Journal articles: 'Hydrostatic drive'

1

Hasan, Md Ehtesham, K. Dasgupta, and Sanjoy Ghoshal. "Comparison of the efficiency of the high speed low torque hydrostatic drives using bent axis motor: An experimental study." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 231, no. 4 (December 11, 2015): 650–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408915622413.

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This article is aimed at analysing the steady-state performance of four hydrostatic drives and compares their overall efficiency. The speed of the hydrostatic drives is controlled by speed controlled vane pump, variable displacement flow compensated pump, variable displacement pressure compensated pump and proportional direction controlled valve. Bondgraph simulation technique is used to model the hydrostatic drive. The relationships of the loss coefficients with the state variables obtained from the model are identified through experimental investigation. Using them, at different torque levels, the performances of the hydrostatic drives are studied on their slips, torque losses and the overall efficiencies and they are validated experimentally. It is found that hydrostatic drive using speed controlled vane pump exhibits the maximum efficiency, whereas the poorest efficiency is shown by the valve controlled system out of the four drives considered in the analysis.

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Vardhan, Alok. "Energy saving analysis of the hydrostatic drives used in the rotary head system of the blast hole drill rig." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 233, no. 5 (March 13, 2019): 1086–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408919836375.

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Blast hole drill rigs are used for drilling the soft and the medium-hard rocks in open-pit mines. In such rigs, the drill bit is rotated by a hydrostatic drive. In this respect, two different type hydrostatic drives have been considered. In the first drive, the rotation of the drill bit takes place by a variable displacement pump and two low-torque high-speed hydro-motors along with a step-down gear unit (i.e. LTHS drive), whereas in the second drive an identical pump and a high-torque low-speed hydro-motor (i.e. HTLS drive) rotate the drill bit. In this study, the energy saving analysis of the above mentioned hydrostatic drives has been performed with respect to the load profile of the blast hole drilling. In this respect, the modelling, simulation and the experimentation of the drives have been carried out. Simulations have been performed in MATLAB–Simulink environment and it has been verified through experiments. The proportional-integral-derivative control algorithm has been used to control the drives speed in various loading stages. Results show that the high-torque low-speed drive save more energy compares to the low-torque high-speed drive for the usual operating range of the blast hole drilling.

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3

Kumar, N., and K. Dasgupta. "Steady-state performance investigation of hydrostatic summation drive using bent-axis hydraulic motor." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 229, no. 17 (November 17, 2014): 3234–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406214559410.

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This article investigates the steady-state performance of a closed-circuit hydrostatic summation drive used in heavy earth moving machine through modelling and experiment. The proposed drive basically consists of variable displacement pump and bent-axis motor. The performance studies of the drive have been made for its two different modes of operation: using single motor and two motors. Bondgraph simulation technique is used to model the drive, where various losses are lumped into suitable resistive elements. The relationships of the losses with the state variables obtained from the model are identified through experiments. The dependencies of the loss characteristics on the load torque and the pump displacement ratio are studied. The model has been verified experimentally. The performances of the hydrostatic drives are studied at different torque levels with respect to its slip, torque-loss and overall efficiency, using the expressions describing the characteristics of the loss-coefficients. The investigation also identifies the operating range of the proposed hydrostatic drives with reasonable efficiency.

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Vardhan, Alok, K. Dasgupta, N. Kumar, and Santosh Kr Mishra. "Steady-state performance investigation of open-circuit hydrostatic drives used in the rotary head of drill machine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 233, no. 1 (October 31, 2017): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408917738973.

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This paper highlights the steady-state performance of open-circuit hydrostatic drives for the rotary head of drill machine through modeling and experiment. In this respect, two alternative drive systems are considered. A drive system that consists of a variable displacement pump and two high-speed low-torque hydro-motors with a gear reducer unit and the other one consists of an identical pump and a low-speed high-torque hydro-motor. The steady-state model of the proposed drive arrangements is made by bondgraph simulation technique, where the relationship of the various losses of the components are obtained as a function of operating parameters and are identified experimentally. Using them, the slip and torque loss along with the overall efficiency of the drives are characterized. The performances of the hydrostatic drives are compared for the usual operating speed range of the drill machine used in mining operation. The studies made also identify the operating range of the proposed hydrostatic drives with reasonable efficiency.

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5

Dasgupta, K., Sanjoy K. Ghoshal, Sujit Kumar, and J. Das. "Dynamic analysis of an open-loop proportional valve controlled hydrostatic drive." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 233, no. 6 (July 16, 2019): 1245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408919861247.

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This article highlights the dynamic analysis of a proportional valve controlled hydrostatic drive. Such drives are used widely in construction and mining applications. In the drive considered for the analysis, the speed of a bent-axis hydro-motor is controlled by varying flow supplied through a proportional direction controlled valve. A non-linear mathematical model using bond graph simulation technique is developed, where detailed model of the drive system including its loading arrangement is incorporated. From the test results of the pressure-flow characteristics of the valves, its port resistances are identified. Using them and taking into account various losses of the hydro-motor, the drive model is validated through experiments. The verified model is used to study the effects of the perturbations of some critical parameters on the transient responses of the hydrostatic drive through simulation. The proposed model may be useful for initial design of such drive and the development of control systems where these drives are used as actuators.

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Zhang, Qing Yong, and Shu Jun Guo. "Study on the Drive/Brake Features of Vehicle with Electric Control and Hydrostatic Drive." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 1661–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.1661.

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A new technical scheme of vehicle with electronic control and hydrostatic drive (ECHD) is proposed in the paper. To make out the drive/brake features of the vehicle, a model, combined with the vehicle dynamics and hydrostatic transmission dynamics, and the corresponding simulation program is developed, in which, a gas-charged accumulator is used as power source and energy storage component. In this paper, three main misuses are investigated, i.e. the energy recover and consumption of hydrostatic transmission when drive/brake, vehicle dynamics parameters in drive/brake and how the key components, hydraulic variable motor and accumulator, contributing to the performance. The result of simulation shows some characteristic features of the ECHD vehicle, which should be paid attention on when study the ECHD vehicle.

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7

Mandal, S. K., K. Dasgupta, S. Pan, and A. Chattopadhyay. "Theoretical and experimental studies on the steady-state performance of low-speed high-torque hydrostatic drives. Part 2: Experimental investigation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 223, no. 11 (July 6, 2009): 2675–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes1203.

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The performance investigations of an open-circuit and a closed-circuit low-speed high-torque hydrostatic drive are presented. The modelling of both drives and determination of their loss coefficients are presented in Part 1 of this article (pg. 2663 of this issue). This study determines and analyses the overall efficiency and slip characteristics of the hydrostatic drives using the expressions describing the characteristics of their loss coefficients. The effects of critical control parameters of the pumps and the motor are investigated on the basis of their steady-state performance. This investigation is based on the performance of the hydrostatic transmission drives at different torque levels.

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Cieślik, Karol, Marian Janusz Łopatka, Arkadiusz Rubiec, and Kacper Spadło. "Concept of high mobility wheelchair with hydrostatic drive system." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, no. 6 (June 30, 2018): 827–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.183.

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The article presents the concept of a high mobility wheelchair with a hydrostatic drive system .It presents existing solutions of manually driven wheelchair and external powered solutions. It was proposed original drive system, suspension system and turning system unheard in wheelchairs. It was analyzed the distribution of required components. On this basis there was created dynamic model. It was subjected to tests determining the driver's comfort and the load on the structure. The strength analysis of the proposed structure was carried out. As the result, it was created an innovative concept of the high mobility wheelchair capable to moving everywhere where other people can do.

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Konopka, Stanisław, Marian Janusz Łopatka, and Mirosław Przybysz. "Kinematic Discrepancy of Hydrostatic Drive of Unmanned Ground Vehicle." Archive of Mechanical Engineering 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 413–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/meceng-2015-0024.

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Abstract The study presents the issue of kinematic discrepancy of hydrostatic drive systems of high mobility vehicles, and its impact on the presence of the unfavourable phenomenon of circulating power. Furthermore, it presents a theoretical discussion concerning the capacity of the compensation of kinematic discrepancy by a hydrostatic drive system on the basis of tests using static characteristics.

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10

Voronin, Serhii, Dmytro Onopreychuk, Volodymyr Stefanov, Yevhenii Bashkatov, and Vitalii Panchenko. "Reduction of Construction Duration by Improving the Anti-Wear Properties of Power Fluids in Hydraulic Drives of Earth-Moving Machines." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.3 (September 15, 2018): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.3.19717.

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The structure of reduction of construction duration which takes into account the effect of the electrostatic field on the power fluid of a hydrostatic power drive of earth-moving machines is considered. Experimental studies are also considered that suggest that the exposure of the power fluid to an electrostatic field leads to the intensified formation and increased thickness and bearing capacity of the lubricant film on the friction surfaces of the hydraulic drive. This causes the reduced wear rate of the components of a hydrostatic power drive. In particular, gaps in plunger pairs in the pump are reduced, which contributes to the increase of the coefficient of performance. As a result, the operating speed of the driven equipment increases, i.e., the work cycle duration is reduced, and hence the capacity of earth-moving machines increases and the duration of the preparatory earthwork, which is about a quarter of the total duration of all construction works in general, is reduced.

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11

Xing, Pu, Shi Lin Luo, Cun Bo Liu, and Cong Feng Tian. "Simulation of Hydrostatic Drive System of Crawler Bulldozer." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 6178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.6178.

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According to the hydraulic driven system working principle of crawler bulldozer, the simulation model of electro-hydraulic proportional control driven system was established by using AMESim, and the simulation was carried out. The simulation result indicates that using feedback regulation in control of hydraulic motor of driven system, the system pressure stay in a relatively stable state, which is conducive to the efficient operation system. As the load increasing suddenly, the system pressure volatile during the volume of hydraulic motor changing. However, steady state can be quickly restored.

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Prodan, Dan, Anca Bucuresteanu, and Emilia Balan. "Research on the Possibility of Replacing Oil with Water in Hydrostatics Units of Machine Tools." Applied Mechanics and Materials 656 (October 2014): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.656.121.

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This paper deals with the possibility to replace the mineral oil with water in the hydrostatic units of machine tools. With this aim in view we try to make a technical-economic comparison between the hydrostatic drive that uses mineral oil in the range H38 - H46 and the drive with untreated water. Two simple units were taken for comparison, in principle, which use as hydraulic energy source one constant flow pump (qP = 4 cm3) for the actuation of two consumers and one constant flow pump (qP = 20 cm3) for making the hydrostatic suspension of the saddle of an AFP type machine.

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13

Paszota, Zygmunt. "Effect of the working liquid compressibility on the picture of volumetric and mechanical losses in a high pressure displacement pump used in a hydrostatic drive." Polish Maritime Research 19, no. 2 (January 1, 2012): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10012-012-0008-4.

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Effect of the working liquid compressibility on the picture of volumetric and mechanical losses in a high pressure displacement pump used in a hydrostatic drive Working liquid compressibility may considerably change the values and proportions of coefficients of volumetric and mechanical energy losses in the displacement pump used in a hydrostatic drive system. This effect can be particularly seen in the operation under high pressure and also in the system, where aeration of the working liquid can occur. In the Part I a diagram is presented, proposed by the author, of power increase in a hydrostatic drive system (hydraulic motor, pump) opposite to the direction of power flow, replacing the Sankey diagram of power decrease in the direction of power flow. Mathematical model is presented of volumetric losses in the pump and its laboratory verification.

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14

Backas, Joni, and Reza Ghabcheloo. "Nonlinear model predictive energy management of hydrostatic drive transmissions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 233, no. 3 (August 23, 2018): 335–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959651818793454.

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In this article, we devise a nonlinear model predictive control framework for the energy management of nonhybrid hydrostatic drive transmissions. The controller determines the optimal control commands of the actuators by minimising a cost function over a receding horizon. With our approach, the velocity-tracking error is minimised while keeping the fuel economy of the system high. The hydrostatic drive transmission system studied in this article is a typical commercial work machine, that is, there is no energy storage or alternative power source in the system (a nonhybrid hydrostatic drive transmission). We evaluate success with a validated simulation model of the hydrostatic drive transmission of a municipal tractor. In our experiments, a detailed system model is used both in the system simulation and in the prediction phase of the nonlinear model predictive control. The use of a detailed model in the nonlinear model predictive control framework places our design as a benchmark for controlling nonhybrid hydrostatic drive transmissions, when compared to solutions using simplified models or computationally less intensive control methods as in earlier work by the authors. Our nonlinear model predictive control approach enables numerically robust optimisation convergence with the utilised complex nonlinear model. Above all, this is accomplished with stabilising terminal constraints and distinctive terminal cost, both based on an optimal steady-state solution. In addition, a simple method to generate initial guesses for optimisation is introduced. When compared with the performance of a controller based on quasi-static models, our results show notable improvement in velocity tracking while maintaining high fuel economy. Furthermore, our experiments demonstrate that framing energy management as a nonlinear model predictive control provides a flexible and rigorous framework for fast velocity tracking and high energy efficiency. We also compare the results with those of an industrial baseline controller.

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15

Jovanović, Vesna, Dragoslav Janošević, Ivan Ćirić, and Jovan Pavlović. "HYDROSTATIC SYSTEMS FOR ENERGY RECUPERATION IN EARTHMOVING MACHINES." Facta Universitatis, Series: Automatic Control and Robotics 18, no. 3 (January 27, 2020): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fuacr1903153j.

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The first part of the paper contains the results of a study into the change in the energy parameters of earthmoving machines during manipulation tasks. The results of the research show that during certain operations of manipulation tasks, in the stop phase, the required energy of the machines has negative values. Modern earthmoving machines have hydrostatic drive systems that accumulate potential negative energy by recuperation and, if necessary, return it to the drive system of the machine for use in other operations of a manipulation task. In the second part of the paper, the analysis of the concepts of hydrostatic drive systems of earthmoving machines that enable energy recuperation is performed in detail.

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Kumar, Ajit, K. Dasgupta, and J. Das. "Analysis of decay characteristics of an accumulator in an open-circuit hydrostatic system with pump loading." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 231, no. 4 (April 2017): 312–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959651817700780.

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The effects of the decay characteristics of a hydraulic accumulator on the responses of the hydrostatic drive system used in mining vehicles are studied in this article. The system considered for the analysis basically consists of a hydraulic pump, hydro-motor, accumulator and a loading circuit. The studies have been carried out with respect to two different sizes of accumulators. The system model has been made in MATLAB/Simulink® environment. The simulation test results are obtained with respect to the hydro-motor speeds and the system pressure at different resistive loads and capacities of the accumulator and they are verified with the experimental test data. Using the validated model, the parametric studies are also made on the speed responses of the hydrostatic drive for different precharge pressures of the accumulator and inertial load on the motor shaft. The studies made in this article may be useful for the selection of proper capacity of accumulators incorporated in the hydrostatic drive system in mining vehicles.

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Li, Yang, Zongxia Jiao, and Zimeng Wang. "Design, Analysis, and Verification of an Electro- Hydrostatic Actuator for Distributed Actuation System." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 23, 2020): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030634.

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In order to provide a simplified and low-cost solution of the terminal for a distributed actuation system, this paper proposes an electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA) based on the linear drive principle. The proposed actuator is directly driven by a linear pump with a collaborative rectification mechanism, whose performance relies on the collaboration of the internal two units. A pair of linear oscillating motors are employed to drive the two pump units respectively. The control of the actuator is based on the modulation of the oscillating amplitude, frequency, and phase difference of the two motors. The advantage of this actuator is that no more valve control is needed to rectify the linear pump besides the high efficiency of the direct pump drive. In this paper, both schematic and detailed structure of the actuator is presented. The kinematic and dynamic characteristics are analyzed and modeled, based on which the control method is proposed. The experiments verify the validity of the actuator structure and control.

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Haas, J. A., J. C. Lockhart, T. S. Larson, T. Henrikson, and F. G. Knox. "Natriuretic response to renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure during angiotensin II blockade." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 266, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): F117—F119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1994.266.1.f117.

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Increases in renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure (RIHP) increase urinary sodium excretion (UNaV). Experimentally increasing RIHP by direct renal interstitial volume expansion (DRIVE) has been shown to decrease proximal tubule sodium reabsorption. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the renin-angiotensin system modulates the natriuretic response to DRIVE. Unilateral nephrectomy and implantation of two polyethylene matrices were performed 3 wk before the acute experiment. Fractional sodium excretion (FENa), RIHP, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were measured before and after DRIVE in control rats (n = 9) and in rats receiving the angiotensin II (ANG II) receptor antagonist, losartan potassium (10 mg/kg i.v.; n = 10). DRIVE was achieved by infusing 100 microliters of 2.5% albumin solution directly into the renal interstitium. GFR remained unchanged by DRIVE in both groups. In control animals, DRIVE significantly increased both RIHP (delta 3.8 +/- 0.5 mmHg) and FENa (delta 0.92 +/- 0.19%). In the losartan-treated group, RIHP (delta 2.8 +/- 0.4 mmHg) and FENa (delta 1.93 +/- 0.41%) also significantly increased. The natriuretic response to DRIVE was significantly enhanced during ANG II receptor blockade compared with control animals (delta UNaV/delta RIHP = 2.01 +/- 0.67 vs. 0.44 +/- 0.17 mu eq.min-1 x mmHg-1, respectively; P < 0.05). These results suggest that the blockade of angiotensin enhances the natriuretic response to increased RIHP during DRIVE.

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Richard B. League and J. S. Cundiff. "Bond Graph Model of a Hydrostatic Drive Test Stand." Transactions of the ASAE 31, no. 1 (1988): 0028–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.30660.

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Paszota, Zygmunt. "Losses and energy efficiency of drive motors and systems." Polish Maritime Research 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2013-0001.

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Abstract Losses and energy efficiency of every drive motor must be presented as functions of physical quantities independent of losses in the motor. Such quantities are speed and load required by the machine or device driven by the motor, changing in the drive operating field. Speed and load of the motor decide of the instantaneous useful power of the motor and also in a differentiated way of kinds and values of losses occurring in the motor. However, losses and energy efficiency of the hydrostatic drive motors and systems are evaluated by researchers and manufacturers as functions of parameters depending on the losses. The basic cause of such situation is the traditional, commonly accepted but erroneous, view of the power flow in the drive motors and systems represented by the Sankey diagram of power decrease in the direction of power flow. It is necessary to replace the Sankey diagram by the proposed diagram of increase of power in the motor and in the drive system in the direction opposite to the direction of power flow. The proposed view of losses and energy efficiency should be applied to all types of motor and drive systems. The aim of this paper is showing the resulting problems of the above postulates, exemplified by operation of a rotational displacement motor in a hydrostatic drive system. In order to make possible objective evaluation of the energy behaviour of different motor and system solutions and sizes, the losses and energy efficiency should be described and compared as dependent on the motor speed coefficient ωM and load coefficient M changing in the drive system operating field (0 ≤ ωM< ωMmax, 0 ≤ M< Mmax). The presented proposals open a new perspective of unavoidable research of drive motors and systems, making it possible to compare objectively the energy efficiency of different types of motors and drive systems.

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21

Bartnicki, Adam, and Agnieszka Klimek. "High pressure hydrostatic driving systems in machine’s construction." AUTOBUSY – Technika, Eksploatacja, Systemy Transportowe 19, no. 6 (June 30, 2018): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/atest.2018.090.

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Das, Jayanta, Kumar Sujit, Santosh Kumar Mishra, Ajit Kumar, N. Kumar, and Ramashankar Paswan. "Study of Energy Saving System for Hydrostatic Drive - A Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 2210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.2210.

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The hydrostatic transmission energy-saving system is proposed in this paper. The efficiency of the primary power source improves by system. The system is energy regenerative, highly efficient even under partial load conditions. It can work in either a flow or pressure coupling configuration allowing it to avoid the disadvantages of each configuration. The displacement variation in the secondary unit was reduced, increasing the uses of several types of hydraulic pump/motors. The proposed system was modeled based on its physical attributes. A hierarchal control system was implemented and focused on the design of an adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control for speed control of the secondary unit. The energy utilization and the influences on the energy-recovery potential of the system were analyzed.Keywords-Hydrostatic drive, energy saving system, Regenerative systems

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Hou, Guo An, and Tao Sun. "Design and Analysis of Hydrostatic Bearing Slide Used Linear Motor Direct-Drive." Advanced Materials Research 211-212 (February 2011): 666–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.211-212.666.

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This paper discusses the design and analysis of a direct-drive linear slide used linear mortor. The alloy steel carriage is fully ﬂoated by twelve hydrostatic bearings, and it is force-closed. It has very high stiffnesses, 1700N/mm in vertical direction and 690N/mm in horizontal direction. The working stroke of slide is 200 mm. The slide is driven by a ironless linear motor. The optic linear encoder was used for the measurements and feedback. To analyze the static and dynamic performance of the slide, the modelling and simulation process, using the finite element analysis method, is presented.

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Gao, Junyuan, Xiurong Sun, Leon C. Moore, Thomas W. White, Peter R. Brink, and Richard T. Mathias. "Lens intracellular hydrostatic pressure is generated by the circulation of sodium and modulated by gap junction coupling." Journal of General Physiology 137, no. 6 (May 30, 2011): 507–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201010538.

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We recently modeled fluid flow through gap junction channels coupling the pigmented and nonpigmented layers of the ciliary body. The model suggested the channels could transport the secretion of aqueous humor, but flow would be driven by hydrostatic pressure rather than osmosis. The pressure required to drive fluid through a single layer of gap junctions might be just a few mmHg and difficult to measure. In the lens, however, there is a circulation of Na+ that may be coupled to intracellular fluid flow. Based on this hypothesis, the fluid would cross hundreds of layers of gap junctions, and this might require a large hydrostatic gradient. Therefore, we measured hydrostatic pressure as a function of distance from the center of the lens using an intracellular microelectrode-based pressure-sensing system. In wild-type mouse lenses, intracellular pressure varied from ∼330 mmHg at the center to zero at the surface. We have several knockout/knock-in mouse models with differing levels of expression of gap junction channels coupling lens fiber cells. Intracellular hydrostatic pressure in lenses from these mouse models varied inversely with the number of channels. When the lens’ circulation of Na+ was either blocked or reduced, intracellular hydrostatic pressure in central fiber cells was either eliminated or reduced proportionally. These data are consistent with our hypotheses: fluid circulates through the lens; the intracellular leg of fluid circulation is through gap junction channels and is driven by hydrostatic pressure; and the fluid flow is generated by membrane transport of sodium.

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Valkov, Georgi, and Valyo Nikolov. "ANALYSIS OF THE POWER DRIVES OF TERRAIN FORKLIFTS." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 3 (June 20, 2019): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2019vol3.4197.

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The main subject of this publication is to provides a description of terrain forklifts, their design and specific features. The main mechanical, hydrodynamic and hydrostatic types of power drives and their application in terrain forklifts are presented herein. This article includes an analysis of the power transmissions drive systems of terrain forklifts. The most important trends in the development of the terrain forklifts have also been presented.

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Mandal, S. K., K. Dasgupta, S. Pan, and A. Chattopadhyay. "Theoretical and experimental studies on the steady-state performance of low-speed high-torque hydrostatic drives. Part 1: Modelling." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 223, no. 11 (July 6, 2009): 2663–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes1202.

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In this article the steady-state models of an open-circuit and a closed-circuit hydrostatic transmission (HST) drive have been developed to study their performances. A low-speed high-torque multi-stroke cam plate type radial piston motor is considered for both HST drives. Bondgraph simulation technique has been used to model the drives. The multi-bondgraph representation of the HST drives is presented; it takes into account the compression and expansion phases, which occur sequentially in the hydraulic motor. A reduced bondgraph model of the drives has been proposed, where various losses are lumped into suitable resistive elements. The relationships of the loss coefficients with other state variables, obtained from the reduced model, are identified through experimental investigation. The loss coefficients are found to have a non-linear relationship with the load torque and the supply flowrate. Using the characteristics of these loss coefficients, the steady-state performances of the hydrostatic drives are studied in Part 2 of this article (pg. 2675 of this issue).

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Zhang, Hai Ling, Chun Sheng Li, He Yan Li, and Biao Ma. "Synchronization Control of High Speed Tracked Vehicle with Hydrostatic Drive." Applied Mechanics and Materials 220-223 (November 2012): 1679–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.220-223.1679.

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A synchronization control strategy with cross-coupling concept for tracked vehicle with hydrostatic drive is developed and compared with a leader-following control strategy, aiming to achieve stable straight running. Associating with the basic controller, the two kinds of synchronization controllers are designed. Dynamic system model containing the control strategy for entire tracked vehicle is modeled in MATLAB/Simulink, the results of simulation indicate that, compared with leader-following control strategy, the cross-coupling strategy can restrain synchronization error more effectively and make the system more stable obviously under external disturbances by coordinates the motion of two drive loops simultaneously.

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Van Vaerenbergh, Kevin, Peter Vrancx, Yann-Michaël De Hauwere, Ann Nowé, Erik Hostens, and Christophe Lauwerys. "Tuning hydrostatic two-output drive-train controllers using reinforcement learning." Mechatronics 24, no. 8 (December 2014): 975–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechatronics.2014.07.005.

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Stewart, Martin P., Jonne Helenius, Yusuke Toyoda, Subramanian P. Ramanathan, Daniel J. Muller, and Anthony A. Hyman. "Hydrostatic pressure and the actomyosin cortex drive mitotic cell rounding." Nature 469, no. 7329 (January 2, 2011): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09642.

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Zeman, P., W. Kemmetmüller, and A. Kugi. "Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of a Hydrostatic Drive Train★." IFAC-PapersOnLine 48, no. 1 (2015): 508–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.05.064.

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Prokosch, Stefan. "New Forklift Trucks with Hydrostatic Drive from Linde Material Handling." ATZheavy duty worldwide 13, no. 4 (November 2020): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41321-020-0107-6.

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Zeman, P., W. Kemmetmüller, and A. Kugi. "Energy-efficient Constrained Control of a Hydrostatic Power Split Drive." IFAC-PapersOnLine 50, no. 1 (July 2017): 4775–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2017.08.959.

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Backas, Joni, Reza Ghabcheloo, and Kalevi Huhtala. "Gain scheduled state feedback velocity control of hydrostatic drive transmissions." Control Engineering Practice 58 (January 2017): 214–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2016.10.016.

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Pandey, Ajit Kumar, Alok Vardhan, and K. Dasgupta. "Theoretical and experimental studies of the steady-state performance of a primary and secondary-controlled closed-circuit hydrostatic drive." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 233, no. 5 (January 16, 2019): 1024–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408918821779.

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In this article, performance of a closed-circuit hydrostatic drive in primary and secondary mode of operations has been studied through theory and experiment. This drive consists of a variable displacement pump that supplies pressurized fluid to a variable displacement hydro-motor of bent axis design. Bond graph simulation method is adopted for system modeling. In the model, the losses of the drive are accounted by suitable resistive elements, and their characteristics are identified through experiments. The predicted drive’s performances are studied with respect to the overall efficiency, torque loss (%), and slip at different torque levels which are also validated experimentally. The investigation made in the article identifies the efficient zone of operation of the drive which will be useful to the practicing engineers to select such a drive used in heavy constructional equipment. From the steady-state performance of the pump and the motor, their critical control parameters are identified. The studies may be useful for the design of the suitable control strategy to obtain the optimum performance of the drives.

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Zhang, Qing Yong, Lan Chun Zhang, and Jing Bo Zhao. "Testy Study on Vehicle Test Rig with Electric Control and Hydrostatic Drive Using a Revised Fuzzy Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 39 (November 2010): 517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.39.517.

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This paper investigates test study of vehicle test rig with electric control and hydrostatic drive (ECHD). The test rig is built up based on the hydrostatic transmission and measurement & control components are the virtual instruments, PXI and labview. At the starting point, this study considers the speed control of the hydrostatic transmission using a revised fuzzy logic law to find the optimal solution for displacement varying of hydraulic variable Pump/Motor assuming a static speed as target speed. And based on the revised fuzzy logic, the typical driving cycle is employed to verify its process control effectiveness. The test results provided by the revised fuzzy logic test demonstrates the effectiveness in speed control of the ECHD vehicle.

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Harold, Franklin M., Ruth L. Harold, and Nicholas P. Money. "What forces drive cell wall expansion?" Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-272.

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Fungal hyphae characteristically extend at the apex, by the localized deposition of new cell wall and plasma membrane. That entails the performance of work and raises the question, what forces drive hyphal extension in the face of surface cohesion and external resistance? Conventional wisdom credits turgor, i.e., hydrostatic pressure, with driving the tip forward and shaping it by plastic deformation. An experimental test of this hypothesis became possible with the discovery that the oomycetes Achlya bisexualis and Saprolegnia ferax do not regulate turgor. When the osmotic pressure of the medium is raised by the addition of sucrose or other osmolytes, the organisms produce a more plastic wall and continue to grow. Saprolegnia ferax produces near-normal hyphae in the absence of any measurable turgor. Responses to variations in the composition of the medium and to a range of inhibitors indicate that the processes responsible for growth are the same in normal hyphae (4 bars; 1 bar = 100 kPa) and in turgorless ones. Our observations imply that hyphal extension in oomycetes has much in common with pseudopod extension in animal cells, in that polymerization of the actin meshwork in the apical region plays an indispensable role. In the extreme case, when turgor is essentially zero and the wall is most plastic, actin polymerization may contribute substantially to the driving force for extension. But when turgor is high and the wall rigid, hydrostatic pressure is likely to be required to stress the wall, allowing it to expand and admit new wall material. Key words: hyphae, turgor, actin, apical growth, tip growth, cell wall.

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Skorek, Grzegorz. "Energy efficiency of a hydrostatic drive with proportional control compared with volumetric control." Polish Maritime Research 20, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2013-0030.

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Abstract There are uninvestigated areas connected with behaviour of elements in hydraulic systems with different structures. Unawareness of proportions of the energy, volumetric, pressure and mechanical losses in elements is often the case. Problems connected with energy efficiency are essential for improvement of functionality and quality of hydrostatic drive systems, characterised by unquestioned advantages but also by relatively low efficiency in comparison with other types of drive. Energy efficiency of hydrostatic transmissions, particularly those with throttling control of the motor speed, and also efficiency of the hydraulic servo-mechanism systems may be in fact higher than the values most often quoted in publications on the subject. Possibility of calculating the real value of the hydraulic system overall efficiency as a function of many parameters influencing it, becomes a tool of complete evaluation of the designed system quality. The paper compares efficiencies of systems with cylinder proportional control and efficiency of the system volumetric control by a variable capacity pump. Presented are also two schematic diagrams of the investigated hydrostatic systems, their principle of operation and problems of studying losses in elements and energy efficiency of systems consisting of a feed assembly, control set and cylinder.

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Serikov, V. B., Y. J. Jang, and J. H. Widdicombe. "Estimate of the subepithelial hydrostatic pressure that drives inflammatory transudate into the airway lumen." Journal of Applied Physiology 92, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 1702–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00645.2001.

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Inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract are characterized by flow of plasma filtrate across the epithelium into the airway lumen (“transudation”). Elsewhere, we have proposed that extravasation from microvessels causes edema, and this is associated with elevated subepithelial hydrostatic pressure that drives transudation. To test this hypothesis, we have attempted to block transudation by elevating luminal hydrostatic pressure. We measured the appearance of plasma markers into the lumen of an isolated perfused segment of rat trachea in vivo and found that stimulation of one vagal nerve caused a rapid (half-time ∼5 min) and nonselective increase in the flow of markers from blood to airway lumen. Leukocyte migration also caused transudation that developed much more slowly (half-time = 2–3 h). In both cases, transudation was blocked by application of luminal hydrostatic pressures. The critical luminal pressure needed to block vagally induced transudation was ∼4.5 cmH2O, and, to block epithelial transudation induced by leukocyte traffic, it was 3 cmH2O, and we conclude that these are the subepithelial pressures that drive inflammatory transudation into the airway lumen.

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Ali, Ammar E., Majid Deldar, and Sohel Anwar. "Optimal Control of Hydrostatic Drive Wind Turbines for Improved Power Output in Low Wind-Speed Regions." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 15, 2021): 5001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165001.

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World wind energy output is steadily increasing in both production scale and capacity of harvesting wind. Hydrostatic transmission systems (HTSs) have been used mostly in offshore wind turbine applications. However, their potential has not been fully utilized in onshore wind turbines, partially due to concerns related to hydraulic losses. In our prior work, it was shown that the annual energy production from a hydrostatic wind turbine can match or exceed that of a mechanical drive wind turbine with appropriate optimal control techniques. In this paper, we present an optimal control technique that can further improve energy production of a hydrostatic wind turbine, particularly in low speed regions. Here, the overall loss equation of the HTS is developed and used as a cost function to be minimized with respect to system model dynamics. The overall loss function includes the losses due to both the aerodynamic efficiencies and the hydrostatic efficiencies of the motor and pump. A nonlinear model of HST is considered for the drive train. Optimal control law was derived by minimizing the overall loss. Both unconstrained and constrained optimization using Pontryagin’s minimum principle were utilized to derive two distinct control laws for the motor displacement. Simulation results showed that both the controllers were able to increase power output with the unconstrained optimization offering better results for the HTS wind turbine in the low speed regions (3–8 m/s).

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Skorek, Grzegorz. "THE OPPORTUNITIES FOR GETTING ENERGY SAVINGS IN THE HYDROSTATIC DRIVE SYSTEM." Journal of KONES. Powertrain and Transport 21, no. 2 (May 23, 2014): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/12314005.1133904.

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HELDUSER, Siegfried. "ELECTRIC-HYDROSTATIC DRIVE SYSTEMS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN INJECTION MOULDING MACHINES." Proceedings of the JFPS International Symposium on Fluid Power 1999, no. 4 (1999): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5739/isfp.1999.261.

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Tripathi, Jay Prakash, Sanjoy K. Ghoshal, Md Ehtesham Hasan, Kabir Dasgupta, and Jayanta Das. "Speed control of a hydrostatic drive using inverse steady state model." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 377 (June 2018): 012115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/377/1/012115.

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SUZUKI, Ryoya, Mitsuo KOMAGATA, Tianyi KO, Ko YAMAMOTO, and Yoshihiko NAKAMURA. "Robot Arm with Electro Hydrostatic Drive Unit with Manifolded Flow Paths." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2019 (2019): 2A1—C09. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2019.2a1-c09.

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Häberle, Steffen, Stefan Böttinger, and Steffen Mutschler. "Components load spectra in the hydrostatic traction drive of combine harvesters." ATZoffhighway worldwide 10, no. 2 (June 2017): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41321-017-0023-6.

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Mahato, Anil C., Sanjoy K. Ghoshal, and Arun K. Samantaray. "Energy saving of a hydrostatic drive system by incorporating soft switch." Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering 39, no. 6 (March 1, 2017): 1929–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40430-017-0739-3.

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Fedorynenko, Dmytro, and Serhii Sapon. "HYDROSTATIC SPINDLE FOR ULTRA-PRECISION TWO-SIDED MACHINING." TECHNICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES, no. 1 (15) (2019): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2411-5363-2019-1(15)-97-105.

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Urgency of the research. Modern development of mechanical engineering creates constantly increasing demands concerning maintenance of quality indicators of detail processing. So, indicator of roughness, admissions of linear sizes and angular are decreased constantly. Application of precision machine tools is an effective way of decision of the tasks in view. Target setting. Today ultra-precision processing of materials is widely used for manufacture of electronic components of techniques, telecommunication, medical, automobile, optical equipment. Therefore, the designing of ultra-precision machine tools is an urgent task for ensuring the high efficiency of the processes of machining. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Basic component of precision machine tool which defines quality of machining is a spindle. Quality indicators of a spindle are mostly provided with a correct choice of type and design of its bearings. It is showed that hydrostatic bearings together with increase of machining reliability and productivity allow providing of exclusively high indicators of detail machining quality compared with other types of spindle bearings. Besides, they are the most perspective type of spindle bearings for realization of high-speed machining and ultra-precision machining. However hydrostatic bearings are characterized by relatively big power losses on friction and, as a consequence, vigorous heating at increased rotational frequencies. Therefore lubrication of hydrostatic bearings with low viscous liquids, in particular water, presents separate interest. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining are designing of new design of a spindle with combined hydrostatic bearing based on special water lubrication for increased precision and efficiency of two-sided ultra-precision machining. The research objective of this article is designing of new design of a spindle unit with direct drive, clamping fixture and combined hydrostatic bearing, which based on special water lubrication, for increased precision and efficiency of two-sided ultra-precision machining. The statement of basic materials. New design of a spindle with combined hydrostatic bearing based on special water lubrication and clamping fixture is proposed for increased precision and efficiency of two-sided ultra-precision machining. The design of this precision spindle with direct drive by hollow-shaft torque motor provides two-sided machining of disk-shaped workpieces. The regularities of the formation of stiffness, flow rate and power losses in the combined spindle bearing, depending on viscosity of the working fluid, clearances in the journal and thrust bearings, pump pressure, and size of the bearing lands are defined. As a result of mathematical and CFD modeling rational parameters of combined spindle bearing were identified that provide minimum power losses at operation at simultaneous insuring of the high accuracy of a spindle. For increase of accuracy of clamping advanced design of the clamping fixture with a screw clamping of workpieces on the basis of use of PVC paste as pressure-transmitting environment is offered. The article introduce the use of water lubrication as an effective way of solving issues of increase concerning spindle unit efficiency, the reduction of operating costs due to simultaneous cooling of bearings and spindle drive, and also the increase of environmental friendliness of the design as a whole. Conclusions. The new design of a spindle unit for two-sided ultra-precision machining with direct drive and clamping device was presented in this article. The main advantage of this solution is the compact structure of the spindle. The direct drive of the spindle with hollow-shaft torque motor can effectively be used for two-sided ultra-precision end turning of the workpieces. The regularities of the flatness deviation formation of the end surface of the workpiece during clamping are established. It is shown that clamping forces acting on the workpiece do not have a significant impact on accuracy of the surfaces machined. The rational geometrical and operational parameters of the clamping for maintenance of high operational reliability are received.

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Paszota, Zygmunt. "Graphical presentation of the power of energy losses and power developed in the elements of hydrostatic drive and control system: Part I Rotational hydraulic motor speed series throttling control systems." Polish Maritime Research 15, no. 3 (October 1, 2008): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10012-007-0080-3.

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Graphical presentation of the power of energy losses and power developed in the elements of hydrostatic drive and control system: Part I Rotational hydraulic motor speed series throttling control systems Paper proposes and justifies a diagram of the direction of increase of power stream from the shaft or piston rod of a hydraulic motor to the pump shaft, power increasing as an effect of the imposed power of energy losses in the hydrostatic drive and control system elements. Graphical interpretation of the power of energy losses in the hydrostatic drive and control system elements and also of the power developed by those elements is presented. An individual system with the rotational hydraulic motor speed series throttling control fed by a constant capacity pump cooperating with an overflow valve in a constant pressure system p = cte ≈ pn is analyzed and also an individual system with the rotational hydraulic motor speed series throttling control fed by a constant capacity pump cooperating with an overflow valve controlled in a variable pressure system: p = var, an individual system with the rotational hydraulic motor speed series throttling control fed by a variable capacity pump cooperating with a pressure regulator in a constant pressure system p = cte ≈ pn and an individual system with the rotational hydraulic motor speed series throttling control fed by a variable capacity pump cooperating with the Load Sensing regulator in a variable pressure p = var system.

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ANDRZEJEWSKI, Maciej, Ireneusz PIELECHA, Jerzy MERKISZ, Robert ŚWIECHOWICZ, and Mateusz NOWAK. "Modern drive systems of rail vehicles." Combustion Engines 178, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-314.

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Rail vehicles are one of the sources of environmental pollution in the transport sector. Therefore, it is necessary to equip these vehi-cles with modern drive systems. This article concerns the issues of contemporary and future-oriented solutions of drive systems used in rail vehicles. The article analyzes energy storage possibilities including: electrochemical, mechanical and hydraulic accumulators. The conducted analyzes have taken into account the importance of how frequently they charge up, which dictates their possible applications. Characteristics of hybrid drive systems were presented, with particular emphasis on parallel systems of: hydrostatic, flywheels and electrochemical batteries. The analysis of energy flow control strategies in hybrid drive systems of railway vehicles has been made. In the summary, a solution was chosen that resulted in high conversion efficiency of the energy extracted from the vehicles wheels.

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Siwulski, Tomasz, and Urszula Warzynska. "New solution to increase the safety of operating system with hydrostatic drive." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 188, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.2507.

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Hydraulic actuators that commonly used in machine work systems are not equipped with protection features preventing the autonomous insertion and extension of a piston rod because of the influence of external forces. Consequently, a spontaneous fall of working circuits in the event of the loss of tightness of supply lines of an actuator may occur. Currently applied safety features that are sometimes mounted directly on hydraulic cylinders as in the case of mining machinery intended for exploitation in black coal mines protect working systems from uncontrolled lowering. However, their design forces the drive to be started to make it safe to leave the work system. If, for any reason, the drive system of a machine cannot be started and the work system is raised, its lowering can take place only by unsealing the hydraulic system, which is unforeseeable for constructors and carries the danger of crushing a person or persons involved. The paper presents a new solution for hydraulic cylinders, which enables, among other things, the controlled and safe insertion of a piston rod under load without the need for having the drive system started.

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Aschemann, Harald, Joeran Ritzke, and Horst Schulte. "Model-Based Nonlinear Trajectory Control of a Drive Chain with Hydrostatic Transmission." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 42, no. 13 (2009): 461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20090819-3-pl-3002.00080.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Hydrostatic drive'

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