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Journal articles on the topic 'Hydrolysis of Acetamide'

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Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Xie, Jia-qing, Ya Zhang, Shu-lan Cai, Fang-zhen Li, and Fa-mei Feng. "Catalytic Capacity of Diaza-Crown Ether Lanthanum Complexes with Varied Ligands for Phosphate Ester Hydrolysis in Different Media." Progress in Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism 41, no. 4 (2016): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/146867816x14710833328904.

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Two diaza-crown ether compounds, 1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacyclooctadecane (L0) and its derivative with double acetamide side arms 2,2'-(1,4,10,13-teteaoxa-7,16-diazacyclooctadecane-7,16-diyl)diacetamide (L), and the corresponding two lanthanum complexes were synthesised and characterised. The catalytic capacity of the lanthanum complexes was investigated for the hydrolysis of bis(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate ester (BNPP) in aqueous solution and in CTAB micelles. Kinetic studies show that the catalytic efficiency of complex LaL is obviously higher than that of complex LaL0, and introducing acet

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2

Ekler, Zsigmond, and Ferenc Dutka. "Chemical Reactivity and Safener Activity of Acetal Compounds." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 46, no. 9-10 (1991): 810–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1991-9-1015.

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Abstract Although detailed examinations have been published on structure-activity relationships of herbicide safeners, only a few data are available on chemical reactivity-safener activity relationships. Chemical reactivity of acetamide type compounds as well as their safener activity against thiocarbamate herbicides change with the number of chlorine substituents in the order: non-chlorinated < monochloro < dichloro. Several compounds of another chemical group, acetals (e.g. MG-191, 2-dichloromethyl-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane), are also effective safeners for thiocarbamate herbicides. Accor

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3

Berg, Gry Mine, Daniel J. Repeta, and Julie Laroche. "Dissolved Organic Nitrogen Hydrolysis Rates in Axenic Cultures of Aureococcus anophagefferens (Pelagophyceae): Comparison with Heterotrophic Bacteria." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 1 (2002): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.1.401-404.2002.

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ABSTRACT The marine autotroph Aureococcus anophagefferens (Pelagophyceae) was rendered axenic in order to investigate hydrolysis rates of peptides, chitobiose, acetamide, and urea as indicators of the ability to support growth on dissolved organic nitrogen. Specific rates of hydrolysis varied between 8 and 700% of rates observed in associated heterotrophic marine bacteria.

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4

Zikmundová, M., K. Drandarov, L. Bigler, M. Hesse, and C. Werner. "Biotransformation of 2-Benzoxazolinone and 2-Hydroxy-1,4-Benzoxazin-3-one by Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Aphelandra tetragona." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 10 (2002): 4863–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.10.4863-4870.2002.

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ABSTRACT The biotransformation of the phytoanticipins 2-benzoxazolinone (BOA) and 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (HBOA) by four endophytic fungi isolated from Aphelandra tetragona was studied. Using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, several new products of acylation, oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and nitration were identified. Fusarium sambucinum detoxified BOA and HBOA to N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)malonamic acid. Plectosporium tabacinum, Gliocladium cibotii, and Chaetosphaeria sp. transformed HBOA to 2-hydroxy-N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide, N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide, N-

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5

Lee, Ikchoon, Chang Kon Kim, and Hein Su Seo. "Theoretical studies on the acid hydrolysis of acetamide." Tetrahedron 42, no. 24 (1986): 6627–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4020(01)82101-3.

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6

Lee, Dong Soo, and Earnest F. Gloyna. "Hydrolysis and oxidation of acetamide in supercritical water." Environmental Science & Technology 26, no. 8 (1992): 1587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00032a015.

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7

Lee, Ikchoon, Chang Kon Kim, and Bon-Su Lee. "AM1 studies on the acid hydrolysis of acetamide." Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 3, no. 6 (1990): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610030608.

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8

Nortrup, David A. "Determination of Residues of Alachlor and Related Herbicides in Crops by Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 80, no. 5 (1997): 1104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/80.5.1104.

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Abstract A method is described for determining residues of 3 acetamide herbicidesalachlor [2-chloro-N(2,6- diethylphenyl)-N(methoxymethyl)acetamide], acetochlor [2-chloro-N(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N (ethoxymethyl)acetamide), and butachlor [2-chloro-N(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N(butoxymethyl)- acetamide)by liquid chromatography (LC). Currently no published method determines metabolites from all 3 herbicides in crops. Strong-base hydrolysis after extraction of a test portion with water-acetonitrile results in the formation of 2,6- diethylaniline (DEA) and 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-6-ethylaniline from alachlor

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9

Manohara, G. V., David Norris, M. Mercedes Maroto-Valer, and Susana Garcia. "Acetate intercalated Mg–Al layered double hydroxides (LDHs) through modified amide hydrolysis: a new route to synthesize novel mixed metal oxides (MMOs) for CO2 capture." Dalton Transactions 50, no. 21 (2021): 7474–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1dt00602a.

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SEM images of MMOs derived from Mg–Al-acetate intercalated LDHs synthesized by acetamide hydrolysis with (a) Mg/Al = 3, (b) Mg/Al = 4 and their high temperature CO<sub>2</sub> capture capacity versus temperature (c) were obtained.

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10

Verspui, Göran, Gábor Besenyei, and Roger A. Sheldon. "Amide directed hydrocarboxylation of N-allylacetamide catalyzed by the aqueous Pd - tppts - Brønsted acid system (tppts = P(C6H4-m-SO3Na)3)1." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 79, no. 5-6 (2001): 688–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v01-068.

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The Pd - tppts - HOTs (tppts = P(C6H4-m-SO3Na)3, HOTs = p-toluenesulfonic acid) catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of N-allylacetamide in an aqueous medium afforded 4-acetamidobutyric acid and 3-acetamido-2-methylpropanoic acid under mild conditions, with a high regioselectivity towards the linear isomer. During the hydrocarboxylation an acid catalyzed hydrolysis of the amide moieties of both the substrate and the products took place, as well as the formation of acetamide and propanal, presumably via a Pd-catalyzed allylic substitution reaction of N-allylacetamide. The hydrolysis reaction was suppre

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11

Clezy, PS, and K. Tonkin. "The Chemistry of Pyrrolic Compounds. LX. Reaction of Photoprotoporphyrin-IX Dimethyl Ester With Cyanide Ion." Australian Journal of Chemistry 40, no. 2 (1987): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9870413.

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Reaction of the a,β-unsaturated aldehyde system of photoprotoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester with cyanide ion yields a porphyrin with an acetamide side chain. Mechanistically, the reaction can be viewed as an intramolecular hydrolysis of the cyanide adduct driven by a return to a macrocycle with the porphyrin conjugation pathway.

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12

Banfield, JE, GD Fallon, and BM Gatehouse. "Heterocyclic-Derivatives of Guanidine. VI. Formation and X-Ray Structure Determination of 2-Dimethylamino-7,8-diphenyl-4,6-dihydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrimidine-4,6-dione." Australian Journal of Chemistry 40, no. 5 (1987): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9871003.

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The structure N-(2-dimethylamino-4-oxo-7,8-diphenyl-4,6-dihydropyrrolo [l,2-a]pyrimidi n-6-yl-idene)acetamide (3) is proposed for a compound derived from the action of ketene on 2-(2-imino- 3,4-diphenyl-2H-pyrrol-5-yl)-1,1,3-trimethylguanidine (1; R1 = R2 = R3 = Me) on the basis of the crystal structure of its hydrolysis product, the oxo-compound 2-dimethylamino-7,8-diphenyl-4,6-dihydropyrrolo[l,2-a]pyrimidine-4,6-dione (4), the structure of which was determined by X-ray analysis. A lower homologue of (3), N-(2-methylamino-4-oxo-7,8-diphenyl-4,6-dihydro- pyrrolo[l,2-a]pyrimidin-6-ylidene)aceta

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13

Zhang, Wen Long, Wen Long Zhao, and Ya Jie Dai. "The Effect of Different Methods to Pretreat Reed Pulp on the Crystallinity of Microcrystalline Cellulose." Advanced Materials Research 1056 (October 2014): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1056.12.

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Reed Pulp was Raw Material that Pretreated by Four Methods {ultrasonic, Microwave, N, N-Dimethyl Acetamide (DMAc) and Tetrahydrofuran (THF)}. Reed Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) was Prepared by the Dilute Hydrochloric Acid Hydrolysis from Pretreated Reed Pulp. the Influences of Pretreatment Methods on Crystalline Type, Crystallinity and Crystallite Size of MCC were Investigated by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). the Results Showed that the Crystallinity of MCC with Four Pretreatment Methods was 68.45%, 62.28%, 63.21% and 69.56%, Respectively. the Average Crystallite Size of MCC Prepared by Hydrolys

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14

Sivets, G. G., and A. V. Sivets. "Synthesis of N-pentofuranosyl oxazolines and amides though the selective transformations of D-sugar acetonides." Doklady of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 65, no. 5 (2021): 558–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8323-2021-65-5-558-567.

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The method for synthesis of N-pentofuranosyl oxazolines was developed from the protected 1,2-O-acetonides of D-xylofuranose, -ribofuranose, and -arabinofuranose using boron trifluoride diethyl etherate, acetonitrile, and potassium hydrogen difluoride. A possible mechanism of the catalyzed reaction of acylated acetonides with acetonitrile in the presence of Lewis acid was considered in terms of the activation and cleavage of the 1,3-dioxalane part of the xylose derivative fol- lowed by the conversions of intermediates to α-isooxazoline. The hydrolysis reactions of N-α-glycosyl oxazolines were s

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15

Krogh-Jespersen, Mary Beth, and Annmarie Altonen. "Theoretical studies of the potential hydrolysis products from cis-diamminedichloroplatinum and acetamide." Inorganic Chemistry 26, no. 13 (1987): 2084–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic00260a015.

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16

Hamala, Vojtěch, Lucie Červenková Šťastná, Martin Kurfiřt, Petra Cuřínová, Martin Dračínský, and Jindřich Karban. "Synthesis of multiply fluorinated N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and D-galactosamine analogs via the corresponding deoxyfluorinated glucosazide and galactosazide phenyl thioglycosides." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 17 (May 11, 2021): 1086–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.17.85.

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Multiple fluorination of glycostructures has emerged as an attractive way of modulating their protein affinity, metabolic stability, and lipophilicity. Here we described the synthesis of a series of mono-, di- and trifluorinated N-acetyl-ᴅ-glucosamine and ᴅ-galactosamine analogs. The key intermediates are the corresponding multiply fluorinated glucosazide and galactosazide thioglycosides prepared from deoxyfluorinated 1,6-anhydro-2-azido-β-ᴅ-hexopyranose precursors by ring-opening reaction with phenyl trimethylsilyl sulfide. Nucleophilic deoxyfluorination at C4 and C6 by reaction with DAST, th

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17

LIU, Z. Y., J. Y. WANG, Q. L. YAN, Y. KOU, and X. G. JIAN. "NOVEL HYDROPHILIC RESIN APPLIED IN HEAT-RESISTANT WATER-BORNE COATINGS." Surface Review and Letters 13, no. 06 (2006): 733–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x06008761.

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Poly(phthalazinone ether nitrile ketone)s (PPENK) was modified with NaOH in N,N-dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) in order to find a hydrophilic resin applied in heat-resistant water-borne coatings. The properties of hydrolyzates (HPPENK) in different hydrolysis time were characterized by FT-IR and 1H-NMR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), contact angle (water) as well as solubility measurements. The results indicated that, along with the prolonged hydrolysis time, nitrile groups conversion ratio and glass transition temperature (T g ) of hydrolyzates increase,

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18

Luo, Ren-Sheng, Xi-An Mao, Zhi-Quan Pan, and Qin-Hui Luo. "NMR observation of hydrolysis of acetonitrile to acetamide catalyzed by binuclear silver cryptate." Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 56, no. 9 (2000): 1675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1386-1425(00)00235-3.

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19

Cammenga, Heiko K., Ingeborg Steppuhn, Armand Blaschette, and Oliver Hiemisch. "Polysulfonylamines. LXVII. Heat of Hydrolysis of N-Acetyl Dimesylamine (N,N-dimesyl acetamide)." Journal f�r Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung 337, no. 1 (1995): 413–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prac.19953370188.

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20

Zhang, Hong Quan, and Brian W. Darvell. "Effect of Amine Additives on the Morphology of Hydroxyapatite." Key Engineering Materials 361-363 (November 2007): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.361-363.115.

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Long HA whiskers with uniform morphology, high aspect ratio, and good crystallinity could be prepared using a hydrothermal technique at 180 oC for 10 h. Whisker morphology was sensitively-dependent on preparation conditions. Compared with formamide and urea, acetamide showed a low hydrolysis rate; it was found to be an appropriate additive to synthesize HA whiskers. Length and aspect ratio could be controlled by selecting solution conditions with the Ca/P ratio at 1.67 in the range 42 - 84 mmol/L calcium and 25 - 50 mmol/L phosphate and 0.75 – 1.25 mol/L additive concentration (as amide, -NH2)

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21

Mekhael, Maged K. G., Richard J. Smith, Stefan Bienz, Anthony Linden, and Heinz Heimgartner. "A Novel Ring Enlargement of 2H-Azirine-3-methyl(phenyl)amines via Amidinium-Intermediates: A New Synthetic Approach to 2,3-Dihydro-1,3,3-trimethylindol-2-one." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 57, no. 4 (2002): 444–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2002-0410.

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2,2,N-Trimethyl-N-phenyl-2H-azirin-3-amine (1a) was prepared by successive treatment of 2,N-dimethyl-N-phenylpropanamide (18) with phosgene, triethylamine, and sodium azide. Reaction of 1a in THF solution with boron trifluoride gave 2-amino-1,3,3-trimethyl-3H-indolium tetrafluoroborate (19) in high yield.T he latter reacted with acetic anhydride in pyridine to give a mixture of N-(2,3-dihydro-1,3,3-trimethylindol-2-yliden)acetamide (22) and 2,3-dihydro- 1,3,3-trimethylindol-2-one (21).On hydrolysis with aqueous HCl, 22 was converted to 21.T he molecular structures of 19 and 22 were established

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22

Alcock, NW, II Creaser, NJ Curtis, L. Roecker, AM Sargeson та AC Willis. "Intramolecular Hydrolysis of Coordinated Acetonitrile in a Binuclear Complex of Cobalt(III): X-Ray Crystallographic Analysis of Salts of [(tren)Co(μ-NH2,μ-L)Co(tren)]4+(L=OH, CH3C(O)NH)". Australian Journal of Chemistry 43, № 4 (1990): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9900643.

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A synthesis of [( tren )Co(μ-NH2,μ-OH)Co( tren )]4+(3)( tren = tris (2- aminoethyl )amine) is reported along with a series of derivatives: [( tren ) XCo (μ-NH2) CoX ( tren )]n+, where X = CF3SO3- (n = 3)(4), X = CH3CN (n = 5)(5), and [( tren )Co(μ-NH2,μ-CH3C(O)NH)Co( tren )]4+ (6). The substitution of (4) by CH3CN to yield (5) was studied in CH3CN at 20°C, k = 9.0×10-3 s-1, and the intramolecular hydrolysis of (5) to yield the bridging acetamide complex (6) was studied at various acid concentrations. The X-ray crystal structures were determined for (3b) (exafluorophosphate, dihydrate) and (6b)

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23

Mindl, Jaromír, Jaromír Kaválek, Helena Straková, and Vojeslav Štěrba. "Kinetics of Base-Catalysed Hydrolysis and Cyclisation of Substituted Acetamide and Benzamide O-(Phenoxycarbonyl)oximes." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 64, no. 10 (1999): 1641–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19991641.

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The reaction kinetics of acetamide O-(4-nitrophenoxycarbonyl)oxime have been studied in aqueous buffers at pH 2-11. At pH > 9, the pH dependence of kobs is linear with slope 1, the cyclisation to 3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one and 4-nitrophenol being the only reaction. At pH < 7.5, the only reaction is the hydrolysis giving 4-nitrophenol and acetamidoxime. The dependence of kobs on pH has been used to determine the rate equation and to propose the reaction mechanism. The cyclisation kinetics of substituted benzamide O-(phenoxycarbonyl)oximes have been studied in the pH range from 9.2

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24

Sangale, Shital S., Priyanka S. Kale, Rachana B. Lamkane, Ganga S. Gore, Priyanka B. Parekar, and Shivraj S. Shivpuje. "Synthesis of Novel Isoxazole Derivatives as Analgesic Agents by Using Eddy’s Hot Plate Method." South Asian Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 5, no. 01 (2023): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36346/sarjps.2023.v05i01.002.

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The Isoxazole ring system belongs to a much studied class of compound. In the last few decades, the chemistry of Isoxazoles and their fused heterocyclic derivatives have received considerable attention owing to their significant and effective biological activity. The present study aimed to design and synthesize novel derivatives of Isoxazole from 4-methoxy aniline gives N-(4-methoxyphenyl) acetamide which was hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide and treated aromatic aldehydes yields resultant compound N-(4-methoxyphenyl) 3-phenyl propanamide (BSM-IIIA-IIIJ). Title compound were synthesized and the

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25

Rusinowska, Barbara. "Anti-seizures therapeutics in patients with epilepsy: an approach to levetiracetam – review." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 12, no. 8 (2022): 580–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2022.12.08.061.

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Epilepsy is a chronic condition that consists of a transient disorder of brain function manifested by recurrent and unprovoked seizures affecting approximately 50 million people worldwide. Antiepileptic treatment is aimed at possible improvement the quality of life by reducing epilepsy seizures with the lowest possible side effects. One of the newest broad spectrum antiepileptic drug (AED) for the treatment of wide range of epilepsies – focal, partial, myoclonic, tonic-clonic and primary generalized seizures that can be used in both children and adults is levetiracetam. Levetiracetam is believ

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26

Yamashita, Daichi, Satoshi Kimura, Masahisa Wada, Masahiro Samejima, and Keiji Takabe. "Effect of ammonia treatment on white birch wood." Holzforschung 72, no. 1 (2017): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2016-0200.

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AbstractTransverse sections of white birch (Betula platyphylla) were treated with anhydrous ammonia at 60–140°C (ammonia treatment, AT). As a result, the crystal structure of cellulose in the AT samples changed to cellulose IIII, and acetamide was produced. The surface area of the AT samples, the amount of sugar released upon acid hydrolysis and the lignin content were not changed. However, a small amount of lignin became acid soluble. Mäule color reaction, indicative of the presence of syringyl lignin, showed decreasing color intensities with increasing temperature of AT. The results can be e

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27

Agudoawu, Sammy A., Sai-hay Yiu, and Edward E. Knaus. "Synthesis of 2-methyl-2-[1-(3-benzoyl-4-phenyl-1,4-dihydropyridyl)]acetic acid methyl ester, acetic acid, and acetamide analogs as potential antiarthritic agents." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 75, no. 8 (1997): 1106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v97-131.

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The cuprous iodide catalyzed reaction of 2-methyl-2-[1-(3-benzoyl-4-phenylpyridinium)]acetic acid methyl ester bromide (5), prepared by reaction of 3-benzoylpyridine (4) with racemic methyl 2-bromopropionate, with phenylmagnesium chloride at −23 °C afforded the 2-methyl-2-[1-(3-benzoyl-4-phenyl-1,4-dihydropyridyl)acetic acid methyl ester (6, 74%), which was a mixture of four diastereomers. Recrystallization of this diastereomeric mixture from diethyl ether afforded a solid product (6a-solid, 30%, 4R*,2R* and 4S*,2S*) and an oil product (6b-oil, 39%, 4R*,2S* and 4S*,2R*), each consisting of a m

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28

Trinh, Thi Huyen Trang, Van Bon Nguyen, Manh Dung Doan, Minh Dinh Tran, Mai Huong Le, and Anh Dzung Nguyen. "Fungal antagonistic activity of rhizobacteria isolated from black pepper." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 63, no. 2 (2025): 249–61. https://doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/18307.

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Decline disease associated with Fusarium fungus is serious damage to black pepper and other crops. Biocontrol using rhizosphere bacteria is a sustainable and eco-friendly solution to manage this disease. From the collection, 44 isolates were screened Fusarium antagonistic acitivity. The results showed that Fusarium mycelium growth inhibition activity ranged from 12.50 to 66.25%, and six potent isolates were selected to evaluate the Fusarium antagonistic activity on black pepper seedlings in the greenhouse. These rhizobacterial isolates significantly affected the growth and the rate of Fusarium

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29

Lei, Xiao-Rui, Can Gong, Yao-Li Zhang, and Xu Xu. "Influence of the Acetamide from Acetonitrile Hydrolysis in Acid-Contained Mobile Phase on the Ultraviolet Detection in High Performance Liquid Chromatography." Chromatographia 79, no. 19-20 (2016): 1257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10337-016-3145-6.

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30

Bittner, Nataly, Andy Boon, Evert H. Delbanco, Christof Walter, and Angela Mally. "Assessment of aromatic amides in printed food contact materials: analysis of potential cleavage to primary aromatic amines during simulated passage through the gastrointestinal tract." Archives of Toxicology 96, no. 5 (2022): 1423–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-022-03254-w.

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AbstractRecent analyses conducted by German official food control reported detection of the aromatic amides N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)acetamide (NDPA), N-acetoacetyl-m-xylidine (NAAX) and 3-hydroxy-2-naphthanilide (Naphthol AS) in cold water extracts from certain food contact materials made from paper or cardboard, including paper straws, paper napkins, and cupcake liners. Because aromatic amides may be cleaved to potentially genotoxic primary amines upon oral intake, these findings raise concern that transfer of NDPA, NAAX and Naphthol AS from food contact materials into food may present a risk t

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31

Li, Qigui, Michael P. Kozar, Todd W. Shearer, et al. "Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Hydrolysis of Oral Pyrroloquinazolinediamines Administered in Single and Multiple Doses in Rats." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 51, no. 8 (2007): 2898–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00932-06.

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ABSTRACT Pyrroloquinazolinediamine (PQD) derivatives such as tetra-acetamide PQD (PQD-A4) and bis-ethylcarbamyl PQD (PQD-BE) were much safer (with therapeutic indices of 80 and 32, respectively) than their parent compound, PQD (therapeutic index, 10). Further evaluation of PQD-A4 and PQD-BE in single and multiple pharmacokinetic (PK) studies as well as corresponding toxicity studies was conducted with rats. PQD-A4 could be converted to two intermediate metabolites (monoacetamide PQD and bisacetamide PQD) first and then to the final metabolite, PQD, while PQD-BE was directly hydrolyzed to PQD w

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32

Saddique, Furqan Ahmad, Matloob Ahmad, Usman Ali Ashfaq, Muhammad Muddassar, Sadia Sultan та Magdi E. A. Zaki. "Identification of Cyclic Sulfonamides with an N-Arylacetamide Group as α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Inhibitors: Biological Evaluation and Molecular Modeling". Pharmaceuticals 15, № 1 (2022): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15010106.

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Diabetes mellitus (DM), a complicated metabolic disorder, is due to insensitivity to insulin function or reduction in insulin secretion, which results in postprandial hyperglycemia. α-Glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) and α-amylase inhibitors (AAIs) block the function of digestive enzymes, which delays the carbohydrate hydrolysis process and ultimately helps to control the postprandial hyperglycemia. Diversified 2-(3-(3-methoxybenzoyl)-4-hydroxy-1,1-dioxido-2H-benzo[e][1,2]thiazin-2-yl)-N-arylacetamides were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro inhibitory potential against α-glucosidase an

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33

Pasupuleti, Bhuvanachandra, Vamshikrishna Gone, Ravali Baddam, Raj Kumar Venisetty, and Om Prakash Prasad. "Clinical Impact of Co-medication of Levetiracetam and Clobazam with Proton Pump Inhibitors: A Drug Interaction Study." Current Drug Metabolism 21, no. 2 (2020): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389200221666200218121050.

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Background: Clobazam (CLBZ) metabolized primarily by Cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme CYP3A4 than with CYP2C19, Whereas Levetiracetam (LEV) is metabolized by hydrolysis of the acetamide group. Few CYP enzymes are inhibited by Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) Pantoprazole, Esomeprazole, and Rabeprazole in different extents that could affect drug concentrations in blood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of these PPIs on the plasma concentrations of LEV and CLBZ. Methods: Blood samples from 542 patients were included out of which 343 were male and 199 were female patients and were c

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34

Singh, Bula, та Ranendu Sekhar Das. "Studies on the oxidative degradation of paracetamol by a μ-oxo-diiron(III) complex". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 98, № 2 (2020): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2019-0193.

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In higher organisms, metalloenzymes like cytochrome P450, containing a Fe(III) metal center, play an active role in metabolism of paracetamol (APAP). Here, we have chosen a mimicking μ-oxo-diiron complex, [Fe(III)2(μ-O)(phen)4(H2O)2]4+ (1, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline), to study spectrophotometrically the kinetics of the redox interactions with APAP. In acidic buffer media (pH = 3.4–5.1), APAP quantitatively reduces 1 following first-order reaction kinetics. Each molecule of 1 accepts two electrons from APAP and is reduced to ferroin [Fe(phen)3]2+. On oxidation, APAP produces N-acetyl-p-benzoqui

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35

Ji, Allena J., George M. Lawson, Rodger Anderson, Lowell C. Dale, Ivana T. Croghan, and Richard D. Hurt. "A New Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Method for Simultaneous Determination of Total and Free trans-3′-Hydroxycotinine and Cotinine in the Urine of Subjects Receiving Transdermal Nicotine." Clinical Chemistry 45, no. 1 (1999): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/45.1.85.

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Abstract trans-3′-Hydroxycotinine (THOC) has been recognized as the most abundant metabolite of nicotine. In an attempt to assess THOC and cotinine (COT) concentrations during nicotine transdermal therapy, we developed a new quantitative gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method for simultaneous determination of total and free THOC and COT in human urine. The method utilizes the following: (a) hydrolysis of conjugated THOC and COT by β-glucuronidase; (b) basic extraction of THOC and COT with mixed dichloromethane and n-butyl acetate; (c) derivatization of THOC with bis(trimethylfluro

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36

DROUILLARD, Sophie, Sylvie ARMAND, J. Gideon DAVIES, E. Constantin VORGIAS, and Bernard HENRISSAT. "Serratia marcescens chitobiase is a retaining glycosidase utilizing substrate acetamido group participation." Biochemical Journal 328, no. 3 (1997): 945–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3280945.

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The stereochemistry of the reaction catalysed by Serratia marcescens chitobiase was determined by HPLC separation of the anomers of N-acetylglucosamine produced during the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide (PNP-GlcNAc). In the early stages of the reaction, the β-anomer was found to prevail, whereas the α-anomer dominated at mutarotation equilibrium. This established that chitobiase hydrolyses glycosidic bonds with overall retention of the anomeric configuration. Chitobiase-catalysed hydrolysis of PNP-GlcNAc was competitively inhibited by a series of chito-oligosaccharides

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37

Donati, C., RH Prager, and B. Weber. "Potential GABAB Receptor Antagonists. III. Folded Baclofen Analogs Based on Phthalide." Australian Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 6 (1989): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9890787.

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Possible analogues of baclofen, 3-aminomethyl-5-chloro-, 3-aminomethyl-6-chloro- and 3-aminomethyl-5,6-dichloro-isobenzofuran-1(3H)-one, have been prepared for evaluation as antispasticity agents. The corresponding 3-hydroxyisobenzofuran-l(3H)-one was reacted with ethyl acetoacetate under acidic conditions, and the keto ester hydrolysed and decarboxylated to give the 3-(2-oxopropyl)isobenzofuran-l(3H)-one; this was treated with hydrazoic acid, and the product was hydrolysed. A parallel series of (3-oxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-1-y1)glycines was obtained by treating the keto ester first with hy

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38

Waring, P. "The Synthesis of 6-Aminomethyl-5,6,7,8-Tetrahydropterin." Australian Journal of Chemistry 41, no. 5 (1988): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9880667.

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6-Aminomethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin has been prepared by reduction of 2-acetamido-6-cyanopteridin-4(3H)-one* to 2-acetamido-6-aminomethyl- 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one followed by acid hydrolysis. The hitherto undescribed 6-cyanopterin was prepared by careful hydrolysis of the 2-acetamido compound prepared by dehydration of the oxime derived from 2-acetamido-6-formylpteridin-4(3H)-one. The latter was prepared by selenium dioxide oxidation of the methyl compound. Oxidation of 6-aminomethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin at neutral pH appears to proceed with significant side-chain loss in T

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39

Erbağcı, Ayşe Binnur, Yüksel Özdemir, and Necat Yılmaz. "Kinetic Properties of Human Erythrocyte Prolidase and Optimal Conditions for Prolidase Assay by Proline Colorimetric Determination." European Journal of Therapeutics 10, no. 1, 2 (1999): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.58600/eurjther.1999-10-1-2-1519-arch.

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Prolidase (EC 3.4.13.9) is an iminodipeptidase that catalyses the hydrolysis of C-terminal proline or hydroxyproline containing dipeptides. it is involved in intracellular protein degradation, and apparently contributes to the conservation of iminoacides from endogenous and exogenous protein structures. Analysis of prolidase activity in human biological fluids and tissues has gained attention as a biochemical tool in acute and chronic liver diseases, adenocarcinoma of lungs and as a marker for fetal lung maturation and growth, in addition to long known genetic prolidase deficiency. in the pres

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40

Bernard, Maurice Fleury, Sabine Letellier, Jean-Pierre Porziemsky, and Bernard Mompon. "Spectrophotometric and high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of the kinetics and mechanisms of hydrolysis, isomerisation and cyclisation of both E and Z isomers of 2-{[(2-amino-5-chlorophenyl)phenylmethylene]amino}acetamide." Analyst 111, no. 9 (1986): 1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/an9861101051.

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41

Waring, P., and WLF Armarego. "Pterins. X. A New Preparation of 6-Hydroxymethylpterin from 6-Methylpterin." Australian Journal of Chemistry 38, no. 4 (1985): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9850629.

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6-Hydroxymethylpterin was prepared in c. 80% overall yield via 2- acetamido-6-methylpteridin-4(3H)-one, oxidation with lead tetraacetate to 2-acetamido-6-acetoxymethylpteridin-4(3H)-one and hydrolysis. The 2-acetamido-6-methylpterin was prepared isomerically pure by acetylation of a mixture of 6- and 7-methylpterin prepared by condensation of 2,5,6-triaminopyrimidin-4(3H)-one with methylglyoxal at 0-5°. Under these conditions the ratio of 6-methyl- to 7-methylpterin is considerably improved (9 : 1).

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42

Ledvina, Miroslav, Radka Pavelová, Anna Rohlenová, Jan Ježek та David Šaman. "Synthesis of Normuramic Acid Carba Analog and Its Glycopeptide Derivative Resistant to β-Elimination Splitting of the Side Chain". Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 65, № 11 (2000): 1726–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20001726.

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Carba analogs of normuramic acid, i.e., 3-(benzyl 2-acetamido-2,3-dideoxy-4,6-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucopyranosid-3-yl)propanoic acid derivatives (nitrile or esters) 3a-3c were prepared by addition of radicals generated from benzyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4,6-O-isopropylidene-3-O-[(methylsulfanyl)thiocarbonyl]- (2a) or -3-O-(phenoxythiocarbonyl)-α-D-glucopyranoside (2b) with Bu3SnH to acrylonitrile or acryl esters. Alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl ester 3c afforded 3-(benzyl 2-acetamido-2,3-dideoxy-4,6-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucopyranosid-3-yl)propanoic acid (5). Coupling of acid 5 with L-2-aminobutano

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43

Väisänen, Saija, Harri Kosonen, Matti Ristolainen, and Tapani Vuorinen. "Cellulose dissolution in aqueous NaOH–ZnO: effect of pulp pretreatment at macro and molecular levels." Cellulose 28, no. 7 (2021): 4385–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-03779-w.

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AbstractThis paper discusses the effect of hydrolytic pretreatments on pulp dissolution in the aqueous NaOH–ZnO solvent system. Eight samples were studied. They consisted of a never-dried softwood kraft pulp that was hydrolyzed under seven different conditions as well as the pulp without hydrolysis as a reference. The dissolution of the pulps was evaluated both at the macro level as well as at the molecular level based on their reactivity with 4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxo-piperidium (4-AcNH-TEMPO+). The fiber properties (i.e. the extent of fibrillation, amount of fines and f

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44

Caram, J. A., B. E. Rivero, O. E. Piro, E. G. Gros, and C. M. Marschoff. "On the unusual hydrolysis reaction of 8-acetamido-2,4,4,8-tetramethyl-3-azanium-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-2-ene perchlorate." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 68, no. 2 (1990): 334–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v90-048.

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The recently synthesized iminium salt 8-acetamido-2,4,4,8-tetramethyl-3-azanium-bicyclo[3.3.1]non-2-ene perchlorate (ATABNEP) shows unusual reluctance to undergo hydrolysis. It was established that ATABNEP is not attacked by water in acid or neutral media but readily reacts in alkaline solutions yielding the corresponding imine by direct abstraction of the iminium proton. The imine crystallizes as a monohydrate. Crystals belong to the monoclinic space group P21 with a = 6.915(2) Å, b = 8.459(4) Å, c = 13.287(6) Å, β = 92.53(3)°. Crystal structure of this compound was determined by X-ray diffra

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45

HEKMAT, Omid, Ken TOKUYASU, and Stephen G. WITHERS. "Subsite structure of the endo-type chitin deacetylase from a Deuteromycete, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum: an investigation using steady-state kinetic analysis and MS." Biochemical Journal 374, no. 2 (2003): 369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20030204.

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The endo-type chitin deacetylase (EC 3.5.1.41) from a Deuteromycete, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (ATCC 56676), catalyses the hydrolysis of the acetamido group of GlcNAc (2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose) residues in chitin or chito-oligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization (n) equal to or greater than 2. The steady-state kinetic parameters for the initial deacetylation reactions of (GlcNAc)2–6 were determined using a direct, continuous spectrophotometric assay in combination with ESI-MS (electrospray ionization MS) analysis of the products. The dependence of the observed Km and kcat/Km o

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46

Li, Yibiao, Shuo Huang, Chunshu Liao, Yan Shao, and Lu Chen. "Transition-metal-free access to 2-aminopyridine derivatives from 2-fluoropyridine and acetamidine hydrochloride." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 16, no. 41 (2018): 7564–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ob02129e.

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Under catalyst-free conditions, an efficient method for the synthesis of 2-aminopyridine derivatives through the nucleophilic substitution and hydrolysis of 2-fluoropyridine and acetamidine hydrochloride has been developed.

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47

Fabio, Jose L. Di, Malcolm B. Perry, and David R. Bundle. "Analysis of the lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas maltophilia 555." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 65, no. 11 (1987): 968–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o87-126.

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The phenol phase soluble lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas maltophilia strain 555, obtained from cells by the hot aqueous phenol method, was of the smooth type. Sodium dodecyl sulfate – polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, hydrolysis, methylation, and 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance analyses showed that this lipopolysaccharide has an O-chain polysaccharide composed of a repeating pentasaccharide unit, containing D-rhamnose (D-Rha, one part), 3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxy-D-galactose (D-Fuc3NAc, one part), and 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-D-mannose (D-Rha4NAc, three parts) and having the structure[Fo

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48

Altman, Eleonora, Jean-Robert Brisson, and Malcolm B. Perry. "Structural studies of the capsular polysaccharide from Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae serotype 4." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 66, no. 9 (1988): 998–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o88-114.

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The capsular polysaccharide of Actinobacillus (Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae serotype 4 (ATCC 33378) is composed of D-glucose (one part), 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose (one part), and phosphate (one part). From hydrolysis, dephosphorylation, methylation, and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies, the polysaccharide was found to be a high molecular weight polymer of a repeating disaccharide unit, joined through monophosphate diester linkages and having the following structure:[Formula: see text]

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49

Altman, Eleonora, Jean-Robert Brisson, and Malcolm B. Perry. "Structure of the capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae serotype 3." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 65, no. 11 (1987): 960–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o87-125.

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The capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae serotype 3 (ATCC 27090) is composed of D-galactose (one part), 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose (one part), glycerol (one part), and phosphate (one part). From hydrolysis, dephosphorylation, methylation, and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance studies, the polysaccharide was found to be a high molecular weight polymer of a repeating trisaccharide unit, joined through monophosphate diester linkages and having the following structure:[Formula: see text]

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50

Banoub, Joseph H., Francis Michon, and Howard J. Hodder. "Structural elucidation of the O-specific polysaccharide of the phenol-phase soluble lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio anguillarum." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 65, no. 1 (1987): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o87-003.

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The structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of the phenol-soluble cellular lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio anguillarum has been investigated. The studies involved the use of methylation analysis, partial hydrolysis with 48% hydrogen fluoride, Smith degradation, oxidation with chromium trioxide, and comprehensive proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance studies, in which one- and two-dimensional experiments were carried out. As a result of these studies it is proposed that the O-specific polysaccharide of Vibrio anguillarum is composed of a regular heteropolymer, i.e., a main chain of (1

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