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1

Syed, Nauroz, and Matthew D. Alvin. "Hepatic hydrothorax." Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy 1, no. 3 (2016): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15761/ghe.1000118.

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2

Hurton, Toni, Heather Morrill, and Bryann Bromley. "Fetal Hydrothorax." Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography 13, no. 3 (May 1997): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875647939701300303.

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3

Stahl, Jennifer L., Elina Levin, Craig Brown, and Mark Bowling. "Hepatic Hydrothorax." Clinical Pulmonary Medicine 23, no. 5 (September 2016): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cpm.0000000000000172.

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4

Demidovich, Joseph, Hamid Nasseri, Amita P. Vasoya, and Thomas F. Morley. "Tension Hydrothorax." Clinical Pulmonary Medicine 19, no. 1 (January 2012): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cpm.0b013e31823df877.

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5

Kinasewitz, Gary T., and Jean I. Keddissi. "Hepatic hydrothorax." Current Opinion in Internal Medicine 2, no. 5 (October 2003): 460–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132980-200302050-00004.

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6

Kinasewitz, Gary T., and Jean I. Keddissi. "Hepatic hydrothorax." Current Opinion in Internal Medicine 2, no. 5 (October 2003): 460–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132980-200310000-00004.

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7

YAYLALI, YALIN T., NABEEL K. NASSAR, and CONSTANTINE A. MANTHOUS. "Tension Hydrothorax." Southern Medical Journal 90, no. 11 (November 1997): 1156–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199711000-00022.

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8

Strauss, Robert, and Thomas Boyer. "Hepatic Hydrothorax." Seminars in Liver Disease 17, no. 03 (1997): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1007200.

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9

Badillo, Ricardo, and Don C. Rockey. "Hepatic Hydrothorax." Medicine 93, no. 3 (May 2014): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000000025.

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10

Krok, Karen, and Andrés Cárdenas. "Hepatic Hydrothorax." Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 33, no. 01 (February 2012): 03–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1301729.

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11

Garcia,, Nelson, and Anastasios A. Mihas. "Hepatic Hydrothorax." Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 38, no. 1 (January 2004): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004836-200401000-00012.

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12

Milanez de Campos, José Ribas, Laert Oliveira Andrade Filho, Eduardo de Campos Werebe, Fernando Luiz Pandulo, Luiz Tarcísio Brito Filomeno, and Fabio Biscegli Jatene. "Hepatic Hydrothorax." Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 22, no. 06 (2001): 665–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-18803.

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13

Baikati, Kiran, Duong L. Le, Ibrahim I. Jabbour, Shashideep Singhal, and Sury Anand. "Hepatic Hydrothorax." American Journal of Therapeutics 21, no. 1 (2014): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mjt.0b013e318228319e.

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14

Xiol, Xavier, and Jordi Guardiola. "Hepatic hydrothorax." Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 4, no. 4 (July 1998): 239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00063198-199807000-00011.

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15

Kinasewitz, Gary T., and Jean I. Keddissi. "Hepatic hydrothorax." Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 9, no. 4 (July 2003): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00063198-200307000-00003.

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16

Kumar, Sachin, and Ramesh Kumar. "Hepatic Hydrothorax." Journal of Bronchology & Interventional Pulmonology 21, no. 1 (January 2014): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/lbr.0000000000000030.

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17

Cadranel, Jean-François, Armand Garioud, Hortensia Lison, Mourad Medmoun, and Thierry Thevenot. "Hydrothorax hépatique." La Presse Médicale 45, no. 10 (October 2016): 815–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lpm.2016.04.024.

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18

Norvell, John Paul, and James R. Spivey. "Hepatic Hydrothorax." Clinics in Liver Disease 18, no. 2 (May 2014): 439–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cld.2014.01.005.

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19

Dagrosa, Richard L., James F. Martin, and Vikhyat S. Bebarta. "Tension Hydrothorax." Journal of Emergency Medicine 36, no. 1 (January 2009): 78–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.06.015.

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20

Lv, Yong, Guohong Han, and Daiming Fan. "Hepatic Hydrothorax." Annals of Hepatology 17, no. 1 (January 2018): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7533.

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21

Awasthi, AK, and ME Cramp. "Hepatic hydrothorax." British Journal of Hospital Medicine 66, no. 9 (September 2005): 540–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2005.66.9.19710.

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22

EICHOLD, BERNARD H., and CHARLES R. BERRYMAN. "Contralateral Hydrothorax." Anesthesiology 62, no. 5 (May 1, 1985): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-198505000-00030.

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23

Klinter, D., J. Hack, V. Loewenich, and E. Halberstadt. "Fötaler Hydrothorax." Klinische Pädiatrie 198, no. 04 (July 1986): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1033887.

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24

GIACOBBE, ANTONIO, DOMENICO FACCIORUSSO, FILIPPO BARBANO, ANGELO ANDRIULLI, and VINCENZO FRUSCIANTE. "Hepatic Hydrothorax." Clinical Nuclear Medicine 21, no. 1 (January 1996): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003072-199601000-00014.

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25

Cardenas, A., T. Kelleher, and S. Chopra. "Hepatic hydrothorax." Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 20, no. 3 (July 14, 2004): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.02081.x.

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26

Subahi, Ahmed, Sulaiman Barkho, and Zeenat Yousuf Bhat. "Sweet Hydrothorax." American Journal of Medicine 131, no. 11 (November 2018): e455-e456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.06.008.

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27

Alberts, W. Michael. "Hepatic Hydrothorax." Archives of Internal Medicine 151, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 2383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1991.00400120029005.

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28

Wilkins, Hannah, Ellie Britt, Malvika Bhatnagar, and Benjamin Pippard. "Hepatic hydrothorax." Journal of Thoracic Disease 16, no. 2 (February 2024): 1662–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/jtd-23-1649.

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29

Ma, Xiaowei, Jingwen Yin, Rui Yang, Shuo Yang, Jia Li, Yang Wang, and Rong Li. "Clinical Features of Severe Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome with Hydrothorax." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 19 (September 26, 2023): 6210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12196210.

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Problem: Does the presence of hydrothorax suggest that severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is associated with more severe conditions and worse pregnancy outcomes? Method of study: The clinical data for 868 hospital patients with severe OHSS following IVF-ET at Peking University Third Hospital between 1 January 2016 and 21 July 2021 were retrospectively analysed. The patients were divided into two groups, the ascites alone group (n = 417) and the ascites combined with hydrothorax group (n = 451), to investigate the clinical features and pregnancy outcomes of patients with severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) combined with hydrothorax plus ascites. Results: The clinical data for 868 hospital patients with severe OHSS following IVF-ET were included. A total of 51.96% of patients with severe OHSS had hydrothorax plus ascites, mainly bilateral and moderate hydrothorax. Most cases with hydrothorax could be monitored and observed, and only 2.66% of the cases required thoracentesis and pleural drainage. Clinically, the time to visit due to worsening symptoms was longer; the hospital stay was shorter; and the OHSS-related laboratory tests, such as white blood cells (WBC), haematocrit (HCT), and ovarian diameter, were less severe in the ascites combined with hydrothorax group than in the ascites alone group. For live-birth outcomes of IVF-ET, the presence and the volume of hydrothorax were not independent risk factors, while the late onset of OHSS (odds ratio [OR]: 0.857 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.795, 0.925) and a history of foetal reduction (OR: 13.796 95% CI: 1.808, 105.288) were independent protective factors for live birth. Conclusions: Patients with severe OHSS combined with hydrothorax plus ascites have less severe clinical manifestations and laboratory tests than those with ascites alone. The presence and the volume of hydrothorax are unrelated to live-birth outcomes following in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET).
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30

Sharaf-Eldin, Mohamed, Adel Salah Bediwy, Abdelrahman Kobtan, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Ferial El-Kalla, Loai Mansour, Walaa Elkhalawany, Mohamed Elhendawy, and Samah Soliman. "Pigtail Catheter: A Less Invasive Option for Pleural Drainage in Egyptian Patients with Recurrent Hepatic Hydrothorax." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4013052.

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Background and Aims. Treatment of hepatic hydrothorax is a clinical challenge. Chest tube insertion for hepatic hydrothorax is associated with high complication rates. We assessed the use of pigtail catheter as a safe and practical method for treatment of recurrent hepatic hydrothorax as it had not been assessed before in a large series of patients.Methods. This study was conducted on 60 patients admitted to Tanta University Hospital, Egypt, suffering from recurrent hepatic hydrothorax. The site of pigtail catheter insertion was determined by ultrasound guidance under complete aseptic measures and proper local anesthesia. Insertion was done by pushing the trocar and catheter until reaching the pleural cavity and then the trocar was withdrawn gradually while inserting the catheter which was then connected to a collecting bag via a triple way valve.Results. The use of pigtail catheter was successful in pleural drainage in 48 (80%) patients with hepatic hydrothorax. Complications were few and included pain at the site of insertion in 12 (20%) patients, blockage of the catheter in only 2 (3.3%) patients, and rapid reaccumulation of fluid in 12 (20%) patients. Pleurodesis was performed on 38 patients with no recurrence of fluid within three months of observation.Conclusions. Pigtail catheter insertion is a practical method for treatment of recurrent hepatic hydrothorax with a low rate of complications. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT02119169.
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31

Yang, P. J., and T. H. Liu. "Massive "sweet" hydrothorax." Canadian Medical Association Journal 182, no. 17 (July 12, 2010): 1883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.091464.

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32

Bozkurt, S., J. Stein, and G. Teuber. "Der hepatische Hydrothorax." Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie 43, no. 12 (2005): 1319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-858742.

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33

von Bierbrauer, Axel F. G. "Der hepatische Hydrothorax." DoctorConsult - The Journal. Wissen für Klinik und Praxis 1, no. 2 (August 2010): e107-e109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dcjwkp.2010.06.008.

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34

Appusamy, N. "ACUTE FLASH HYDROTHORAX." Chest 155, no. 4 (April 2019): 253A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2019.02.245.

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35

Lew, Susie Q. "Hydrothorax: Pleural Effusion Associated with Peritoneal Dialysis." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 30, no. 1 (January 2010): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2008.00168.

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Hydrothorax in a patient treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD) poses a diagnostic dilemma. Hydrothorax due to migration of dialysis fluid across the diaphragm and into the pleural space creates a serious complication of PD but generally does not threaten life. Shortness of breath causes the patient to seek medical attention. A sudden diminution in dialysis adequacy or poor ultrafiltration rate constitutes a unique marker for patients treated with PD compared to the general population. This article reviews the etiology for hydrothorax specifically in the PD population. Thoracentesis with chemical analysis of the fluid, imaging studies with and without contrast or markers, and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery play important roles in the evaluation of hydrothorax. A conservative PD regimen, surgical intervention, and pleurodesis provide treatment options to those receiving PD.
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36

Sanchez, Kyle J., Elisa C. Walsh, Edward A. Bittner, and Katarina J. Ruscic. "A Case Report of Tension Hydrothorax Incited by Bowel Perforation." A&A Practice 17, no. 12 (December 2023): e01729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/xaa.0000000000001729.

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We report the case of a 34-year-old man who developed cardiac arrest due to tension hydrothorax from colonic perforation. Tension hydrothorax, an entity characterized by pleural effusion leading to mediastinal compression, has not been reported in association with intraabdominal inflammation. Our patient developed respiratory insufficiency after repair of colonic perforation, followed by respiratory failure and cardiac arrest. Transthoracic echocardiography provided rapid diagnosis during decompensation and prompted a lifesaving thoracostomy. Clinicians should consider tension hydrothorax as a rare cause of hemodynamic collapse, even in the absence of liver failure, and use bedside tools like transthoracic echocardiography to facilitate diagnosis and intervention.
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37

Bunchman, Timothy E., Ellen G. Wood, and Robert E. Lynch. "Hydrothorax as a Complication of Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 7, no. 4 (October 1987): 237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686088700700407.

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Hydrothorax is a known complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD) but there is very little in the pediatric literature concerning this complication. From 1982 to 1984 seven of 29 of our patients who underwent peritoneal dialysis, developed pleural effusions as a complication of PD. These patients varied in respect to age, technique and duration of PD. Four of the seven developed respiratory symptoms at the time when effusions were discovered, while the other three were recognized during evaluation of loss of ultrafiltration. Five of the seven had right-sided effusions, one had a left-sided effusion, and one had bilateral effusions. No technical factors could be identified as causative agents. We have concluded that pediatric patients may be particularly likely to develop hydrothorax as a complication of peritoneal dialysis. This may present as a pulmonary emergency or as a subtle loss of ultrafiltration ability. The possibility of congenital potential communicating pathways seems more likely than any other single explanation for this phenomena. Hydrothorax as a complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD) is reported chiefly in the adult PD literature. The first reports were associated with trauma but in most subsequent cases, there was no explanation. We are aware of only two accounts of this complication in children covering a total of eight cases. Several of these may have been related to surgical trauma (1). However, in our own patient population, we observed seven who developed hydrothorax while on various forms of PD. Review of individual cases did not demonstrate common factors which would explain the hydrothorax. Thus, hydrothorax developed during PD in a significant number of infants over a short period and under a variety of clinical circumstances. This suggests the existence of potential anatomical channels which may open under a variety of circumstances.
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38

Garbuzenko, D. V. "Hydrothorax in liver disease: pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment." Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal) 96, no. 7 (December 15, 2018): 604–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0023-2149-2018-96-7-604-611.

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The review discusses the current understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnostic methods and principles of treatment of hepatic hydrothorax. To search for scientific articles, we used PubMed database, Google Scholar search system, Cochrane systematic reviews, and reference lists. The corresponding objectives of the review of the publication were selectedfor the periodfrom 1994 to 2016 by the terms: «cirrhosis of the liver», «portal hypertension», «hepatic hydrothorax», «pathogenesis», «diagnosis», «treatment». Inclusion criteria were limited to uncomplicated hydrothorax in patients with liver cirrhosis. Analysis of the literature data showed that, despite the success of modern Hepatology, the presence of hepatic hydrothorax is associated with poor prognosis and high mortality. The majority ofpatients suffering from it are candidates for orthotopic liver transplantation. In normal clinical practice, the key to successful management of such patients may be stratification of the risk of adverse outcome and the definition of individual treatment tactics. Pathogenetically sound approach to the choice of pharmacotherapy, as well as the optimization of minimally invasive treatments will improve the quality of life and increase the survival of this category ofpatients.
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39

Kim, Chong Sung, Kye Min Kim, Yong Joo Kim, Yoon Jeong Choi, and Seong Deok Kim. "Hydrothorax following Subclavian Catheterization." Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 30, no. 6 (1996): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.4097/kjae.1996.30.6.755.

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40

Nellaiyappan, Madhan, and Anastasios Kapetanos. "Bi-directional hepatic hydrothorax." World Journal of Hepatology 9, no. 13 (2017): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v9.i13.642.

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41

BHANDARI, BHARAT, CARLOS JIMENEZ, and SAADIA FAIZ. "THE HIDING HEPATIC HYDROTHORAX." Chest 160, no. 4 (October 2021): A1662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2021.07.1512.

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42

Kottam, Raghu, Nihar Shah, Ashish Malhotra, Robert Spira, and Joseph Depasquale. "Hepatic Hydrothorax without Ascites." American Journal of Gastroenterology 105 (October 2010): S283. http://dx.doi.org/10.14309/00000434-201010001-00781.

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43

Schöder, H., and M. Friedrich. "Hepatischer Hydrothorax ohne Aszites." Nuklearmedizin 30, no. 03 (1991): 104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1629559.

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A case of hepatic hydrothorax without clinical ascites is reported. The diagnosis was confirmed by intraperitoneal injection of 99mTc-tin colloid: scintigraphic images taken between 5 min and 18 h p.i. demonstrated a oneway transdiaphragmatic flow into the pleural cavity. The therapy consisted of diuretic treatment, pleural drainage and chemical pleurodesis, and resulted in prompt clinical improvement.
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44

Ramon, R. Garcia, and A. Miguel Carrasco. "Hydrothorax in Peritoneal Dialysis." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 18, no. 1 (January 1998): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686089801800101.

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45

Halstead, J. C., E. Lim, and A. J. Ritchie. "Acute Hydrothorax in CAPD." Nephron 92, no. 3 (2002): 725–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000064101.

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46

Gupta, Babita, Bhavneet Singh, and Chandralekha. "Massive hydrothorax following PCNL." Australian Critical Care 22, no. 1 (February 2009): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2008.12.027.

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47

PARK, CHAN H., and CHINH D. PHAM. "Hepatic Hydrothorax Scintigraphic Confirmation." Clinical Nuclear Medicine 20, no. 3 (March 1995): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003072-199503000-00022.

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48

Krok, Karen L. "Hepatic hydrothorax: Current concepts." Clinical Liver Disease 4, no. 2 (August 2014): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cld.375.

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49

Song, H., l. Chen, J. Wang, X. Chu, Q. Zhang, and H. Geng. "Clinical research of the malignant hydrothorax or hydroperitoneum treated with intracavitary chemotherapy and local thermotherapy." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2007): 19615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.19615.

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19615 Background: Malignant hydrothorax or hydroperitoneum are common complications of the cancer. Pure chemotherapy couldn’t get good effect. We combined intracavitary chemotherapy with local thermotherapy to cure malignant hydrothorax or hydroperitoneum. In order to observe the recent effects and toxicity of thermochemotherapy and evaluate the change of the immunologic function, and to investigate the mechanism of thermochemotherapy. Methods: Fifty-two patients were treated with weekly intracavitary chemotherapy, and then combined with local thermotherapy twice a week. As the control, another fifty patients received weekly intracavitary chemotherapy. Treated for two weeks and rest for one week, and then observed the recent effects and toxicity. Test the level of the T cell subset, NK cells and VEGF in serum and effusion Results: Overall response rate of the malignant hydrothorax was 86.9% vs 60.0% (P<0.05), Overall response rate of the malignant hydroperitoneum was 79.3% vs 46.7% (P <0.01).The incidence of myelosuppression was 7.7% vs 24% (P<0.05). After thermochemotherapy, the ratio of CD4/CD8 rose significantly (P<0.01), but the ratio of NK cells decreased significantly (P<0.05) in malignant hydrothorax or hydroperitoneum. While in peripheral blood, all the ratio of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD4/CD8 and NK cells rose significantly (P<0.05). Meanwhile the level of VEGF decreased significantly (P<0.05) whether in effusion or blood. Conclusions: Combined intracavitary chemotherapy with local thermotherapy could control the malignant hydrothorax and hydroperitoneum effectively with less-toxicity. The cellular immune function was elevated and the neovascularization of tumor was probablely inhibited. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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50

Krishnan, Rajesh G., Milos V. Ognjanovic, Jean Crosier, and Malcolm G. Coulthard. "Acute Hydrothorax Complicating Peritoneal Dialysis." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 27, no. 3 (May 2007): 296–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686080702700315.

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Aim To determine whether gradually increasing the peritoneal dialysate fill volume from 10 to 40 mL/kg over 6 days, rather than commencing at 40 mL/kg, prevents hydrothorax in children and reverses it if present. Methods A review of children peritoneally dialyzed in a single center. Results During the 20 years beginning June 1985, 416 children were peritoneally dialyzed, of which 327 (79%) had acute and 89 had end-stage renal failure. Among 253 children who had gradually increasing fill volumes, none developed acute hydrothoraces, but 13/163 (8%) who began with 40 mL/kg cycles did ( p < 0.000, Fisher's exact test). These were diagnosed after a median (range) of 48 (6 – 72) hours and were predominantly right sided. Initially, we readily abandoned peritoneal dialysis; 2 were changed to hemodialysis. Subsequently, we found that peritoneal dialysis could be continued by using small volumes with the patients sitting up; cycle volumes were then gradually increased again. One pre-term baby died soon after developing an acute hydrothorax. One patient on chronic peritoneal dialysis developed an acute hydrothorax after forceful vomiting, but recovered after being dialyzed sitting up with low fills. Conclusion Acute hydrothorax can be prevented and treated using graduated cycle volumes, and is not a contraindication for peritoneal dialysis.
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