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1
Cubelio, Sherine Sonia, Shinji Tsuchida, and Seiichi Watanabe. "New species ofMunidopsis(Decapoda: Anomura: Galatheidae) from hydrothermal vent areas of Indian and Pacific Oceans." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 88, no. 1 (2007): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315408000180.
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Two new species ofMunidopsisfrom the hydrothermal vent area, Kairei Field, Central Indian Ridge in the Indian Ocean and Forecast Vent Field, Mariana Back Arc Basin in the west Pacific are described and illustrated. Their affinities to closely related species are discussed. The number ofMunidopsisspecies associated to hydrothermal vents in the world oceans has increased to 16. The habitat of new species is briefly described and the pattern of abundance of vent associatedMunidopsisis briefly discussed.
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Chen, Chong, Hiromi Kayama Watanabe, Junichi Miyazaki, and Shinsuke Kawagucci. "Unanticipated discovery of two rare gastropod molluscs from recently located hydrothermally influenced areas in the Okinawa Trough." PeerJ 5 (December 1, 2017): e4121. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4121.
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BackgroundThe deep-sea hydrothermal vent is one of the most ‘extreme’ environments in the marine realm. Few species are capable of inhabiting such ecosystems, despite extremely high productivity there supported by microbial chemosynthesis, leading to high biomass and low species richness. Although gastropod molluscs are one of the main constituents of megafaunal communities at vent ecosystems, most species belong to several typical families (e.g., Provannidae, Peltospiridae, Lepetodrilidae) specialised and adapted to life at vents.MethodsDuring recent surveys of Okinawa Trough hydrothermal vent systems, two snails atypical of vent ecosystems were unexpectedly found in newly discovered hydrothermally influenced areas. Shell and radular characteristics were used to identify the gastropods morphologically.ResultsOne species was a vetigastropod, the calliostomatidTristichotrochus ikukoae(Sakurai, 1994); and the other was a caenogastropod, the muricidAbyssotrophon soyoae(Okutani, 1959). Both gastropods were previously only known from regular non-chemosynthetic deep-sea and very rare—only two definitive published records exist forT. ikukoaeand three forA. soyoae. The radula formula ofTristichotrochus ikukoaeis accurately reported for the first time and based on that it is returned to genusOtukaia. For both species, barcode sequences of the cytochromecoxidase I (COI) gene were obtained and deposited for future references.DiscussionThese new records represent the second record of calliostomatids from vents (third from chemosynthetic ecosystems) and the third record of muricids from vents (tenth from chemosynthetic ecosystems), and extend the distribution of both species to the southwest. Neither family has been recorded at chemosynthetic ecosystems in the western Pacific. Both were from weakly diffuse flow areas not subject to high temperature venting but were nevertheless associated with typical vent-reliant taxa such asLamellibrachiatubeworms andBathymodiolusmussels. These new records show that these species are capable of tolerating environmental stress associated with weak hydrothermally influenced areas, despite not being vent endemic species, adding to the list of known vent/non-vent species intersections. This signifies that such weakly influenced areas may provide key habitats for them, and that such areas may play a role in the evolution of biological adaptations to ‘extreme’ chemosynthetic ecosystems.
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Linse, Katrin, Jonathan T. Copley, Douglas P. Connelly, et al. "Fauna of the Kemp Caldera and its upper bathyal hydrothermal vents (South Sandwich Arc, Antarctica)." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 11 (2019): 191501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191501.
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Faunal assemblages at hydrothermal vents associated with island-arc volcanism are less well known than those at vents on mid-ocean ridges and back-arc spreading centres. This study characterizes chemosynthetic biotopes at active hydrothermal vents discovered at the Kemp Caldera in the South Sandwich Arc. The caldera hosts sulfur and anhydrite vent chimneys in 1375–1487 m depth, which emit sulfide-rich fluids with temperatures up to 212°C, and the microbial community of water samples in the buoyant plume rising from the vents was dominated by sulfur-oxidizing Gammaproteobacteria. A total of 12 macro- and megafaunal taxa depending on hydrothermal activity were collected in these biotopes, of which seven species were known from the East Scotia Ridge (ESR) vents and three species from vents outside the Southern Ocean. Faunal assemblages were dominated by large vesicomyid clams, actinostolid anemones, Sericosura sea spiders and lepetodrilid and cocculinid limpets, but several taxa abundant at nearby ESR hydrothermal vents were rare such as the stalked barnacle Neolepas scotiaensis . Multivariate analysis of fauna at Kemp Caldera and vents in neighbouring areas indicated that the Kemp Caldera is most similar to vent fields in the previously established Southern Ocean vent biogeographic province, showing that the species composition at island-arc hydrothermal vents can be distinct from nearby seafloor-spreading systems. δ 13 C and δ 15 N isotope values of megafaunal species analysed from the Kemp Caldera were similar to those of the same or related species at other vent fields, but none of the fauna sampled at Kemp Caldera had δ 13 C values, indicating nutritional dependence on Epsilonproteobacteria, unlike fauna at other island-arc hydrothermal vents.
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Georgieva, Magdalena N., Sergi Taboada, Ana Riesgo, et al. "Evidence of Vent-Adaptation in Sponges Living at the Periphery of Hydrothermal Vent Environments: Ecological and Evolutionary Implications." Frontiers in Microbiology 11 (July 24, 2020): 1636. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01636.
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ABSTRACT The peripheral areas of deep-sea hydrothermal vents are often inhabited by an assemblage of animals distinct to those living close to vent chimneys. For many such taxa, it is considered that peak abundances in the vent periphery relate to the availability of hard substrate as well as the increased concentrations of organic matter generated at vents, compared to background areas. However, the peripheries of vents are less well-studied than the assemblages of vent-endemic taxa, and the mechanisms through which peripheral fauna may benefit from vent environments are generally unknown. Understanding this is crucial for evaluating the sphere of influence of hydrothermal vents and managing the impacts of future human activity within these environments, as well as offering insights into the processes of metazoan adaptation to vents. In this study, we explored the evolutionary histories, microbiomes and nutritional sources of two distantly-related sponge types living at the periphery of active hydrothermal vents in two different geological settings (<em>Cladorhiza</em> from the E2 vent site on the East Scotia Ridge, Southern Ocean, and <em>Spinularia</em> from the Endeavour vent site on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, North-East Pacific) to examine their relationship to nearby venting. Our results uncovered a close sister relationship between the majority of our E2 <em>Cladorhiza</em> specimens and the species <em>Cladorhiza methanophila</em>, known to harbor and obtain nutrition from methanotrophic symbionts at cold seeps. Our microbiome analyses demonstrated that both E2 <em>Cladorhiza</em> and Endeavour <em>Spinularia</em> sp. are associated with putative chemosynthetic Gammaproteobacteria, including Thioglobaceae (present in both sponge types) and Methylomonaceae (present in <em>Spinularia</em> sp.). These bacteria are closely related to chemoautotrophic symbionts of bathymodiolin mussels. Both vent-peripheral sponges demonstrate carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures consistent with contributions to nutrition from chemosynthesis. This study expands the number of known associations between metazoans and potentially chemosynthetic Gammaproteobacteria, indicating that they can be incredibly widespread and also occur away from the immediate vicinity of chemosynthetic environments in the vent-periphery, where these sponges may be adapted to benefit from dispersed vent fluids.
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Van Dover, Cindy Lee. "Mining seafloor massive sulphides and biodiversity: what is at risk?" ICES Journal of Marine Science 68, no. 2 (2010): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsq086.
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Abstract Van Dover, C. L. 2011. Mining seafloor massive sulphides and biodiversity: what is at risk? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 341–348. Scientific exploration of the deep sea in the late 1970s led to the discovery of seafloor massive sulphides at hydrothermal vents. More recently, sulphide deposits containing high grades of ore have been discovered in the southwest Pacific. In addition to metal-rich ores, hydrothermal vents host ecosystems based on microbial chemoautotrophic primary production, with endemic invertebrate species adapted in special ways to the vent environment. Although there has been considerable effort to study the biology and ecology of vent systems in the decades since these systems were first discovered, there has been limited attention paid to conservation issues. Three priority recommendations for conservation science at hydrothermal vent settings are identified here: (i) determine the natural conservation units for key species with differing life histories; (ii) identify a set of first principles for the design of preservation reference areas and conservation areas; (iii) develop and test methods for effective mitigation and restoration to enhance the recovery of biodiversity in sulphide systems that may be subject to open-cut mining.
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Wang, Aiyang, Zhongli Sha, and Min Hui. "Full-Length Transcriptome Comparison Provides Novel Insights into the Molecular Basis of Adaptation to Different Ecological Niches of the Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent in Alvinocaridid Shrimps." Diversity 14, no. 5 (2022): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14050371.
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The deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystem is one of the extreme chemoautotrophic environments. Shinkaicaris leurokolos Kikuchi and Hashimoto, 2000, and Alvinocaris longirostris Kikuchi and Ohta, 1995, are typically co-distributed and closely related alvinocaridid shrimps in hydrothermal vent areas with different ecological niches, providing an excellent model for studying the adaptive evolution mechanism of animals in the extreme deep-sea hydrothermal vent environment. The shrimp S. leurokolos lives in close proximity to the chimney vent discharging high-temperature fluid, while A. longirostris inhabits the peripheral areas of hydrothermal vents. In this study, full-length transcriptomes of S. leurokolos and A. longirostris were generated using a combination of single-molecule real-time (SMRT) and Illumina RNA-seq technology. Expression analyses of the transcriptomes showed that among the top 30% of highly expressed genes of each species, more genes related to sulfide and heavy metal metabolism (sulfide: quinone oxidoreductase, SQR; persulfide dioxygenase, ETHE1; thiosulfate sulfurtransferase, TST, and ferritin, FRI) were specifically highly expressed in S. leurokolos, while genes involved in maintaining epibiotic bacteria or pathogen resistance (beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein, BGBP; endochitinase, CHIT; acidic mammalian chitinase, CHIA, and anti-lipopolysaccharide factors, ALPS) were highly expressed in A. longirostris. Gene family expansion analysis revealed that genes related to anti-oxidant metabolism (cytosolic manganese superoxide dismutase, SODM; glutathione S-transferase, GST, and glutathione peroxidase, GPX) and heat stress (heat shock cognate 70 kDa protein, HSP70 and heat shock 70 kDa protein cognate 4, HSP7D) underwent significant expansion in S. leurokolos, while CHIA and CHIT involved in pathogen resistance significantly expanded in A. longirostris. Finally, 66 positively selected genes (PSGs) were identified in the vent shrimp S. leurokolos. Most of the PSGs were involved in DNA repair, antioxidation, immune defense, and heat stress response, suggesting their function in the adaptive evolution of species inhabiting the extreme vent microhabitat. This study provides abundant genetic resources for deep-sea invertebrates, and is expected to lay the foundation for deep decipherment of the adaptive evolution mechanism of shrimps in a deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystem based on further whole-genome comparison.
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Sander, Sylvia G., Andrea Koschinsky, Gary Massoth, Matthew Stott, and Keith A. Hunter. "Organic complexation of copper in deep-sea hydrothermal vent systems." Environmental Chemistry 4, no. 2 (2007): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en06086.
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Environmental context. Deep-sea hydrothermal vents represent a natural habitat for many extremophile organisms able to cope with extreme physical and chemical conditions, including high loads of heavy metals and reduced gases. To date, no information is available on the level and role of organic complexation of metals in these systems, which will have consequences on the bioavailability and precipitation or mineralisation of metals. In this work, we give evidence for the presence of organic molecules, including thiols, capable of forming complexes with copper strong enough to compete against sulfide present at high levels in hydrothermal systems. Abstract. Here we report, for the first time, that strong organic complexation plays an important role in the chemical speciation of copper in hydrothermal vent systems including medium temperature outlets, diffuse vents with an adjacent hydrothermal biocommunity, and local mixing zone with seawater. Samples from three deep-sea hydrothermal vent areas show a wide concentration range of organic copper-binding ligands, up to 4000 nM, with very high conditional stability constants (log K′Cu′L = 12.48 to 13.46). Measurements were usually made using voltammetric methods after removal of sulfide species under ambient seawater conditions (pH 7.8), but binding still occurs at pH 4.5 and 2.1. The voltammetric behaviour of our hydrothermal samples is compared with that of glutathione (GSH) a known strong Cu-binding ligand, as a representative of an organic thiol. Our results provide compelling evidence for the presence of organic ligands, including thiols, which form complexes strong enough to play an important role in controlling the bioavailability and geochemical behaviour of metal ions around hydrothermal vents.
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Zhang, Zhujun, Wei Fan, Weicheng Bao, Chen-Tung A. Chen, Shuo Liu, and Yong Cai. "Recent Developments of Exploration and Detection of Shallow-Water Hydrothermal Systems." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (2020): 9109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219109.
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A hydrothermal vent system is one of the most unique marine environments on Earth. The cycling hydrothermal fluid hosts favorable conditions for unique life forms and novel mineralization mechanisms, which have attracted the interests of researchers in fields of biological, chemical and geological studies. Shallow-water hydrothermal vents located in coastal areas are suitable for hydrothermal studies due to their close relationship with human activities. This paper presents a summary of the developments in exploration and detection methods for shallow-water hydrothermal systems. Mapping and measuring approaches of vents, together with newly developed equipment, including sensors, measuring systems and water samplers, are included. These techniques provide scientists with improved accuracy, efficiency or even extended data types while studying shallow-water hydrothermal systems. Further development of these techniques may provide new potential for hydrothermal studies and relevant studies in fields of geology, origins of life and astrobiology.
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Wu, Jing-Ying, Siou-Yan Lin, Jung-Fu Huang, et al. "Differential feeding habits of the shallow-water hydrothermal vent crab Xenograpsus testudinatus correlate with their resident vent types at a scale of meters." Biogeosciences 20, no. 13 (2023): 2693–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2693-2023.
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Abstract. The shallow-water hydrothermal vents (SVs) located off Kueishan (KS) Island, Taiwan, are one of the world's most intensively studied vent systems. It has long been known that white vents (WVs) and yellow vents (YVs) differ in the color and composition of the vent plumes. The endemic vent crabs (Xenograpsus testudinatus) are abundant in both vent types, and ovigerous females migrate to the vent periphery with a distance of 100–200 m to release their offspring. However, most research on the vent crabs was associated with WV or unspecified vent areas. To increase our knowledge of the crabs dwelling in other vent types, we compared the feeding habits of the vent crabs living in WV and YV with 2 sampling months. Specifically, we examined the benthic community of WV and YV, the isotopic niche width, and protein expression patterns of the crabs from the two vents at a distance of 100 m and sampled in July and August 2010. The coverage of sessile organisms and low-mobility fauna in WV was more abundant than in YV, based on the survey in August 2010. The δ13C and δ15N values of crabs differed spatially and temporally (multivariate analysis of variance test; p<0.05). The niche width of the vent crabs from YV-August (0.88 ‰2) narrowed substantially compared to the rest, i.e., YV-July (2.94 ‰2), WV-July (2.88 ‰2), and WV-August (3.62 ‰2; p<0.05), respectively. Based on the protein expression patterns, the vent crabs exhibited three groups, i.e., WV-July and YV-July, WV-August, and YV-August, respectively. Our results indicated that the dwelling crabs were associated with their living vent, and within-vent variability was more noticeable in YV compared to WV. We suggested that vent crabs inhabit their resident vent. Even at a scale of meters, trans-vent movement is probably rare as an adaptation to minimize predation risk.
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Zhao, Puchen, Zhaocai Wu, Xiqiu Han, Yejian Wang, Jialing Zhang, and Qiang Wang. "The Structure and Near-Bottom Magnetic Anomaly Characteristics of the Daxi Vent Field on the Carlsberg Ridge, Northwestern Indian Ocean." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 13, no. 3 (2025): 488. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13030488.
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Seafloor hydrothermal vent areas are potential sources of polymetallic sulfide deposits and exhibit distinct mineralization structures under different tectonic settings. The Daxi Vent Field (DVF), located on the Carlsberg Ridge in the northwestern Indian Ocean, represents a basalt-hosted hydrothermal system. To investigate the alteration zone structure of the DVF, high-resolution near-bottom bathymetric and magnetic data were collected during the Chinese DY57 expedition in 2019. Based on the results of magnetic anomaly data processing, including reduction to a level surface and Euler deconvolution, the location and depth of the magnetic sources were identified. In addition, two 2.5D magnetic forward models crossing the active and inactive vent fields were constructed. The results indicate that the range of the alteration zone in the active vent at the DVF extends up to 120 m in width and 80 m in depth, while the hydrothermal deposit at the extinct vent on the northeastern side extends up to 220 m along the ridge axis with a thickness of 30 m.
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Gallo, Annamaria, Fabio Sposito, Manfredi Longo, et al. "Perturbations in Microbial Communities at Hydrothermal Vents of Panarea Island (Aeolian Islands, Italy)." Biology 14, no. 1 (2025): 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14010086.
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Marine hydrothermal ecosystems represent extreme environments connected to submarine volcanic areas characterized by vents, having high temperatures and particular chemical compositions. The hydrothermal marine system of Panarea, located in one of the seven small islands belonging to the Aeolian Archipelago (southern Tyrrhenian Sea), is characterized by a range of vents exhibiting diverse physical and chemical conditions. We aimed to analyze the microbial community of a peculiar hot spring belonging to the Panarea hydrothermal field, known as “Black Point” (BP), in two separate sampling expeditions (May and August). Our results demonstrated that the chemical–physical variations within this hydrothermal vent, such as temperature fluctuations, mineral content, and hydrothermal fluid dynamics, play a role in shaping the structure and diversity of microbial communities. The differences between the two sampling expeditions suggest that seasonal changes, i.e., in temperature, pH, and redox potential (Eh), could drive microbial community shifts over time.
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Zhang, Shuqian, and Suping Zhang. "wo new species of Margarites (Gastropoda: Margaritidae) from hydrothermal vent areas, Western Pacific." Zootaxa 4299, no. 3 (2017): 441–50. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4299.3.10.
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LIU, XINMING, XINZHENG LI, and RONGCHENG LIN. "A new squat lobster species of the genus Munida Leach, 1820 (Crustacea: Anomura: Galatheoidea: Munididae) from hydrothermal vents on the Eastern Pacific Rise." Zootaxa 4743, no. 1 (2020): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4743.1.12.
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A new species of the genus Munida Leach, 1820, is described and illustrated based on a single specimen from the deep-sea hydrothermal vent on the Eastern Pacific Rise. Munida alba sp. nov. closely resembles M. ampliantennulata Komai, 2011, M. watatsumin Komai, 2014. and M. magniantennulata, but differences in the morphologies of the third maxilliped, pollex of the cheliped and the third segment of the antennal peduncle readily distinguish the new species from the three relatives. The new species is the fourth of the genus occurring at the hydrothermal vent areas.
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EBACH, MALTE C. "The bioregionalisation revival." Zootaxa 3635, no. 3 (2013): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3635.3.6.
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The aim of this paper is to review some of the economic drivers of large scale bioregionalisation, using examples from deep sea hydrothermal vent communities, the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic, andAustralia. These economic drivers are mainly recent conservation efforts, while early 20th century bioregionalisation was driven by 19th century taxonomy and exploration to assess available biological resources for economic exploitation. Modern regionalisation, particularly of the Antarctic and deep sea hydrothermal vent communities, are driven by conservation studies to protect areas from economic exploitation, rather than biogeographical questions concerning endemism and natural classification.
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Dura, Ana, Paraskevi Nomikou, Theo J. Mertzimekis, Mark D. Hannington, Sven Petersen, and Serafim Poulos. "Identifying Probable Submarine Hydrothermal Spots in North Santorini Caldera Using the Generalized Moments Method." Geosciences 13, no. 9 (2023): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13090269.
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The presence of active hydrothermal vent fields near residential areas and their possible link to volcanic activity poses a potential hazard to the environment, society, and the economy. By capitalizing on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle sampling methodologies and applying the Generalized Moments Method model for geological and physical processes in these environments, we shed light on the underlying dynamics shaping the physicochemical characteristics of the vents. In this study, we focus on the Northern Caldera of Santorini and, more specifically, on the recorded CTD data (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth). The data sets were collected in 2017 in Santorini using an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle during the GEOMAR POS510 mission. Our research shows that the active vent field within the caldera probably follows a multifractal behavior and exhibits a weak memory effect. Depth Profiles and Time Series show similar behavior among conductivity and temperature. The variance and moments of both parameters underline the existence of two different mechanisms governing the behavior of the vent field. Finally, the structure function shows that changes in the time series are described by a Cauchy–Lorentz distribution.
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Tyler, P. A., G. J. L. Paterson, M. Sibuet, A. f-Guille, B. J. Murton, and M. Segonzac. "A New Genus of Ophiuroid (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Hydrothermal Mounds Along The Mid-Atlantic Ridge." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 75, no. 4 (1995): 977–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400038303.
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Since the first visual observations of hydrothermal vents in the Eastern Pacific in 1976 (Lonsdale, 1977) these areas of the sea bed have been characterized by their spectacular, and in most cases, novel fauna. Of the 236 macrofaunal species described from hydro-thermal vents, 223 were new to science according to the most recent estimate (Tunniclif f e, 1991), although there are many species still awaiting description. The vent areas are characterized not only by the organisms present but by those which are apparently absent. Absentees include sponges, brachiopods, bryozoans, echiurans and echinoderms, although the last phylum is represented by occasional sightings of echinoids, ophiuroids and holothurians (Grassle, 1986; Tunnicliffe, 1991; Segonzac, 1992).
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Macpherson, Enrique, and Michel Segonzac. "Species of the genus Munidopsis (Crustacea, Decapoda, Galatheidae) from the deep Atlantic Ocean, including cold-seep and hydrothermal vent areas." Zootaxa 1095, no. 1 (2005): 1–60. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1095.1.1.
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Macpherson, Enrique, Segonzac, Michel (2005): Species of the genus Munidopsis (Crustacea, Decapoda, Galatheidae) from the deep Atlantic Ocean, including cold-seep and hydrothermal vent areas. Zootaxa 1095 (1): 1-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1095.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1095.1.1
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Stöhr, Sabine, and Michel Segonzac. "Deep-sea ophiuroids (Echinodermata) from reducing and non-reducing environments in the North Atlantic Ocean." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85, no. 2 (2005): 383–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315405011318h.
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The animal communities associated with the deep-sea reducing environment have been studied for almost 30 years, but until now only a single species of ophiuroid, Ophioctenella acies, has been found at both hydrothermal vents and methane cold seeps. Since the faunal overlap between vent and seep communities is small and many endemic species have been found among other taxa (e.g. Mollusca, Crustacea), additional species of ophiuroids were expected at previously unstudied sites. Chemical compositions at reducing sites differ greatly from the nearby bathyal environment. Generally, species adapted to chemosynthetic environments are not found in non-chemosynthetic habitats, but occasional visitors of other bathyal species to vent and seep sites have been recorded among many taxa except ophiuroids. This paper presents an analysis of the ophiuroid fauna found at hydrothermal vents and non-reducing nearby sites on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and on methane cold seeps in the Gulf of Mexico, at Blake Ridge off South Carolina and south of Barbados. In addition to O. acies, four species were found at vents, Ophiactis tyleri sp. nov., Ophiocten centobi, Ophiomitra spinea and Ophiotreta valenciennesi rufescens. While Ophioctenella acies appears to be restricted to chemosynthetic areas, the other four species were also found in other bathyal habitats. They also occur in low numbers (mostly single individuals), whereas species adapted to hydrothermal areas typically occur in large numbers. Ophioscolex tripapillatus sp. nov. and Ophiophyllum atlanticum sp. nov. are described from nearby non-chemosynthetic sites. In a cold seep south of Barbados, three species of ophiuroids were found, including Ophioctenella acies, Amphiura sp., Ophiacantha longispina sp. nov. and Ophioplinthaca chelys. From the cold seeps at Blake Ridge and the Gulf of Mexico, Ophienigma spinilimbatum gen. et sp. nov. is described, likely restricted to the reducing environment. Ophiotreta valenciennesi rufescens occurred abundantly among Lophelia corals in the Gulf of Mexico seeps, which is the first record of this species from the West Atlantic. Habitat descriptions complement the taxonomic considerations, and the distribution of the animals in reducing environments is discussed.
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Sun, Jin, Yadong Zhou, Chong Chen, et al. "Nearest vent, dearest friend: biodiversity of Tiancheng vent field reveals cross-ridge similarities in the Indian Ocean." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 3 (2020): 200110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200110.
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Biodiversity of hydrothermal vents in the Indian Ocean, particularly those on the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR), are still relatively poorly understood. The Tiancheng field on the SWIR was initially reported with only a low-temperature diffuse flow venting area, but here we report two new active areas, including a chimney emitting high-temperature vent fluids. Biological sampling in these new sites doubled the known megafauna and macrofauna richness reported from Tiancheng. Significantly, we found several iconic species, such as the scaly-foot snail and the first Alviniconcha population on the SWIR. Tiancheng shares a high proportion of taxa with vents on the Central Indian Ridge (CIR) and lacks a number of key taxa that characterize other vents investigated so far on the SWIR. Population genetics of the scaly-foot snail confirmed this, as the Tiancheng population was clustered with populations from the CIR, showing low connectivity with the Longqi field. Unlike the previously examined populations, scales of the Tiancheng scaly-foot snail were coated in zinc sulfide, although this results only from precipitation. The close connection between Tiancheng and CIR vents indicates that the dispersal barrier for vent endemic species is not the Rodriguez Triple Junction as previously suggested but the transformation faults between Tiancheng and Longqi, warranting further studies on deep currents in this area to resolve the key barrier, which has important implications for biological conservation.
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Baldrighi, Elisa, Daniela Zeppilli, Luca Appolloni, et al. "Meiofaunal communities and nematode diversity characterizing the Secca delle Fumose shallow vent area (Gulf of Naples, Italy)." PeerJ 8 (May 29, 2020): e9058. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9058.
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Hydrothermal venting is rather prevalent in many marine areas around the world, and marine shallow vents are relatively abundant in the Mediterranean Sea, especially around Italy. However, investigations focusing on the characterization of meiofaunal organisms inhabiting shallow vent sediments are still scant compared to that on macrofauna. In the present study, we investigated the meiobenthic assemblages and nematode diversity inhabiting the Secca delle Fumose (SdF), a shallow water vent area located in the Gulf of Naples (Italy). In this area, characterized by a rapid change in the environmental conditions on a relative small spatial scale (i.e., 100 m), we selected four sampling sites: one diffusive emission site (H); one geyser site (G) and two inactive sites (CN, CS). Total meiofauna abundance did not vary significantly between active and inactive sites and between surface and deeper sediment layers due to a high inter-replicate variability, suggesting a pronounced spatial-scale patchiness in distribution of meiofauna. Nematofauna at site H presented the typical features of deep-sea vents with low structural and functional diversity, high biomass and dominance of few genera (i.e., Oncholaimus; Daptonema) while from site G we reported diversity values comparable to that of the inactive sites. We hypothesized that site G presented a condition of “intermediate disturbance” that could maintain a high nematode diversity. Environmental features such as sediment temperature, pH, total organic carbon and interstitial waters ions were found to be key factors influencing patterns of meiofauna and nematofauna assemblages at SdF. Even though the general theory is that nematodes inhabiting shallow vent areas include a subset of species that live in background sediments, this was not the case for SdF vent area. Due to a marked change in nematode composition between all sites and to the presence of many exclusive species, every single investigated site was characterized by a distinct nematofauna reflecting the high spatial heterogeneity of SdF.
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Arcadi, Erika, Emanuela Buschi, Eugenio Rastelli, et al. "Novel Insights on the Bacterial and Archaeal Diversity of the Panarea Shallow-Water Hydrothermal Vent Field." Microorganisms 11, no. 10 (2023): 2464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11102464.
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Current knowledge of the microbial diversity of shallow-water hydrothermal vents is still limited. Recent evidence suggests that these peculiar and heterogeneous systems might host highly diversified microbial assemblages with novel or poorly characterized lineages. In the present work, we used 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding to provide novel insights into the diversity of the bacterial and archaeal assemblages in seawater and sediments of three shallow-water hydrothermal systems of Panarea Island (Tyrrhenian Sea). The three areas were characterized by hot, cold, or intermediate temperatures and related venting activities. Microbial biodiversity in seawater largely differed from the benthic one, both in α-diversity (i.e., richness of amplicon sequence variants—ASVs) and in prokaryotic assemblage composition. Furthermore, at the class level, the pelagic prokaryotic assemblages were very similar among sites, whereas the benthic microbial assemblages differed markedly, reflecting the distinct features of the hydrothermal activities at the three sites we investigated. Our results show that ongoing high-temperature emissions can influence prokaryotic α-diversity at the seafloor, increasing turnover (β-)diversity, and that the intermediate-temperature-venting spot that experienced a violent gas explosion 20 years ago now displays the highest benthic prokaryotic diversity. Overall, our results suggest that hydrothermal vent dynamics around Panarea Island can contribute to an increase in the local heterogeneity of physical–chemical conditions, especially at the seafloor, in turn boosting the overall microbial (γ-)diversity of this peculiar hydrothermal system.
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Jollivet, D., A. Empis, M. C. Baker, et al. "Reproductive biology, sexual dimorphism, and population structure of the deep sea hydrothermal vent scale-worm, Branchipolynoe seepensis (Polychaeta: Polynoidae)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 80, no. 1 (2000): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315499001563.
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The polychaete family Polynoidae (scale-worms) is well-represented at deep sea hydrothermal vents. Most species are free-living in a wide range of habitats: from high-temperature hydrothermal `chimney' walls to diffuse venting areas. Conversely, species of the genus Branchipolynoe live inside the mantle cavity of vent and seep mytilids. Specimens, morphologically close to Branchipolynoe seepensis, have been reported from all the known vent areas on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR), with varying infestation rates (0–6 individuals per host). Reproductive tract, gametogenesis and population structures were examined for specimens from the Lucky Strike vent field (MAR) in order to test whether this species displays dwarf males, protandric hermaphroditism or differential mortality between males and females. Observations of histological sections reveal the presence of fully developed ovaries in females which originate ventrally in segments 7–9 and of an unusual genital tract in which both sperm and mature oocytes are stored. Oogenesis is intraovarian and quasi-continuous. The vitellogenic oocytes are only free in the coelom at their terminal growing stage and are then transferred into an ovisac through spermathecae. The species displays an external sexual dimorphism in the number of genital papillae and the shape of the pygidial appendages. Sex ratios showed significant deviations from a 1:1 expected ratio, in favour of females. The modal decompositions of size–frequency histograms show the occurrence of three modes in females and only two modes in males, indicating discrete breeding periods. The two first modes were not significantly different between males and females. These results indicate that B. seepensis forms heterosexual pairs and uses internal fertilization to reproduce during discrete spawning periods. Differential mortality between males and females is likely to shape size-histograms as observed by preventing males from reaching the female proportions. Such an observation could be a result of either cannibalism on larger males, small sizes facilitating the male escape, or natural predation when males move from one bivalve to another to breed.
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Fabri, M.-C., A. Bargain, P. Briand, et al. "The hydrothermal vent community of a new deep-sea field, Ashadze-1, 12°58′N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91, no. 1 (2010): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315410000731.
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Ashadze-1 (12° 58′N 44° 51′W, 4080 m) on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) is the deepest known active hydrothermal vent field. The first observations on this site were numerous clear and black smokers and surprisingly few known symbiotic species dominant in other vent areas on the MAR. The species most abundant at Ashadze-1 are those usually found at the periphery of hydrothermal communities: sea-anemones Maractis rimicarivora and chaetopterid polychaetes Phyllochaetopterus sp. nov. This study comprised site mapping and faunal sampling and Ashadze-1 was completely mapped by using the remote operated vehicle ‘Victor 6000’ and a new high resolution tool available for deep-sea research. A photo-mapping survey was carried out with a long range optical black and white camera. Digitization of substrata and sea-anemones visible on the images was performed by GIS. Spatial distribution of Ma. rimicarivora was distinguished by high densities of 32 ind.m−2 on the western side of the main smoker area. Submersible sampling operations allowed taxonomic identification within a 200 × 110 m area. Carbon, nitrogen and sulphur isotopic ratios were measured in four dominant species to identify their trophic position. The present paper gives the complete maps and describes the faunal community of the Ashadze-1 vent field. The results obtained led us to consider this site as an ecosystem in its declining stage. Finally we compare the similarities of this community to other hydrothermal communities on the northern MAR.
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ZHANG, SHUQIAN, and SUPING ZHANG. "Two new species of Margarites (Gastropoda: Margaritidae) from hydrothermal vent areas, Western Pacific." Zootaxa 4299, no. 3 (2017): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4299.3.10.
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During research dives by the submersible ROV Faxian, two margaritid species were collected in Okinawa Trough and Manus Back-Arc Basin. In present study, we describe and illustrate them as Margarites similis sp. nov. and Margarites manusensis sp. nov., respectively. The generic allocation is based on shell morphology and radula features. Phylogenetic reconstruction using the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene also supports their placements within Margarites.
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MUNROE, THOMAS A., and JUN HASHIMOTO. "A new Western Pacific Tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae): The first Pleuronectiform discovered at active Hydrothermal Vents." Zootaxa 1839, no. 1 (2008): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1839.1.2.
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Symphurus thermophilus n. sp., described from 16 specimens collected by submersibles, ROV, epibenthic sled and dredge, occurs on a variety of substrata at several active hydrothermal sites located at 239–733 m between 21°N and 35°S in the western Pacific Ocean. Symphurus thermophilus, the only pleuronectiform fish known to inhabit hydrothermal vent areas, is characterized by the combination of a 1–2–2–2–2 pattern of interdigitation of dorsal proximal pterygiophores and neural spines, 14 caudal-fin rays, 5 hypurals, 9 abdominal vertebrae, 47–51 total vertebrae, 88–94 dorsal-fin rays, 74–80 anal-fin rays, 100–112 scales in longitudinal series, ocular-side pigmentation pattern featuring 5–8, black, mostly incomplete crossbands, uniformly white blind side, and black peritoneum. Of specimens examined, seven including the holotype, were collected on Kaikata Seamount off southern Japan; one specimen was collected at the Kasuga-2 hydrothermal vent, Marianas Islands; and six were collected at sites on the Kermadec Ridge. In addition to specimens captured, many other S. thermophilus were observed from submersibles and ROVs at hydrothermal sites in the western Pacific including those in the Marianas Islands, at Nikko Seamount near Minami-Iohjima Island, and at Minami-Ensei Knoll, Mid-Okinawa Trough. Many of the specimens examined have skeletal anomalies including fused bones in the caudal skeleton, and missing or partially developed and/or misshapen fin rays.
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Sato, Yoshiki, Toshihiro Maki, Ayaka Kume, Takumi Matsuda, Takashi Sakamaki, and Tamaki Ura. "Path Replanning Method for an AUV in Natural Hydrothermal Vent Fields: Toward 3D Imaging of a Hydrothermal Chimney." Marine Technology Society Journal 48, no. 3 (2014): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.48.3.5.
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AbstractAutonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) can operate without the need for human control or tether cables as long as there is sufficient energy. AUVs have recently been used for seafloor imaging. Visual observation by AUVs provides high-resolution color information of the seafloor. However, conventional observation techniques that follow a prespecified path offer limited coverage because it is impossible for operators to build a suitable path in unknown rough terrain. A flawed prespecified path will produce incomplete observation. If unobserved areas are found during postprocessing, another dive is necessary, which increases the total cost. To overcome this problem, the authors have proposed a path replanning method to realize high-coverage observation in one dive. With this method, the AUV evaluates unobserved areas after the first prespecified observation; if unobserved areas are found, the AUV recreates an appropriate path to cover what was missed. The validity of the proposed method was previously evaluated using an artificial target in a tank and in shallow seas at a depth of approximately 35 m. In this study, the feasibility of the method was validated in a more challenging setting: experimental data were taken from a hydrothermal vent field in Kagoshima Bay, Japan.
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WORSAAE, KATRINE, and GREG W. ROUSE. "Mesonerilla neridae sp. nov. (Nerillidae): First meiofaunal annelid from deep-sea hydrothermal vents." Zoosymposia 2, no. 1 (2009): 297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.2.1.20.
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Though most common in coastal sandy bottoms, nerillid annelids have been found in a broad variety of habitats around the world and two genera have previously been reported from the deep sea. During a cruise to the southern East Pacific Rise and northern Pacific Antarctic Ridge (near Easter Island) in 2005, six specimens of a new species of Mesonerilla were collected at depths of 2234–2649 m. Samples were taken via DSV Alvin with a slurp gun collecting fine silt and volcanic glass shards in cracks, fissures, and mussel beds from 5–20 m away from active venting areas. As well as being the first deep-sea hydrothermal vent associated nerillid, this is the first record of an adult meiofaunal annelid from deep-sea hydrothermal vent areas and the first record of Mesonerilla from the deep sea. Based on the new material we here describe a new species of Mesonerilla, M. neridae sp. nov., with nine chaetigerous segments, three antennae, long chaetae, and almost no ciliation. It resembles the subtidal, interstitial M. roscovita in the shared presence of a short median antenna and M. fagei and M. lüderitzi by presence of chaetae in segment one and relatively short parapodial cirri.
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Torokhov, Pavel V., and Yuri A. Taran. "Hydrothermal fields of the Piip submarine volcano, Komandorsky Back-Arc Basin: Chemistry and origin of vent mineralization and bubbling gas." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 41 (March 30, 1994): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-1995-41-06.
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Active thermal vents of the Piip submarine volcano were studied in 1990 from aboard submersibles MIR 1 and 2. Samples of free gas and hydrothermal deposits were collected in the areas of thermal fluid discharge. Mineralogical, isotopic and microprobe studies of samples have shown, as the hydrothermal system cools, the high-temperature anhydrite association displayed at the surface is substituted by calcite-barite and later by calcite-barite-sulfide assemblages. The chemical and isotopic composition of gas and carbonates indicates the significant role of hydrocarbons from the sedimentary layers which, during the low-temperature stage, stimulate the processes of bacterial sulphate reduction. The evolution of a simular hydrothermal system is traced in the Great Caucasus barite deposits.
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Chen, Dong, Chunhui Tao, Yuan Wang, et al. "Seafloor Hydrothermal Activity around a Large Non-Transform Discontinuity along Ultraslow-Spreading Southwest Indian Ridge (48.1–48.7° E)." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 8 (2021): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9080825.
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Non-transform discontinuity (NTD) is one category of tectonic units along slow- and ultraslow-spreading ridges. Some NTD-related hydrothermal fields that may reflect different driving mechanisms have been documented along slow-spreading ridges, but the discrete survey strategy makes it hard to evaluate the incidence of hydrothermal activity. On ultraslow-spreading ridges, fewer NTD-related hydrothermal activities were reported. Factors contributing to the occurrence of hydrothermal activities at NTDs and whether they could be potential targets for hydrothermal exploration are poorly known. Combining turbidity and oxidation reduction potential (ORP) sensors with a near-bottom camera, Chinese Dayang cruises from 2014 to 2018 have conducted systematic towed surveys for hydrothermal activity around a large NTD along the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR, 48.1–48.7° E). Five new potential hydrothermal anomaly sites (2 inferred and 3 suspected) of high or low temperature and the previously inferred Sudi hydrothermal field occurred in diverse morphotectonic settings along a 78 km long ridge axis. The calculated vent frequency (Fs, sites/100 km) was ~7.7 over the entire study area, higher than the modified value (Fs ≈ 6.5) between 48 and 52° E of SWIR. Even only for the 54 km long large NTD, three hydrothermal anomaly sites yielded an Fs of ~5.6, which is higher than that of most ridge sections and is comparable to some fast-spreading ridges with high-resolution surveys. This indicates that NTDs along ultraslow-spreading ridges could be promising areas in fertilizing hydrothermal activities. Moreover, the deeply penetrating faults on the rift valley walls and strain-focused areas may contribute to the formation of NTD-related hydrothermal circulations. We suggest that NTDs along ultraslow-spreading ridges may be potential targets for further exploration of hydrothermal activities and seafloor sulfide deposits.
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NAKATANI, Takeshi, Tamaki URA, Takashi SAKAMAKI, and Shuhao LI. "1P1-D24 Towards detailed observation of hydrothermal vent areas using hovering type AUVs : Relative navigation around hydrothermal chimneys by light-sectioning." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2010 (2010): _1P1—D24_1—_1P1—D24_4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2010._1p1-d24_1.
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Keohane, Isaac, and Scott White. "Chimney Identification Tool for Automated Detection of Hydrothermal Chimneys from High-Resolution Bathymetry Using Machine Learning." Geosciences 12, no. 4 (2022): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12040176.
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Identifying the locations of hydrothermal chimneys across mapped areas of seafloor spreading ridges unlocks the ability to research questions about their correlations to geology, the cooling of the lithosphere, and deep-sea biogeography. We developed a Chimney Identification Tool (CIT) that utilizes a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to classify 1 m gridded AUV bathymetry and identify the locations of hydrothermal vent chimneys. A CNN is a type of Machine-Learning model that is able to classify raster data based on the shapes and textures in the input, making it ideal for this task. The criteria that have been used in previous manual classifications of chimneys have focused on the round base and spire shape of the features, and are not easily quantifiable. Machine-Learning techniques have previously been implemented with sonar data to classify seafloor geology, but this is the first application of these methods to hydrothermal systems. In developing the CIT, we compiled the bathymetry data from two rasters from the Endeavor Ridge—each gridded at a 1 m resolution—containing 34 locations of known hydrothermal chimneys, and from the 92° W segment of the Galapagos Spreading Center (GSC) containing 14. The CIT produced a primary group of outputs with 96% agreement with the manual classification; moreover, it correctly caught 29 of the 34 known chimneys from Endeavor and 10 of the 14 from the GSC. The CIT is trained to identify features with the characteristic shape of a hydrothermal vent chimney; therefore, it is susceptible to the misclassification of unusually shaped cases, given the limited training data. As a result, to provide the option of having a more inclusive application, the CIT also produced a secondary group of output locations with 61% agreement with the manual classification; moreover, it caught three of the four additional known chimneys from the GSC and four of the five from Endeavor. The CIT will be used in future investigations where an inventory of individual chimneys is important, such as the cataloguing of off-axis hydrothermal venting and the investigation of chimney distribution in connection to seafloor eruptions.
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MACPHERSON, ENRIQUE, and MICHEL SEGONZAC. "Species of the genus Munidopsis (Crustacea, Decapoda, Gala-theidae) from the deep Atlantic Ocean, including cold-seep and hydrothermal vent areas." Zootaxa 1095, no. 1 (2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1095.1.1.
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Twenty-two species of the genus Munidopsis from the Atlantic Ocean are studied. Five new species are described (M. anemia, M. exuta, M. hirtella, M. laurentae and M. truculenta), and diagnoses and illustrations of some relatively rare species (M. acuminata, M. bairdii, M. livida, M. parfaiti and M. thieli) are provided. None of the species discussed here is restricted to a particular habitat, including species collected from hydrothermal vent (M. acutispina, M. exuta) and cold seep areas (M. acutispina, M. geyeri, M. hirtella, M. livida, M. marionis). The new records of some species greatly extend the previously known distribution range of the species (i.e., M. abyssicola, M. aries, M. bairdii, M. geyeri, M. livida, M. parfaiti, M. thieli). Finally, some biological and biogeographical data for the different species are discussed.
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Mouchi, Vincent, Christophe Pecheyran, Fanny Claverie, et al. "A step towards measuring connectivity in the deep sea: elemental fingerprints of mollusk larval shells discriminate hydrothermal vent sites." Biogeosciences 21, no. 1 (2024): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-145-2024.
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Abstract. Deep-sea hydrothermal vent systems are under investigation for base and precious metal exploitations. The impact of mining will depend critically on the ability of larval dispersal to connect and replenish endemic populations. However, assessing connectivity is extremely challenging, especially in the deep sea. Here, we investigate the potential of elemental fingerprinting of mollusk larval shells to discriminate larval origins between multiple hydrothermal sites in the southwest Pacific Ocean. The gastropod Shinkailepas tollmanni represents a suitable candidate as it uses capsules to hold larvae before dispersal, which facilitates sampling and ensures mineralization occurs on the site of origin. Multielemental microchemistry was performed using cutting-edge femtosecond laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis to obtain individual measurements on 600 encapsulated larval shells. We used classification methods to discriminate the origin of individuals from 14 hydrothermal sites spanning over 3500 km, with an overall success rate of 70 %. When considering fewer sites within more restricted areas, reflecting dispersal distances reported by genetic and modeling approaches, the success rate increased up to 86 %. We conclude that individual larval shells register site-specific elemental signatures that can be used to assess their origin. These results open new perspectives to get direct estimates on population connectivity from the geochemistry of pre-dispersal shells of recently settled juveniles.
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GUIDO, DIEGO M., and KATHLEEN A. CAMPBELL. "Upper Jurassic travertine at El Macanudo, Argentine Patagonia: a fossil geothermal field modified by hydrothermal silicification and acid overprinting." Geological Magazine 155, no. 6 (2017): 1394–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756817000498.
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AbstractThe Deseado Massif hosts numerous Late Jurassic (150 Ma) fossil geothermal systems related to an extensive volcanic event developed in a diffuse extensional back-arc setting. Detailed mapping, petrography and mineralogical observations of El Macanudo outcrops verify that it represents a hot-spring-related travertine partially replaced by silica and delineated by six sedimentary facies. These are large concentric cones (F1), laminated vertical columnar structures (F2), porous layers (F3), shrubby and irregular lamination (F4), low-amplitude wavy bedding (F5) and mounds and breccias (F6). The Macanudo Norte Outcrop rocks constitute a silica-replaced travertine sequence, with development of large conical stromatolites in a deep pool or geothermally influenced shallow lacustrine environment, surrounded by a subaerial travertine apron terrace; whereas, the Macanudo Sur Outcrop is a subaerial travertine mound sequence. Structurally controlled vent areas occur in both northern (F1) and southern (F6) outcrops, mainly located along regional NNE- and ENE-trending faults. The other sedimentary units display a concentric distribution of travertine facies with respect to the interpreted vent areas. The El Macanudo palaeo-hot spring deposit is situated in an eroded Jurassic volcanic centre, and records a complex evolutionary-fluid history. The sediments archived three different Jurassic events, when large and long-lasting hydrothermal systems were active across the region. This relative temporal sequence was formed by: (1) travertine precipitation; (2) development of a silica cap, where early silicification was responsible for exceptional preservation of some stromatolitic fabrics; and (3) acid alteration, recorded by dissolution textures and clay formation, and caused by a palaeo-phreatic water-level drop.
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Gerdes, Klaas, Terue Kihara, Arbizu Pedro Martínez, et al. "Megafauna of the German exploration licence area for seafloor massive sulphides along the Central and South East Indian Ridge (Indian Ocean)." Biodiversity Data Journal 9 (September 28, 2021): e69955. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e69955.
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The growing interest in mineral resources of the deep sea, such as seafloor massive sulphide deposits, has led to an increasing number of exploration licences issued by the International Seabed Authority. In the Indian Ocean, four licence areas exist, resulting in an increasing number of new hydrothermal vent fields and the discovery of new species. Most studies focus on active venting areas including their ecology, but the non-vent megafauna of the Central Indian Ridge and South East Indian Ridge remains poorly known.In the framework of the Indian Ocean Exploration project in the German license area for seafloor massive sulphides, baseline imagery and sampling surveys were conducted yearly during research expeditions from 2013 to 2018, using video sledges and Remotely Operated Vehicles.This is the first report of an imagery collection of megafauna from the southern Central Indian- and South East Indian Ridge, reporting the taxonomic richness and their distribution. A total of 218 taxa were recorded and identified, based on imagery, with additional morphological and molecular confirmed identifications of 20 taxa from 89 sampled specimens. The compiled fauna catalogue is a synthesis of megafauna occurrences aiming at a consistent morphological identification of taxa and showing their regional distribution. The imagery data were collected during multiple research cruises in different exploration clusters of the German licence area, located 500 km north of the Rodriguez Triple Junction along the Central Indian Ridge and 500 km southeast of it along the Southeast Indian Ridge.
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Utsumi, Motoo, Shigeaki Kojima, Yukihiro Nojiri, Suguru Ohta, and Humitake Seki. "Biomass and production of bacterioplankton at the hydrothermal vent areas in the rift system of the North Fiji Basin." Journal of Oceanography 50, no. 6 (1994): 635–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02270496.
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Andersen, A. C., J. F. Flores, and S. Hourdez. "Comparative branchial plume biometry between two extreme ecotypes of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Ridgeia piscesae." Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, no. 12 (2006): 1810–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-168.
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The vestimentiferan tubeworm Ridgeia piscesae Jones, 1985 from the Juan de Fuca Ridge is a morphologically plastic species with two contrasted ecotypes. The “chimney-dwelling” ecotype lives along the sides of active hydrothermal chimneys, where temperature and sulfide concentrations are high, but oxygen concentrations are low. Its morphology corresponds to the “short-fat” morphotype. The “basalt-dwelling” ecotype lives on rock outcrops in surrounding basaltic fields, where temperature and sulfide concentrations are low, but oxygen is readily available. Its morphology corresponds to the “long-skinny” morphotype. We compared the ultrastructure and biometry of their branchial plumes, the essential organ for respiration and nutrition in this symbiotic tubeworm. The branchial epidermis of both ecotypes contains electron-dense organelles, which may be related to the presence of sulfides in their environment. The diffusion distance across the gill epidermis is about 20% shorter in the short-fat R. piscesae. For tubeworms of the same mass, specific branchial surface areas (SBSA) are similar in both ecotypes (mean 24 cm2/g for worms of 1–2 g body mass), which is comparable with the SBSA in the vestimentiferan vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila Jones, 1981 . The SBSA of R. piscesae follows a power curve that is negatively correlated with total body mass. The implications for gas uptake efficiency between these two ecotypes are discussed.
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Lode, Stefanie, Stephen J. Piercey, and Gerald C. Squires. "Role of metalliferous mudstones and detrital shales in the localization, genesis, and paleoenvironment of volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits of the Tally Pond volcanic belt, central Newfoundland, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 53, no. 4 (2016): 387–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2015-0155.
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The Cambrian Tally Pond volcanic belt in central Newfoundland contains numerous volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits and prospects associated with exhalative metalliferous mudstones. Deposits in the belt are bimodal felsic VMS deposits that are both base metal bearing (e.g., Duck Pond – Boundary), and base metal and precious metal bearing (Lemarchant). At the Lemarchant deposit, metalliferous mudstones are stratigraphically and genetically associated with mineralization. In the remainder of the Tally Pond belt, detrital shales occur predominantly in the northeastern part of the belt (mostly as unrelated mid-Ordovician structural blocks) in the upper sections of the Cambrian volcanic stratigraphy, but locally also are intercalated with metalliferous mudstones. Their relationships to massive sulphides are less obvious, with many spatially, but not necessarily genetically, related to mineralization. Upper Cambrian to Lower Ordovician black shales from Bell Island, which represent pelagic sedimentation not associated with hydrothermal activity and volcanism, are compared with the Tally Pond belt mudstones and shales. Exhalative mudstones, like those at Lemarchant, have elevated Fe/Al and base-metal values, and have shale-normalized negative Ce and positive Eu anomalies, indicative of deposition from high-temperature (>250 °C) hydrothermal fluids within an oxygenated water column. Mudstones and shales sampled from other Tally Pond prospects have more variable signatures, ranging from hydrothermal to nonhydrothermal black shales (no positive Eu anomalies, flat rare earth element patterns, low Fe/Al and base-metal contents), to those that have mixed signatures. Accordingly, mudstones from areas with a Lemarchant-like hydrothermal and vent-proximal character are more attractive exploration targets than mudstones and shales with predominantly detrital signatures.
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German, C. R., K. A. Casciotti, J. C. Dutay, et al. "Hydrothermal impacts on trace element and isotope ocean biogeochemistry." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2081 (2016): 20160035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0035.
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Hydrothermal activity occurs in all ocean basins, releasing high concentrations of key trace elements and isotopes (TEIs) into the oceans. Importantly, the calculated rate of entrainment of the entire ocean volume through turbulently mixing buoyant hydrothermal plumes is so vigorous as to be comparable to that of deep-ocean thermohaline circulation. Consequently, biogeochemical processes active within deep-ocean hydrothermal plumes have long been known to have the potential to impact global-scale biogeochemical cycles. More recently, new results from GEOTRACES have revealed that plumes rich in dissolved Fe, an important micronutrient that is limiting to productivity in some areas, are widespread above mid-ocean ridges and extend out into the deep-ocean interior. While Fe is only one element among the full suite of TEIs of interest to GEOTRACES, these preliminary results are important because they illustrate how inputs from seafloor venting might impact the global biogeochemical budgets of many other TEIs. To determine the global impact of seafloor venting, however, requires two key questions to be addressed: (i) What processes are active close to vent sites that regulate the initial high-temperature hydrothermal fluxes for the full suite of TEIs that are dispersed through non-buoyant hydrothermal plumes? (ii) How do those processes vary, globally, in response to changing geologic settings at the seafloor and/or the geochemistry of the overlying ocean water? In this paper, we review key findings from recent work in this realm, highlight a series of key hypotheses arising from that research and propose a series of new GEOTRACES modelling, section and process studies that could be implemented, nationally and internationally, to address these issues. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Biological and climatic impacts of ocean trace element chemistry’.
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Kim, Eun Soo, Hitoshi Sakai, Jun Hashimoto, Fumitaka Yanagisawa, and Suguru Ohta. "Sulfur isotopic ratios of hydrothermal vent-animals at Ogasawara Arc and Mid-Okinawa Trough-evidence for microbial origin of hydrogen sulfide at low-temperature submarine hydrothermal areas." GEOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 23, no. 4 (1989): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.23.195.
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Eichsteller, Angelina, James Taylor, Sabine Stöhr, Saskia Brix, and Pedro Martìnez Arbizu. "DNA Barcoding of Cold-Water Coral-Associated Ophiuroid Fauna from the North Atlantic." Diversity 14, no. 5 (2022): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14050358.
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In this study we focus on the ophiuroid species associated with cold-water corals south of Iceland. The specimens were sampled with the ROV Phoca (GEOMAR) in three different areas, during the recent expedition MSM75 connected to the IceAGE_RR (Icelandic marine Animals: Genetics and Ecology_Reykjanes Ridge hydrothermal vent activity) project. In each area, several corals were sampled and the ophiuroid specimens identified to the species level. The integrative taxonomic approach, based on morphological characters and DNA barcoding with COI of the collected ophiuroids, revealed five species that live on corals: Ophiomitrella clavigera (Ljungman, 1865); Ophiomyxa serpentaria (Lyman, 1883); Ophiacantha cuspidata (Lyman, 1879); Ophiactis abyssicola (M. Sars, 1861); and Ophiolebes bacata Koehler, 1921. Some of the sampled deep-sea corals exclusively host the species O. clavigera. The collected species are therefore associated with different corals but do not demonstrate a species-specific distribution. The video data support the integrative taxonomy and confirm the ecological evidence.
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Bazarsadueva, Selmeg V., Larisa D. Radnaeva, and Arnold K. Tulokhonov. "Comparative analysis of the fatty acid composition of deep-water Baikal amphipods." Crustaceana 92, no. 1 (2019): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003856.
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Abstract In this report, we have compared the fatty acid composition of the endemic Lake Baikal amphipods Ommatogammarus albinus (Dybowsky, 1874) and Parapallasea lagowskii (Dybowsky, 1874). Specimens were sampled using the deep-water manned submersible “Mir” at the oil-methane seeps of Cape Gorevoy Utes and at a hydrothermal vent in Frolikha Bay. High levels of monounsaturated fatty acids and relatively low levels of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were detected in the studied amphipods, with oleic and palmitic acid representing the main fatty acid components. The habitat of the amphipods exerted a profound effect on their fatty acid profile: the amphipods of Gorevoy Utes contained higher levels of linolenic 18:3n3 and arachidonic 20:4n6 acids, while the amphipods of Frolikha Bay contained higher levels of eicosapentaenoic 20:5n3 and docosahexaenoic 22:6n3 acid. Based on these findings, we suggest that the amphipods’ diet in different areas of Lake Baikal determines their fatty acid composition.
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Koeda, Keita, Soutarou Takashima, Takehisa Yamakita, Shinji Tsuchida, and Yoshihiro Fujiwara. "Deep-Sea Fish Fauna on the Seamounts of Southern Japan with Taxonomic Notes on the Observed Species." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 11 (2021): 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9111294.
Full textAbstract:
Several volcanic islands and submarine volcanoes exist in the sea connecting the Izu-Bonin Islands with the Mariana Islands, with trenches and islands formed by the submergence of the Pacific Plate under the Philippine Sea Plate. Although designated as a Marine Protected Area (MPA) in December 2020, the seamounts’ biodiversity has not been sufficiently researched. Therefore, direct observations and specimen sampling were conducted on four seamounts in this area using a remotely operated vehicle (ROV), autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), and baited cameras (BCs). The ROV survey was conducted for 2–4 days on each seamount and divided into shallow and deep areas. During the expedition, 20 orders and 51 families of 81 deep-sea fish species were observed, including several potentially undescribed species, new genus or species records from Japanese waters, new depth records, new ecological information, and several rare fishes. The fish fauna and biodiversity abundance clearly differed among the seamounts; the seamount with a hydrothermal vent had the lowest diversity among the four seamounts. In shallow water, 23, 7, and 12 species were recorded only by ROV, AUV, and BC, respectively, indicating that combining these methods is beneficial for understanding the fish fauna of seamounts.
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Kim Cawood, Tarryn, and Abraham Rozendaal. "A Multistage Genetic Model for the Metamorphosed Mesoproterozoic Swartberg Base Metal Deposit, Aggeneys-Gamsberg Ore District, South Africa." Economic Geology 115, no. 5 (2020): 1021–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4725.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The polymetamorphosed Swartberg Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag deposit in the Namaqua Metamorphic Province of South Africa is a major metal producer in the region, yet its genesis remains poorly understood. The deposit comprises several stratiform to stratabound units, namely the Lower Orebody and Dark Quartzite, the overlying Barite Unit, and the Upper Orebody, all of which are folded by an F2 isoclinal syncline and refolded by an open F3 synform. A discordant Garnet Quartzite unit surrounds the Upper Orebody in the F2 hinge, where it overprints the Lower Orebody and Barite Unit. The Lower Orebody comprises sulfidic, pelitic lenses with fine-grained pyrite, sphalerite, galena, and lesser pyrrhotite, hosted by sulfide-poor but magnetite- and barite-bearing siliceous rock. The overlying Barite Unit is poorly mineralized and grades from massive magnetite-barite close to the F2 hinge to distal laminated baritic schist and quartzite. The Dark Quartzite is the stratigraphic equivalent of the Lower Orebody and Barite Unit but comprises siliceous quartzite and schist, with lenses of conglomerate and minor Fe-Mn-Zn phases. The Upper Orebody displays rapid zonations from massive magnetite-rich iron formation in the F2 hinge, rich in coarse galena, pyrrhotite, and chalcopyrite, to sulfide-poor, magnetite-bearing schist and quartzite. The Garnet Quartzite is dominated by quartz and almandine garnet and mineralized with pyrite and chalcopyrite. Geochemical discriminant plots show that the Lower Orebody has a significant detrital component, whereas the Upper Orebody and Barite Unit are strongly zoned, with the greatest chemogenic component close to the F2 hinge. This corresponds to a deposit-scale metal zonation from the Cu-rich F2 hinge to more Pb- and then Zn-dominated areas. Mineral assemblages and paleoredox proxies suggest generally oxic conditions, with a more reduced signature close to the hinge and in the sulfidic Lower Orebody lenses. The Lower Orebody is interpreted as a mixed chemogenic-pelitic unit, with sulfides deposited on or near the seafloor during stage 1 hydrothermal activity. The sulfidic lenses formed from fine mud and clay deposited in quiet seafloor depressions, in which warm, dense, reducing, Pb-Zn-Ba–rich stage 1 brines accumulated, while the siliceous portions formed from higher-energy clastic sediments on aerated seafloor highs. The Barite Unit forms a baritic cap to the Lower Orebody, while the Dark Quartzite is their shallower-water equivalent. Thereafter, clastic sediment with lesser hydrothermal input was deposited during stage 2a exhalations, forming the poorly mineralized portions of the Upper Orebody. During stage 2b hydrothermal activity, hot Cu-Fe–rich fluids invaded part of the Upper Orebody, creating the highly chemogenic protolith to the well-mineralized, magnetite-rich portion. Associated hydrothermal alteration in a discordant subseafloor feeder zone created the Garnet Quartzite protolith. The F2 hinge thus corresponds closely to the original vent zone. Swartberg therefore resembles a deformed and metamorphosed Selwyn-type sedimentary exhalative deposit, with both proximal- (Upper Orebody, Garnet Quartzite) and distal-style (Lower Orebody) mineralization. The close association of these styles suggests that differences in the mineralizing fluids and depositional environment, rather than proximity to a vent, determine the deposit style.
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Lin, Lujun, Hui Chen, Zhenshan Pang, et al. "The ore prospecting prediction model for the Huili copper orefield in Sichuan Province, China." Earth sciences and subsoil use 44, no. 4 (2021): 417–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2686-9993-2021-44-4-417-432.
Full textAbstract:
The prediction theory and methodology of ore prospecting were developed from an in-depth study of 129 typical deposits in China. It has been verified to be an effective method that is particularly suitable for the initial ore prospecting. In this method, the internal and external factors of metallogenesis are combined together to construct a geological model of prospecting prediction, which consists of metallogenic geological body, metallogenic structure, metallogenic structural plane and metallogenic characteristics. The Huili area is located in the western margin of the Yangtze Plate, where the regional metallogenic geological conditions are superior, and a series of unique iron-copper deposits were formed. In recent years, great breakthroughs and progress have been made in the deep and peripheral areas of the Huili copper orefield. Herein, we take the Huili copper orefield as a typical example to illustrate the specific application of this method in deep ore prospecting of hydrothermal deposits. The metallogenic geological body is the ore-hosting volcanic rocks (albitite in the Hekou Group), and the main metallogenic structure and structural planes are interfaces between basic (intermediate) volcanic rocks and sedimentary rocks and the possible volcanic vent. Combined with the summary of metallogenic characteristics, we constructed a geological model for ore prospecting in the Huili copper orefield.
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Decelle, Johan, Ann Andersen, and Stéphane Hourdez. "Morphological adaptations to chronic hypoxia in deep-sea decapod crustaceans from hydrothermal vents and cold seeps." Marine biology 157 (March 6, 2010): 1259–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-010-1406-8.
Full textAbstract:
Animals inhabiting hydrothermal vents and cold seeps face conditions that are challenging for survival. In particular these two habitats are characterized by chronic hypoxia, sometimes reaching complete anoxia. The characteristics of the scaphognathite and gills were studied in 4 species of shrimp and 3 species of crabs from hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, in order to highlight potential adaptations that could enhance oxygen acquisition in comparison to shallow-water relatives. All the vent and seep species studied here exhibit significantly larger scaphognathites, likely allowing more water to flow over their gills per stroke of this appendage. This is probably more energetically efficient that prolonged hyperventilation. In contrast to annelids, vent and seep decapods usually do not possess enlarged gills, a phenomenon likely due to the physical limitations imposed by the size of the gill chamber. In the vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata and the vent crab Bythograea thermydron, however, there is a significantly higher specific gill surface area linked to a higher number of lamellae per gram of gill. Again in contrast to annelids, the diffusion distance through the gills is not strikingly different between the vent shrimp Alvinocaris komaii and the shallow-water species Palaemon spp.. This may indicate that the epithelium and cuticle of the decapod gills are already optimized for oxygen uptake and that reducing the thickness of these compartments is not physically possible without affecting the physical integrity of the gills.
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Boulart, Cédric, Olivier Rouxel, Carla Scalabrin, et al. "Active hydrothermal vents in the Woodlark Basin may act as dispersing centres for hydrothermal fauna." Communications Earth & Environment 3, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00387-9.
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Abstract Here we report the discovery of a high-temperature hydrothermal vent field on the Woodlark Ridge, using ship-borne multibeam echosounding and Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) exploration. La Scala Vent Field comprises two main active areas and several inactive zones dominated by variably altered basaltic rocks, indicating that an active and stable hydrothermal circulation has been maintained over a long period of time. The Pandora Site, at a depth of 3380 m, is mainly composed of diffuse vents. The Corto site, at a depth of 3360 m, is characterized by vigorous black smokers (temperature above 360 °C). The striking features of this new vent field are the profusion of stalked barnacles Vulcanolepas sp. nov., the absence of mussels and the scarcity of the gastropod symbiotic fauna. We suggest that La Scala Vent Field may act as a dispersing centre for hydrothermal fauna towards the nearby North Fiji, Lau and Manus basins.
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Lin, Mei‐Fang, Li‐Lian Liu, and Chen‐Tung Arthur Chen. "Transcriptomics of the Anthopleura Sea Anemone Reveals Unique Adaptive Strategies to Shallow‐Water Hydrothermal Vent." Ecology and Evolution 15, no. 4 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71252.
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ABSTRACTThe nonsymbiotic sea anemone Anthopleura nigrescens dominates the shallow‐water hydrothermal vents off the coast of Kueishan Island, Taiwan. These vents represent some of the world's most extreme environments, with recorded pH values as low as 1.52 and temperatures reaching 121°C. To investigate the adaptations of A. nigrescens to these extreme conditions, transcriptomic analyses were conducted to compare populations inhabiting vent and non‐vent areas. To identify shared genetic mechanisms in vent‐dwelling anemones, specific orthologs conserved in vent sea anemones were identified by comparing the genomic data of Anthopleura species and other sea anemones. Tank experiments with elevated temperatures were also performed to evaluate the expression profiles of genes associated with heat resistance. The transcriptomic analysis revealed that enriched genes in vent populations are involved in H2S homeostasis and stress resistance, suggesting that detoxification and thermal stress resistance are critical adaptive strategies. Two significantly upregulated genes encoding hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase and thiosulfate sulfurtransferase may play a role in managing sulfur toxicity and maintaining redox balance. The enriched genes and vent‐specific gene expression patterns also suggest that efficient DNA repair mechanisms play a crucial role in the thermal stress resistance of vent populations. Interestingly, some genes associated with circadian rhythms were upregulated in vent populations, suggesting these genes may help vent anemones adapt to the highly dynamic conditions of hydrothermal vents. Furthermore, the expression profiles of stress‐resistance‐related genes reveal that vent anemones have developed unique molecular regulatory mechanisms to cope with elevated temperatures, as observed in the tank experiment. These transcriptomic findings advance our understanding of the life adaptations in shallow‐water hydrothermal vent environments.
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Taylor, James, Colin Devey, Morgane Le Saout, et al. "The Discovery and Preliminary Geological and Faunal Descriptions of Three New Steinahóll Vent Sites, Reykjanes Ridge, Iceland." Frontiers in Marine Science 8 (October 5, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.520713.
Full textAbstract:
During RV MS Merian expedition MSM75, an international, multidisciplinary team explored the Reykjanes Ridge from June to August 2018. The first area of study, Steinahóll (150–350 m depth), was chosen based on previous seismic data indicating hydrothermal activity. The sampling strategy included ship- and AUV-mounted multibeam surveys, Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV), Epibenthic Sledge (EBS), and van Veen grab (vV) deployments. Upon returning to Steinahóll during the final days of MSM75, hydrothermal vent sites were discovered using the ROV Phoca (Kiel, GEOMAR). Here we describe and name three new, distinct hydrothermal vent site vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs); Hafgufa, Stökkull, Lyngbakr. The hydrothermal vent sites consisted of multiple anhydrite chimneys with large quantities of bacterial mats visible. The largest of the three sites (Hafgufa) was mapped, and reconstructed in 3D. In total 23,310 individual biological specimens were sampled comprising 41 higher taxa. Unique fauna located in the hydrothermally venting areas included two putative new species of harpacticoid copepod (Tisbe sp. nov. and Amphiascus sp. nov.), as well as the sponge Lycopodina cupressiformis (Carter, 1874). Capitellidae Grube, 1862 and Dorvilleidae Chamberlin, 1919 families dominated hydrothermally influenced samples for polychaetes. Around the hydrothermally influenced sites we observed a notable lack of megafauna, with only a few species being present. While we observed hydrothermal associations, the overall species composition is very similar to that seen at other shallow water vent sites in the north of Iceland, such as the Mohns Ridge vent fields, particularly with peracarid crustaceans. We therefore conclude the community overall reflects the usual “background” fauna of Iceland rather than consisting of “vent endemic” communities as is observed in deeper vent systems, with a few opportunistic species capable of utilizing this specialist environment.
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Taylor, James, Colin Devey, Morgane Le Saout, et al. "The Discovery and Preliminary Geological and Faunal Descriptions of Three New Steinahóll Vent Sites, Reykjanes Ridge, Iceland." Frontiers in Marine Science 8 (October 5, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.520713.
Full textAbstract:
During RV MS Merian expedition MSM75, an international, multidisciplinary team explored the Reykjanes Ridge from June to August 2018. The first area of study, Steinahóll (150–350 m depth), was chosen based on previous seismic data indicating hydrothermal activity. The sampling strategy included ship- and AUV-mounted multibeam surveys, Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV), Epibenthic Sledge (EBS), and van Veen grab (vV) deployments. Upon returning to Steinahóll during the final days of MSM75, hydrothermal vent sites were discovered using the ROV Phoca (Kiel, GEOMAR). Here we describe and name three new, distinct hydrothermal vent site vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs); Hafgufa, Stökkull, Lyngbakr. The hydrothermal vent sites consisted of multiple anhydrite chimneys with large quantities of bacterial mats visible. The largest of the three sites (Hafgufa) was mapped, and reconstructed in 3D. In total 23,310 individual biological specimens were sampled comprising 41 higher taxa. Unique fauna located in the hydrothermally venting areas included two putative new species of harpacticoid copepod (Tisbe sp. nov. and Amphiascus sp. nov.), as well as the sponge Lycopodina cupressiformis (Carter, 1874). Capitellidae Grube, 1862 and Dorvilleidae Chamberlin, 1919 families dominated hydrothermally influenced samples for polychaetes. Around the hydrothermally influenced sites we observed a notable lack of megafauna, with only a few species being present. While we observed hydrothermal associations, the overall species composition is very similar to that seen at other shallow water vent sites in the north of Iceland, such as the Mohns Ridge vent fields, particularly with peracarid crustaceans. We therefore conclude the community overall reflects the usual “background” fauna of Iceland rather than consisting of “vent endemic” communities as is observed in deeper vent systems, with a few opportunistic species capable of utilizing this specialist environment.