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Journal articles on the topic 'Hydrophobic compounds'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Barnoud, Jonathan, Giulia Rossi, Siewert J. Marrink, and Luca Monticelli. "Hydrophobic Compounds Reshape Membrane Domains." PLoS Computational Biology 10, no. 10 (October 9, 2014): e1003873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003873.

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2

Schwarzenbach, R. P., and J. Westall. "Sorption of Hydrophobic Trace Organic Compounds in Groundwater Systems." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 9 (September 1, 1985): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0081.

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Factors influencing the subsurface sorption behavior of neutral and ionizable trace organic compounds are discussed. At equilibrium, the sorption of a neutral hydrophobic organic compound can be expressed by a simple partition coefficient. Partition coefficients, and thus retardation factors, may be estimated from the octanol/water partition coefficient of the compound and the organic carbon content of the aquifer material, if the organic carbon content exceeds 0.1%. For ionizable (anionic) hydrophobic compounds (represented by chlorinated phenols), the distribution ratio depends on both the pH and ionic strength of the aqueous phase, in contrast to the partitioning model for neutral compounds in which the composition of the aqueous phase is relatively unimportant.

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3

Ahuja, Eric S., and Joe P. Foley. "Separation of very hydrophobic compounds by hydrophobic interaction electrokinetic chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 680, no. 1 (September 1994): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(94)80054-5.

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4

Rybarczyk, Piotr, Bartosz Szulczyński, and Jacek Gębicki. "Simultaneous Removal of Hexane and Ethanol from Air in a Biotrickling Filter—Process Performance and Monitoring Using Electronic Nose." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010387.

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Biofiltration is a well-accepted method for the removal of malodorous compounds from air streams. Interestingly, the mechanisms underlying this process are not fully understood. The aim of this paper was to investigate the simultaneous removal of hydrophobic hexane with hydrophilic ethanol, resulting in the enhanced removal of hexane in the presence of ethanol. Investigations were performed in a peat-perlite packed biotrickling filter and the process performance was monitored using both gas chromatography and electronic nose techniques. The results indicate that the length as well as the efficiency of biofiltration during the start-up period depend on the feed composition, with higher efficiency obtained when hexane and ethanol were fed together from the process initiation. The experiments in the steady-state period present the biofilter performance when different ratios of hydrophilic to hydrophobic compounds were fed to the biofilter. The obtained results show the synergistic effects of the addition of a hydrophilic compound on the removal efficiency of hydrophobic hexane. The influence of the ratio of hydrophilic to hydrophobic compounds is discussed in terms of enhancing the mass transfer phenomena for hydrophobic volatile organic compounds.

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5

Tabushi, Iwao, Tatsuya Nabeshima, Kazuo Yamamura, and Mikio Tsuda. "Artificial receptor recognizing hydrophobic carbonyl compounds." Journal of Organic Chemistry 51, no. 10 (May 1986): 1918–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00360a056.

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6

Morgan, Meredith T., Michael A. Carnahan, Chad E. Immoos, Anthony A. Ribeiro, Stella Finkelstein, Stephen J. Lee, and Mark W. Grinstaff. "Dendritic Molecular Capsules for Hydrophobic Compounds." Journal of the American Chemical Society 125, no. 50 (December 2003): 15485–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja0347383.

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7

Shimizu, Y., H. Sogabe, and Y. Terashima. "The effects of colloidal humic substances on the movement of non-ionic hydrophobic organic contaminants in groundwater." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 7 (October 1, 1998): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0289.

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A controlled experimental study of the sorption of colloidal humic substances (humic acid) and a non-ionic hydrophobic organic compound (naphthalene) onto typical inorganic constituents of aquifer solids was performed using four types of model solid phases {i.e., individual model solids (montmorillonite, kaolinite, amorphous aluminosilicate gel, and amorphous iron oxides) and combined model solids (montmorillonite coated by amorphous aluminosilicate gel or iron oxides)}, which are synthesized in the laboratory. The batch experimental results indicated that the sorption of non-ionic hydrophobic organic compounds and colloidal humic substances onto the aquifer solids is significantly influenced by the solid composition. And it was also suggested that the non-ionic hydrophobic organic compounds which have greater hydrophobicity are considered to be sorbed and stabilized by the mobile colloidal humic substances in groundwater, and these colloids may act as a third phase that can increase the amount of compounds that the flow of groundwater can transport. On the other hand, the non-ionic hydrophobic organic contaminants of smaller hydrophobicity may be retarded significantly with the sorption of colloidal humic substances onto the aquifer solids.

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8

Akiba, Isamu, Ryosuke Nakanishi, Masaki Kugimoto, Daisuke Kugimoto, Yusuke Sanada, and Kazuo Sakurai. "ASAXS Study on Spatial Distribution of Hydrophobic Compounds in Polymer Micelles." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C1580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314084198.

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In drug delivery system (DDS) using polymer micelles as drug carrier, DDS properties are related to spatial distribution of drug compounds in the micelles [1]. Because the spatial distribution of drug compounds should strongly depend on interactions and solubility of drug compounds in the micelles, elucidation of the relation between chemical structures of drug compounds and their spatial distribution in the micelle is much important. Thus, in this study, we examine to elucidate the relation between chemical features and spatial distribution of drug compounds in polymer micelles by using anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering (ASAXS). To apply the ASAXS near bromine K-edge for analysis [2] of spatial distribution of drug compounds in polymer micelles, we employ 4 different bromine-labeled hydrophobic compounds as model drug compounds and polymer micelles composed of poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA-b-PMMA). Figure shows SAXS and resonant term obtained from ASAXS near bromine K-edge for the polymer micelles containing 9-bromofluorene (BrF). The domain size estimated from the resonant term is much smaller than that of hydrophobic PMMA core of the micelle. Therefore, When BrF, which is highly hydrophobic and scarcely dissolved in hydrophobic PMMA, is incorporated in the polymer micelle, BrF forms small droplet in the hydrophobic core composed of PMMA. For the micelles incorporating bromobenzene, which as similar properties of BrF, similar result is obtained. On the other hand, 4-bromobenzyl alcohol and ethyl 2-bromoethyl propionate, which are miscible with PMMA, are homogeneously dispersed in the PMMA core of the micelles. These results indicate that highly hydrophobic compounds forms small droplet in hydrophobic core, and introduction of polarity to the compounds causes expansion of the area existing the hydrophobic compounds in polymer micelle.

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9

Wang, Sin-Jie, Hsiao-Ting Lu, Yu-Chao Wang, Hsin-Ying Huang, and Chung-Shi Yang. "A rapid screening method to select microdialysis carriers for hydrophobic compounds." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): e0256920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256920.

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Microdialysis is a minimally invasive sampling technique which is widely applied in many fields including clinical studies. This technique usually has limitation on sampling hydrophobic compounds as aqueous solutions are commonly used as the perfusates. The relative recovery of hydrophobic compounds is often low and irreproducible because of the non-specific binding to microdialysis membranes or catheter tubing. Carriers such as cyclodextrins have been used to improve the recovery and consistency, however the identification of an optimal carrier can only be achieved after time-consuming and costly microdialysis experiments. We therefore developed a rapid, convenient, and low-cost method to identify the optimal carriers for sampling hydrophobic compounds with the use of centrifugal ultrafiltration. Doxorubicin was used as the model compound and its relative recoveries obtained from centrifugal ultrafiltration and from microdialysis were compared. The results show that the relative recoveries are highly correlated (correlation coefficient ≥ 0.9) between centrifugal ultrafiltration and microdialysis when different types or different concentrations of cyclodextrins were used as the carriers. In addition to doxorubicin, this method was further confirmed on three other drugs with different hydrophobicity. This method may facilitate and broaden the use of microdialysis perfusion on sampling or delivering hydrophobic substances in various applications.

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10

Voronkova, Y. S., and N. I. Shtemenko. "Вплив кластерних сполук ренію з органічними лігандами на активність глюкозооксидази." Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University. Biology, medicine 2, no. 1 (March 21, 2011): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021103.

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Influence of cluster rhenium compounds with different ligands on the activity of glucoseoxidase was studied. Ability of the rhenium compounds to influence on the enzyme’s activity was ascertained. Itis depended on the compound structure and the time of incubation: activity of the glucoseoxidase changed by 4–24 %. The cluster compound with GABA ligand reduced the enzymatic activity, but compounds with hydrophobic ligands increased the activity of glucoseoxidase. Different mechanisms of the cluster rhenium compound–enzyme interactions are suspected.

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11

LEGOY, M. D., M. PIEVIC, M. BELLO, and D. THOMAS. "Bioconversion of Hydrophobic Compounds by Enzyme Systems." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 501, no. 1 Enzyme Engine (June 1987): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb45705.x.

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12

Lee, S. Y., S. J. Kim, S. Y. Chung, and C. H. Jeong. "Sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds onto organoclays." Chemosphere 55, no. 5 (May 2004): 781–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.11.007.

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13

Cameotra, Swaranjit Singh, and Randhir S. Makkar. "Biosurfactant-enhanced bioremediation of hydrophobic pollutants." Pure and Applied Chemistry 82, no. 1 (January 3, 2010): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-09-02-10.

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Biosurfactants are surface-active compounds synthesized by a wide variety of micro-organisms. They are molecules that have both hydrophobic and -philic domains and are capable of lowering the surface tension and the interfacial tension of the growth medium. Biosurfactants possess different chemical structures—lipopeptides, glycolipids, neutral lipids, and fatty acids. They are nontoxic biomolecules that are biodegradable. Biosurfactants also exhibit strong emulsification of hydrophobic compounds and form stable emulsions. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), crude oil sludge, and pesticides can be toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic compounds that pollute the environment. They are released into the environment as a result of oil spillage and by-products of coal treatment processes. The low water solubility of these compounds limits their availability to microorganisms, which is a potential problem for bioremediation of contaminated sites. Microbially produced surfactants enhance the bioavailability of these hydrophobic compounds for bioremediation. Therefore, biosurfactant-enhanced solubility of pollutants has potential bioremediation applications.

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14

Cai, Lifeng, Edina Balogh, and Miriam Gochin. "Stable Extended Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp41 Coiled Coil as an Effective Target in an Assay for High-Affinity Fusion Inhibitors." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 53, no. 6 (April 13, 2009): 2444–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00150-09.

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ABSTRACT The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp41 coiled-coil domain is an important target for fusion inhibitors, including the peptide T20, which has been approved as a drug against HIV-1. Research into nonpeptide fusion inhibitors has focused primarily on a hydrophobic pocket located within the coiled coil and has so far yielded compounds with relatively weak fusion inhibitory activity. Here, we describe metal ion-assisted stabilization of an extended 39-residue construct of gp41, which includes residues of the hydrophobic pocket and also of an extended groove N terminal to the hydrophobic pocket. We show that the presence of a metal ion and the high-affinity interaction between the receptor construct and cognate C-peptides result in a simple and highly selective assay for fusion inhibitors that may be used to scan large compound libraries. The long construct presents multiple potential binding sites along the extended coiled-coil groove. We demonstrate the modular use of assay probes to detect whether compounds bind in the hydrophobic pocket or elsewhere along the groove. Rapid detection and quantitation of hits can lead to the discovery of compounds binding to different sites along the groove and provide structure-activity relationship data for optimization. Compounds binding to adjacent sites could be linked to form more potent fusion inhibitors.

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15

Tarrega, Amparo, Claude Yven, Etienne Semon, Patrick Mielle, and Christian Salles. "Effect of Oral Physiology Parameters on In-Mouth Aroma Compound Release Using Lipoprotein Matrices: An In Vitro Approach." Foods 8, no. 3 (March 21, 2019): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8030106.

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Temporal aroma compound release during eating is a function of the physicochemical properties of the food matrix, aroma compounds, and oral physiology of individuals. However, the influence of each parameter on the release of each aroma component should be clarified. Two flavored lipoprotein matrices varying in composition were chewed in a chewing simulator that reproduced most of the physiological functions of the mouth. Aroma compound releases (butanoic acid, 2-heptanone, ethyl butyrate, 3-octanone, and 2-nonanone) were followed in real time by direct connection of the device to APCI-MS (atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry). Each oral parameter was controlled and decoupled using the in vitro device. The food matrix composition had only a low impact on aroma compound release, but the controlled oral parameters had significantly different influences on the release of aroma compounds according to their physicochemical characteristics. The release of certain compounds seemed more sensitive to bite force, while others seemed more sensitive to the shearing angle. The salivary flow rate primarily influenced the more hydrophobic compounds. Significant interactions were also observed between shear angle, salivary flow rate, and lipoprotein matrix composition, mainly for the release of the more hydrophobic volatile compounds; this needs further investigations to be clarified.

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16

SHINOZUKA, Noriko, and Yoshimasa NIHEI. "Interactions of Humic Acids with Some Hydrophobic Compounds." Journal of Japan Oil Chemists' Society 43, no. 9 (1994): 698–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/jos1956.43.698.

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17

Banerjee, Sujit, and Samuel H. Yalkowsky. "Cosolvent-induced solubilization of hydrophobic compounds into water." Analytical Chemistry 60, no. 19 (October 1988): 2153–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00170a034.

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18

Saitoh, Tohru, Toshiyuki Matsudo, and Chiyo Matsubara. "Micelle-mediated extraction for concentrating hydrophobic organic compounds." Journal of Chromatography A 879, no. 2 (May 2000): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00345-9.

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19

Meininghaus, Carsten K. W., and Roel Prins. "Sorption of volatile organic compounds on hydrophobic zeolites." Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 35-36 (April 2000): 349–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1387-1811(99)00233-4.

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20

Tauer, Klaus, Samira Nozari, A. M. Imroz Ali, and Steffen Kozempel. "Sorption of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds by Aqueous Latexes." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 26, no. 15 (August 5, 2005): 1228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.200500229.

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21

YAMAGAMI, Chisako, Nami KISHIDA, Shuei KA, Motoko HORIUCHI, and Noriko MOTOHASHI. "Hydrophobic Properties of Antimutagenic Benzalacetones and Related Compounds." CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 46, no. 2 (1998): 274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.46.274.

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22

Perona, Michael J. "The solubility of hydrophobic compounds in aqueous droplets." Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics 26, no. 14 (October 1992): 2549–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(92)90107-v.

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23

Rivis, Adrian, Nicoleta Gabriela Hadaruga, Daniel Ioan Hadaruga, Teodor Trasca, Marioara Druga, and Iulia Pinzaru. "Bioactive Nanoparticles The Complexation of Odorant Compounds with a-and b-Cyclodextrin." Revista de Chimie 59, no. 2 (March 9, 2008): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.08.2.1723.

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This paper presents the molecular encapsulation of some odorant compounds in a- or b-cyclodextrin. The molecular encapsulation of hydrophobic compounds in these natural cyclic oligosaccharides provides powders at nano scale with very good protection against degradative environmental factors (temperature, light, moisture, air/oxygen), controlled release of the bioactive compounds (long life bio-action), easy handling of powdery complexes (containing bioactive liquid compounds), higher water soluble bioactive specialties (containing hydrophobic biocompounds). From this point of view, some odorant bionanoparticles with enhanced bioactive properties (protection against oxidation, enhanced olfactive and long life smelling properties) and possible applications in cosmetic and toiletries were obtained and characterized. Both limonene and linalool enantiomers (d and l), dl-linalyl acetate, b-caryophyllene, benzaldehyde, g-decalactone, a-ionone, menthol, vanillin, and hydroxycitronellal were used as guest compounds. The encapsulation was achieved by crystallization from the ethanol-water solution. The GC-MS was used for odorant compound analysis and TG for nanoparticle analysis. a- Cyclodextrin release the odorant compounds earlier then the b-cyclodextrin, as indicated by thermogravimetric analysis. The benzaldehyde, menthol and vanillin were decomplexed at lower temperatures then 70�C and the majority of compounds were complexed at 1:1 stoichiometry ratio.

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24

Cousins, Matthew, Charles A. Gresham, Melissa B. Riley, and Ted Whitwell. "(216) Beach Sand Hydrophobicidity Induced as a Result of the Presence of Beach Vitex." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1033E—1034. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1033e.

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Beach Vitex (Vitex rotundifolia Lf.) was introduced to coastal Carolina areas in the 1980s. Since its introduction, it has become a major invasive plant problem. Beach Vitex rapidly dominates the vegetation and eliminates many native plant species on primary and secondary coastal dunes. It grows rapidly and reproduces vegetatively by rooting at the nodes. Thousands of fruits, containing one to four seeds each, are produced annually and assist in the plant's spread. Beach sand in areas dominated by Beach Vitex was found to possess hydrophobic qualities, while sand collected from areas not populated by Beach Vitex readily allowed water infiltration. GC-MS analysis of hydrophobic sand extracts showed four peaks that were absent from extracts of non-hydrophobic sand. These peaks were also present in chromatograms of water extracts of Beach Vitex fruits and leaves. Comparison of GC-MS spectra with compounds previously identified in Beach Vitex indicated that one compound was a diterpene (likely ferruginol or abietatrien-3ß-ol). The second compound is likely a flavonoid (possibly casticin, artemetin, or vitexicarpin). Two additional compounds are present at low levels and are possibly phenylnaphthalene compounds. These four compounds appear to be synthesized and incorporated into surface tissues of Beach Vitex leaves and fruits and are transferred to sand during rain events and decomposition. Further studies of Beach Vitex plant parts and beach sands are being conducted to further elucidate the possibility that these chemicals are involved in the intriguing property of sand hydrophobicity. This property may aide Beach Vitex in its competition with plants possessing less expansive root systems.

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25

Hu, Yulin, Cheng Bao, Dan Li, Lingxin You, Yizheng Du, Bin Liu, Xin Li, Fazheng Ren, and Yuan Li. "The construction of enzymolyzed α-lactalbumin based micellar nanoassemblies for encapsulating various kinds of hydrophobic bioactive compounds." Food & Function 10, no. 12 (2019): 8263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9fo02035g.

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26

Kleszczyńska, Halina, Janusz Sarapuk, Małgorzata Oświęcimska, and Stanisław Witek. "Antioxidative Activity of Some Quaternary Ammonium Salts Incorporated into Erythrocyte Membranes." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 55, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2000): 976–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2000-11-1221.

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The antioxidative activity of two series of amphiphilic compounds from a group of quaternary ammonium salts has been investigated. They were so-called bifunctional surfactants synthesized to be used as common pesticides or as antioxidants. The latter application was to be ensured by providing the compounds studied with an antioxidant group. Studies on antioxidative possibilities of those compounds were performed on pig erythrocytes. Due to their hydrophobic parts, they anchor in the erythrocyte membrane and influence the degree of lipid oxidation in the erythrocyte membrane subjected to UV radiation. It was found that compounds of both series decreased the oxidation of the membrane lipids. The inhibition of this oxidation increased with the length of their hydrophobic chains up to fourteen carbon atoms. The compounds of the longest hydrophobic chains showed a somewhat weaker antioxidative activity. Of the two series studied compounds were more effective having bromide ions as counterions. The corresponding compounds of a second series (chlorides) protected erythrocyte significantly weaker against oxidation. The effect of the compounds on fluidity of the erythrocyte membrane has been studied in order to explain the oxidation results. Change in fluidity of the erythrocyte ghost membranes was found also dependent on length of the hydrophobic part of the compounds and was more pronounced in the case of bromide surfactants. The final conclusion is that the compounds studied can be succesfully used as antioxidant agents of good efficacy.

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27

Belfroid, A. C., D. T. H. M. Sijm, and C. A. M. Van Gestel. "Bioavailability and toxicokinetics of hydrophobic aromatic compounds in benthic and terrestrial invertebrates." Environmental Reviews 4, no. 4 (April 1, 1996): 276–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a96-015.

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Uptake and accumulation of persistent hydrophobic chemicals by benthic and terrestrial invertebrates in water, sediment, and soil depends on the hydrophobicity of the compound (log Kow) and the lipid content of the organism. Several methods exist to determine the route of uptake. Their advantages and drawbacks are discussed. The route of uptake of hydrophobic contaminants is mainly via interstitial water, but for compounds with log Kow > 5 uptake from soil and sediment particles becomes important. In the presence of sediment or soil, the bulk of hydrophobic contaminants is sorbed to sediment/soil particles. Accumulation is, therefore, also controlled by sorption-related factors, such as the organic matter content and composition of sediment/soil, the presence of oil, particle size distribution, and the residence time of the contaminant. Other factors may be clay content and the presence of metals. It is shown that organic matter is the most important factor controlling accumulation in benthic and terrestrial organisms, while residence time of the contaminant and composition of organic matter seem to be of next importance. Also animal behaviour influences uptake and accumulation, such as size of the organism, avoidance of highly contaminated sites, burrowing behaviour, biotransformation, density of the organism population, and bioturbation. The influence of above mentioned factors on the equilibrium partitioning theory and related models for estimating accumulation levels was examined. The omittance of uptake from soil and sediment particles, the normalization on lipid content irrespective of other animal characteristics, biotransformation, organic matter composition, residence time of the contaminant, and the presence of oil are major factors interfering. As a result, a discrepancy between equilibrium partitioning theory estimated and actual accumulation levels of persistent hydrophobic compounds in benthic and terrestrial organisms exist.Key words: hydrophobic chemicals, accumulation, bioavailability, terrestrial organisms, benthic organisms, equilibrium partitioning theory.

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28

Hawker, D. W., and D. W. Connell. "Factors Affecting Bioconcentration of Trace Organic Contamination in Waters." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0042.

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The influence of some important biological and physicochemical factors on the bioconcentration of hydrophobic organic chemicals is outlined. For non-ionizable, persistent compounds the bioconcentration factor can be related to a compound's octanol/water partition coefficient, aqueous solubility and molecular weight, while the lipid content of an organism also affects the bioconcentration potential of these compounds. The effect of ionization and biodegradation of organic chemicals on bioconcentration is also discussed.

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Perez-Jiménez, María, Adelaida Esteban-Fernández, Carolina Muñoz-González, and María Angeles Pozo-Bayón. "Interactions among Odorants, Phenolic Compounds, and Oral Components and Their Effects on Wine Aroma Volatility." Molecules 25, no. 7 (April 8, 2020): 1701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071701.

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To determine the impact of oral physiology on the volatility of typical wine aroma compounds, mixtures of a synthetic wine with oral components (centrifuged human saliva (HS), artificial saliva with mucin (AS), and buccal epithelial cells (BC)) were prepared. Each wine type was independently spiked with four relevant wine odorants (guaiacol, β-phenyl ethanol, ethyl hexanoate, and β-ionone). Additionally, the impact of four types of phenolic compounds (gallic acid, catechin, grape seed extract, and a red wine extract) on aroma volatility in the HS, AS, and BC wines was also assessed. Static headspace was measured at equilibrium by solid phase microextraction–GC/MS analysis. Results showed a significant impact of oral components on the volatility of the four tested odorants. Independently of the type of aroma compound, aroma volatility was in general, higher in wines with BC. Moreover, while guaiacol and ethyl hexanoate volatility was significantly lower in wines with HS compared to wines with AS, β-ionone showed the opposite behavior, which might be related to metabolism and retention of mucin, respectively. Phenolic compounds also showed a different effect on aroma volatility depending on the type of compound and wine. Gallic acid had little effect on polar compounds but it enhanced the volatility of the most hydrophobic ones (ethyl hexanoate and β-ionone). In general, flavonoid type polyphenols significantly reduced the volatility of both polar (guaiacol and β-phenyl ethanol) and hydrophobic compounds (β-ionone in HS and BC wines), but through different mechanisms (e.g., π–π interactions and hydrophobic binding for polar and apolar odorants respectively). On the contrary, flavonoids enhanced the volatility of ethyl hexanoate, which might be due to the inhibition exerted on some salivary enzymes (e.g., carboxyl esterase) involved in the metabolism of this odorant molecule.

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30

Mehanna, Ahmed, and Moataz Hendawy. "Molecular modelling as a tool for designing dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors." Journal of Analytical & Pharmaceutical Research 10, no. 1 (February 22, 2021): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/japlr.2021.10.00363.

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Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is a relatively new target for the treatment of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Most of the inhibitors designed to date have not relied on modelling studies to guide their lead optimization efforts. In our previous work, we designed compounds that retain the (R)-3-amino-4-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butanamido S1-pocket binding moiety of sitagliptin, but have S2-pocket binding moieties that are more hydrophobic than the triazolopiperazine. In an effort to understand how Vina docking algorithm can be integrated in discovering new inhibitors of DPP-4; we designed, synthesized and evaluated new compounds that vary in the hydrophobic properties of the S2-pocket binding groups. Our results indicate that the minimum binding energy predicted from the docking studies was not reliable in designing more active candidates. However, visualizing the binding modes of each compound and modifying it to target neighboring key residues in the active site is a more effective implementation of the docking in the design of new compounds. Compounds in this study displayed IC50 values ranging from 0.37 µM to 11 µM.

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31

Wang, Peng, and Arturo Keller. "Adsorption of hydrophobic organic compounds onto a hydrophobic carbonaceous geosorbent in the presence of surfactants." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry preprint, no. 2008 (2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/07-568.

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32

Wang, Peng, and Arturo A. Keller. "ADSORPTION OF HYDROPHOBIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ONTO A HYDROPHOBIC CARBONACEOUS GEOSORBENT IN THE PRESENCE OF SURFACTANTS." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 27, no. 6 (2008): 1237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/07-568.1.

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33

Steele, Terry W. J., Charlotte L. Huang, Saranya Kumar, Effendi Widjaja, Freddy Yin Chiang Boey, Joachim S. C. Loo, and Subbu S. Venkatraman. "High-throughput screening of PLGA thin films utilizing hydrophobic fluorescent dyes for hydrophobic drug compounds." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 100, no. 10 (October 2011): 4317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.22625.

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34

Kylin, H., and A. Hellstr�m. "Endogenous hydrophobic compounds affect the hydrophobic capacity of plants and influence the forest filter effect." Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA) 17, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 249–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00477-003-0140-x.

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35

Shen, Ke Xuan, Shi Yong Sun, Ke Wang, Biao Biao Ma, Fa Qin Dong, Yu Quan Ren, and Xiao Yu Fan. "Amphiphilic Functionalized Montmorillonite as Possible Carriers for Hydrophobic Compounds." Materials Science Forum 956 (June 2019): 260–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.956.260.

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Amphiphilic functionalized montmorillonite (MMT) has been employed in hydrophobic compounds delivery systems. In the present study, MMT intercalated by 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (APS) was employed for the delivery of the model compounds of resveratrol (RSV). The structure and surface morphology of APS-MMT were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and contact angle analysis. The loading and release efficiencies of RSV were also investigated. Our study showed that the aminosilane-modified MMT is promising for use in poorly water-soluble compounds carrier systems owing to their natural and excellent performance.

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36

Gim, Hyo, Yong-Sung Choi, Hua Li, Yoon-Jung Kim, Jae-Ha Ryu, and Raok Jeon. "Identification of a Novel PPAR-γ Agonist through a Scaffold Tuning Approach." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 10 (October 4, 2018): 3032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103032.

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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are important targets in metabolic diseases including obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Recently, they have been highlighted as attractive targets for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and chronic myeloid leukemia. The PPAR agonist structure is consists of a polar head, a hydrophobic tail, and a linker. Each part interacts with PPARs through hydrogen bonds or hydrophobic interactions to stabilize target protein conformation, thus increasing its activity. Acidic head is essential for PPAR agonist activity. The aromatic linker plays an important role in making hydrophobic interactions with PPAR as well as adjusting the head-to-tail distance and conformation of the whole molecule. By tuning the scaffold of compound, the whole molecule could fit into the ligand-binding domain to achieve proper binding mode. We modified indol-3-ylacetic acid scaffold to (indol-1-ylmethyl)benzoic acid, whereas 2,4-dichloroanilide was fixed as the hydrophobic tail. We designed, synthesized, and assayed the in vitro activity of novel indole compounds with (indol-1-ylmethyl)benzoic acid scaffold. Compound 12 was a more potent PPAR-γ agonist than pioglitazone and our previous hit compound. Molecular docking studies may suggest the binding between compound 12 and PPAR-γ, rationalizing its high activity.

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37

Clegg, S. L., M. J. Kleeman, R. J. Griffin, and J. H. Seinfeld. "Effects of uncertainties in the thermodynamic properties of aerosol components in an air quality model – Part 1: Treatment of inorganic electrolytes and organic compounds in the condensed phase." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 4 (February 27, 2008): 1057–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-1057-2008.

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Abstract. Air quality models that generate the concentrations of semi-volatile and other condensable organic compounds using an explicit reaction mechanism require estimates of the physical and thermodynamic properties of the compounds that affect gas/aerosol partitioning: vapour pressure (as a subcooled liquid), and activity coefficients in the aerosol phase. The model of Griffin, Kleeman and co-workers (e.g., Griffin et al., 2003; Kleeman et al., 1999) assumes that aerosol particles consist of an aqueous phase, containing inorganic electrolytes and soluble organic compounds, and a hydrophobic phase containing mainly primary hydrocarbon material. Thirty eight semi-volatile reaction products are grouped into ten surrogate species which partition between the gas phase and both phases in the aerosol. Activity coefficients of the organic compounds are calculated using UNIFAC. In a companion paper (Clegg et al., 2008) we examine the likely uncertainties in the vapour pressures of the semi-volatile compounds and their effects on partitioning over a range of atmospheric relative humidities. In this work a simulation for the South Coast Air Basin surrounding Los Angeles, using lower vapour pressures of the semi-volatile surrogate compounds consistent with estimated uncertainties in the boiling points on which they are based, yields a doubling of the predicted 24-h average secondary organic aerosol concentrations. The dependency of organic compound partitioning on the treatment of inorganic electrolytes in the air quality model, and the performance of this component of the model, are determined by analysing the results of a trajectory calculation using an extended version of the Aerosol Inorganics Model of Wexler and Clegg (2002). Simplifications are identified where substantial efficiency gains can be made, principally: the omission of dissociation of the organic acid surrogates; restriction of aerosol organic compounds to one of the two phases (aqueous or hydrophobic) where equilibrium calculations suggest partitioning strongly in either direction; a single calculation of activity coefficients of the organic compounds for simulations where they are determined by the presence of one component at high concentration in either phase (i.e., water in the aqueous phase, or a hydrocarbon surrogate compound P8 in the hydrophobic phase) and are therefore almost invariant. The implications of the results for the development of aerosol models are discussed.

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38

Clegg, S. L., M. J. Kleeman, R. J. Griffin, and J. H. Seinfeld. "Effects of uncertainties in the thermodynamic properties of aerosol components in an air quality model – Part I: Treatment of inorganic electrolytes and organic compounds in the condensed phase." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 4 (July 26, 2007): 10971–1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-10971-2007.

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Abstract. Air quality models that generate the concentrations of semi-volatile and other condensable organic compounds using an explicit reaction mechanism require estimates of the physical and thermodynamic properties of the compounds that affect gas/aerosol partitioning: vapour pressure (as a subcooled liquid), and activity coefficients in the aerosol phase. The model of Griffin, Kleeman and co-workers (e.g., Griffin et al., 1999; Kleeman et al., 1999) assumes that aerosol particles consist of an aqueous phase, containing inorganic electrolytes and soluble organic compounds, and a hydrophobic phase containing mainly primary hydrocarbon material. Thirty eight semi-volatile reaction products are grouped into ten surrogate species which partition between the gas phase and both phases in the aerosol. Activity coefficients of the organic compounds are calculated using UNIFAC. In a companion paper (Clegg et al., 2007) we examine the likely uncertainties in the vapour pressures of the semi-volatile compounds and their effects on partitioning over a range of atmospheric relative humidities. In this work a simulation for the South Coast Air Basin surrounding Los Angeles, using lower vapour pressures of the semi-volatile surrogate compounds consistent with estimated uncertainties in the boiling points on which they are based, yields a doubling of the predicted 24-h average secondary organic aerosol concentrations. The dependency of organic compound partitioning on the treatment of inorganic electrolytes in the air quality model, and the performance of this component of the model, are determined by analysing the results of a trajectory calculation using an extended version of the Aerosol Inorganics Model of Wexler and Clegg (2002). Simplifications are identified where substantial efficiency gains can be made, principally: the omission of dissociation of the organic acid surrogates; restriction of aerosol organic compounds to one of the two phases (aqueous or hydrophobic) where equilibrium calculations suggest partitioning strongly in either direction; a single calculation of activity coefficients of the organic compounds for simulations where they are determined by the presence of one component at high concentration in either phase (i.e., water in the aqueous phase, or a hydrocarbon surrogate compound P8 in the hydrophobic phase) and are therefore almost invariant. The implications of the results for the development of aerosol models are discussed.

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39

Zeng, Zhuotong, Yang Liu, Hua Zhong, Rong Xiao, Guangming Zeng, Zhifeng Liu, Min Cheng, et al. "Mechanisms for rhamnolipids-mediated biodegradation of hydrophobic organic compounds." Science of The Total Environment 634 (September 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.349.

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40

Saitoh, Tohru, Yuki Yoshida, Toshiyuki Matsudo, Shinsuke Fujiwara, Akira Dobashi, Kazuo Iwaki, Yasuzo Suzuki, and Chiyo Matsubara. "Concentration of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds by Polymer-Mediated Extraction." Analytical Chemistry 71, no. 20 (October 1999): 4506–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac990478p.

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41

Garcia-Ubasart, Jordi, Alberto Esteban, Carlos Vila, M. Blanca Roncero, Josep F. Colom, and Teresa Vidal. "Enzymatic treatments of pulp using laccase and hydrophobic compounds." Bioresource Technology 102, no. 3 (February 2011): 2799–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.10.020.

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42

D’Addio, Suzanne M., Abdallah A. Bukari, Mohammed Dawoud, Heike Bunjes, Carlos Rinaldi, and Robert K. Prud’homme. "Determining drug release rates of hydrophobic compounds from nanocarriers." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2072 (July 28, 2016): 20150128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0128.

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Obtaining meaningful drug release profiles for drug formulations is essential prior to in vivo testing and for ensuring consistent quality. The release kinetics of hydrophobic drugs from nanocarriers (NCs) are not well understood because the standard protocols for maintaining sink conditions and sampling are not valid owing to mass transfer and solubility limitations. In this work, a new in vitro assay protocol based on ‘lipid sinks’ and magnetic separation produces release conditions that mimic the concentrations of lipid membranes and lipoproteins in vivo , facilitates separation, and thus allows determination of intrinsic release rates of drugs from NCs. The assay protocol is validated by (i) determining the magnetic separation efficiency, (ii) demonstrating that sink condition requirements are met, and (iii) accounting for drug by completing a mass balance. NCs of itraconazole and cyclosporine A (CsA) were prepared and the drug release profiles were determined. This release protocol has been used to compare the drug release from a polymer stabilized NC of CsA to a solid drug NP of CsA alone. These data have led to the finding that stabilizing block copolymer layers have a retarding effect on drug release from NCs, reducing the rate of CsA release fourfold compared with the nanoparticle without a polymer coating. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Soft interfacial materials: from fundamentals to formulation’.

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Kunugi, Yoshihito, Po‐Chang Chen, Tsutomu Nonaka, Yong‐Bo Chong, and Nobuatsu Watanabe. "Electrolysis of Emulsions of Organic Compounds on Hydrophobic Electrodes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 140, no. 10 (October 1, 1993): 2833–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2220918.

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44

Zucker, Stephen, Wolfram Goessling, and John Gollan. "Intracellular Transport of Small Hydrophobic Compounds by the Hepatocyte." Seminars in Liver Disease 16, no. 02 (1996): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1007229.

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45

Roch, François, and Martin Alexander. "Biodegradation of hydrophobic compounds in the presence of surfactants." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14, no. 7 (July 1995): 1151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620140705.

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46

Rahman, Mohammed S., Ana B. Payá-Pérez, Helle Skejø-Andresen, and Bo R. Larsen. "Surfactant solubilization of hydrophobic compounds in soil and water." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 1, no. 3 (September 1994): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02986935.

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47

Payá-Pérez, Ana B., Mohammed S. Rahman, Helle Skejø-Andresen, and Bo R. Larsen. "Surfactant solubilization of hydrophobic compounds in soil and water." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 3, no. 4 (December 1996): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02986952.

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48

Souchon, I., J. A. Rojas, A. Voilley, and G. Grevillot. "Trapping of Aromatic Compounds by Adsorption on Hydrophobic Sorbents." Separation Science and Technology 31, no. 18 (November 1996): 2473–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496399608001060.

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49

Tang, Fushan, and Xiaojun Zhao. "Interaction Between a Self-Assembling Peptide and Hydrophobic Compounds." Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition 21, no. 5 (January 2010): 677–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156856209x434683.

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50

Noworyta, Andrzej, and Anna Trusek-Holownia. "Enzymatic synthesis of hydrophobic compounds integrated with membrane separation." Chemical and Process Engineering 37, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cpe-2016-0003.

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Abstract The enzymatic synthesis of a highly hydrophobic product (dipeptide precursor) in which the reaction is accompanied by the mass transfer of the reaction product to the organic phase and the substrates to the water phase is considered. Equations describing both continuous and batch processes are formulated. The range of variability in the operating parameters of such a bioreactor is specified, and the correlations reported in the literature to describe mass transfer in the membrane contactor are validated. The proposed process was verified experimentally, and good agreement between the determined and calculated concentrations was obtained in both phases.

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