketone 20. Reaction of 20 with vinyllithium gave the allylic alcohol 21, which underwent very ready dehydration with rearrangement to give the tricyclic enol ether 27, which was hydrolyzed to ketone 28a. Hydrogenation of 19 gave the dihydro product 30, which was reduced with zinc amalgam to the ketone 31. Treatment of the latter with vinyllithium gave the allylic alcohol 32. This was more stable than its analogue 21, but underwent hydrolysis and dehydration to the dienone 33. Treatment of 32 with 2-methyl-1,3-cyclo-pentanedione (5) in the presence of Triton B gave the tricyclic intermediate 35, its hydrolysis product 36, and the hydroxy derivative of the latter, 37. In the absence of base, 32 and 5 gave largely product 36. Hydrogenation of 36 gave the dihydro product 38, which on treatment with methanolic potassium hydroxide gave (±)-(1β,4β,5β,8α,9β,10β,13β,14β)-14-hydroxy-1,4-methanoandrostane-7,17-dione (39). Dehydration of 39 with p-toluenesulfonic acid gave first (±)-(1β,4β,5β,9β,10β,13β)-1,4-methanoandrost-8(14)-ene-7,17-dione (40), which was converted in turn to (±)-(1β,4β,5β,8α,9β,10β,13β,14β)-1,4-methanoandrost-15-ene-7,17-dione (41). Similar dehydration of 36 gave (±)-(1β,4β,5β,10β,13β,14β)-1,4-methanoandrosta-8,15-diene-7,17-dione (45).
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17

Kim, R. P. T., M. N. Khan, S. Y. Liew, and K. Awang. "Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies of Acidic Hydrolysis of Goniothalamin." Asian Journal of Chemistry 33, no. 5 (2021): 1176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2021.23158.

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The acidic hydrolysis of goniothalamin was studied on the spectrophotometric kinetic study at different concentration of hydrochloric acid and temperature to determine the stability of the compound. Stability tests were performed using UV-VIS detection. This is a two-step reaction that involves formation of intermediate product. Rate constant of reactant forming intermediate product obeyed pseudo-first-order kinetic, while the second step to form final product is independent on the concentration of HCl. The structure of final products was identified by NMR and MS. The acidic hydrolysis pathway was proposed to involve the opening of lactone ring, followed by dehydration and formation of a double bond.
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18

Özbilen, Deniz, Bernhard Beile, and Herbert Meier. "Formation and Fragmentation of 4-Diazo-1,2-diphenyl-3-oxo-butyl Acetate." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 68, no. 1 (2013): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5560/znb.2013-2271.

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threo-4-Diazo-1,2-diphenyl-3-oxo-butyl acetate (15) could be prepared via the classical route 6→8→10→12→13→15. However, its alkaline hydrolysis to the bifunctional hydroxy compound 17 led to a spontaneous dehydration to the diazoketone (E)-18 and to a fragmentation to acetic acid, benzaldehyde (8) and diazoketone 19.
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19

Waring, P. "The Synthesis of 6-Aminomethyl-5,6,7,8-Tetrahydropterin." Australian Journal of Chemistry 41, no. 5 (1988): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9880667.

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6-Aminomethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin has been prepared by reduction of 2-acetamido-6-cyanopteridin-4(3H)-one* to 2-acetamido-6-aminomethyl- 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one followed by acid hydrolysis. The hitherto undescribed 6-cyanopterin was prepared by careful hydrolysis of the 2-acetamido compound prepared by dehydration of the oxime derived from 2-acetamido-6-formylpteridin-4(3H)-one. The latter was prepared by selenium dioxide oxidation of the methyl compound. Oxidation of 6-aminomethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin at neutral pH appears to proceed with significant side-chain loss in Tris buffer but not in phosphate buffer.
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20

Chunfa, Liao, Xu Zhenxin, Zou Jianbai, and Jiang Pinguoo. "Hydrolysis Mechanism of Bismuth in Chlorine Salt System Calculated by Density Functional Method." Revista de Chimie 71, no. 6 (2020): 178–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.20.6.8182.

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Based on the density functional theory, this paper presents the calculated cellular electronic properties of BiCl3, BiOCl and Bi3O4Cl, including unit cell energy, band structure, total density of states, partial density of states, Mulliken population, overlapping population, etc. Combined with the thermodynamic analysis of Bi3+ hydrolysis process in chlorine salt system, the conversion mechanism of oxychloride bond in BiCl3 to form BiOCl and Bi3O4Cl by hydrolysis, ethanololysis and ethylene glycol alcohololysis was obtained by infrared spectroscopy. The results indicate that the energy of Bi3O4Cl cell system was lower than that of BiOCl cell, indicating that the structure of Bi3O4Cl was more stable. From the analysis of bond fluctuation, the electron nonlocality in BiOCl belt was relatively large, and the orbital expansibility was strong; thus the structure of BiOCl was relatively active. The state density map of Bi3O4Cl had the widest energy gap, i.e., the covalent bond between Bi3O4Cl was stronger than BiOCl. Therefore, the hydrolysis of BiCl3 would preferentially generate Bi3O4Cl with a more stable structure. The number of charge arrangement, overlapping population and infrared spectrogram indicate that there were two basic ways in the hydrolysis and alcoholysis of BiCl3. Firstly, two chlorine atoms in BiCl3 were replaced by hydroxyl groups ionized by water and alcohol to form [Bi(OH)2Cl] monomer, and BiOCl and Bi3O4Cl were formed by intra-molecular dehydration or inter-molecular dehydration. The other way was that the Bi atom directly reacted with the OH ionized by water and alcohol to form the [Bi-OH] monomer, and the Cl atom replaced the H atom on the hydroxyl group in the [Bi-OH] monomer to further form BiOCl and Bi3O4Cl.
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21

Zhang, Zhimin, Xuchen Lu, Yan Yan, and Tizhuang Wang. "The dehydration of MgCl2·6H2O by inhibition of hydrolysis and conversion of hydrolysate." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 138 (March 2019): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2018.12.014.

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22

Manurung, Renita, Oktavianna Winda, Herianto Silalahi, and Alwi Gery Agustan Siregar. "Production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Derived Cassava Peels Using Deep Eutectic Solvent Based Choline Chloride." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 53 (March 2021): 190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.53.190.

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The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuel as potential sources of transportation fuels, and for being both non-toxic and biodegradable. 5- Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) has been discovered to be a precursor for biofuel production and can be produced from biomass, which is readily available, renewable, and sustainable. Cellulose content in cassava peels is an opportunity to produce bio-based chemical products called 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. This study aims to determine the proper condition of glucose dehydration reaction of cassava peels hydrolysis. The optimum condition of dehydration reaction in this study was a glucose mass ratio: deep eutectic solvent of 1:6 and a reaction temperature of 80 ᵒC and the highest yield of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural using deep eutectic solvents (DES) based on choline chloride/oxalic acid was 70.22% and using DES based on choline chloride/oxalic acid was 64.50% at 5.70% glucose initial concentration using 1.5% H2SO4 catalyst on hydrolysis reaction cellulose of cassava peels. Physicochemical properties of deep eutectic solvents (DES) were pH of 5.8, density of 1.1574 gr/cm3 and viscosity of 119.33 cP. The results in this study indicate that the addition of DES choline chloride/oxalic acid can increase the yield of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural obtained.
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23

Vašutová, Iveta, Milan Králik, and Milan Hronec. "Kinetics of Catalytic Dehydration of 1-Pentanol." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 58, no. 8 (1993): 1874–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19931874.

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Kinetic data of 1-pentanol dehydration on γ-alumina catalyst modified by potassium hydroxide were obtained using a continuous reactor with an internal recirculation. The conversion of 1-pentanol on this catalyst in the temperature range 300 - 390 °C and space velocity 1 - 8 kg (h kg)-1 (molar fraction of water in the feed was in the range 0 - 0.56) was 50 - 98% and the selectivity with respect to 1-pentene was 50 - 84%. The following six reactions have been taken into account to describe the catalytic dehydration of 1-pantanol: direct formation of 1-pentene from 1-pentanol, formation of bis(1-pentyl) ether from 1-pentanol, disproportionation of the ether to 1-pentanol and 1-pentene, formation of 1-pentene from the ether, isomerization of 1-pentene to 2-pentene and hydrolysis of the ether to 1-pentanol. Treatment of experimental data by Langmuir-Hinshelwood models showed that the model involving adsorption of 1-pentanol accompanied by dissociation is the most suitable one.
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24

Mengstie, Moges Admasie, and Nigus Gabbiye Habtu. "Synthesis and Characterization of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural from Corncob Using Solid Sulfonated Carbon Catalyst." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2020 (August 5, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8886361.

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5-Hydroxymethylfurfural as a versatile organic compound is considered as a promising biomass-derived product via hydrolysis followed by dehydration of lignocellulosic biomass using solid catalysts. In this study, lignocellulosic materials (corncob) were utilized to synthesize 5-hydroxymethylfurfural via solid acid catalytic conversion. The precursor of the catalyst material was chemically impregnated with ZnCl2 prior to carbonization. The solid catalyst was prepared with three different acid concentrations of 98%, 96%, and 94% of sulfuric acid. The prepared catalyst was characterized by acid density elemental analysis, FTIR, XRD, and SEM. The maximum result of the total acid density and amount of SO3H group was recorded as 3.5 mmol/g and 0.61 mmol/g, respectively, with high sulfur content of 1.87%. The result from FTIR spectra of BC-SO3H−1 confirms the incorporation of -SO3H groups into the carbon material. BC-SO3H−1 was selected based on the acid density and elemental analysis of the catalyst. The activity of the selected catalyst (BC-SO3H−1) was studied on the transformation of corncob to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural using biphasic solvent (water: ethyl acetate) and NaCl in the reaction medium. The intermediate result in the hydrolysis\dehydration reaction was analyzed using FTIR and the functional groups observed confirm the occurrence of 5-HMF in the intermediate reaction result.
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25

Ramesh, Sivarajan, Israel Felner, Yuri Koltypin, and Aharon Gedanken. "Reaction Pathways at the Iron–microspherical Silica Interface: Mechanistic Aspects of the Formation of Target Iron Oxide Phases." Journal of Materials Research 15, no. 4 (2000): 944–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2000.0135.

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Oxidative hydrolysis of elemental iron nanoclusters on hydroxylated surfaces such as silica or alumina is known to be influenced by the degree of hydration of the surface. The understanding and control of this process is crucial in the synthesis of iron oxide coated silica microspheres with a desired magnetic property. The hydrolysis of iron nanoparticles followed by heat treatment in the case of a hydrated microspherical silica surface results in the formation of maghemite (γ–Fe2O3), whereas a dehydrated surface yielded hematite (α–Fe2O3) nanoparticles. The influence of adsorbed water on the formation of intermediate iron oxides/oxidehydroxides and the mechanistic aspects of their subsequent thermal dehydration iron oxide phases were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared, and Mössbauer spectroscopies. The reactions on both the hydrated and the dehydrated surfaces were found to proceed through the formation of an x-ray amorphous lepidocrocite [γ–FeO(OH)] intermediate and its subsequent dehydration to maghemite (γ–Fe2O3). Maghemite to hematite transformation was readily facilitated only on a dry silica surface. The retardation of the lepidocrocite →maghemite →hematite transformation in the case of a hydrated silica surface is suggested to arise from strong hydrogen-bonded interactions between the substrate silica and the adsorbed nanoparticles.
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26

Mäki-Arvela, Päivi, Eero Salminen, Toni Riittonen, Pasi Virtanen, Narendra Kumar, and Jyri-Pekka Mikkola. "The Challenge of Efficient Synthesis of Biofuels from Lignocellulose for Future Renewable Transportation Fuels." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/674761.

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Dehydration of sugars to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) has recently been under intensive study by a multitude of research groups. On the other hand, when lignocellulosic biomass is applied as the starting material, very few studies can be found in the open literature. The direct synthesis of HMF, in line with the idea of “one-pot” synthesis strategy from lignocellulose, is demanding since the overall process should encompass dissolution, hydrolysis, and dehydration steps in a single processing unit. Ionic liquid-assisted methods to produce hydroxymethyl-furfural directly from lignocellulosic biomass are reported here together with a short overview of the most important biofuels. In reality, HMF is not suitable to be used as a single-component fuel as such, and, consequently, methods to produce HMF derivatives suitable as liquid fuels are reported.
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27

Uhm, Young Rang, Geun Hee Lee, J. H. Park, Wheung Whoe Kim, and Chang Kyu Rhee. "Study of Phase Transformation of Nano Al2O3 Compacts Derived by Hydrolysis and Subsequent Thermal Sintering of Al Powders." Materials Science Forum 449-452 (March 2004): 1129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.449-452.1129.

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Al2O3 compacts with various phases were prepared by hydrolysis and spark plasma sintering (SPS) process of Al powder. The bayerite (-Al(OH)3) phase was derived by hydrolysis of commercial Al powder with micron size, whereas the bohemite (AlO(OH)) phase was obtained by hydrolysis of nano Al powder synthesized by pulsed wire evaporation (PWE) method. Compaction as well as dehydration of both bayerite and bohemite was carried out simultaneously by SPS method, which is used to fabricate nano powder into dense compacts with a rapid heating rate of about 100 °C per min. under the pressure of 50 MPa. After compaction in the temperature ranges from 350 °C to 1100 °C, the bayerite and bohemite phases change into various alumina phases depending on the compaction temperatures. The bayerite shows the phase transition of Al(OH)3 -Al2O3 -Al2O3 -Al2O3 sequences. On the other hand, the bohemite experiences the phase transition from AlO(OH) to -Al2O3 at 350 °C showing AlO(OH) -Al2O3 -Al2O3 -Al2O3 -Al2O3 sequences.
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Han, Seong Kuk, Eun Suk Jang, Se yong Park, et al. "Evaluation of Dehydration Effect by Deaeration Process of Sludge Pre-treatment (Thermal Hydrolysis) Reactants." Journal of Korea Society of Waste Management 34, no. 2 (2017): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.9786/kswm.2017.34.2.199.

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Бутенко, Анатолий Николаевич, Николай Андреевич Блинков, and Анна Александровна Юрченко. "Influence on hydrolysis products of adsorbent on its ability for low-polar liquids dehydration." Technology audit and production reserves 2, no. 1(16) (2014): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2312-8372.2014.23434.

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30

Kluger, Ronald, and John C. Hunt. "Carboxylic acid participation in amide hydrolysis. Competition between acid-catalyzed dehydration and anhydride formation." Journal of the American Chemical Society 111, no. 15 (1989): 5921–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00197a062.

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31

Hussain, Saad, Benjamin Paul Brookbank, and Eiji Nambara. "Hydrolysis of abscisic acid glucose ester occurs locally and quickly in response to dehydration." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 6 (2020): 1753–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa026.

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This article comments on: Han Y, Watanabe S, Shimada H, Sakamoto A. 2020. Dynamics of the leaf endoplasmic reticulum modulate β-glucosidase-mediated stress-activated ABA production from its glucosyl ester. Journal of Experimental Botany 71, 2058–2071.
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32

Kirsh, Y., S. Yariv, and S. Shoval. "Kinetic analysis of thermal dehydration and hydrolysis of MgCl2·6H2O by DTA and TG." Journal of Thermal Analysis 32, no. 2 (1987): 393–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01912692.

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33

Shoval, Shlomo, Shmuel Yariv, and Yoram Kirsh. "The study of thermal dehydration and hydrolysis of MgBr2·6HoH by DTA and TG." Thermochimica Acta 133 (October 1988): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(88)87168-5.

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34

Brazdausks, Prans, Nikolajs Vedernikovs, Maris Puke, and Irena Kruma. "Effect of the Acid Hydrolysis Temperature on the Conversion of Birch Wood Hemicelluloses into Furfural." Key Engineering Materials 604 (March 2014): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.604.245.

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In this study, a new dilute sulphuric acid hydrolysis method was used for hemicelluloses secession from birch wood. The furfural extraction was investigated at different process temperatures (132°C ‑ 162°C, increasing it by 5°C) and at constant amount of catalyst 3.0%, calculated on oven‑dried wood. The greatest amount of furfural 11.09%, which is 75.6% from the theoretical possible yield, was formed at temperature 147°C after 90 min from the beginning of the birch wood pentoses monosaccharides dehydration process.
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35

Mendieta, Carolina Mónica, Rocío Elizabet Cardozo, Fernando Esteban Felissia, Nicolás Martín Clauser, María Evangelina Vallejos, and María Cristina Area. "Bioconversion of wood waste to bio-ethylene: A review." BioResources 16, no. 2 (2021): 4411–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.2.mendieta.

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Bio-based ethylene produced by bioethanol dehydration is an environmentally friendly substitute for oil-based ethylene. It is a low-pollution raw material that can be used to produce high-value bio-based materials. Currently, some industrial plants use first-generation (1G) bioethanol to produce bio-ethylene. However, second-generation (2G) bioethanol is not currently used to produce bio-ethylene because the manufacturing processes are not optimized. The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to bio-ethylene involves pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis of carbohydrates, the fermentation of sugars to ethanol, ethanol recovery by distillation, and ethanol dehydration to ethylene. This work presents a review of second-generation (2G) bio-ethylene production, analyzing the stages of the process, possible derivatives, uses, and applications. This review also contains technical, economic, and environmental considerations in the possible installation of a biorefinery in the northeast region of Argentina (NEA).
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Jiang, Jing Zhi, Pei Ying Peng, Hai Ting Cui, and Zhi Yi Li. "Preparation and Characterization of ZrO2 Nano-Particles by Supercritical Hydrolysis Process." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 979–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.979.

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ZrO2 nano-particles were successfully prepared by supercritical hydrolysis in two steps (hydrolysis and dehydration) and were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser particle-size analyzer. The influences of operation parameters, including operation pressure and temperature, CO2 total flow and ratio of CO2 branch flow, on the particles were investigated experimentally. The results show that average particle size increases with the increase of the operation temperature, while it decreases with the increase of the operation pressure and the CO2 total flow. The smallest particles with average diameter of 793nm can be prepared under the condition: operation temperature and pressure of 50°C and 8MPa, CO2 total flow of 30 standard cubic centimeter per Minute and ratio of CO2 branch flow of 3.
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37

Wei, Xiang, Ozan Ugurlu, and Mufit Akinc. "Hydrolysis of ?-Tricalcium Phosphate in Simulated Body Fluid and Dehydration Behavior During the Drying Process." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 90, no. 8 (2007): 2315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.01682.x.

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38

Smeets, B., E. Iype, S. V. Nedea, H. A. Zondag, and C. C. M. Rindt. "A DFT based equilibrium study on the hydrolysis and the dehydration reactions of MgCl2 hydrates." Journal of Chemical Physics 139, no. 12 (2013): 124312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4822001.

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39

Judge, W., and G. J. Kipouros. "Prediction of hydrogen chloride pressure to avoid hydrolysis in dehydration of dysprosium trichloride hexahydrate (DyCl3.6H2O)." Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 52, no. 3 (2013): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1879139513y.0000000082.

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40

Lima, Sérgio, Margarida M. Antunes, Martyn Pillinger, and Anabela A. Valente. "Ionic Liquids as Tools for the Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis/Dehydration of Saccharides to Furanic Aldehydes." ChemCatChem 3, no. 11 (2011): 1686–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201100105.

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41

Piao, Xiang Min, Yue Huo, Jong Pyo Kang, et al. "Diversity of Ginsenoside Profiles Produced by Various Processing Technologies." Molecules 25, no. 19 (2020): 4390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194390.

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Ginseng is a traditional medicinal herb commonly consumed world-wide owing to its unique family of saponins called ginsenosides. The absorption and bioavailability of ginsenosides mainly depend on an individual’s gastrointestinal bioconversion abilities. There is a need to improve ginseng processing to predictably increase the pharmacologically active of ginsenosides. Various types of ginseng, such as fresh, white, steamed, acid-processed, and fermented ginsengs, are available. The various ginseng processing methods produce a range ginsenoside compositions with diverse pharmacological properties. This review is intended to summarize the properties of the ginsenosides found in different Panax species as well as the different processing methods. The sugar moiety attached to the C–3, C–6, or C–20 deglycosylated to produce minor ginsenosides, such as Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd→Rg3, F2, Rh2; Re, Rf→Rg1, Rg2, F1, Rh1. The malonyl-Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd were demalonylated into ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd by dehydration. Dehydration also produces minor ginsenosides such as Rg3→Rk1, Rg5, Rz1; Rh2→Rk2, Rh3; Rh1→Rh4, Rk3; Rg2→Rg6, F4; Rs3→Rs4, Rs5; Rf→Rg9, Rg10. Acetylation of several ginsenosides may generate acetylated ginsenosides Rg5, Rk1, Rh4, Rk3, Rs4, Rs5, Rs6, and Rs7. Acid processing methods produces Rh1→Rk3, Rh4; Rh2→Rk1, Rg5; Rg3→Rk2, Rh3; Re, Rf, Rg2→F1, Rh1, Rf2, Rf3, Rg6, F4, Rg9. Alkaline produces Rh16, Rh3, Rh1, F4, Rk1, ginsenoslaloside-I, 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rh1-60-acetate, 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh19, zingibroside-R1 through hydrolysis, hydration addition reactions, and dehydration. Moreover, biological processing of ginseng generates the minor ginsenosides of Rg3, F2, Rh2, CK, Rh1, Mc, compound O, compound Y through hydrolysis reactions, and synthetic ginsenosides Rd12 and Ia are produced through glycosylation. This review with respect to the properties of particular ginsenosides could serve to increase the utilization of ginseng in agricultural products, food, dietary supplements, health supplements, and medicines, and may also spur future development of novel highly functional ginseng products through a combination of various processing methods.
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42

Shiotani, Akinori. "Synthese und Charakterisierung von cis- und trans-Dicyclohexyl-3,3′,4,4′- tetracarbonsäuren und ihren Dianhydriden / Syntheses and Characterization of cis- and trans-Dicyclohexyl-3,3′,4,4′- tetracarboxylic Acids and their Dianhydrides." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 56, no. 2 (2001): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2001-0210.

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Abstract cis- and trans-Dicyclohexyl-3,3′,4,4′-tetracarboxylic acid and their dianhydrides were prepared from tetramethyl dicyclohexyl-3,3′,4,4′-tetra-carboxylates by hydrolysis and subsequent dehydration. The trans dianhydride 2b was found to be sensitive to temperature. However, once the imide ring is formed in the reaction with an amine, the model compound is thermostable. The products were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, and also by two-dimensional COSY spectroscopy. In the hydrolysis of cis-tetramethyl dicyclohexyl-3,3′,4,4′-tetracarboxylates in steam under high-pressure, trans-dicyclohexyl-3,3′,4,4′-tetracarboxylic acid was formed, while the treatment of cis-dicyclohexyl-3,3′,4,4′-tetracarboxylic acid in steam under high-pressure afforded also trans-dicyclohexyl-3,3′,4,4′-tetracarboxylic acid. In a deuterium tracer experiment of cis-1a, the 3,3′,4,4′-tetradeuterated dicyclohexyl-3,3′,4,4′-tetracarboxylic acid 2a was formed. An isomerization mechanism was postulated from this findings.
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43

Gromov, Nikolay V., Tatiana B. Medvedeva, Oxana P. Taran, et al. "Hydrothermal Solubilization–Hydrolysis–Dehydration of Cellulose to Glucose and 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Over Solid Acid Carbon Catalysts." Topics in Catalysis 61, no. 18-19 (2018): 1912–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11244-018-1049-4.

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44

Morávek, Vladimír, Miloš Kraus, L. V. Malysheva, E. A. Paukshtis, and E. N. Yurchenko. "IR study of dynamic bahaviour of 2-propanol on alumina." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 53, no. 3 (1988): 459–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19880459.

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Dynamic behavior of surface complexes of 2-propanol on aluminia during adsorption and dehydration was studied using IR spectroscopy. Good agreement was found between the first-order rate constants of alkene formation in pulse-flow experiments and that of disapearance of a reactive surface complex. It was shown that the simple surface alkoxide 2-Pr-O-Al remains on the surface constant temperature, but it can be completely removed by hydrolysis, or by heating up to 200 °C. The surface carboxylates are formed very slowly and are stable even in the presence of water vapour at 300 °C.
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45

Zhao, Rongwen, Zhongyang Liu, Tongjun Liu, and Liping Tan. "Pyrolysis behaviors, kinetics, and byproducts of enzymatic hydrolysis residues for lignocellulosic biorefining." BioResources 16, no. 2 (2021): 2626–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.2.2626-2643.

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Enzymatic hydrolysis residues (EHR) are the solid wastes from enzymatic hydrolysis and/or fermentation of the cellulosic bioethanol industry. These byproducts have not been effectively used. Thermogravimetric analysis with infrared spectroscopy (TG-IR) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) were used to quantify the pyrolytic bioenergy potential of EHR with alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) and bisulfite (BSF) pretreatment through assessing their pyrolysis behaviors, kinetics, and byproducts. The TG-IR analysis showed that the EHR pyrolysis temperature range was 180 °C to 620 °C and consisted of three consecutive stages: dehydration, rapid pyrolysis, and carbonization. The main volatile products evolved from the EHR pyrolysis were CO, CO2, H2O, and CH4. Fast pyrolysis results from Py-GC/MS indicated that the main pyrolytic byproducts of EHR were phenols (30.68%), furans (14.27%), and acids (8.52%) for AHP-EHR; and phenols (26.75%), furans (15.54%), and acids (10.33%) for BSF-EHR. The results provide insights for expanding the potential of bioenergy and increasing the value-added byproducts based on the biomass part of EHR.
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46

Feng, Jia Xuan, Hong Jun Zang, Qing Yan, Ming Gaung Li, and Bo Wen Cheng. "Conversion of Chitosan into 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural via Hydrothermal Synthesis." Advanced Materials Research 1095 (March 2015): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1095.411.

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5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) was produced from chitosan by a simple one-pot reaction including hydrolysis and dehydration in the presence of various ionic liquids and Lewis acids. Optimization of the reaction parameters including the screening of different catalysts, the effects of reaction time, temperature was investigated. The optimal reaction conditions are found to be 5 wt.% 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([BMIM][HSO4] ) aqueous solution and 100 mol% AlCl3•6H2O as cooperating catalyst, at 180 °C for 5 h under hydrothermal condition. HMF can be obtained in 25.2 % yield. More importantly, the catalysts can be recycled and exhibited constant activity for 5 successive trials.
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47

Zhou, Qishun, Bao Vu Ngoc, Grazyna Leszczynska, Jean-Luc Stigliani, and Geneviève Pratviel. "Oxidation of 5-methylaminomethyl uridine (mnm5U) by Oxone Leads to Aldonitrone Derivatives." Biomolecules 8, no. 4 (2018): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom8040145.

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Oxidative RNA damage is linked to cell dysfunction and diseases. The present work focuses on the in vitro oxidation of 5-methylaminomethyl uridine (mnm5U), which belongs to the numerous post-transcriptional modifications that are found in tRNA. The reaction of oxone with mnm5U in water at pH 7.5 leads to two aldonitrone derivatives. They form by two oxidation steps and one dehydration step. Therefore, the potential oxidation products of mnm5U in vivo may not be only aldonitrones, but also hydroxylamine and imine derivatives (which may be chemically more reactive). Irradiation of aldonitrone leads to unstable oxaziridine derivatives that are susceptible to isomerization to amide or to hydrolysis to aldehyde derivative.
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48

Saha, Koel, Uma Maheswari R, Jaya Sikder, Sudip Chakraborty, Silvio Silverio da Silva, and Julio Cesar dos Santos. "Membranes as a tool to support biorefineries: Applications in enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation and dehydration for bioethanol production." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 74 (July 2017): 873–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.015.

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49

Zhang, Hao, Liang Xu, and Liangbing Gan. "Hydrolysis-Initiated Domino Process on the Rim of Open-Cage C60 Derivatives Including Decarbonylation and Double Dehydration." ChemPlusChem 82, no. 7 (2017): 1002–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cplu.201700198.

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50

Lima, Sergio, Margarida M. Antunes, Martyn Pillinger, and Anabela A. Valente. "ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquids as Tools for the Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis/Dehydration of Saccharides to Furanic Aldehydes." ChemInform 43, no. 12 (2012): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201212223.

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