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Hügler, Michael, and Johannes Imhoff. "Life at Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vents—Oases Under Water." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 24, no. 2 (2009): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180809x421789.
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AbstractThis paper briefly recapitulates the discovery of the first deep sea hydrothermal vents and the research undertaken within the past 30 years, followed by an overview of their biological aspects. Highlighting two unique characteristics of organisms found in this exceptional habitat: their adaptation to obtain food by microbial energy transformation and recently discovered symbiotic associations between animals and bacteria, it argues that these exclusive features qualify hydrothermal vent habitats as unique ecosystems, and concludes with comments on recent and future scientific studies.
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Miyazaki, Junichi, Shinsuke Kawagucci, Akiko Makabe, et al. "Deepest and hottest hydrothermal activity in the Okinawa Trough: the Yokosuka site at Yaeyama Knoll." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 12 (2017): 171570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171570.
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Since the initial discovery of hydrothermal vents in 1977, these ‘extreme’ chemosynthetic systems have been a focus of interdisciplinary research. The Okinawa Trough (OT), located in the semi-enclosed East China Sea between the Eurasian continent and the Ryukyu arc, hosts more than 20 known vent sites but all within a relatively narrow depth range (600–1880 m). Depth is a significant factor in determining fluid temperature and chemistry, as well as biological composition. However, due to the narrow depth range of known sites, the actual influence of depth here has been poorly resolved. Here, the Yokosuka site (2190 m), the first OT vent exceeding 2000 m depth is reported. A highly active hydrothermal vent site centred around four active vent chimneys reaching 364°C in temperature, it is the hottest in the OT. Notable Cl depletion (130 mM) and both high H 2 and CH 4 concentrations (approx. 10 mM) probably result from subcritical phase separation and thermal decomposition of sedimentary organic matter. Microbiota and fauna were generally similar to other sites in the OT, although with some different characteristics. In terms of microbiota, the H 2 -rich vent fluids in Neuschwanstein chimney resulted in the dominance of hydrogenotrophic chemolithoautotrophs such as Thioreductor and Desulfobacterium . For fauna, the dominance of the deep-sea mussel Bathymodiolus aduloides is surprising given other nearby vent sites are usually dominated by B. platifrons and/or B. japonicus , and a sponge field in the periphery dominated by Poecilosclerida is unusual for OT vents. Our insights from the Yokosuka site implies that although the distribution of animal species may be linked to depth, the constraint is perhaps not water pressure and resulting chemical properties of the vent fluid but instead physical properties of the surrounding seawater. The potential significance of these preliminary results and prospect for future research on this unique site are discussed.
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Galkin, S. V., and V. V. Ivin. "Biological investigations research in Bering Sea using a remote operated vehicle Comanche." Океанология 59, no. 1 (2019): 170–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0030-1574591170-172.
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The article discusses the results of research on benthos, carried out in south-western Bering Sea using remotely operated vehicle Comanche. The vertical distribution of the dominant animals on the northern slope of the Volcanologov Massif and fauna associated with the hydrothermal vents of Piip Volcano was studied.
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DEMIDOW, OLGA, TERUE C. KIHARA, PEDRO MARTÍNEZ ARBIZU, and PAUL F. CLARK. "The megalopal stage of the hydrothermal vent crab Austinograea rodriguezensis Tsuchida & Hashimoto, 2002 (Decapoda: Bythograeidae): a morphological description based on CLSM images." Zootaxa 5040, no. 3 (2021): 365–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5040.3.3.
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The Bythograeidae is unique amongst brachyuran crab taxa as it is the only family where all 6 genera and 16 species are endemic to hydrothermal vents. During the research conducted by German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources to identify inactive polymetallic sulphide deposits along Central and Southeast Indian Ridges, the INDEX project collected from hydrothermal vent fields 6 Bythograeidae megalopae. Entire specimens and dissected appendages were stained, mounted on slides and examined using Light Microscopy and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Additional molecular analysis using mtCOI confirmed the identification of the specimens as Austinograea rodriguezensis Tsuchida & Hashimoto, 2002. The megalopal stage of A. rodriguezensis shows similarities and distinctions between the characters of two other bythograeid megalopae, Bythograea thermydron Williams, 1980, and B. microps Saint Laurent, 1984. Unlike other brachyuran megalopae, B. thermydron and A. rodriguezensis lack long serrate setae and stout serrate spines on the dactylus of the fifth pereiopod. In both species no coxal spines on the pereiopods were observed. The elliptical carapace of B. thermydron is broader than long vs longitudinally rectangular in A. rodriguezensis. This carapace shape resembles B. microps more than B. thermydron, however, the dorsal surface of B. microps carapace is densely covered in short setae vs only covered with short setae on the anterior 1/4 and the posterior 1/6 length of carapace in A. rodriguezensis. Furthermore, the amount of plumose natatory setae on the pleopods in B. microps is in total larger and more variable, than in A. rodriguezensis. Bythograeid megalopae seem quite generalized and miss specific features that reveal them distinctively as endemic vent crab. A distinction from other species is possible by observing the unique combinations of certain characters. This is the first megalopal stage description of Austinograea and the fourth within the Bythograeidae.
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De Cian, M., M. Regnault, and F. H. Lallier. "Nitrogen metabolites and related enzymatic activities in the body fluids and tissues of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 19 (2000): 2907–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.19.2907.
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The distribution of nitrogen metabolism end-products and the associated enzyme activities, free amino acids and purine base catabolites were investigated in all the body compartments (circulating fluids and tissues) of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila to acquire a general overview of nitrogen metabolism in this symbiotic organism. There were striking differences between the symbiont-containing trophosome tissue and other host tissues. High concentrations of ammonia, creatinine and, in particular, urate were found in all tissues, but they were present at consistently higher concentrations in the trophosome, which also contained large amounts of urea. Uric acid crystals were present at the periphery of trophosome lobules. The urea cycle appears to be fully functional in this tissue, which also uses creatine phosphate for phosphagen storage, while arginine phosphate or a combination of both phosphagens occurs in other tissues. The amino acid patterns are dominated by sulphated compounds in all tissues except the trophosome, which has high levels of aspartate and glutamate. Although no definitive conclusions could be drawn regarding the nitrogen regime of Riftia pachyptila, this in vitro study gives several indications for future research in this area.
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Little, Crispin T. S., and Robert C. Vrijenhoek. "Are hydrothermal vent animals living fossils?" Trends in Ecology & Evolution 18, no. 11 (2003): 582–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2003.08.009.
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Grassle, J. F. "Hydrothermal Vent Animals: Distribution and Biology." Science 229, no. 4715 (1985): 713–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.229.4715.713.
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Georgieva, Magdalena N., Crispin T. S. Little, Russell J. Bailey, Alexander D. Ball, and Adrian G. Glover. "Microbial-tubeworm associations in a 440 million year old hydrothermal vent community." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1891 (2018): 20182004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2004.
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Microorganisms are the chief primary producers within present-day deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystems, and play a fundamental role in shaping the ecology of these environments. However, very little is known about the microbes that occurred within, and structured, ancient vent communities. The evolutionary history, diversity and the nature of interactions between ancient vent microorganisms and hydrothermal vent animals are largely undetermined. The oldest known hydrothermal vent community that includes metazoans is preserved within the Ordovician to early Silurian Yaman Kasy massive sulfide deposit, Ural Mountains, Russia. This deposit contains two types of tube fossil attributed to annelid worms. A re-examination of these fossils using a range of microscopy, chemical analysis and nano-tomography techniques reveals the preservation of filamentous microorganisms intimately associated with the tubes. The microfossils bear a strong resemblance to modern hydrothermal vent microbial filaments, including those preserved within the mineralized tubes of the extant vent polychaete genus Alvinella . The Yaman Kasy fossil filaments represent the oldest animal–microbial associations preserved within an ancient hydrothermal vent environment. They allude to a diverse microbial community, and also demonstrate that remarkable fine-scale microbial preservation can also be observed in ancient vent deposits, suggesting the possible existence of similar exceptionally preserved microfossils in even older vent environments.
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Taylor, Vivien F., Brian P. Jackson, Matthew R. Siegfried, et al. "Arsenic speciation in food chains from mid-Atlantic hydrothermal vents." Environmental Chemistry 9, no. 2 (2012): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en11134.
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Environmental contextArsenic occurs in marine organisms at high levels and in many chemical forms. A common explanation of this phenomenon is that algae play the central role in accumulating arsenic by producing arsenic-containing sugars that are then converted into simpler organic arsenic compounds found in fish and other marine animals. We show that animals in deep-sea vent ecosystems, which are uninhabited by algae, contain the same organic arsenic compounds as do pelagic animals, indicating that algae are not the only source of these compounds. AbstractArsenic concentration and speciation were determined in benthic fauna collected from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vents. The shrimp species, Rimicaris exoculata, the vent chimney-dwelling mussel, Bathymodiolus azoricus, Branchipolynoe seepensis, a commensal worm of B. azoricus and the gastropod Peltospira smaragdina showed variations in As concentration and in stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) signature between species, suggesting different sources of As uptake. Arsenic speciation showed arsenobetaine to be the dominant species in R. exoculata, whereas in B. azoricus and B. seepensis arsenosugars were most abundant, although arsenobetaine, dimethylarsinate and inorganic arsenic were also observed, along with several unidentified species. Scrape samples from outside the vent chimneys covered with microbial mat, which is a presumed food source for many vent organisms, contained high levels of total As, but organic species were not detectable. The formation of arsenosugars in pelagic environments is typically attributed to marine algae, and the pathway to arsenobetaine is still unknown. The occurrence of arsenosugars and arsenobetaine in these deep sea organisms, where primary production is chemolithoautotrophic and stable isotope analyses indicate food sources are of vent origin, suggests that organic arsenicals can occur in a foodweb without algae or other photosynthetic life.
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Miyake, Hiroshi, Mitsugu Kitada, Shinji Tsuchida, Yoko Okuyama, and Ko-ichi Nakamura. "Ecological aspects of hydrothermal vent animals in captivity at atmospheric pressure." Marine Ecology 28, no. 1 (2007): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2006.00115.x.
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Mitarai, Satoshi, Hiromi Watanabe, Yuichi Nakajima, Alexander F. Shchepetkin, and James C. McWilliams. "Quantifying dispersal from hydrothermal vent fields in the western Pacific Ocean." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 11 (2016): 2976–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518395113.
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Hydrothermal vent fields in the western Pacific Ocean are mostly distributed along spreading centers in submarine basins behind convergent plate boundaries. Larval dispersal resulting from deep-ocean circulations is one of the major factors influencing gene flow, diversity, and distributions of vent animals. By combining a biophysical model and deep-profiling float experiments, we quantify potential larval dispersal of vent species via ocean circulation in the western Pacific Ocean. We demonstrate that vent fields within back-arc basins could be well connected without particular directionality, whereas basin-to-basin dispersal is expected to occur infrequently, once in tens to hundreds of thousands of years, with clear dispersal barriers and directionality associated with ocean currents. The southwest Pacific vent complex, spanning more than 4,000 km, may be connected by the South Equatorial Current for species with a longer-than-average larval development time. Depending on larval dispersal depth, a strong western boundary current, the Kuroshio Current, could bridge vent fields from the Okinawa Trough to the Izu-Bonin Arc, which are 1,200 km apart. Outcomes of this study should help marine ecologists estimate gene flow among vent populations and design optimal marine conservation plans to protect one of the most unusual ecosystems on Earth.
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Csotonyi, Julius T., Erko Stackebrandt, and Vladimir Yurkov. "Anaerobic Respiration on Tellurate and Other Metalloids in Bacteria from Hydrothermal Vent Fields in the Eastern Pacific Ocean." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 7 (2006): 4950–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00223-06.
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ABSTRACT This paper reports the discovery of anaerobic respiration on tellurate by bacteria isolated from deep ocean (1,543 to 1,791 m) hydrothermal vent worms. The first evidence for selenite- and vanadate-respiring bacteria from deep ocean hydrothermal vents is also presented. Enumeration of the anaerobic metal(loid)-resistant microbial community associated with hydrothermal vent animals indicates that a greater proportion of the bacterial community associated with certain vent fauna resists and reduces metal(loid)s anaerobically than aerobically, suggesting that anaerobic metal(loid) respiration might be an important process in bacteria that are symbiotic with vent fauna. Isolates from Axial Volcano and Explorer Ridge were tested for their ability to reduce tellurate, selenite, metavanadate, or orthovanadate in the absence of alternate electron acceptors. In the presence of metal(loid)s, strains showed an ability to grow and produce ATP, whereas in the absence of metal(loid)s, no growth or ATP production was observed. The protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone depressed metal(loid) reduction. Anaerobic tellurate respiration will be a significant component in describing biogeochemical cycling of Te at hydrothermal vents.
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Wharton, Darrison N., Robert N. Jinks, Erik D. Herzog, et al. "Morphology of the Eye of the Hydrothermal Vent Shrimp, Alvinocaris Markensis." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 77, no. 4 (1997): 1097–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400038650.
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The bresiliid shrimp Alvinocaris markensis is a predator that inhabits the base of sulphide mounds built by the black smoker chimneys of active hydrothermal vents at the Snake Pit site on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Casual examination of animals collected with theDSV ‘Alvin’ suggests that, like other biesiliid shrimp from hydrothermal vents, the eyes of this species are adapted for vision in very dim light. However, examination of the structure and ultrastructure of eyes of animals collected and immediately fixed shows that the expected massive array of photoreceptors is partially or completely missing. The eye is enlarged, its dioptric apparatus has disappeared, its screening pigment is essentially gone, and its reflecting pigment cells have formed an enlarged mass of white diffusing cells behind the expected layer of photoreceptors. In half of the animals examined, there were no recognizable photoreceptors in the retina, and in the remaining animals there were only scattered photoreceptors with poorly organized microvillar arrays of photosensitive membrane. We conclude that this species is blind despite some retinal adaptations for vision in very dim light. Apparently, the ambient light of this animal's environment is below the quit point (the minimum level that can be exploited) so that the retina has begun to degenerate by losing its photoreceptors.
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Lee, Raymond W. "Thermal Tolerances of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Animals From the Northeast Pacific." Biological Bulletin 205, no. 2 (2003): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1543230.
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Breusing, Corinna, Jessica Mitchell, Jennifer Delaney, et al. "Physiological dynamics of chemosynthetic symbionts in hydrothermal vent snails." ISME Journal 14, no. 10 (2020): 2568–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-0707-2.
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Abstract Symbioses between invertebrate animals and chemosynthetic bacteria form the basis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems worldwide. In the Lau Basin, deep-sea vent snails of the genus Alviniconcha associate with either Gammaproteobacteria (A. kojimai, A. strummeri) or Campylobacteria (A. boucheti) that use sulfide and/or hydrogen as energy sources. While the A. boucheti host–symbiont combination (holobiont) dominates at vents with higher concentrations of sulfide and hydrogen, the A. kojimai and A. strummeri holobionts are more abundant at sites with lower concentrations of these reductants. We posit that adaptive differences in symbiont physiology and gene regulation might influence the observed niche partitioning between host taxa. To test this hypothesis, we used high-pressure respirometers to measure symbiont metabolic rates and examine changes in gene expression among holobionts exposed to in situ concentrations of hydrogen (H2: ~25 µM) or hydrogen sulfide (H2S: ~120 µM). The campylobacterial symbiont exhibited the lowest rate of H2S oxidation but the highest rate of H2 oxidation, with fewer transcriptional changes and less carbon fixation relative to the gammaproteobacterial symbionts under each experimental condition. These data reveal potential physiological adaptations among symbiont types, which may account for the observed net differences in metabolic activity and contribute to the observed niche segregation among holobionts.
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Yang, Jin-Shu, Bo Lu, Dian-Fu Chen, et al. "When Did Decapods Invade Hydrothermal Vents? Clues from the Western Pacific and Indian Oceans." Molecular Biology and Evolution 30, no. 2 (2012): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mss224.
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Abstract Hydrothermal vents are typically located in midocean ridges and back-arc basins and are usually generated by the movement of tectonic plates. Life thrives in these environments despite the extreme conditions. In addition to chemoautotrophic bacteria, decapod crustaceans are dominant in many of the hydrothermal vents discovered to date. Contrary to the hypothesis that these species are remnants of relic fauna, increasing evidence supports the notion that hydrothermal vent decapods have diversified in more recent times with previous research attributing the origin of alvinocarid shrimps to the Miocene. This study investigated seven representative decapod species from four hydrothermal vents throughout the Western Pacific and Indian Oceans. A partitioned mix-model phylogenomic analysis of mitochondrial DNA produced a consistent phylogenetic topology of these vent-endemic species. Additionally, molecular dating analysis calibrated using multiple fossils suggested that both bythograeid crabs and alvinocarid shrimps originated in the late Mesozoic and early Cenozoic. Although of limited sampling, our estimates support the extinction/repopulation hypothesis, which postulates recent diversification times for most hydrothermal vent species due to their mass extinction by global deep-water anoxic/dysoxic events during the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary. The continental-derived property of the West Pacific province is compatible with the possibility that vent decapods diversified from ancestors from shallow-water regions such as cold seeps. Our results move us a step closer toward understanding the evolutionary origin of hydrothermal vent species and their distribution in the Western Pacific–Indian Ocean Region.
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Bettencourt, R., M. I. Rodrigues, I. Barros, et al. "Differential gene expression in the mussel <i>Bathymodiolus azoricus</i> from the Menez Gwen and Lucky Strike deep-sea hydrothermal vent sites." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 2 (2013): 2013–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-2013-2013.
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Abstract. The deep-sea hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus is a symbiont bearing bivalve that is found in great abundance at the Menez Gwen and Lucky Strike vent sites and in close vicinity off the Azores region near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). The distinct relationships that vent mussels have developed with their physical and chemical environments are likely reflected in global gene expression profiles providing thus a means to distinguish geographically distinct vent mussels on the basis of gene expression studies, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) experiments and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, to assess the natural expression of bacterial genes and vent mussel immune genes and the constitutive distribution and relative abundance of endosymbiotic bacteria within gill tissues. Our results confirmed the presence of methanotroph-related endosymbionts in Menez Gwen vent mussels whereas Lucky Strike specimens seem to harbor a different bacterial morphotype when a methane monooxygenase gene specific probe was used. No qualitative differences could be visualized between Menez Gwen and Lucky Strike individuals when tested with sulfur-oxidizing-related nucleic-acid probe. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) studies revealed varied gene expression profiles in both Menez Gwen and Lucky Strike mussel gill tissues for the immune genes selected. Genes encoding transcription factors presented noticeably low levels of fold expression whether in MG or LS animals whereas the genes encoding effector molecules appeared to have higher levels expression in MG gill tissues. The peptidoglycan recognition molecule, encoding gene, PGRP presented the highest level of transcriptional activity among the genes analyzed in MG gill tissues, seconded by carcinolectin and thus denoting the relevance of immune recognition molecules in early stage of the immune responses onset. Genes regarded as encoding molecules involved in signaling pathways were consistently expressed in both MG and LS gill tissues. Remarkably, the immunity-related GTPase encoding gene demonstrated in LS samples, the highest level of expression among the signaling molecule encoding genes tested when expressions levels were compared between MG and LG animals. A differential expression analysis of bacterial genes between MG and LS indicated a clear expression signature in LS gill tissues. The bacterial community structure ensued from the 16S rRNA sequencing analyses pointed at a unpredicted conservation of endosymbiont bacterial loads between MG and LS samples. Taken together, our results support the premise that Bathymodiolus azoricus exhibits different transcriptional statuses depending on which hydrothermal vent site it is collected from and within the same collection site while exhibiting differential levels of expression of genes corresponding to different immune functional categories. The present study represents a first attempt to characterize gene expression signatures in hydrothermal vent animals issued from distinct deep-sea environmental sites based on immune and bacterial genes expressions.
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DAHLHOFF, ELIZABETH, and GEORGE N. SOMERO. "Pressure and Temperature Adaptation of Cytosolic Malate Dehydrogenases of Shallowand Deep-Living Marine Invertebrates: Evidence for High Body Temperatures in Hydrothermal Vent Animals." Journal of Experimental Biology 159, no. 1 (1991): 473–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.159.1.473.
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Effects of temperature and hydrostatic pressure were measured on cytosolic malate dehydrogenases (cMDHs) from muscle tissue of a variety of shallow- and deep-living benthic marine invertebrates, including seven species endemic to the deep-sea hydrothermal vents. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) of coenzyme (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH), used to index temperature and pressure effects, was conserved within a narrow range (approximately 15–25 μmoll−1) at physiological temperatures and pressures for all species. However, at elevated pressures, the Km of NADH rose sharply for cMDHs of shallow species (depths of occurrence &gt;Approximately 500 m), but not for the cMDHs of deep-sea species. Cytosolic MDHs of invertebrates from the deep-sea hydrothermal vents generally were not perturbed by elevated temperatures (15–25°C) at in situ pressures, but cMDHs of cold-adapted deep-sea species were. At a single measurement temperature, the Km of NADH for cMDHs from invertebrates from habitats with well-characterized temperatures was inversely related to maximal sustained body temperature. This correlation was used to predict the maximal sustained body temperatures of vent invertebrates for which maximal habitat and body temperatures are difficult to estimate. Species occurring on the ‘smoker chimneys’, which emit waters with temperatures up to 380°C, are predicted to have sustained body temperatures that are approximately 20–25°C higher than vent species living in cooler vent microhabitats. We conclude that, just as adaptation of enzymes to elevated pressures is important in establishing species’ depth distribution patterns, adaptation of pressure-adapted enzymes to temperature is critical in enabling certain vent species to exploit warm-water microhabitats in the vent environment.
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POWELL, M. A., and G. N. SOMERO. "ADAPTATIONS TO SULFIDE BY HYDROTHERMAL VENT ANIMALS: SITES AND MECHANISMS OF DETOXIFICATION AND METABOLISM." Biological Bulletin 171, no. 1 (1986): 274–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1541923.
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Lutz, Richard A., and Rachel M. Haymon. "Fossil clues to paleoecology of deep-sea hydrothermal vent fauna: summary of recent findings." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200007504.
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An abundant and unusual fauna is associated with deep-sea hydrothermal vents on the crest of the global mid-ocean ridge system. Precipitation of metal sulfides, silica, iron-oxyhydroxides and other minerals at these vents encrusts and replaces the remains of dead organisms to form fossils that may be preserved in the geologic record. For example, molds and casts of tubiculous polychaete and vestimentiferan worms are abundantly preserved in Recent hot spring deposits on the mid-ocean ridge crest, and similar worm molds also have been found in Tethys ophiolite sulfide mineral deposits of mid-Cretaceous age. The aragonitic and calcareous shells and tests of other vent species are also good candidates for fossilization by encrustation and replacement of their carbonate constituents with hydrothermal minerals.Recent and ongoing studies of the ecology and mineralization of vent organisms at active hot spring sites on the mid-ocean ridge in the eastern Pacific provide knowledge needed for gleaning paleoecological information from fossiliferous marine hydrothermal deposits in the geologic record. At modern vents, intact larval shells (prodissoconchs or protoconchs) are present on the surfaces of many juvenile molluscs. Preservation of these larval shells by hydrothermal mineralization may provide a powerful paleoecological tool for interpretation of the life history strategies of many sessile invertebrates associated with ancient submarine hydrothermal vents. Bacterial mats that grow on the outer surfaces of sulfide mineral structures have been preserved by silica deposition in inactive deposits on the East Pacific Rise (EPR) axis at 9°27'N. Studies of the ecology and growth history of this bacterial species at active vents are in progress.Preservation of ridge crest vent fauna within volcanic rock units can occur when lava erupts on the ridge crest near hydrothermal vent communities. Along the axis of the EPR at 9°50.6'N, vent mussels and vestimentiferan worms were found partially buried by lava flows and volcanic collapse rubble. Animals trapped beneath eruption-associated rubble may be coated or replaced by hydrothermal minerals precipitating from fluids circulating in the cooling rocks. In addition, worm-tube molds were created at the EPR 9°50.6'N site where lava quenched around living vestimentiferans (analogous to the formation of tree-molds in Hawaiian lava flows). These lava molds contained pyritized remnants of the chitinous tubes of the vestimentiferans.
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Martineu, Pascale, and S. Kim Juniper. "Comparison of the benzyl viologen and bimane HPLC assays for the determination of sulfide-oxidizing capability in the tissues of hydrothermal vent and non-vent polychaetes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 10 (1997): 1618–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-788.
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Two commonly used methods for in vitro measurement of tissue-level sulfide oxidation in animals were compared using homogenates of hydrothermal vent (Paralvinella sulfincola and P. palmiformis) and non-vent (Nereis virens and Nephtys caeca) polychaetes. All examined worms showed heat-labile sulfide-oxidizing ability and rates were slightly higher in the two vent species. A previously observed discrepancy between the results of the spectrophotometric benzyl viologen (BV) and bimane high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assays was confirmed. We explain this discrepancy firstly by the fact that H2S removal measured by the bimane HPLC assay is only the first step in a cascade of several possible sulfur-oxidation steps recorded by BV. Secondly, we show that the low H2S/protein ratio used in the bimane HPLC assay can result in undersaturation of the catalyst responsible for H2S oxidation. The latter can lead to underestimation of potential oxidation rates and may be as important as the nonspecificity of BV in explaining differences between assay results. Tissue-level sulfide oxidation is clearly widespread in marine invertebrates, but the catalyst(s) responsible remain(s) unidentified. The fact that sulfide-oxidation rates in vent polychaete tissues are similar to rates in non-vent species and appear to reflect a common basal level of sulfide-oxidizing activity in many animal tissues suggests that other defense mechanisms may be more important in the adaptation of these worms to the hydrothermal milieu.
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Tunnicliffe, Verena, and R. Gordon Jensen. "Distribution and behaviour of the spider crab Macroregonia macrochira Sakai (Brachyura) around the hydrothermal vents of the northeast Pacific." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 10 (1987): 2443–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-369.
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Over 200 individuals of the majid crab Macroregonia macrochira Sakai, 1978 were examined on submersible and towed camera photographs from the Juan de Fuca and Explorer ridges. The crab is found at bathyal depths and shows a preference for hard substrata. Its attraction to the food source at hydrothermal vents is reflected in the high population concentrations around vent sites of the northeast Pacific. Mature males, distinguished by their large chelipeds, tend to be widely dispersed while the female–juvenile group clusters in and around vents. Stomachs of captured specimens contain remains of vent animals, confirming, along with submersible observations, that this crab is a major predator of animals at these vents. Other aspects of M. macrochira biology suggest that the sexes are separable on the basis of carapace aspect ratio, that polygamy is not apparent, and that planktotrophic larvae are released. The crab's ability to range both in and away from vents makes it an excellent indicator of the proximity of hydrothermal activity. In addition, it represents a mechanism for transferring the rich production of chemosynthetic activity to the oligotrophic deep-sea environment.
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BELKIN, SHIMSHON, DOUGLAS C. NELSON, and HOLGER W. JANNASCH. "SYMBIOTIC ASSIMILATION OF CO2IN TWO HYDROTHERMAL VENT ANIMALS, THE MUSSELBATHYMODIOLUS THERMOPHILUSAND THE TUBE WORMRIFTIA PACHYPTILA." Biological Bulletin 170, no. 1 (1986): 110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1541384.
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Vrijenhoek, R. C. "Gene Flow and Genetic Diversity in Naturally Fragmented Metapopulations of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Animals." Journal of Heredity 88, no. 4 (1997): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a023106.
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Bettencourt, Raul, Valentina Costa, Mário Laranjo, et al. "Out of the deep sea into a land-based aquarium environment: investigating physiological adaptations in the hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus." ICES Journal of Marine Science 68, no. 2 (2010): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsq119.
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Abstract Bettencourt, R., Costa, V., Laranjo, M., Rosa, D., Pires, L., Colaço, A., Lopes, H., and Serrão Santos, R. 2011. Out of the deep sea into a land-based aquarium environment: investigating physiological adaptations in the hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 357–364. Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are considered to be some of the most extreme environments in the world, yet the animals dwelling around the vent sites exhibit high productivity and must therefore deal with unusual levels of heavy metals, pH, temperature, CO2, and sulphides, in addition to environmental microbes. In an attempt to understand the physiological reactions of animals able to endure these extreme conditions, adaptation processes in the mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus maintained for long periods under laboratory conditions were investigated. Even in the absence of the characteristic high hydrostatic pressure found at deep-sea vent sites and without methane and/or sulphide supplementation, vent mussels seem to survive well in aquarium conditions. Therefore, the maintenance of live vent mussels in our laboratory is a key factor in gaining insights into their physiology, as well as into the study of evolutionary conserved molecules commonly found in other marine bivalves. With the aim of finding distinct genetic signatures in the expression of genes such as the metal-binding protein metallothionein (MT), the present work centred on cellular and humoral mechanisms in animals acclimatized to “sea-level” conditions. In addition, we also conducted experiments under hydrostatic pressure, using the hyperbaric chamber IPOCAMP to establish an in vitro experimental system in which the expression of genes that typically respond to heavy metal contaminants and oxidative stress could be studied under controlled hyperbaric pressure. We also analysed the occurrence of glycosylation in mantle and gill tissues from mussels subjected to elevated hyperbaric pressure, as well as the variation in haemocyte total counts as a result of increased pressure. Our results suggest that even after prolonged aquarium maintenance at atmospheric pressure, mussels were still able to induce the MT gene, whether or not they had been subjected to repressurization in the IPOCAMP chamber. Taken together, our results suggest that B. azoricus can be used as a model species and is particularly useful for the assessment of expression levels of critical genes, such as MT, in response to experimentally induced hydrostatic pressure.
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Klose, Julia, Martin F. Polz, Michael Wagner, Mario P. Schimak, Sabine Gollner, and Monika Bright. "Endosymbionts escape dead hydrothermal vent tubeworms to enrich the free-living population." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 36 (2015): 11300–11305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501160112.
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Theory predicts that horizontal acquisition of symbionts by plants and animals must be coupled to release and limited dispersal of symbionts for intergenerational persistence of mutualisms. For deep-sea hydrothermal vent tubeworms (Vestimentifera, Siboglinidae), it has been demonstrated that a few symbiotic bacteria infect aposymbiotic host larvae and grow in a newly formed organ, the trophosome. However, whether viable symbionts can be released to augment environmental populations has been doubtful, because (i) the adult worms lack obvious openings and (ii) the vast majority of symbionts has been regarded as terminally differentiated. Here we show experimentally that symbionts rapidly escape their hosts upon death and recruit to surfaces where they proliferate. Estimating symbiont release from our experiments taken together with well-known tubeworm density ranges, we suggest a few million to 1.5 billion symbionts seeding the environment upon death of a tubeworm clump. In situ observations show that such clumps have rapid turnover, suggesting that release of large numbers of symbionts may ensure effective dispersal to new sites followed by active larval colonization. Moreover, release of symbionts might enable adaptations that evolve within host individuals to spread within host populations and possibly to new environments.
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Gebruk, A. V., E. C. Southward, H. Kennedy, and A. J. Southward. "Food sources, behaviour, and distribution of hydrothermal vent shrimps at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 80, no. 3 (2000): 485–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400002186.
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Five species of bresilioid shrimp were investigated at seven hydrothermal sites on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Menez Gwen, Lucky Strike, Rainbow, Broken Spur, TAG, Snake Pit and Logatchev. Samples were prepared for analysis of stable isotopes, elemental composition and lipids. Shrimp behaviour was observed from the submersible ‘Alvin’ and in the laboratory aboard RV ‘Atlantis’. The distribution and zonation of the shrimp species was recorded. Juvenile shrimp of all species arrive at the vents carrying reserves of photosynthetic origin, built-up in the pelagic larval stages. These reserves are used while the shrimp metamorphose to the adult form and, in Rimicaris exoculata and Chorocaris chacei, while they develop epibiotic bacteria supporting structures, the modified mouthparts and the inside of the carapace. The main food of adult R. exoculata is filamentous bacteria that grow on these structures. The intermediate sizes of C. chacei also feed on such bacteria, but the final stage gets some food by scavenging or predation. Mirocaris species scavenge diverse sources; they are not trophically dependent on either R. exoculata or mussels. Adults of Alvinocaris markensis are predators of other vent animals, including R. exoculata. The dense swarms of R. exoculata, with their exosymbionts, can be compared to endosymbiont-containing animals such as Bathymodiolus and the vestimentiferan tube-worms of the Pacific vents. Such associations, whether endo- or ectosymbiotic, may be necessary for the development of flourishing communities at hydrothermal vents.
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Martins, E., A. Queiroz, R. Serrão Santos, and R. Bettencourt. "Finding immune gene expression differences induced by marine bacterial pathogens in the Deep-sea hydrothermal vent mussel <i>Bathymodiolus azoricus</i>." Biogeosciences 10, no. 11 (2013): 7279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7279-2013.
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Abstract. The deep-sea hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus lives in a natural environment characterised by extreme conditions of hydrostatic pressure, temperature, pH, high concentrations of heavy metals, methane and hydrogen sulphide. The deep-sea vent biological systems represent thus the opportunity to study and provide new insights into the basic physiological principles that govern the defense mechanisms in vent animals and to understand how they cope with microbial infections. Hence, the importance of understanding this animal's innate defense mechanisms, by examining its differential immune gene expressions toward different pathogenic agents. In the present study, B. azoricus mussels were infected with single suspensions of marine bacterial pathogens, consisting of Vibrio splendidus, Vibrio alginolyticus, or Vibrio anguillarum, and a pool of these Vibrio bacteria. Flavobacterium suspensions were also used as a non-pathogenic bacterium. Gene expression analyses were carried out using gill samples from infected animals by means of quantitative-Polymerase Chain Reaction aimed at targeting several immune genes. We also performed SDS-PAGE protein analyses from the same gill tissues. We concluded that there are different levels of immune gene expression between the 12 h to 24 h exposure times to various bacterial suspensions. Our results from qPCR demonstrated a general pattern of gene expression, decreasing from 12 h over 24 h post-infection. Among the bacteria tested, Flavobacterium is the bacterium inducing the highest gene expression level in 12 h post-infections animals. The 24 h infected animals revealed, however, greater gene expression levels, using V. splendidus as the infectious agent. The SDS-PAGE analysis also pointed at protein profile differences between 12 h and 24 h, particularly evident for proteins of 18–20 KDa molecular mass, where most dissimilarity was found. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that immune genes, as well as experimental infections, clustered in discrete groups in accordance with the gene expression patterns induced by bacterial pathogens.
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Jollivet, D., L. R. J. Dixon, D. Desbruyeres, and D. R. Dixon. "Ribosomal (rDNA) Variation in a Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vent Polychaete, Alvinella Pompejana, From 13°N on the East Pacific Rise." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 78, no. 1 (1998): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400039989.
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The rDNA repeat-unit of the vent polychaete Alvinella pompejana was investigated using restriction analysis. Mapping revealed evidence of rDNA polymorphism within and between individuals which was due to individual restriction site variation and sequence rearrangements involving spacer regions. The size of the repeat unit was 10.5 kb with virtually no evidence of length variation. Sequence inversions indicated the presence of two spatially-distinct subfamilies of repeats, probably on different chromosome pairs. Animals from contrasting vent habitats with respect to age and chemical emissions (young vs old chimneys and white vs black smokers) from within the 13°N/EPR (East Pacific Rise) vent sector were analysed for evidence of population differentiation. Based on individual restriction site variation, average FST estimates across neighbouring populations were in the region of ~0.05 and differed significantly from zero. This level of genetic differentiation is comparable to values reported previously for allozymes. Spatial and temporal allelic frequency variances estimated from pairwise combinations (i.e. s2S and s2T) strongly suggested that differences in allelic frequency were the result of repeated extinction/recolonization events associated with the vent instability. Estimates of the effective population size derived from standardized temporal allelic frequency variances Fks were very low compared to actual population size indicating great temporal fluctuations in the former. Theoretically, such an effective population size is not sufficient to maintain the observed level of polymorphism within the 13N/EPR vent sector. Results are therefore consistent with a ‘propagule’ colonization-type model in which extinction/recolonization rates are high. In Alvinella, planktonic larval dispersal appears sufficient to overcome any genetic differentiation resulting from drift, but these findings also indicate that propagules may only be capable of dispersing a few tens of kilometres per generation.
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Martins, E., A. Queiroz, R. Serrão Santos, and R. Bettencourt. "Finding immune gene expression differences induced by marine bacterial pathogens in the deep-sea hydrothermal vent mussel <i>Bathymodiolus azoricus</i>." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 2 (2013): 2675–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-2675-2013.
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Abstract. The deep-sea hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus lives in a natural environment characterized by extreme conditions of hydrostatic pressure, temperature, pH, high concentrations of heavy metals, methane and hydrogen sulphide. The deep-sea vent biological systems represent thus the opportunity to study and provide new insights into the basic physiological principles that govern the defense mechanisms in vent animals and to understand how they cope with microbial infections. Hence, the importance of understanding this animal's innate defense mechanisms, by examining its differential immune gene expressions toward different pathogenic agents. In the present study, B. azoricus mussels were infected with single suspensions of marine bacterial pathogens, consisting of Vibrio splendidus, Vibrio alginolyticus, or Vibrio anguillarum, and a pool of these Vibrio strains. Flavobacterium suspensions were also used as an irrelevant bacterium. Gene expression analyses were carried out using gill samples from animals dissected at 12 h and 24 h post-infection times by means of quantitative-Polymerase Chain Reaction aimed at targeting several immune genes. We also performed SDS-PAGE protein analyses from the same gill tissues. We concluded that there are different levels of immune gene expression between the 12 h and 24 h exposure times to various bacterial suspensions. Our results from qPCR demonstrated a general pattern of gene expression, decreasing from 12 h over 24 h post-infection. Among the bacteria tested, Flavobacterium is the microorganism species inducing the highest gene expression level in 12 h post-infections animals. The 24 h infected animals revealed, however, greater gene expression levels, using V. splendidus as the infectious agent. The SDS-PAGE analysis also pointed at protein profile differences between 12 h and 24 h, particularly around a protein area, of 18 KDa molecular mass, where most dissimilarities were found. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that immune genes, as well as experimental infections, clustered in discrete groups in accordance with the patterns observed in gene expression changes induced by bacterial pathogens.
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Nike Bianchi, Carlo, Paul R. Dando, and Carla Morri. "Increased diversity of sessile epibenthos at subtidal hydrothermal vents: seven hypotheses based on observations at Milos Island, Aegean Sea." Advances in Oceanography and Limnology 2, no. 1 (2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/aiol.2011.5314.
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Research on subtidal hydrothermal vent ecosystems at Milos, Hellenic Volcanic Arc (Aegean Sea), suggested that vent activity increased the species richness of sessile epibenthic assemblages. Based on 303 species found in 6 sites (3 close to vents, 3 farther away), the present paper uses correspondence analysis and species/samples curves to examine the species composition and richness of these assemblages. Differences due to vent proximity were more important than those due to bottom depth and distance from the shore. Diversity was confirmed to be higher near the vents, although none of the 266 species found at the vent sites can be considered as obligate vent-associated species. Seven different, although not mutually exclusive, hypotheses are discussed to explain the pattern of increased epibenthic species diversity at the vent sites, namely: (i) vents represent an intermediate disturbance, inducing mortality by the emission of toxic fluids; (ii) higher winter temperature allows for the occurrence of warm-water species, which add to the regional background; (iii) venting disrupts the homogeneity of the water bottom layer, increasing bottom roughness and hence habitat heterogeneity; (iv) deposition of minerals and enhanced bioconstruction by Ca enrichment increment habitat provision; (v) fluid emission induces advective mechanisms that favour recruitment; (vi) vents emit CO2, nutrients and trace elements that enhance primary productivity; and (vii) bacterial chemosynthesis add to photosynthesis to provide a diversity of food sources for the fauna.
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Li, Xiaohu, Jianqiang Wang, and Hao Wang. "Fe Isotopic Compositions of Modern Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems and Their Influence Factors." Journal of Chemistry 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1417302.
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Based on previous research on the Fe isotope compositions of various components and systems of the Earth, this study focused on the Fe isotope compositions of hydrothermal systems, including the Fe isotope variations in chalcopyrite, pyrite, and sphalerite, and their possible controlling factors. The main findings are as follows: (1) The range of Fe isotopes in hydrothermal systems at mid-ocean ridge is very large. The δ56Fe values of hydrothermal fluids are characterized by significant enrichment in light Fe isotopes. (2) The δ56Fe values of sulfides also exhibit lighter Fe isotope characteristics than those of hydrothermal fluids from hydrothermal vent fields at mid-ocean ridge. The vent temperature, fluid properties, and mineral deposition processes significantly affect the δ56Fe values of hydrothermal sulfides. (3) Chalcopyrite is preferentially enriched in heavy Fe isotopes, whereas sphalerite and pyrite are enriched in light Fe isotopes. In addition, the δ56Fe values of pyrite/marcasite display a larger range than those of chalcopyrite. This pattern is directly related to equilibrium fractionation or kinetic fractionation of Fe isotopes during the deposition of sulfides. To better understand the Fe isotope compositions of modern seafloor hydrothermal systems, the geochemical behavior and fractionation mechanisms of Fe isotopes require further in situ study.
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Yahagi, Takuya, Hiroaki Fukumori, Anders Warén, and Yasunori Kano. "Population connectivity of hydrothermal-vent limpets along the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Gastropoda: Neritimorpha: Phenacolepadidae)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99, no. 1 (2017): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315417001898.
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The red-blooded limpet ‘Shinkailepas’briandi(Neritimorpha: Phenacolepadidae) is one of the commonest gastropod species at deep-sea hydrothermal vents on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). We investigated its population connectivity along MAR as the first such study for gastropods and explored the importance of larval migration for the distribution of vent-endemic animals. Our analyses, based on 1.3-kbp DNA sequences from the mitochondrial COI gene, showed a panmictic population throughout its geographic and bathymetric ranges that span from the northernmost and shallowest Menez Gwen vent field (38°N; 814–831 m depth) to the southernmost and deepest Ashadze field (13°N; 4090 m). Early development of this species is presumed to have a long pelagic duration as a planktotrophic larva; the hatchling with a shell diameter of 170–180 μm attains a constant settlement size of 706 ± 8 μm (mean ± SD). Retention of eye pigmentation in newly settled juveniles, along with the genetic panmixia, suggests that the hatched larva of ‘S.’briandimigrates vertically to the surface water, presumably to take advantage of richer food supplies and stronger currents for dispersal, as has been shown for confamilial species at hydrothermal vents and cold methane seeps.
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Campbell, Kathleen A. "Hydrocarbon seep and hydrothermal vent paleoenvironments and paleontology: Past developments and future research directions." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 232, no. 2-4 (2006): 362–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.06.018.
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Southward, Eve C., and Kathryn A. Coates. "Sperm masses and sperm transfer in a vestimentiferan, Ridgeia piscesae Jones, 1985 (Pogonophora: Obturata)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 11 (1989): 2776–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-393.
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Discrete sperm masses, of irregular outline, 2–5 mm in their maximum dimension, were found on males and females of Ridgeia piscesae Jones, 1985 (Pogonophora: Obturata), hydrothermal vent tube worms from the Juan de Fuca and Explorer Ridges in the eastern North Pacific Ocean. Masses were found in tentacular and vestimental locations, often near the gonopores. The fine structure and size of spermatozoa from inside males are the same as in the masses and are distinctly different from described spermatozoa of perviate pogonophores. Maturation of the spermatozoa appears to be completed within the external sperm mass, after spawning. The sperm masses produced by males may be actively transferred to adjacent females of the densely aggregated animals found at the vent sites. In the females, these masses come to rest near the gonopores where fertilization may occur, just internal or external to the pores.
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Thaler, Andrew D., and Diva Amon. "262 Voyages Beneath the Sea: a global assessment of macro- and megafaunal biodiversity and research effort at deep-sea hydrothermal vents." PeerJ 7 (August 6, 2019): e7397. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7397.
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For over 40 years, hydrothermal vents and the communities that thrive on them have been a source of profound discovery for deep-sea ecologists. These ecosystems are found throughout the world on active plate margins as well as other geologically active features. In addition to their ecologic interest, hydrothermal vent fields are comprised of metallic ores, sparking a nascent industry that aims to mine these metal-rich deposits for their mineral wealth. Here, we provide the first systematic assessment of macrofaunal and megafaunal biodiversity at hydrothermal vents normalized against research effort. Cruise reports from scientific expeditions as well as other literature were used to characterize the extent of exploration, determine the relative biodiversity of different biogeographic provinces, identify knowledge gaps related to the distribution of research effort, and prioritize targets for additional sampling to establish biodiversity baselines ahead of potential commercial exploitation. The Northwest Pacific, Southwest Pacific, and Southern Ocean biogeographic provinces were identified as high biodiversity using rarefaction of family-level incidence data, whereas the North East Pacific Rise, Northern East Pacific, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and Indian Ocean provinces had medium biodiversity, and the Mid-Cayman Spreading Center was identified as a province of relatively low biodiversity. A North/South divide in the extent of biological research and the targets of hydrothermal vent mining prospects was also identified. Finally, we provide an estimate of sampling completeness for each province to inform scientific and stewardship priorities.
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Andersen, Ann C., Sylvie Jolivet, Stéphanie Claudinot, and François H. Lallier. "Biometry of the branchial plume in the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila (Vestimentifera; Annelida)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 2 (2002): 320–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-005.
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The branchial plume of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila is the main organ by which this mouth- and gut-less tubeworm directly exchanges metabolites with its environment. We estimated the total branchial surface area per unit wet mass, termed the specific branchial surface area (SBSA), from planimetric measurements. Changes in the SBSA during the growth of the worm were inferred from 16 individuals ranging from 1 to 112 g wet mass. Riftia pachyptila has a mean SBSA of 22 cm2·g1, the second highest among all aquatic animals, representing 9 times the surface area of the rest of the body. Three significantly different classes of SBSA could be distinguished, corresponding to small, medium-sized, and large individuals. The SBSA values for small and medium-sized R. pachyptila are twice that for large individuals. Negative growth allometry between the length of the branchial plume and that of the trunk may be correlated with this variation in SBSA, the plume growing faster than the trunk in the small and medium-sized groups. In large individuals the trunk length exceeds the plume length, inducing an increase in body mass that lowers the SBSA. However, a lower SBSA does not imply reduced metabolite diffusion through the plume of large tubeworms, since their longer free filaments bear more developed pinnules, which are probably the preferred pathway of metabolite diffusion, owing to a minimal transepithelial distance of 2 µm.
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Fabri, M.-C., A. Bargain, P. Briand, et al. "The hydrothermal vent community of a new deep-sea field, Ashadze-1, 12°58′N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91, no. 1 (2010): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315410000731.
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Ashadze-1 (12° 58′N 44° 51′W, 4080 m) on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) is the deepest known active hydrothermal vent field. The first observations on this site were numerous clear and black smokers and surprisingly few known symbiotic species dominant in other vent areas on the MAR. The species most abundant at Ashadze-1 are those usually found at the periphery of hydrothermal communities: sea-anemones Maractis rimicarivora and chaetopterid polychaetes Phyllochaetopterus sp. nov. This study comprised site mapping and faunal sampling and Ashadze-1 was completely mapped by using the remote operated vehicle ‘Victor 6000’ and a new high resolution tool available for deep-sea research. A photo-mapping survey was carried out with a long range optical black and white camera. Digitization of substrata and sea-anemones visible on the images was performed by GIS. Spatial distribution of Ma. rimicarivora was distinguished by high densities of 32 ind.m−2 on the western side of the main smoker area. Submersible sampling operations allowed taxonomic identification within a 200 × 110 m area. Carbon, nitrogen and sulphur isotopic ratios were measured in four dominant species to identify their trophic position. The present paper gives the complete maps and describes the faunal community of the Ashadze-1 vent field. The results obtained led us to consider this site as an ecosystem in its declining stage. Finally we compare the similarities of this community to other hydrothermal communities on the northern MAR.
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ZHANG, SHUQIAN, and SUPING ZHANG. "Two new species of Margarites (Gastropoda: Margaritidae) from hydrothermal vent areas, Western Pacific." Zootaxa 4299, no. 3 (2017): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4299.3.10.
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During research dives by the submersible ROV Faxian, two margaritid species were collected in Okinawa Trough and Manus Back-Arc Basin. In present study, we describe and illustrate them as Margarites similis sp. nov. and Margarites manusensis sp. nov., respectively. The generic allocation is based on shell morphology and radula features. Phylogenetic reconstruction using the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene also supports their placements within Margarites.
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Beinart, R. A., A. Gartman, J. G. Sanders, G. W. Luther, and P. R. Girguis. "The uptake and excretion of partially oxidized sulfur expands the repertoire of energy resources metabolized by hydrothermal vent symbioses." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1806 (2015): 20142811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2811.
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Symbiotic associations between animals and chemoautotrophic bacteria crowd around hydrothermal vents. In these associations, symbiotic bacteria use chemical reductants from venting fluid for the energy to support autotrophy, providing primary nutrition for the host. At vents along the Eastern Lau Spreading Center, the partially oxidized sulfur compounds (POSCs) thiosulfate and polysulfide have been detected in and around animal communities but away from venting fluid. The use of POSCs for autotrophy, as an alternative to the chemical substrates in venting fluid, could mitigate competition in these communities. To determine whether ESLC symbioses could use thiosulfate to support carbon fixation or produce POSCs during sulfide oxidation, we used high-pressure, flow-through incubations to assess the productivity of three symbiotic mollusc genera—the snails Alviniconcha spp. and Ifremeria nautilei , and the mussel Bathymodiolus brevior —when oxidizing sulfide and thiosulfate. Via the incorporation of isotopically labelled inorganic carbon, we found that the symbionts of all three genera supported autotrophy while oxidizing both sulfide and thiosulfate, though at different rates. Additionally, by concurrently measuring their effect on sulfur compounds in the aquaria with voltammetric microelectrodes, we showed that these symbioses excreted POSCs under highly sulfidic conditions, illustrating that these symbioses could represent a source for POSCs in their habitat. Furthermore, we revealed spatial disparity in the rates of carbon fixation among the animals in our incubations, which might have implications for the variability of productivity in situ . Together, these results re-shape our thinking about sulfur cycling and productivity by vent symbioses, demonstrating that thiosulfate may be an ecologically important energy source for vent symbioses and that they also likely impact the local geochemical regime through the excretion of POSCs.
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Zykwinska, Agata, Laëtitia Marchand, Sandrine Bonnetot, Corinne Sinquin, Sylvia Colliec-Jouault, and Christine Delbarre-Ladrat. "Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vent Bacteria as a Source of Glycosaminoglycan-Mimetic Exopolysaccharides." Molecules 24, no. 9 (2019): 1703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091703.
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Bacteria have developed a unique strategy to survive in extreme environmental conditions through the synthesis of an extracellular polymeric matrix conferring upon the cells a protective microenvironment. The main structural component of this complex network constitutes high-molecular weight hydrophilic macromolecules, namely exopolysaccharides (EPS). EPS composition with the presence of particular chemical features may closely be related to the specific conditions in which bacteria evolve. Deep-sea hydrothermal vent bacteria have already been shown to produce EPS rich in hexosamines and uronic acids, frequently bearing some sulfate groups. Such a particular composition ensures interesting functional properties, including biological activities mimicking those known for glycosaminoglycans (GAG). The aim of the present study was to go further into the exploration of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea) collection of bacteria to discover new strains able to excrete EPS endowed with GAG-like structural features. After the screening of our whole collection containing 692 strains, 38 bacteria have been selected for EPS production at the laboratory scale. EPS-producing strains were identified according to 16S rDNA phylogeny. Chemical characterization of the obtained EPS highlighted their high chemical diversity with the presence of atypical compositional patterns. These EPS constitute potential bioactives for a number of biomedical applications, including regenerative medicines and cancer treatment.
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Colaço, Ana, Raul Bettencourt, Valentina Costa, et al. "LabHorta: a controlled aquarium system for monitoring physiological characteristics of the hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus." ICES Journal of Marine Science 68, no. 2 (2010): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsq120.
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AbstractColaço, A., Bettencourt, R., Costa, V., Lino, S., Lopes, H., Martins, I., Pires, L., Prieto, C., and Serrão Santos, R. 2011. LabHorta: a controlled aquarium system for monitoring physiological characteristics of the hydrothermal vent mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 349–356. LabHorta is a facility composed of laboratories and retrievable deep-sea cages created to support and expand the capabilities of research cruises. It also enhances the ability to conduct experimental studies with organisms from deep-sea hydrothermal vents and other deep-sea environments, while keeping them under controlled conditions of pressure and water chemistry. This paper presents a case study with the vent mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus (which harbours a dual symbiosis) collected at the Menez Gwen hydrothermal vent field at 840-m depth, transported to experimental aquaria at atmospheric pressure and maintained under four different controlled experimental conditions to study their comparative condition index (CI). Environmental parameters were monitored daily and efforts were made to keep these constant. During the first few months, there were differences between the CI scores of mussels kept under the various conditions. After 6 months, the differences are not so clear but mussels still had sulphur-oxidizing bacteria when fed with sulphide. The methane oxidizer bacteria disappear even in the presence of methane. A range of CI scores appeared as a function of the culture type. The LabHorta facility is a good tool for performing long-term physiological studies of deep-sea organisms, simulating possible changes in the natural environmental where they normally thrive.
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Quin, Louis D., and Gyöngyi S. Quin. "Screening for carbon-bound phosphorus in marine animals by high-resolution 31P-NMR spectroscopy: coastal and hydrothermal vent invertebrates." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 128, no. 1 (2001): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1096-4959(00)00310-9.
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Papakosta, V., T. J. Mertzimekis, and M. Triantafyllou. "Gamma spectroscopy studies of the underwater hydrothermal vent field of the Methana Peninsula." HNPS Proceedings 26 (April 1, 2019): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.1816.
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A preliminary study of natural radioactivity was conducted on the thermal spas in Methana Peninsula. To carry out this research, a collection of 17 water samples were taken from thermal springs around and underwater of the volcanogenic Peninsula at depths ranging 0–5 m. The Methana peninsula belongs to the Hellenic Volcanic Arc and is characterized by hydrothermal vent activity. A NaI(Tl) scintillator (AMESOS) was used to carry out gamma–ray counting of the samples to deduce the activity concentrations of the natural radionuclides of the 238U and 232Th decay series, as well as 40K in spa waters. Results are expected to provide information on the geological setting of the Methana peninsula. The impact of naturally occurring radioisotopes to human health has also been assessed in terms of the radiation dose risk corresponding to the measured activities.
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Ng, Wei-Ling, Cheng-Ann Chen, Stephenie Demie Kawi, Baba Musta, and Tin-Yam Chan. "Effects of hydrogen peroxide treatment on the particle size distribution of hydrothermal vent sediments: A case study in Guishan Island, Taiwan." Borneo Journal of Marine Science and Aquaculture (BJoMSA) 3, no. 2 (2019): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/bjomsa.v3i2.1995.
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Particle size analysis is able to reveal essential information about processes like production, transportation, sorting, and deposition of a study area. Pre-treatment of sediment by using hydrogen peroxide is recommended for more accuracy of particle size distribution as it removes organic matter which is adsorbed on the grain particle. A shallow water where hydrothermal vents site are located in Guishan Island is selected as the study site in this research. Sediment samples were collected at the depth of 3 – 5 cm from the seabed surface by SCUBA diving. Particle size analysis was conducted by dry sieving before and after hydrogen peroxide treatment. Results showed significant differences in very coarse sand (p < 0.05) as it decreases significantly in weight after treatment (10.62% of change). The other particle size level of sediment increases slightly in weight and the changes ranged from 1.20% to 2.60%, showing no significant difference (500μm=0.59; p value 250μm=0.67; p value 125μm=0.48; p value 63μm=0.47; p value >63μm=0.38). Therefore, in order to accurately determine the particle size distribution at hydrothermal vent site, pre-treatment using hydrogen peroxide is recommended to remove organic material because hydrothermal vent is proved to have high organic matter content.
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Watanabe, Hiromi Kayama, Chong Chen, Daniel P. Marie, Ken Takai, Katsunori Fujikura, and Benny K. K. Chan. "Phylogeography of hydrothermal vent stalked barnacles: a new species fills a gap in the Indian Ocean ‘dispersal corridor’ hypothesis." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 4 (2018): 172408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172408.
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Phylogeography of animals provides clues to processes governing their evolution and diversification. The Indian Ocean has been hypothesized as a ‘dispersal corridor’ connecting hydrothermal vent fauna of Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Stalked barnacles of the family Eolepadidae are common associates of deep-sea vents in Southern, Pacific and Indian oceans, and the family is an ideal group for testing this hypothesis. Here, we describe Neolepas marisindica sp. nov. from the Indian Ocean, distinguished from N. zevinae and N. rapanuii by having a tridentoid mandible in which the second tooth lacks small elongated teeth. Morphological variations suggest that environmental differences result in phenotypic plasticity in the capitulum and scales on the peduncle in eolepadids. We suggest that diagnostic characters in Eolepadidae should be based mainly on more reliable arthropodal characters and DNA barcoding, while the plate arrangement should be used carefully with their intraspecific variation in mind. We show morphologically that Neolepas specimens collected from the South West Indian Ridge, the South East Indian Ridge and the Central Indian Ridge belong to the new species. Molecular phylogeny and fossil evidence indicated that Neolepas migrated from the southern Pacific to the Indian Ocean through the Southern Ocean, providing key evidence against the ‘dispersal corridor’ hypothesis. Exploration of the South East Indian Ridge is urgently required to understand vent biogeography in the Indian Ocean.
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Fullarton, J. Gregor, Paul R. Dando, John R. Sargent, Alan J. Southwards, and Eve C. Southward. "Fatty Acids of Hydrothermal VentRidgeia Piscesaeand Inshore Bivalves Containing Symbiotic Bacteria." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 75, no. 2 (1995): 455–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400018300.
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Ridgeia piscesaefrom a hydrothermal vent and lucinid and thyasirid bivalves from inshore Canadian and UK waters, known to contain sulphur-oxidizing symbiotic bacteria, had lipids rich in 16:0,16:l(n-7) and 18:l(n-7) fatty acids in both bacteria-rich trophosome or gill tissue and in tissues without symbiotic bacteria. The results are consistent with the animals deriving these fatty acids from their sulphur-oxidizing symbionts.Ridgeia piscesae, Lucinoma annulata, Parvilucina tenuisculpta, Lucinoma borealisandMyrtea spiniferaalso contained substantial amounts of the non-methylene-interrupted dienoic fatty acids 20:2δ5,13 and 22:2δ7,15. It is proposed that these fatty acids are produced by chain elongation and δ5 desaturation in animal tissues of 18:l(n-7) produced by the bacterial symbionts.Thyasira flexuosadid not contain 20:2δ5,13 or 22:2δ7,15 but instead contained 18:l(n-ll) and 20:l(n-13) which were not present in the other species analysed. It is proposed that 18:l(n-ll) and 20:l(n-13) arise from the δ9 desaturation of 20:0 and 22:0, respectively, followed by chain shortening of the mono-unsaturated fatty acid products of δ9 desaturation. It is considered that 20:2δ5,13 and 22:2δ7,15 are formed in the animals in response to a relative excess of 16:0, 16:l(n-7) and 18:l(n-7), accompanied by a relative deficiency of (n-3) and (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids. The results are discussed in relation to the lipid nutrition of marine invertebrates containing bacterial symbionts.
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Shaumi, Ami, U.-Cheng Cheang, Chieh-Yu Yang, et al. "Culturable fungi associated with the marine shallow-water hydrothermal vent crab Xenograpsus testudinatus at Kueishan Island, Taiwan." Botanica Marina 64, no. 4 (2021): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2021-0034.
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Abstract Reports on fungi occurring on marine crabs have been mostly related to those causing infections/diseases. To better understand the potential role(s) of fungi associated with marine crabs, this study investigated the culturable diversity of fungi on carapace of the marine shallow-water hydrothermal vent crab Xenograpsus testudinatus collected at Kueishan Island, Taiwan. By sequencing the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), 18S and 28S of the rDNA for identification, 12 species of fungi were isolated from 46 individuals of X. testudinatus: Aspergillus penicillioides, Aspergillus versicolor, Candida parapsilosis, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Mycosphaerella sp., Parengyodontium album, Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium paxili, Stachylidium bicolor, Zasmidium sp. (Ascomycota), Cystobasidium calyptogenae and Earliella scabrosa (Basidiomycota). With additional data from other published reports, a total of 26 species of fungi (23 Ascomycota, three Basidiomycota) have been recorded from X. testudinatus. Aspergillus is the most speciose genus on the crab, followed by Penicillium and Candida. All but one species (Xylaria arbuscula) had been previously isolated from substrates in the marine environment, although many are typical terrestrial taxa. None of the recorded fungi on X. testudinatus are reported pathogens of crabs, but some have caused diseases of other marine animals. Whether the crab X. testudinatus is a vehicle of marine fungal diseases requires further study.
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Millikan, Deborah S., Horst Felbeck, and Jeffrey L. Stein. "Identification and Characterization of a Flagellin Gene from the Endosymbiont of the Hydrothermal Vent TubewormRiftia pachyptila." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 7 (1999): 3129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.7.3129-3133.1999.
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ABSTRACT The bacterial endosymbionts of the hydrothermal vent tubewormRiftia pachyptila play a key role in providing their host with fixed carbon. Results of prior research suggest that the symbionts are selected from an environmental bacterial population, although a free-living form has been neither cultured from nor identified in the hydrothermal vent environment. To begin to assess the free-living potential of the symbiont, we cloned and characterized a flagellin gene from a symbiont fosmid library. The symbiont fliC gene has a high degree of homology with other bacterial flagellin genes in the amino- and carboxy-terminal regions, while the central region was found to be nonconserved. A sequence that was homologous to that of a consensus ς28 RNA polymerase recognition site lay upstream of the proposed translational start site. The symbiont protein was expressed in Escherichia coli, and flagella were observed by electron microscopy. A 30,000-M rprotein subunit was identified in whole-cell extracts by Western blot analysis. These results provide the first direct evidence of a motile free-living stage of a chemoautotrophic symbiont and support the hypothesis that the symbiont of R. pachyptila is acquired with each new host generation.
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Kim, Eun Soo, Hitoshi Sakai, Jun Hashimoto, Fumitaka Yanagisawa, and Suguru Ohta. "Sulfur isotopic ratios of hydrothermal vent-animals at Ogasawara Arc and Mid-Okinawa Trough-evidence for microbial origin of hydrogen sulfide at low-temperature submarine hydrothermal areas." GEOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 23, no. 4 (1989): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.23.195.
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