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Academic literature on the topic 'Hydrophilic solute'
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Journal articles on the topic "Hydrophilic solute"
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Monroe, Jacob I., Sally Jiao, R. Justin Davis, Dennis Robinson Brown, Lynn E. Katz, and M. Scott Shell. "Affinity of small-molecule solutes to hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and chemically patterned interfaces in aqueous solution." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 1 (2020): e2020205118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020205118.
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Performance of membranes for water purification is highly influenced by the interactions of solvated species with membrane surfaces, including surface adsorption of solutes upon fouling. Current efforts toward fouling-resistant membranes often pursue surface hydrophilization, frequently motivated by macroscopic measures of hydrophilicity, because hydrophobicity is thought to increase solute–surface affinity. While this heuristic has driven diverse membrane functionalization strategies, here we build on advances in the theory of hydrophobicity to critically examine the relevance of macroscopic characterizations of solute–surface affinity. Specifically, we use molecular simulations to quantify the affinities to model hydroxyl- and methyl-functionalized surfaces of small, chemically diverse, charge-neutral solutes represented in produced water. We show that surface affinities correlate poorly with two conventional measures of solute hydrophobicity, gas-phase water solubility and oil–water partitioning. Moreover, we find that all solutes show attraction to the hydrophobic surface and most to the hydrophilic one, in contrast to macroscopically based hydrophobicity heuristics. We explain these results by decomposing affinities into direct solute interaction energies (which dominate on hydroxyl surfaces) and water restructuring penalties (which dominate on methyl surfaces). Finally, we use an inverse design algorithm to show how heterogeneous surfaces, with multiple functional groups, can be patterned to manipulate solute affinity and selectivity. These findings, importantly based on a range of solute and surface chemistries, illustrate that conventional macroscopic hydrophobicity metrics can fail to predict solute–surface affinity, and that molecular-scale surface chemical patterning significantly influences affinity—suggesting design opportunities for water purification membranes and other engineered interfaces involving aqueous solute–surface interactions.
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Berg, M. M., K. J. Kim, R. L. Lubman, and E. D. Crandall. "Hydrophilic solute transport across rat alveolar epithelium." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 5 (1989): 2320–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.5.2320.
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Diffusional fluxes of a series of hydrophilic nonelectrolytes (molecular radii ranging from 0.15 to 0.57 nm) were measured across the alveolocapillary barrier in the isolated perfused fluid-filled rat lung. Radiolabeled solutes were lavaged into the distal air spaces of isolated Ringer-perfused lungs, and apparent permeability-surface area products were calculated from the rates of isotope appearance in the recirculating perfusate. These data were used to estimate theoretical equivalent pore radii in the alveolar epithelium, with the assumption of diffusive flow through water-filled cylindrical pores. The alveolar epithelium is best characterized by two pore populations, with small pores (radius 0.5 nm) occupying 98.7% of total pore area and larger pores (radius 3.4 nm) occupying 1.3% of total pore area. Net water flow out of the alveolar space was measured by including an impermeant solute (dextran) in the lavage fluid and measuring its concentration in the alveolar space as a function of time. Under control conditions, net water flow averaged 167 nl/s. When 24 microM terbutaline was added to the perfusate, net water flow increased significantly to 350 nl/s (P less than 0.001). Terbutaline had no effect on the fluxes of either glycerol (which traverses the small pore pathway) or sucrose (which traverses the large pore pathway). These findings indicate that the intact mammalian alveolar epithelium is complex and highly resistant to the flow of solutes and water.
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Pandit, Bijan, Abhijit Sarkar, and Biswajit Sinha. "Solution thermodynamics of sodium pyruvate in aqueous glycine solutions at T 298.15-313.15 K." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 81, no. 11 (2016): 1283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc151031034p.
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In this study we investigated the effects of sodium pyruvate on the solution thermodynamics of glycine in terms of the solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions in aqueous solutions. Measured density and viscosity were used to derive apparent molar volumes (?V), standard partial molar volumes (?V0) and viscosity B-coefficients at 298.15, 303.15 K, 308.15, and 318.15 K under ambient pressure. The interactions are further discussed in terms of ion-dipolar, hydrophobic- hydrophobic, hydrophilic-hydrophobic group interactions. The activation parameters of viscous flow were also discussed in terms of transition state theory. The overall results indicated that ion-hydrophilic and hydrophilic-hydrophilic group interactions are predominant in the ternary solutions.
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Sarkar, Abhijit, and Biswajit Sinha. "Solution thermodynamics of aqueous nicotinic acid solutions in presence of tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulphate." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 78, no. 8 (2013): 1225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc111212027s.
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In this study we investigated the effects of tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulphate (Bu4NHSO4) on the solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions in the aqueous solutions of nicotinic acid in terms of apparent molar volumes (?V), standard partial molar volumes (?V0) and viscosity B-coefficients at 298.15, 308.15, and 318.15 K under ambient pressure. These interactions are further discussed in terms of ion-dipolar, hydrophobic- hydrophobic, hydrophilic-hydrophobic group interactions. The activation parameters of viscous flow for Bu4NHSO4 in the aqueous solutions of nicotinic acid were discussed in terms of transition state theory. The overall results indicated that ion-hydrophilic and hydrophilic-hydrophilic group interactions are predominant in the aqueous solutions of nicotinic acid and Bu4NHSO4 has a dehydration effect on the hydrated nicotinic acid.
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Kim, Yong Ho, Kwang-Jin Kim, David Z. D’Argenio, and Edward D. Crandall. "Characteristics of Passive Solute Transport across Primary Rat Alveolar Epithelial Cell Monolayers." Membranes 11, no. 5 (2021): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11050331.
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Primary rat alveolar epithelial cell monolayers (RAECM) were grown without (type I cell-like phenotype, RAECM-I) or with (type II cell-like phenotype, RAECM-II) keratinocyte growth factor to assess passive transport of 11 hydrophilic solutes. We estimated apparent permeability (Papp) in the absence/presence of calcium chelator EGTA to determine the effects of perturbing tight junctions on “equivalent” pores. Papp across RAECM-I and -II in the absence of EGTA are similar and decrease as solute size increases. We modeled Papp of the hydrophilic solutes across RAECM-I/-II as taking place via heterogeneous populations of equivalent pores comprised of small (0.41/0.32 nm radius) and large (9.88/11.56 nm radius) pores, respectively. Total equivalent pore area is dominated by small equivalent pores (99.92–99.97%). The number of small and large equivalent pores in RAECM-I was 8.55 and 1.29 times greater, respectively, than those in RAECM-II. With EGTA, the large pore radius in RAECM-I/-II increased by 1.58/4.34 times and the small equivalent pore radius increased by 1.84/1.90 times, respectively. These results indicate that passive diffusion of hydrophilic solutes across an alveolar epithelium occurs via small and large equivalent pores, reflecting interactions of transmembrane proteins expressed in intercellular tight junctions of alveolar epithelial cells.
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Stulc, J., and B. Stulcova. "Asymmetrical transfer of inert hydrophilic solutes across rat placenta." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 265, no. 3 (1993): R670—R675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1993.265.3.r670.
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Transfer of [14C]mannitol, 51Cr-labeled EDTA, and [14C]-inulin from mother to fetus and from fetus to mother was measured in rats under pentobarbital anesthesia. The clearance of the three substances from the mother to fetus (Kmf) was 2.69 +/- 0.38, 1.93 +/- 0.73, and 0.47 +/- 0.14 microliter/min (means +/- SE), respectively, and the clearance from fetus to mother (Kfm) was 5.97, 6.66, and 4.95 microliters/min, respectively (the SE could not be estimated). Kfm appears to be consistently higher than Kmf by an almost constant value of approximately 4 microliters/min. To explain this a hypothesis was proposed according to which volume flow circulates across the placenta. Solute-free water is driven transcellularly across the placental barrier from the maternal to the fetal side by a difference of osmotic pressure created by active transport of some solutes (mainly Na+) to the fetus. Water together with all solutes dissolved returns from fetus to mother by filtration through wide extracellular channels in the placenta down a hydrostatic pressure gradient.
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Brown, Daniel, You Han Bae, and Sung Wan Kim. "Hydrophilic Solute Release from a Hydrophobic Elastic Matrix." Macromolecules 27, no. 18 (1994): 4952–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00096a016.
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Xu, Yang, Yingying Zhu, Zhen Chen, Jinyuan Zhu, and Geng Chen. "A Comprehensive Review on Forward Osmosis Water Treatment: Recent Advances and Prospects of Membranes and Draw Solutes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13 (2022): 8215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138215.
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Forward osmosis (FO) is an evolving membrane separation technology for water treatment and reclamation. However, FO water treatment technology is limited by factors such as concentration polarization, membrane fouling, and reverse solute flux. Therefore, it is of a great importance to prepare an efficient high-density porous membrane and to select an appropriate draw solute to reduce concentration polarization, membrane fouling, and reverse solute flux. This review aims to present a thorough evaluation of the advancement of different draw solutes and membranes with their effects on FO performance. NaCl is still widely used in a large number of studies, and several general draw solutes, such as organic-based and inorganic-based, are selected based on their osmotic pressure and water solubility. The selection criteria for reusable solutes, such as heat-recovered gaseous draw, magnetic field-recovered MNPs, and electrically or thermally-responsive hydrogel are primarily based on their industrial efficiency and energy requirements. CA membranes are resistant to chlorine degradation and are hydrophilic, while TFC/TFN exhibit a high inhibition of bio-adhesion and hydrolysis. AQPs are emerging membranes, due to proteins with complete retention capacity. Moreover, the development of the hybrid system combining FO with other energy or water treatment technologies is crucial to the sustainability of FO.
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Briskin, Donald P. "Membranes and Transport Systems in Plants: An Overview." Weed Science 42, no. 2 (1994): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500080371.
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Membranes define the outer boundary of the living protoplast and the internal compartmentation of plant cells. From a structural point of view, membranes consist of a lipid bilayer and proteins essential for functions such as solute transport, signal transduction, and numerous metabolic reactions. While membranes can represent a significant barrier to the free movement of many solutes, those with sufficient lipid solubility may move across membranes by dissolving into the lipid bilayer. However, selective membrane transport is generally observed for hydrophilic solutes such as mineral nutrients and cell metabolites. Such selective transport requires an input of metabolic energy, and in plants this occurs via the production of proton electrochemical gradients across the membrane by substrate- (ex. ATP, PPi) driven proton pumps. Selective solute transport is then mediated by membrane-associated secondary transport systems which utilize the proton electrochemical gradient to drive the transport process. This review of membrane structure and transport system function provides a background for a further examination of herbicide interactions with plant membranes.
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MASON, G. R., A. M. PETERS, E. BAGDADES, M. J. MYERS, D. SNOOK, and J. M. B. HUGHES. "Evaluation of pulmonary alveolar epithelial integrity by the detection of restriction to diffusion of hydrophilic solutes of different molecular sizes." Clinical Science 100, no. 3 (2001): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs1000231.
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The rate of transfer of a hydrophilic solute from the alveoli to pulmonary blood following inhalation as an aerosol depends on the molecular size of the solute and the permeability of the alveolar epithelium. The value of this measurement for assessing damage to the epithelium in lung disease is compromised by cigarette smoking, which accelerates clearance by unknown mechanisms. The rates of clearance of 99mTc-labelled diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (DTPA) (molecular mass 492 Da) and 113mIn-labelled biotinylated DTPA (B-DTPA) (molecular mass 1215 Da) were monitored simultaneously by dynamic γ-radiation camera imaging following simultaneous inhalation, and compared between eight normal non-smoking subjects and nine habitual cigarette smokers. The clearance rates of DTPA were 0.95 (S.D. 0.39)%/min in non-smokers and 4.13 (1.06) %/min in smokers. These were about twice the clearance rates of B-DTPA, which in the corresponding groups were 0.41 (0.26) and 2.12 (0.72)%/min respectively. The ratio of the B-DTPA/DTPA clearance rates was, in all subjects, less than the ratio (0.74) of the cube roots of the molecular masses of the solutes, assumed to correspond to the ratio of their free diffusion coefficients in water, and was not significantly different between smokers and non-smokers. As alveolar permeability increased, the ratio of clearance rates in the entire population showed a significant trend to increase in a non-linear fashion towards the value corresponding to the ratio of the free diffusion coefficients. We conclude that the diffusion of at least the larger of these two solutes through the pulmonary alveolar epithelium is restricted (i.e. associated with a reflection coefficient greater than zero). Cigarette smoking, however, does not appear to cause a loss of this restriction, and may increase solute clearance by other mechanisms, such as reducing fluid volume within the alveolus, thereby raising the local radiotracer concentration, or increasing the number of pores available for solute exchange without affecting pore size. Conversely, if restriction was lost in lung disease, the ratio of the clearance rates of two solutes of dissimilar sizes could be used to detect disease in smokers as well as non-smokers.