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Journal articles on the topic 'Hydrolyzable polymers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Veron, Laurent, Arnaud Ganée, Catherine Ladavière, and Thierry Delair. "Hydrolyzable p(DMAPEMA) Polymers for Gene Delivery." Macromolecular Bioscience 6, no. 7 (July 14, 2006): 540–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mabi.200600071.

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2

Gevaux, Laure, Marlène Lejars, André Margaillan, Jean-François Briand, Robert Bunet, and Christine Bressy. "Hydrolyzable Additive-Based Silicone Elastomers: A New Approach for Antifouling Coatings." Polymers 11, no. 2 (February 12, 2019): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11020305.

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Fouling Release Coatings are marine antifouling coatings based on silicone elastomers. Contrary to commonly used biocide-based antifouling coatings, they do not release biocides into the marine environment, however, they suffer from poor antifouling efficacy during idle periods. To improve their antifouling performances in static conditions, various amounts of hydrolyzable polymers were incorporated within a silicone matrix. These hydrolyzable polymers were chosen for the well-known hydrolytic degradation mechanism of their main chain, e.g. poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), or of their ester pending groups, e.g. poly(bis(trimethylsilyloxy)methylsilyl methacrylate) (PMATM2). The degradation kinetics of such hydrolyzable silicone coatings were assessed by mass loss measurements during immersion in deionized water. Coatings containing PMATM2 exhibited a maximum mass loss after 12 weeks, whereas PCL-based coatings showed no significant mass loss after 24 weeks. Dynamic contact angle measurements revealed the modifications of the coatings surface chemistry with an amphiphilic behavior after water exposure. The attachment of macrofoulers on these coatings were evaluated by field tests in the Mediterranean Sea, demonstrating the short or long-term antifouling effect of these hydrolyzable polymers embedded in the silicone matrix. The settlement of A. amphitrite barnacles on the different coatings indicated inhospitable behaviors towards larval barnacles for coatings with at least 15 wt % of additives.

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3

Heidary, Sherry, and Bernard Gordon. "Hydrolyzable poly(ethylene terephthalate)." Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation 2, no. 1 (January 1994): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02073483.

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4

Giammanco, G., A. Martínez de Ilarduya, A. Alla, and S. Muñoz-Guerra. "Hydrolyzable Aromatic Copolyesters ofp-Dioxanone." Biomacromolecules 11, no. 9 (September 13, 2010): 2512–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm1007025.

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5

REJDYCH, JERZY, and STANISLAW PENCZEK. "Determination of hydrolyzable chlorine in epoxy resins." Polimery 38, no. 04-05 (April 1993): 180–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.1993.180.

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6

Bailey, William J., and Lin Lin Zhou. "Synthesis of polymerized vesicles with hydrolyzable linkages." Macromolecules 25, no. 1 (January 1992): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00027a002.

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7

Ranucci, E., F. Bignotti, P. Ferruti, and M. Casolaro. "New polymeric acids containing potentially hydrolyzable bonds." Macromolecules 24, no. 16 (August 1991): 4554–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00016a012.

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8

Veron, Laurent, Arnaud Ganée, Marie-Thérèse Charreyre, Christian Pichot, and Thierry Delair. "New Hydrolyzable pH-Responsive Cationic Polymers for Gene Delivery: A Preliminary Study." Macromolecular Bioscience 4, no. 4 (April 19, 2004): 431–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mabi.200300064.

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9

Pérès, Basile, Nicolas Richardeau, Nathalie Jarroux, Philippe Guégan, and Loïc Auvray. "Two Independent Ways of Preparing Hypercharged Hydrolyzable Polyaminorotaxane." Biomacromolecules 9, no. 7 (July 2008): 2007–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm800247c.

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10

Ahijado-Guzmán, Rubén, Carlos Alfonso, Belén Reija, Estefanía Salvarelli, Jesús Mingorance, Silvia Zorrilla, Begoña Monterroso, and Germán Rivas. "Control by Potassium of the Size Distribution of Escherichia coli FtsZ Polymers Is Independent of GTPase Activity." Journal of Biological Chemistry 288, no. 38 (August 12, 2013): 27358–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m113.482943.

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The influence of potassium content (at neutral pH and millimolar Mg2+) on the size distribution of FtsZ polymers formed in the presence of constantly replenished GTP under steady-state conditions was studied by a combination of biophysical methods. The size of the GTP-FtsZ polymers decreased with lower potassium concentration, in contrast with the increase in the mass of the GDP-FtsZ oligomers, whereas no effect was observed on FtsZ GTPase activity and critical concentration of polymerization. Remarkably, the concerted formation of a narrow size distribution of GTP-FtsZ polymers previously observed at high salt concentration was maintained in all KCl concentrations tested. Polymers induced with guanosine 5′-(α,β-methylene)triphosphate, a slowly hydrolyzable analog of GTP, became larger and polydisperse as the potassium concentration was decreased. Our results suggest that the potassium dependence of the GTP-FtsZ polymer size may be related to changes in the subunit turnover rate that are independent of the GTP hydrolysis rate. The formation of a narrow size distribution of FtsZ polymers under very different solution conditions indicates that it is an inherent feature of FtsZ, not observed in other filament-forming proteins, with potential implications in the structural organization of the functional Z-ring.

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11

Themistou, Efrosyni, and Costas S. Patrickios. "Synthesis and Characterization of Polymer Networks and Star Polymers Containing a Novel, Hydrolyzable Acetal-Based Dimethacrylate Cross-Linker." Macromolecules 39, no. 1 (January 2006): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma0513416.

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12

Juin, Cédric, Valérie Langlois, Philippe Guerin, and Alain Le Borgne. "Synthesis of macromonomers bearing hydrolyzable segments derived fromα-hydroxyalkanoic acids." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 20, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-3927(19990501)20:5<289::aid-marc289>3.0.co;2-w.

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13

Themistou, Efrosyni, and Costas S. Patrickios. "Star Polymers and Polymer Networks Containing a Novel, Hydrolyzable Diacetal-Based Dimethacrylate Cross-Linker: Synthesis, Characterization, and Hydrolysis Kinetics." Macromolecules 40, no. 14 (July 2007): 5231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma070166l.

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14

Itoh, Yoshihiro, and Ryo Akasaka. "Hydrolyzable Emulsifier-Containing Poly(meth)acrylate Latices for Paper Coating." International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials 63, no. 3 (November 6, 2013): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00914037.2013.769259.

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15

Hong, Fei, Laiyong Xie, Chuanxin He, Jianhong Liu, Guangzhao Zhang, and Chi Wu. "Effects of hydrolyzable comonomer and cross-linking on anti-biofouling terpolymer coatings." Polymer 54, no. 12 (May 2013): 2966–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2013.04.010.

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16

Odelius, Karin, Peter Plikk, and Ann-Christine Albertsson. "Elastomeric Hydrolyzable Porous Scaffolds: Copolymers of Aliphatic Polyesters and a Polyether−ester." Biomacromolecules 6, no. 5 (September 2005): 2718–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm050190b.

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17

Themistou, Efrosyni, and Costas S. Patrickios. "Synthesis and Characterization of Star Polymers and Cross-Linked Star Polymer Model Networks Containing a Novel, Silicon-Based, Hydrolyzable Cross-Linker." Macromolecules 37, no. 18 (September 2004): 6734–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma049618+.

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18

Dong, Weifu, Jingjiao Ren, Dongjian Shi, Piming Ma, Xiao Li, Fang Duan, Zhongbin Ni, and Mingqing Chen. "Hydrolyzable and bio-based polyester/nano-hydroxyapatite nanocomposites: Structure and properties." Polymer Degradation and Stability 98, no. 9 (September 2013): 1790–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.05.015.

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19

Yokozawa, Tsutomu, Ryoji Hayashi, and Takeshi Endo. "Design and Synthesis of Novel Hydrolyzable Polysulfides from 2,4-Dimethylene-1,3-dioxolane." Macromolecules 27, no. 14 (July 1994): 3698–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00092a003.

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20

Field, J. A. "Limits of anaerobic biodegradation." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 10 (May 1, 2002): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0276.

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The main factors responsible for anaerobic recalcitrance are reviewed. Anaerobic recalcitrance is associated with hydrocarbons lacking functional groups, branched molecules (gasoline oxygenates), aromatic amines and aromatic sulfonates. The most recalcitrant compounds are high molecular weight non-hydrolyzable polymers such as plastic, lignin and humus, which cannot be taken up by cells. Recently new capabilities of anaerobic microorganisms have been discovered to degrade compounds previously considered to be recalcitrant. For example, anaerobic bacteria initiate the degradation of alkylbenzenes and alkanes with an unusual addition reaction with fumarate, forming a hydrocarbon-succinate adduct. Finally, new evidence indicates that the most recalcitrant compounds (humic substances) are not so inert and can play important roles in aiding the biodegradation of other compounds by serving as an electron acceptor or redox mediator.

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21

Kafouris, Demetris, Efrosyni Themistou, and Costas S. Patrickios. "Synthesis and Characterization of Star Polymers and Cross-Linked Star Polymer Model Networks with Cores Based on an Asymmetric, Hydrolyzable Dimethacrylate Cross-Linker." Chemistry of Materials 18, no. 1 (January 2006): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm051604a.

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22

Cammas, Sandrine, Marie-Maud Béar, Laurence Moine, Raphaële Escalup, Gilles Ponchel, Kazunori Kataoka, and Philippe Guérin. "Polymers of malic acid and 3-alkylmalic acid as synthetic PHAs in the design of biocompatible hydrolyzable devices." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 25, no. 1-3 (June 1999): 273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-8130(99)00042-2.

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23

Polishchuk, A. Ya, A. J. M. Valente, G. Camino, M. P. Luda, N. N. Madyuskin, V. M. M. Lobo, G. E. Zaikov, and M. Revellino. "Diffusion of electrolytes in hydrolyzable glassy polymers: Acetic acid in poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl alcohol), and polyesters." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 83, no. 5 (November 29, 2001): 1157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.10163.

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24

Matsumoto, Akikazu, Yoshitaka Oki, and Takayuki Otsu. "Polymaleimides Bearing a Readily Hydrolyzable Side Group: Synthesis and Polymerization of N-Trialkylsilylmaleimides and Characterization of the Polymers." Polymer Journal 24, no. 7 (1992): 679–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/polymj.24.679.

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25

Lee, Sang Yoon, Jung Soo Kim, Seung Ho Lim, Seong Hyun Jang, Dong Hyun Kim, No-Hyung Park, Jae Woong Jung, and Jun Choi. "The Investigation of the Silica-Reinforced Rubber Polymers with the Methoxy Type Silane Coupling Agents." Polymers 12, no. 12 (December 20, 2020): 3058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12123058.

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The methoxy-type silane coupling agents were synthesized via the modification of the hydrolyzable group and characterized to investigate the change in properties of silica/rubber composites based on the different silane coupling agent structures and the masterbatch fabrication methods. The prepared methoxy-type silane coupling agents exhibited higher reactivity towards hydrolysis compared to the conventional ethoxy-type one which led to the superior silanization to the silica filler surface modified for the reinforcement of styrene-butadiene rubber. The silica/rubber composites based on these methoxy-type silane coupling agents had the characteristics of more developed vulcanization and mechanical properties when fabricated as masterbatch products for tread materials of automobile tire surfaces. In particular, the dimethoxy-type silane coupling agent showed more enhanced rubber composite properties than the trimethoxy-type one, and the environmentally friendly wet masterbatch fabrication process was successfully optimized. The reactivity of the synthesized silane coupling agents toward hydrolysis was investigated by FITR spectroscopic analysis, and the mechanical properties of the prepared silica-reinforced rubber polymers were characterized using a moving die rheometer and a universal testing machine.

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26

Neradovic, Dragana, Wouter L. J. Hinrichs, Jantien J. Kettenes-van den Bosch, and Wim E. Hennink. "Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) with hydrolyzable lactic acid ester side groups: a new type of thermosensitive polymer." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 20, no. 11 (November 1, 1999): 577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-3927(19991101)20:11<577::aid-marc577>3.0.co;2-d.

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27

Ooya, Tooru, Takahiro Ichi, Tomoyuki Furubayashi, Masakazu Katoh, and Nobuhiko Yui. "Cationic hydrogels of PEG crosslinked by a hydrolyzable polyrotaxane for cartilage regeneration." Reactive and Functional Polymers 67, no. 11 (November 2007): 1408–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2007.07.055.

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28

Han, Ershuan, Shuai Zhang, Fusui Lu, Fengyun Hu, Jingui Zheng, Kunzhan Meng, Zhengbin Pan, Peiqiang Li, and Hongzong Yin. "Stability of easily hydrolyzable beta-cypermethrin based O/W type drug-loading microemulsion." Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 40, no. 8 (September 5, 2018): 1085–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2018.1496831.

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29

Wu, Wei-Tai, Wenmin Pang, Yusong Wang, Qingren Zhu, Fei Lu, and Guoyong Xu. "A novel approach to hydrolyzable polyvinylketal from poly(vinyl alcohol) and acetone under phase transfer catalyst conditions." Polymer 46, no. 9 (April 2005): 3132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.01.099.

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30

Barbaud, Christel, Fatoumia Abdillah, Fay Fabienne, Mohamed Guerrouache, and Philippe Guérin. "Synthesis of new α, α′, β-trisubstituted β-lactones as monomers for hydrolyzable polyesters." Designed Monomers and Polymers 6, no. 4 (January 2003): 353–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156855503771816822.

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31

Liu, Chunfu, Fanfei Min, Lingyun Liu, Jun Chen, and Jia Du. "Mechanism of hydrolyzable metal ions effect on the zeta potential of fine quartz particles." Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 39, no. 2 (September 21, 2017): 298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2017.1316205.

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32

Egelman, Edward H. "From Static Images To Dynamic Structures: The Use of Image Analysis and Video In Deriving Dynamical Information From Electron Microscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 1 (August 12, 1990): 526–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100181385.

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Advances in computer graphics and numerical processing, in video technology, and in image acquisition have enabled us to extend the power of the electron microscope in the analysis of macromolecular structures, particularly helical protein polymers. Three applications of this technology will be described:1) There are frequently times where the static images acquired from fixed, stained or frozen specimens leads to a loss of information about the dynamical properties of the molecules or structures being studied. We have been using computed image analysis, graphics and animation to recover the dynamical information that can be obtained from electron microscopic images.Using the RecA protein of E. coli , we have been able to capture different biochemical states as a function of time through the use of a slowly hydrolyzable ATP analog, ATP-γ-S. Threedimensional reconstruction of these helical structures, combined with computer-generated animation between different structures, have enabled us to directly visualize the motions within the protein polymer associated with the hydrolysis of the nucleotide analog. Modifications of the RecA protein, achieved through either proteolysis or mutation, have allowed us to use the same techniques to visualize domain-domain movements within the RecA filament which occur over a range of 5-10Å. The methods of analysis, graphics and animation which have been used will be discussed. The general applicability of these procedures to other systems will also be addressed.

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33

Kasmi, Sabah, Benoit Louage, Lutz Nuhn, Alexandra Van Driessche, Jan Van Deun, Izet Karalic, Martijn Risseeuw, et al. "Transiently Responsive Block Copolymer Micelles Based on N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide Engineered with Hydrolyzable Ethylcarbonate Side Chains." Biomacromolecules 17, no. 1 (December 23, 2015): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01252.

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34

Baudrion, F., A. Perichaud, and S. Coen. "Chemical modification of hydroxyl functions: Introduction of hydrolyzable ester function and bactericidal quaternary ammonium groups." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 70, no. 13 (December 26, 1998): 2657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19981226)70:13<2657::aid-app11>3.0.co;2-x.

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35

Anand, Manjit, and A. K. Srivastava. "Synthesis and Characterization of Epoxy Resin Containing Copper Acrylate." High Performance Polymers 4, no. 2 (April 1992): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-0083/4/2/005.

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Novel epoxy resins containing copper have been synthesized by reacting copper acrylate with bisphenol A and excess epicholorohydrin. Values of as epoxy equivalent weight, hydroxyl content and hydrolyzable chlorine content have been estimated. The resins have been characterized by IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR analysis. The cured resins were evaluated for thermal properties. The curing of resins has been carried out with polyamide at 30 °C and with phenacyl dimethyl sulfonium ylide mercuric chloride complex by heating at 150 °C for 8 h and at 180 °C for 3 h. The cured resins have improved electrical properties and excellent thermal and chemical resistance in comparison with the control resin. The reaction follows first-order kinetics with activation energies of 47 and 34 kJ/mol in the presence and absence, respectively, of copper actrylate. The copper forms a complex with bisphenol A, as indicated by spectroscopic studies, which increases the epoxidation rate.

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36

Lee, Jun Bae, Ki Woo Chun, Jun Jin Yoon, and Tae Gwan Park. "Controlling Degradation of Acid-Hydrolyzable Pluronic Hydrogels by Physical Entrapment of Poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres." Macromolecular Bioscience 4, no. 10 (October 20, 2004): 957–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mabi.200400073.

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37

Guazzelli, Elisa, Giancarlo Galli, Elisa Martinelli, André Margaillan, and Christine Bressy. "Amphiphilic hydrolyzable polydimethylsiloxane-b-poly(ethyleneglycol methacrylate-co-trialkylsilyl methacrylate) block copolymers for marine coatings. I. Synthesis, hydrolysis and surface wettability." Polymer 186 (January 2020): 121954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121954.

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38

Erlandsson, Bengt, Ann-Christine Albertsson, and Sigbritt Karlsson. "Molecular weight determination in degraded oxidizable and hydrolyzable polymers giving deviation from accurate using calibration and the Mark-Houwink-Sakaruda (MHS) equation." Polymer Degradation and Stability 57, no. 1 (July 1997): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-3910(96)00221-2.

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39

Chao, Huan, Guo Li, Jiabao Yu, Zhaotie Liu, Zhong‐Wen Liu, and Jinqiang Jiang. "Backbone‐Hydrolyzable Poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) bis(glycidyl ether)‐ alt ‐ketoglutaric acid) with Tunable LCST Behavior." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 220, no. 12 (May 9, 2019): 1900004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.201900004.

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40

Teng, Xiaoxu, Shufen Zhang, and Wei Ma. "Application of a hydrolyzable cationic agent, poly(acryloxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride), in salt-free reactive dyeing for good dyeing properties." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 122, no. 4 (July 11, 2011): 2741–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.34023.

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41

Morinaga, Hisatoyo, Hiroshi Morikawa, Atsushi Sudo, and Takeshi Endo. "A new water-soluble branched poly(ethylene imine) derivative having hydrolyzable imidazolidine moieties and its application to long-lasting release of aldehyde." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 48, no. 20 (September 1, 2010): 4529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.24244.

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42

Cammas-Marion, Sandrine, and Philippe Guérin. "Design of malolactonic acid esters with a large spectrum of specified pendant groups in the engineering of biofunctional and hydrolyzable polyesters." Macromolecular Symposia 153, no. 1 (March 2000): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3900(200003)153:1<167::aid-masy167>3.0.co;2-q.

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43

Wibullucksanakul, Sirinat, Kazuhiko Hashimoto, and Masahiko Okada. "Hydrolysis and release behavior of hydrolyzable poly(etherurethane) gels derived from saccharide-, L-lysine-derivatives, and poly(propylene glycol)." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 198, no. 2 (February 1997): 305–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1997.021980207.

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44

Moccia, Federica, Sarai Agustin-Salazar, Luisella Verotta, Enrico Caneva, Samuele Giovando, Gerardino D’Errico, Lucia Panzella, Marco d’Ischia, and Alessandra Napolitano. "Antioxidant Properties of Agri-Food Byproducts and Specific Boosting Effects of Hydrolytic Treatments." Antioxidants 9, no. 5 (May 18, 2020): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9050438.

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Largely produced agri-food byproducts represent a sustainable and easily available source of phenolic compounds, such as lignins and tannins, endowed with potent antioxidant properties. We report herein the characterization of the antioxidant properties of nine plant-derived byproducts. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assays indicated the superior activity of pomegranate peels and seeds, grape pomace and pecan nut shell. An increase in the antioxidant potency was observed for most of the waste materials following a hydrolytic treatment, with the exception of the condensed tannin-rich pecan nut shell and grape pomace. UV-Vis and HPLC investigation of the soluble fractions coupled with the results from IR analysis and chemical degradation approaches on the whole materials allowed to conclude that the improvement of the antioxidant properties was due not only to removal of non-active components (mainly carbohydrates), but also to structural modifications of the phenolic compounds. Parallel experiments run on natural and bioinspired model phenolic polymers suggested that these structural modifications positively impacted on the antioxidant properties of lignins and hydrolyzable tannins, whereas significant degradation of condensed tannin moieties occurred, likely responsible for the lowering of the reducing power observed for grape pomace and pecan nut shell. These results open new perspectives toward the exploitation and manipulation of agri-food byproducts for application as antioxidant additives in functional materials.

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45

Pereira, I. M., S. Carvalho, M. M. Pereira, M. F. Leite, and R. L. Oréfice. "Effect of the degree of clay delamination on the phase morphology, surface chemical aspects, and properties of hydrolyzable polyurethanes for periodontal regeneration." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 114, no. 1 (October 5, 2009): 254–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.30404.

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46

Mickey, B., and J. Howard. "Rigidity of microtubules is increased by stabilizing agents." Journal of Cell Biology 130, no. 4 (August 15, 1995): 909–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.130.4.909.

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Microtubules are rigid polymers that contribute to the static mechanical properties of cells. Because microtubules are dynamic structures whose polymerization is regulated during changes in cell shape, we have asked whether the mechanical properties of microtubules might also be modulated. We measured the flexural rigidity, or bending stiffness, of individual microtubules under a number of different conditions that affect the stability of microtubules against depolymerization. The flexural rigidity of microtubules polymerized with the slowly hydrolyzable nucleotide analogue guanylyl-(alpha, beta)-methylene-diphosphonate was 62 +/- 9 x 10(-24) Nm2 (weighted mean +/- SEM); that of microtubules stabilized with tau protein was 34 +/- 3 x 10(-24) Nm2; and that of microtubules stabilized with the antimitotic drug taxol was 32 +/- 2 x 10(-24) Nm2. For comparison, microtubules that were capped to prevent depolymerization, but were not otherwise stabilized, had a flexural rigidity of 26 +/- 2 x 10(-24) Nm2. Decreasing the temperature from 37 degrees C to approximately 25 degrees C, a condition that makes microtubules less stable, decreased the stiffness of taxol-stabilized microtubules by one-third. We thus find that the more stable a microtubule, the higher its flexural rigidity. This raises the possibility that microtubule rigidity may be regulated in vivo. In addition, the high rigidity of an unstabilized, GDP-containing microtubule suggests that a large amount of energy could be stored as mechanical strain energy in the protein lattice for subsequent force generation during microtubule depolymerization.

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47

Wibullucksanakul, Sirinat, Kazuhiko Hashimoto, and Masahiko Okada. "Swelling behavior and controlled release of new hydrolyzable poly(ether urethane) gels derived from saccharide and L-lysine derivatives and poly(ethylene glycol)." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 197, no. 6 (June 1996): 1865–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1996.021970608.

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48

McCubbin, P. J., E. Forbes, M. M. Gow, and S. D. Gorham. "Covalent attachment of quaternary ammonium compounds to a polyethylene surface via a hydrolyzable ester linkage: Basis for a controlled-release system of antiseptics from an inert surface." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 100, no. 1 (2006): 538–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.23296.

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Reinhard, Sören, Hesong Han, Jan Tuma, Joachim Justad Røise, I.-Che Li, Jie Li, Hye Young Lee, and Niren Murthy. "A pH-sensitive eosin-block copolymer delivers proteins intracellularly." Chemical Communications 56, no. 91 (2020): 14207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc05165a.

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Donaldson, Laurie. "New hydrolyzable polymer could lead to cheaper biomaterials." Materials Today 18, no. 2 (March 2015): 62–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2015.01.007.

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