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Journal articles on the topic 'Hydrotreating'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 June 2025

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1

Orazbayev, Batyr, Ainur Zhumadillayeva, Kulman Orazbayeva, Lyailya Kurmangaziyeva, Kanagat Dyussekeyev, and Sandugash Iskakova. "Methods for Developing Models in a Fuzzy Environment of Reactor and Hydrotreating Furnace of a Catalytic Reforming Unit." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (2021): 8317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188317.

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Methods for the development of fuzzy and linguistic models of technological objects, which are characterized by the fuzzy output parameters and linguistic values of the input and output parameters of the object are proposed. The hydrotreating unit of the catalytic reforming unit was investigated and described. On the basis of experimental and statistical data and fuzzy information from experts and using the proposed methods, mathematical models of a hydrotreating reactor and a hydrotreating furnace were developed. To determine the volume of production from the outlet of the reactor and furnace, nonlinear regression models were built, and fuzzy models were developed in the form of fuzzy regression equations to determine the quality indicators of the hydrotreating unit—the hydrogenated product. To identify the structure of the models, the ideas of sequential inclusion regressors are used, and for parametric identification, a modified method of least squares is used, adapted to work in a fuzzy environment. To determine the optimal temperature of the hydrotreating process on the basis of expert information and logical rules of conditional conclusions, rule bases are built. The constructed rule bases for determining the optimal temperature of the hydrotreating process depending on the thermal stability of the feedstock and the pressure in the hydrotreating furnace are implemented using the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox application of the MatLab package. Comparison results of data obtained with the known models, developed models and real, experimental data from the hydrotreating unit of the reforming unit are presented and the effectiveness of the proposed approach to modeling is shown.

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2

Elchin Melikov, Tamella Maharramova, Elchin Melikov, Tamella Maharramova. "CONTROL OF THE GASOLINE HYDROTREATING PROCESS." PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions 145, no. 05 (2024): 36–43. https://doi.org/10.36962/pahtei149052024-36.

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In a market economy, gasoline hydrotreating at modern oil refineries is considered one of the most important technological processes. In conditions where the demand for high-quality gasoline on the world market is high, control of the gasoline hydrotreating process is a very pressing issue. As oil refineries strive to meet stricter environmental regulations, hydrotreating processes are becoming increasingly important. An automated control system has been developed for such a technological process. During hydrotreating, petroleum fractions selectively react with hydrogen in the catalyst presence at relatively high temperatures and medium pressure. This process converts unwanted aromatics, olefins, nitrogen, metals, and organic sulfur compounds into stabilized products. Some hydrotreated fractions may require additional processing to meet final product specifications. The presence of compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen in diesel and gasoline fractions is also extremely undesirable, as this leads to a deterioration in the characteristics of diesel engines and internal combustion engines. The composition of these compounds is also undesirable from an environmental point of view. As a hydrotreating result, the petroleum products quality increases. As the molecular weight of the fraction increases, the desulfurization rate decreases. The gasoline hydrotreating process continues, releasing a small amount of heat, which is used to compensate for heat losses to the environment. Keywords: hydrotreating process, oil refinery, petroleum products, automation system, control object, optimal control.

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3

Setiawan, Daliya Indra, Tun Tedja Irawadi та Zainal Alim Mas’ud. "Hydrotreating of Sunan Candlenut (Reutealis trisperma Airy Shaw) Oil by Using NiMo-γAl₂O₃ as Renewable Energy". Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 19, № 1 (2019): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.27274.

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Hydrotreating process of Sunan candlenut oil by using NiMo-γAl2O3 catalyst has been successfully investigated. Preparation of NiMo-γAl2O3 catalyst by using dipping impregnation method generated catalyst used for hydrotreating process. This method consists of three stages: support activation, impregnation, and calcination. This factors influencing the process including temperature, pressure, and the ratio of Sunan candlenut oil to the H2 gas factor were examined. The hydrotreating product of fuel similar to oil was obtained at a minimum temperature of 380 °C, a pressure of 30–60 bar, and the ratio of the sample to H2 gas of 0.5–1. The diesel fuel from physical properties range for the density of 0.82–0.86 g/cm3, and kinematic viscosity of 2–6 cSt have been fulfilled by hydrotreating result. Gasoline, naphtha, diesel oil, and gas oil products of Sunan candlenut oil were obtained by distillation from hydrotreating process. Sunan candlenut oil fuel qualified fuel requirement.

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4

Tyukilina, P. M., M. G. Markova, E. V. Kirillova, O. A. Trusov, K. A. Chernobrovin, and V. A. Boldinov. "Evaluation of the reactivation efficiency of hydrotreating catalysts." World of petroleum products 03 (2023): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32758/2782-3040-2023-0-3-35-42.

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Tests of diesel fuel hydrotreating catalysts have been carried out, which have passed the reactivation procedure according to the technology developed by JSC «all-Russian Oil Refining Research institute». The efficiency of the reactivation technology was evaluated of catalysts for hydrotreating diesel fuels and vacuum gas oil. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the physico-chemical and catalytic properties of regenerated, reactivated and fresh hydrotreating catalysts, the dynamics of changes in the operating characteristics of catalysts is investigated. The results obtained at the pilot plant were confirmed during an industrial run at the L-24/7 hydrotreating plant of JSC «Syzran Oil Refinery». The presented results demonstrate the high activity and stability of reactivated catalytic systems in the process of hydrotreating diesel fuel and vacuum gas oil, in comparison with the results of operation of fresh catalysts of similar brands. I confirm the results of monitoring the operation of reactivated catalytic systems at an industrial technological installation.

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5

Usmanov, K. I., N. S. Yakubova, V. T. Urmanova, and G. E. Abdurasulova. "Synthesis of a control system for the process of diesel fuel hydropuring with the Adar method." E3S Web of Conferences 458 (2023): 01025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202345801025.

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Currently, one of the main important tasks at oil refineries is to increase their productivity and product quality. Hydrotreating of diesel fuel is important in the oil refining process. The main purpose of hydrotreating is to improve the quality of fuel and remove sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen compounds from it. The diesel fuel hydrotreating process has a significant impact on product quality. As an object of study, a chemical reactor has a nonlinear characteristic and has the property of a reverse chemical reaction during the hydrotreating of diesel fuel. Also, the diesel fuel hydrotreating process is considered a nonlinear and multidimensional control object, and all its parameters cannot be measured online. Therefore, a mathematical model was developed that takes into account the features of the technological process that arises when creating a highly efficient control system. The article deals with the synthesis of effective algorithms for controlling a chemical reactor and developed a synergistic controller for a class of indefinite nonlinear dynamic systems. The synthesis of control laws is performed by the method of analytical design of aggregated controllers (ADAR).

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6

Orazbaev, B., A. Zhumadillayeva, A. Tanirbergenova, K. Orazbayeva, and A. Kazieva. "PROBLEM OF DECISION-MAKING ON CONTROL OF THE PROCESS OF HYDRAULIC TREATMENT OF A CATALYTIC REFORMING PLANT IN A FUZZY MEDIUM AND DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD FOR ITS SOLUTION." Bulletin of the National Engineering Academy of the Republic of Kazakhstan 82, no. 4 (2021): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47533/2020.1606-146x.126.

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The problems of formulating and solving the problem of making decisions on the control of the hydrotreating process in a fuzzy environment are investigated and an effective method for solving such problems with the involvement of experts, their experience, knowledge and intuition is proposed. The statement of the problem of controlling the hydrotreating process, which takes place in the hydrotreating reactor and is characterized by the indistinctness of the initial information, is obtained in the form of the problem of making decisions on the choice of the optimal operating mode of the hydrotreating reactor. The management criteria were chosen to maximize the volume of production, i.e. hydrogenate, and improving the quality characteristics of the manufactured products. In the mathematical formulation of the decision-making problem for the management of the hydrotreating process in a fuzzy environment and the development of a method for its solution, the ideas of the principle of the main criterion and maximin were used by adapting them to work in a fuzzy environment. A heuristic method has been developed for solving the assigned decision-making tasks for controlling the hydrotreating process in a fuzzy environment. The originality and novelty of the applied approach to the formulation and solution of the decision-making problem in a fuzzy environment consists in increasing the adequacy of the decision made in a fuzzy environment due to the maximum use of the initial fuzzy information.

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7

Orazbayev, B., Zh Moldasheva, L. La, K. Orazbayeva, Zh Tuleuov, and B. Utenova. "Problem of decision-making on control of the process of hydraulic treatment of a catalytic reforming plant in a fuzzy medium and development of a method for its solution." Bulletin of the National Engineering Academy of the Republic of Kazakhstan 83, no. 1 (2022): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.47533/2020.1606-146x.142.

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The problems of formulating and solving the problem of making decisions on the control of the hydrotreating process in a fuzzy environment are investigated and an effective method for solving such problems with the involvement of experts, their experience, knowledge and intuition is proposed. The statement of the problem of controlling the hydrotreating process, which takes place in the hydrotreating reactor and is characterized by the indistinctness of the initial information, is obtained in the form of the problem of making decisions on the choice of the optimal operating mode of the hydrotreating reactor. The management criteria were chosen to maximize the volume of production, i.e. hydrogenate, and improving the quality characteristics of the manufactured products. In the mathematical formulation of the decision-making problem for the management of the hydrotreating process in a fuzzy environment and the development of a method for its solution, the ideas of the principle of the main criterion and maximin were used by adapting them to work in a fuzzy environment. A heuristic method has been developed for solving the assigned decision-making tasks for controlling the hydrotreating process in a fuzzy environment. The originality and novelty of the applied approach to the formulation and solution of the decision-making problem in a fuzzy environment consists in increasing the adequacy of the decision made in a fuzzy environment due to the maximum use of the initial fuzzy information.

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8

Orazbayev, Batyr, Alua Tanirbergenova, Kulman Orazbayeva, et al. "Decision Making for Control of the Gasoline Fraction Hydrotreating Process in a Fuzzy Environment." Processes 12, no. 4 (2024): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12040669.

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This article is devoted to the study of decision-making problems of hydrotreating process control in the production of high-quality gasoline under conditions of scarcity and fuzziness of the initial information, ultimately developing an approach to solve them. A systematic method is proposed that makes it possible to develop a package of mathematical models of a complex of interconnected units of chemical-technological systems based on available information of various types. Using the proposed system method, a package of models of the main interconnected units in which the hydrotreating process took place was developed. A decision-making problem was formulated to control the hydrotreating process in a fuzzy environment based on the developed system of models. By modifying the Pareto principle of optimality for fuzzy conditions, a heuristic method for solving the given decision-making problem was developed to control the hydrotreating process in a fuzzy environment. The novelty of the proposed heuristic method lies in the full use of the collected fuzzy information, which represents the knowledge, intuition and experience of the decision makers and experts. Accordingly, the proposed heuristic decision-making method makes it possible to achieve a high adequacy and efficiency of decisions made when solving production problems in a fuzzy environment. The results obtained were applied in practice to solve decision-making problems for hydrotreating process control at the Atyrau refinery. The results obtained show the advantages of the proposed heuristic method for solving decision-making problems of hydrotreating process control over known methods.

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9

Straka, Petr, Josef Blažek, Daria Toullis, Tomáš Ihnát, and Pavel Šimáček. "The Effect of the Reaction Conditions on the Properties of Products from Co-Hydrotreating of Rapeseed Oil and Petroleum Middle Distillates." Catalysts 11, no. 4 (2021): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11040442.

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This study compares the hydrotreating of the mixture of petroleum middle distillates and the same mixture containing 20 wt % of rapeseed oil. We also study the effect of the temperature and the weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) on the co-hydrotreating of gas oil and rapeseed oil mixture. The hydrotreating is performed over a commercial hydrotreating Ni-Mo/Al2O3 catalyst at temperatures of ca. 320, 330, 340, and 350 °C with a WHSV of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 h−1 under a pressure of 4 MPa and at a constant hydrogen flow of 28 dm3·h−1. The total conversion of the rapeseed oil is achieved under all the tested reaction conditions. The content of the aromatic hydrocarbons in the products reached a minimum at the lowest reaction temperature and WHSV. The content of sulphur in the products did not exceed 10 mg∙kg−1 at the reaction temperature of 350 °C and a WHSV of 1.0 h−1 and WHSV of 0.5 h−1 regardless of the reaction temperature. Our results show that in the hydrotreating of the feedstock containing rapeseed oil, a large amount of hydrogen is consumed for the dearomatisation of the fossil part and the saturation of the double bonds in the rapeseed oil and its hydrodeoxygenation.

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10

Dragomir, Raluca Elena, Paul Rosca, and Traian Juganaru. "Upgrading FCC Light Cycle Oil." Revista de Chimie 68, no. 1 (2017): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.17.1.5383.

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This paper presents options for increasing production of diesel fuel in a refinery by FCC light cycle oil (LCO) hydrotreating together with the straight run gas oil (SRGO). The experiments consist of hydrotreating mixtures of 10, 20% LCO and 90% and respectively 80% SRGO at 360, 380�C, two liquid hourly space velocity 0.9 h-1, 1.2 h-1, pressure 50 bar in the presence of two industrial catalyst type Co/Mo and NiMo. The research has focused on the influence of LCO/SRGO ratio, type of catalyst and hydrotreating conditions on diesel fuel quality compared with characteristics required by standard EN 590.

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11

Kirillova, E. V., M. G. Markova, P. M. Tyukilina, K. A. Chernobrovin, and A. V. Pakhomov. "TESTING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW CATALYSTS FOR HYDROTREATING GASOLINE FRACTIONS." World OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 7 (2024): 26–31. https://doi.org/10.32758/2782-3040-2024-0-7-26-31.

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Comparative laboratory tests were carried out on a new package of catalysts for the hydrotreating of gasoline fractions produced by LLC RN-kat, consisting of catalysts RN-2152 (nickel-molybdenum) (RN-2152 (NM)) and RN-2151 (cobalt-molybdenum) (RN-2151 (CM)). As comparison samples, catalysts for hydrotreating oil fractions AGKD-400 produced by JSC Angarsk Plant of Catalysts and Organic Synthesis (JSC APC and OS) were tested, in a package consisting of nickel-molybdenum and cobalt-molybdenum samples, as well as regenerated and passivated catalysts TK-578, passed two cycles of operation at a diesel fuel hydrotreating plant. Because of the analysis of the physicochemical characteristics of the catalysts, a reduced content of active components was noted in RN-2152 (NM) and RN-2151 (CM), along with high mechanical strength and developed specific surface area of these samples. The results of determining the total conversion of organosulfur and nitrogen components showed that the most active in terms of the set of hydrotreating reactions are the package of catalysts RN-2152 (AN), RN-2151 (CM). Industrial loading of the new package of catalysts was carried out at the hydrotreating unit for gasoline fractions of the Bashneft-Ufimsky Refinery, a branch of PJSC ANK Bashneft. The parameters of the initial activity of the catalysts under production conditions confirm the prediction of activity obtained as a result of laboratory tests.

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12

Aladysheva, �. Z., V. A. Peregudova, L. D. Strom, and R. T. Khuramshin. "Hydrotreating catalytic naphtha." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 24, no. 3 (1988): 124–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00729963.

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13

Ferreira, C., J. Marques, M. Tayakout, et al. "Modeling residue hydrotreating." Chemical Engineering Science 65, no. 1 (2010): 322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2009.06.062.

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14

Sadeek, Sadeek A., Hoda S. Ahmed, Ebaa A. ElShamy, Hussien A. El Sayed, and Asma A. Abd El Rahman. "Hydrotreating of waste lube oil by rejuvenated spent hydrotreating catalyst." Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 23, no. 1 (2014): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2014.02.008.

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15

Arkenova, Saniia B., Elena N. Ivashkina, and Elizaveta F. Gritsenko. "Forecasting the operation of an industrial vacuum distillate hydrotreating unit using a mathematical model." Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University Geo Assets Engineering 336, no. 3 (2025): 183–92. https://doi.org/10.18799/24131830/2025/3/4895.

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Relevance. Current trends in processing heavy oil with high sulfur content and tightening environmental fuel requirements necessitate hydrocarbon feedstock purification from harmful components such as sulfur. One of the processes for upgrading medium and heavy oil fractions is hydrotreating. Due to the high importance of the hydrotreating in modern oil refining, the use of mathematical models is critically important in the design of new units, optimization of existing ones, and development of catalysts. Aim. This work is devoted to forecasting the operation of an industrial vacuum gas oil hydrotreating unit with a change in the composition of the feedstock and the main control parameters using a mathematical model. Methods. Liquid adsorption chromatography method using the Gradient M unit to determine the composition of vacuum gas oil, gas-liquid chromatography method using the Crystal 2000 M chromatograph to determine the content of sulfur-containing compounds in vacuum gas oil, cryoscopy method in benzene to determine the molecular weight, energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry method to determine total sulfur in vacuum gas oil, pycnometer method for measuring density, quantum chemical research method implemented in the Gaussian program for determining the thermodynamic characteristics of reactions, method of mathematical modeling of chemical-engineering processes Results. The authors have proposed a 12-component mathematical model of the vacuum distillate hydrotreating. The model takes into account most of the reactions of hydrofining, hydrogenation and hydrocracking of heteroorganic compounds, gas–liquid and liquid–solid mass transfer, as well as the effect of catalyst deactivation with coke on its activity. Based on the results of calculations performed using the mathematical model, it can be concluded that the model of the vacuum gas oil hydrotreating reliably reproduces the dependence of the residual sulfur content in the product on changes in the main control parameters of the industrial vacuum distillate hydrotreating unit.

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16

Samoilov, N. A. "Mathematical Modeling of Diesel Fuel Hydrotreating." Oil and Gas Technologies 130, no. 5 (2020): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/1815-2600-2020-130-5-18-25.

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The principles of mathematical modeling of Hydrotreating diesel fuel in the representation of raw materials in the form of a set of narrow fractions in which the total content of various organosulphuric components is considered as a pseudocomponent are considered. As a result of the analysis of schemes of reactor blocks of Hydrotreating plants the most perspective two-reactor systems characterized by separate desulfurization of streams are revealed. It is shown that the preliminary fractionation of Hydrotreating raw materials into light and heavy fractions with the choice of the optimal boundary of fraction division can minimize the loading of the catalyst into the reactor unit. An algorithm for solving this problem, including experimental and computational fragments, is presented.

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17

Imran, Dr Aed Jaber. "AL – Mansuriya gas fields associated liquid and its role to increase the potential capacity of gasoline fuel in Daura oil refinery." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 7, no. 1 (2021): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v7i1.167.

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Hydrotreating processing is commonly used to remove platforming catalyst poisons from straight run or cracked naphthas prior to charging to the platforming Process unit. It can be seen that the primary function of the naphtha Hydrotreating Process can be characterized as a “Clean up” Operation. The catalyst used in the Naphtha Hydrotreating Process is composed of an alumina base impregnated with compounds of cobalt or nickel and molybdenum. The catalyst is insensitive to most poisons which affect dehydrogenation reactions. A relatively high percentage of carbon on the catalyst does not materially affect its sensitivity or selectivity. Volumetric recoveries of products depend on the sulfur and olefin contents [1]. The Naphtha Hydrotreating Process is a catalytic refining process employing a selected catalyst and a hydrogen-rich gas stream to decompose organic sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen compounds contained in hydrocarbon fractions. In addition, hydrotreating removes organo-metallic compounds and saturates olefinic compounds. Organo-metallic compounds, notably arsenic and lead compounds, are known to be permanent poisons to platinum catalysts. "The complete removal of these materials by Hydrotreating processing gives longer catalyst life in the platforming unit. Sulfur, above a critical level, is a temporary poison to platforming catalysts and causes an unfavorable change in the product distribution. Organic nitrogen is also a temporary poison to platforming catalyst. It is an extremely potent one, however, and relatively small amounts of nitrogen compounds in the Platformer feed can cause large deactivation effects, as well as the deposition of ammonium chloride salts in the platforming unit cold sections. Oxygen compounds are detrimental to the operation of a Platformer. Any oxygen compounds which are not removed in the hydrotreater will be converted to water in the platforming unit, thus affecting the water/ chloride balance of the platforming catalyst. Large amounts of olefins contribute to increase coking of the platforming catalyst. Also, olefins can polymerize at platforming operating conditions which can result in exchanger and reactor fouling. The Naphtha Hydrotreating Process makes a major contribution to the ease of operation and economy of platforming. Much greater flexibility is afforded in choice of allowable charge stocks to the platforming unit. Because this unit protects the platforming catalyst, it is important to maintain consistently good operation in the Hydrotreating Unit. In addition to treating naphtha for Platformer feed, naphthas produced from thermal cracking processes, such as delayed coking and visbreaking, are usually high in olefinic content and other contaminants, and may not be stable in storage. These naphthas may be hydrotreated to stabilize the olefins and to remove organic or metallic contaminants, thus providing a marketable product.

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18

Schobert, Harold H. "Toward the zero-emission coal-to-liquids plant." TECHNOLOGY 03, no. 02n03 (2015): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2339547815400063.

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A novel near-zero-emission process for obtaining clean middle-distillate fuels, primarily from coal and with some algal input, has been developed. This process involves the solvent extraction of coal, followed by two stages of hydrotreating and hydrogenation, and finally distillation, to produce fuels of very low sulfur and low aromatics content. Prototype fuels have been shown to provide performance comparable to petroleum-derived jet and diesel fuels in gas turbine and small diesel engines, as well as in the solid oxide fuel cell. Approaches for reducing plant emissions nearly to zero would begin with obtaining the hydrogen needed for hydrotreating the primary coal liquid extract by water electrolysis with non-carbon electricity. The process heat necessary for the extraction, hydrotreating and distillation steps could be obtained from concentrated solar power or non-carbon electricity. Hydrotreating of the primary coal extract will produce hydrogen sulfide. Use of solar splitting of hydrogen sulfide would prevent any emissions of this pollutant, and at the same time provide the opportunity to recycle hydrogen back into the process and obtain an additional revenue stream from the sale of by-product sulfur. Some carbon dioxide production is likely, and would be inevitable if natural-gas-fired process heaters were used. Carbon dioxide capture in algal photobioreactors is proposed; oils recovered from the algae could be blended with the coal-derived liquids, and spent algae could be gasified to produce additional hydrogen for hydrotreating and hydrogenation.

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Wang, Chao, Guan Yi Chen, and Wei Juan Lan. "Research Progress in the Bio-Oil Hydrotreating Process." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.231.

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Bio-oil derived from biomass fast pyrolysis and biodiesel are all clean and renewable energy, which have been paid more and more attention by relevant researchers. The technology of biomass pyrolysis oil’s refining and producing second generation biodiesel by hydrotreating process are developed rapidly. This article presents the new research progress in the bio-oil hydrotreating refining for fuel.

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20

Zhang, Tao, Shi Jie Zhou, Qiang Wei, Ting Ting Liu, Wen Wu Zhou, and Ya Song Zhou. "Comparative Study on Hydrotreating of Venezuela De-Asphalted Oil: Conversion Behavior of Heteroatom Compounds and HDM Catalyst Deactivation." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 320–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.320.

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A 1000 hour hydrotreating experiment was performed to investigate the hydrotreating behavior of heteroatom compounds (first stage) and HDM catalyst deactivation (second stage) using Venezuela De-Asphalted Oil. The effect of reaction severity on impurities removal was the expected one, the deeper the hydrotreating degree, the higher the conversion of impurities. The Characterization of spent HDM catalyst shows that the content of coke deposition on spent HDM catalyst is only 4 wt% while that of metal is more than 30 wt%. Vanadium compounds in DAO with less diffusion resistance can deposit inside of the HDM catalyst grain. Lower coke formation also retard the HDM catalyst by keeping the diffusion pores and active cites. The removal of asphaltenes largely improved the stability of the HDM catalyst.

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Korovnikova, Natalia, Volodymyr Oliinik, and Oleksandr Dubyna. "Research of Pyrophoric Compounds in Order to Reduce their Hazard." Materials Science Forum 1038 (July 13, 2021): 454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1038.454.

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The constantly growing content of sulfur compounds and the increased water content in the extracted oil enhances the aggressiveness of the environments in which the technological equipment of oil depots and pipelines operates, resulting in a higher number of emergencies in the equipment of oil refineries. Thus, one of the most urgent problems is the corrosion damage to oil storage equipment and the associated consequences of flammable pyrophoric compounds formation. Finely dispersed flammable sulfides with organic impurities are formed in the equipment of the diesel fuel distillate hydrotreating unit thus accumulating on the bottoms and walls of tanks and reservoirs. This negatively affects the material balance of the hydrotreating process and increases fire and explosion hazards of the whole hydrotreating process at the refinery. For the first time, the elemental composition of pyrophoric deposits formed while storing petroleum products in the LCh-24-2000 unit was experimentally investigated. These sulfides are a flammable component of the equipment in the hydrotreating process, where diesel fuel distillates rotate. The obtained results of the test study as for the prevention of pyrophores spontaneous combustion indicate that hydrogen peroxide solutions have the highest efficiency. The practical significance of the results is in the use of experimental studies on the spontaneous combustion of pyrophoric samples in the development of the equipment cleaning terms during the hydrotreating process from pyrophoric deposits at the refinery. The experimental results of testing the ability of chemicals to prevent pyrophores spontaneous combustion can be used to reduce the risk of spontaneous combustion of pyrophoric compounds.

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Tuktin, B. T., A. A. Omarova, L. R. Sassykova, et al. "MODIFIED ZEOLITE CATALYSTS FOR EFFICIENT PROCESSING OF N-HEXANE AND GASOLINE FRACTION." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 15, no. 04 (2022): 2442–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2022.1548077.

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In this work hydrogen-free processing (in the absence of hydrogen) and hydrotreating of n-hexane and straight-run petrol fraction on the catalysts samples “C-1” (La-ZSM-Al2O3) and “C-2” (Ni-Mo-La-P-ZSM-Al2O3) were studied. “C-2” catalyst has high activity in both studied processes. The conversion of n-hexane during hydrogen-free processing on the “C-2” catalyst in the range of 350-500ºC increased from 58.8 to 90.7%; the octane rating of the final product in the temperature range of 350-500 ºC was within 55.1-87.9 according to the research method (RM), and from 61.4 to 84.9 according to the motor method (MM). The octane rating of hydrotreating products increases mainly due to an increase in the content of isoalkanes. The octane rating of the resulting gasoline is significantly higher than that of the original straight-run gasoline (73.1 (RM), 54.1 (MM)), and it reaches 92.1 (RM) and 81.7 (MM). The surface of the developed catalysts is within 201.10-252.20 m2 /g of the catalyst. The catalysts have pores with d ≈ 1.5– 3.65 nm. The highest concentration of acid sites with medium binding energy is typical for the “C-2” catalyst and determines its high hydroisomerizing activity in the processes of hydrotreating of n-hexane and gasoline fraction. Thus, multifunctional modified zeolite-containing catalysts for hydrotreating gasoline fractions have been developed, which make it possible to simultaneously carry out the processes of hydrotreating, hydroisomerization, and hydrocracking in one stage, as well as to obtain environmentally friendly high-octane gasoline.

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Tuktin, Balga, Galymzhan Saidilda, Saule Nurzhanova, and Yerdos Ongarbayev. "Hydroprocessing of Gasoline on Modified Alumina Catalysts." Catalysts 14, no. 7 (2024): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal14070404.

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The hydroprocessing of gasoline on modified alumina catalysts makes it possible to obtain high-octane products. The implementation and development of the process have largely become possible due to the development of modified alumina catalysts that do not contain noble metals and exhibit special catalytic properties. This article discusses topical issues of petrochemistry, namely the creation of catalysts with improved characteristics for the production of high-octane gasoline with low sulfur content. New catalytic systems based on alumina and other carriers modified with transition metals, lanthanum and phosphorus were synthesized. Вy physico-chemical methods of analysis TPD of ammonia, TEM and XRD, we studied the acid–base and structural characteristics of the developed catalysts. The activity of the developed catalysts in the studied process of hydrotreating gasoline fractions depends on the structure and condition of the active centers. The process of hydrotreating straight-run gasoline in the presence of synthesized catalysts was carried out on a laboratory flow unit. It was shown that, during the hydrotreating of straight-run gasoline on the NiO-MoO3-La-P-HZSM-HY-Al2O3 catalyst, the octane number in the final product increased to 88.6, and the sulfur content decreased from 0.0088 to 0.001%. It was found that the minimum sulfur content in the gasoline hydrotreating product of 0.0005% was achieved on the catalyst CoO-WO3-La-P-HZSM-HY-Al2O3, which is significantly lower than for other studied catalytic systems. The obtained results of the sulfur content in the hydrotreating products fully comply with the Euro-5 standard. Thus, the efficiency of hydrotreating the gasoline fractions studied in this work was mainly determined by the nature of the carriers and modifiers used for the synthesis of catalysts and the technological parameters of the process. The synthesized catalysts showed high activity and selectivity, resulting in high-octane gasoline with a low sulfur content that meets international quality standards.

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Cahya, Kevin Dwi, and Zami Furqon. "UPAYA PENINGKATAN PRODUK REAKTOR 101 BERBASIS KONDISI OPERASI DI GAS OIL HYDROTREATING UNIT PT. Z." Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Energi dan Mineral 3, no. 1 (2023): 414–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.53026/sntem.v3i1.1195.

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Reaktor merupakan alat yang digunakan untuk tempat terjadinya reaksi kimia pada industri terkhususnya pada industri pengolahan migas. Pada penulisan penelitian ini peneliti memutuskan untuk melakukan upaya peningkatan reaktor 14-R-101 dengan cara menurunkan inlet temperatur pada reaktor. Reaktor 14-R-101 terletak di Distillation and Hydrotreating Complex terkhusus pada unit Gas Oil Hydrotreating Unit. Gas Oil Hydrotreating Unit memiliki tugas untuk mengolah Gas Oil dari unit Crude Distilation Unit dengan mentreating kandungan pengotor. Gas Oil Hydrotreating Unit menghasilkan produk diantaranya, Solar 51, Pertadex, dan Solar. Proses penghilangan zat pengotor dibantu dengan bantuan katalis. Perhitungan mencari kandungan sulfur produk Reaktor 14-R-101 menggunakan perhitungan regresi non linier polyomial, data kondisi operasi aktual di ambil selama 2 bulan, didapatkan kandungan sulfur yang diinginkan yaitu produk Solar51 dengan kandungan sulfur 49,27ppm dengan inlet temperatur 310,77°C, Pertadex kandungan sulfur 159,49ppm dengan inlet temperatur 278,08°C, dan Solar dengan sulfur 877,83ppm dengan inlet temperatur 246,74°C. Kemudian setelah dilakukannya upaya peningkatan temperatur inlet dengan penrunan sebesar 15,13°C untuk solar51 , 8,76°C untuk Pertadex dan 12,69°C untuk Solar. Sehingga kandungan sulfur pada produk meningkat hingga batas spesifikasi yang di izinkan. Dari upaya peningkatan yang dilakukan perhitungan keekonomisan peggunaan energi furnace alat sbelum reaktor dapat dihemat hingga rata rata 3863,83kcal/jam.

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25

de Paz Carmona, Héctor, Jakub Frątczak, Zdeněk Tišler, and José Miguel Hidalgo Herrador. "Phonolite Material as Catalyst Support for the Hydrotreatment of Gas Oil and Vegetable Oil Type Feedstocks." Materials 15, no. 1 (2022): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010386.

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Phonolite material has shown to be promising catalyst support for the deoxygenation of triglycerides. In this work, we continue with our previous research by synthesising and testing three acid-treated phonolite-supported Co-Mo, Ni-Mo and Ni-W catalysts for the hydrotreating of atmospheric gas oil and co-processing with rapeseed oil at industrial operating conditions (350–370 °C, WHSV 1–2 h−1, 5.5 MPa) in the continuous regime for more than 270 h. The phonolite-supported catalysts showed hydrotreating activity comparable with commercial catalysts, together with a complete conversion of triglycerides into n-alkanes. During co-processing, the Ni-promoted catalyst showed strong stability, with similar activity previous to the rapeseed oil addition. Our results enable us to evaluate the suitability of phonolite as catalyst support for the development of plausible alternatives to conventional hydrotreating catalysts for the co-processing of middle distillates with vegetable oils.

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26

Wang, Yanfei, Zhihua Zhang, and Xuli Zhai. "High-Efficient Hydrotreating Catalysts." Current Inorganic Chemistry 6, no. 3 (2017): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1877944106666161013143258.

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27

Fairbridge, C., and B. Farnand. "HYDROTREATING COAL-DERIVED NAPHTHA." Fuel Science and Technology International 4, no. 3 (1986): 225–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08843758608915806.

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28

Escalona, N., M. Vrinat, D. Laurenti, and F. J. Gil Llambías. "Rhenium sulfide in hydrotreating." Applied Catalysis A: General 322 (April 16, 2007): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2007.01.019.

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29

Wang, Hui, Kyle Rogers, Haiping Zhang, et al. "The Effects of Catalyst Support and Temperature on the Hydrotreating of Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) over CoMo Sulfided Catalysts." Catalysts 9, no. 8 (2019): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9080689.

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Waste cooking oil (WCO) hydrotreating to produce green diesel is good for both the environmental protection and energy recovery problems. The roles of catalyst support and reaction temperature on reactions during WCO hydrotreating process were evaluated over an unsupported and a commercial sulfided cobalt and molybdenum (CoMoS) catalyst supported by a mixture of Al2O3, TiO2, and SiO2. The presence of catalyst support helped to improve the dispersion and enlarge the surface area of CoMoS, and was found to be a key factor in reducing reaction temperature, in enhancing the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) and hydrogenation capabilities, and in decreasing polymerization capability. The increase of reaction temperature strongly improved the deoxygenation, hydrogenation, and cracking reaction activities. Compared to the unsupported CoMoS, the supported one exhibited good deoxygenation and hydrogenation capabilities at 340 °C in WCO hydrotreating to produce diesel fraction; however, high temperature operation needs to be carefully controlled because it may cause overcracking and dehydrogenation.

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30

Muhsin, Wissam, and Jie Zhang. "Multi-Objective Optimization of a Crude Oil Hydrotreating Process with a Crude Distillation Unit Based on Bootstrap Aggregated Neural Network Models." Processes 10, no. 8 (2022): 1438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10081438.

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This paper presents the multi-objective optimization of a crude oil hydrotreating (HDT) process with a crude atmospheric distillation unit using data-driven models based on bootstrap aggregated neural networks. Hydrotreating of the whole crude oil has economic benefit compared to the conventional hydrotreating of individual oil products. In order to overcome the difficulty in developing accurate mechanistic models and the computational burden of utilizing such models in optimization, bootstrap aggregated neural networks are utilized to develop reliable data-driven models for this process. Reliable optimal process operating conditions are derived by solving a multi-objective optimization problem incorporating minimization of the widths of model prediction confidence bounds as additional objectives. The multi-objective optimization problem is solved using the goal-attainment method. The proposed method is demonstrated on the HDT of crude oil with crude distillation unit simulated using Aspen HYSYS. Validation of the optimization results using Aspen HYSYS simulation demonstrates that the proposed technique is effective.

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31

Yakupov, Marat M., Ratmir R. Akhmadiyarov, Marat N. Rakhimov, and Farhad Sh Vildanov. "HYDROCARBON COMPOSITION AND HEATING VALUE OF CATALYTIC CRACKING GASOLINES." Oil and Gas Business, no. 6 (December 17, 2024): 112–34. https://doi.org/10.17122/ogbus-2024-6-112-134.

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The article presents the results of the study of the hydrocarbon composition and calorific value of typical gasoline fractions of fluid catalytic cracking units in a fluidized bed of a catalyst.The composition of catalytic cracking gasoline was found to contain 414 hydrocarbons, including a number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with boiling points significantly exceeding the end boiling point of gasoline. As a result of hydrotreating the heavy part of gasoline, the total content of olefins calculated for the entire gasoline decreases by only 4.2% by weight, and their total content in gasoline still remains at a fairly high level. It is also shown that the hydrotreating process is accompanied by not only the hydrogenation of olefins, but also aromatic hydrocarbons. As a result of hydrotreating, there is an insignificant increase in the calorific value of catalytic cracking gasoline, a more significant effect on the calorific value of gasoline is exerted by its fractional composition.

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32

Wang, Yanfei, Yalin Zhang, Bin Xie, Jingjing Wang, and Yinglong Yu. "Insights into the High Activity of Hydrotreating Catalysts for Heavy Gas Oil." Catalysts 15, no. 1 (2025): 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15010090.

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The objective of this work was to develop a highly active hydrotreating catalyst for processing heavy gas oil to provide qualified feedstock for hydroisomerization or a hydrocracking unit. The NiMo/γ-Al2O3 catalysts doped with phosphate were prepared by introducing two kinds of additives, and the influencing factors for highly active hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) were revealed. TEM analysis results showed that the catalyst with a small MoS2 stack length tended to have high activity due to more active sites being exposed. Laser Raman spectroscopy demonstrated that the catalysts contained PMo12O403− metal active phases. For industrial heavy VGO feedstock, the nitrogen content can be reduced to 2 ppm with a hydrotreating process. The VI of the hydrotreated product can be improved from 132 to 145 after hydrotreatment, which is necessary to produce group III base oil as the most valuable base oil type. This work provides an insight into the high activity of hydrotreating catalysts for industrial lubricant hydroprocessing.

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33

Qu, Ya Kun, Xiao Guang Zhao, Li Xin Wang, and Hui Feng Li. "Study on Adsorption of Diesel Molecules on MoS<sub>2</sub> and NiMoS Catalysts." Materials Science Forum 1112 (February 8, 2024): 159–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-oluwk4.

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For deep insight into complex reaction system of diesel hydrotreating, the monolayer adsorption and competitive adsorption of typical reactant molecules (phenanthrene, naphthalene, acridine, quinoline, dibenzothiophene, 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene and H2) on MoS2 and NiMoS catalyst models with different structures were investigated. The basal plane is discovered to be the best physical adsorption position for all molecules in MoS2 series catalysts. Following saturation of the basal plane, reactant molecules will be adsorbed at Mo edge first, and Mo edge is more prone to bimolecular or multimolecular adsorption than S-edge, implying that Mo edge active sites play an important role in diesel hydrotreating. Naphthalene has a higher adsorption capacity in the partial pressure system that simulates the actual reaction atmosphere, and it is the most likely reactant molecule to predominately occupy active sites, but 4,6-dimethyl dibenzothiophene still exhibits good competition adsorption performance due to its high adsorption capacity and heat release. Interestingly, after phenanthrene adsorption, the secondary adsorption of hydrogen decreases in all of the catalyst models studied, indicating that phenanthrene is one of the most important molecules influencing hydrogen adsorption. Furthermore, the secondary adsorption of hydrogen after phenanthrene adsorption decreased the most on Tri-S50 catalyst. It shed light on that the activity and stability of Tri-S50 catalyst was most likely to decrease during diesel hydrotreating because of the notable inhibition on adsorption of hydrogen molecules brought by phenanthrene adsorption. It presents a theoretical basis for the design and development of highly efficient diesel hydrotreating catalysts.

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34

Martínez, Jeremías, Fernando Alonso, Gabriela Sánchez-Reyna, and Jorge Ancheyta. "Comparison of correlations to predict hydrotreating product properties during hydrotreating of heavy oils." Catalysis Today 150, no. 3-4 (2010): 300–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2009.10.014.

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35

Ibraheem, Muzher M., Abdulhaleem A. Mohammad, and Ayser T. Jarullah. "Effect of Operating Conditions on Sulfur and Metal Content of Basrah Crude Oil." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 16, no. 2 (2009): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.16.2.04.

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In the present work, Basrah crude oil, atmospheric distillate of 305-623 K boiling range, vacuum distillate of 623-823 K boiling range, and wide petroleum distillate of boiling range 305-823 K are hydrotreated in trickle bed reactor using Cobalt- Molybdenum alumina as a catalyst. Hydrotreating temperatures are 598-648K, 598- 673K, 648-673K and 648K respectively while LHSV are 0.7-2 hr-1, 1 hr-1, 0.7-2 hr-1 respectively. The operating pressure and H2/Oil ratio for all experiments are kept constant at 3 Mpa and 300 liter/liter. The results show that Sulphur and metal content decreased with increasing temperature and decreasing LHSV. Vacuum residue of boiling range above 823K is mixed with hydrotreated atmospheric distillate, vacuum distillate and with the hydrotreated wide petroleum distillate. The temperature for hydrotreating the mixed sample is 648K and LHSV is 1 hr-1. It was found that hydrotreating crude oil is the best choice since it gives the highest removal of sulphur, vanadium and cobalt removal..

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36

Zhang, Xuesong, and Hanwu Lei. "Synthesis of high-density jet fuel from plastics via catalytically integral processes." RSC Advances 6, no. 8 (2016): 6154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra25327f.

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37

Haghighat, Parsa, Anderson Montanez, Gonzalo Rocha Aguilera, et al. "Hydrotreating of Hydrofaction™ biocrude in the presence of presulfided commercial catalysts." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 3, no. 3 (2019): 744–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8se00439k.

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38

S.A. El Khatib, S.A. Hanafi, M.H. Areeaf, and E.F. Al-Amrousi. "Optimizing the biofuel production by hydrotreating Jojoba oil." International Journal of Academic Research 6, no. 3 (2014): 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.7813/2075-4124.2014/6-3/a.27.

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39

Parker, Stewart F., Angelo Amorelli, Yvonne D. Amos, Catherine Hughes, Neil Porter, and Jacqueline R. Walton. "IR spectroscopy of hydrotreating catalysts." Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 91, no. 3 (1995): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/ft9959100517.

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40

Chang, Jie, Jiansheng Liu, and Dadong Li. "Kinetics of resid hydrotreating reactions." Catalysis Today 43, no. 3-4 (1998): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5861(98)00152-7.

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41

Yoshimura, Y., and E. Furimsky. "Oxidative regeneration of hydrotreating catalysts." Applied Catalysis 23, no. 1 (1986): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-9834(00)81459-1.

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42

Gierman, H. "Design of laboratory hydrotreating reactors." Applied Catalysis 43, no. 2 (1988): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-9834(00)82732-3.

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43

Mohammed, Abdul-Halim A. K., Hussain H. Al-Soufi, Karim H. N. Losan, and Ihsan Najeeb. "Hydrotreating of Qaiyarah deasphalted residue." Fuel 67, no. 1 (1988): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(88)90009-9.

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44

Martinez, María T., JoséL Miranda, and Roberto Juan. "Catalytic hydrotreating of coal liquids." Fuel 67, no. 9 (1988): 1197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(88)90036-1.

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45

Gellerman, M. M., R. R. Aliev, and V. G. Sidel'kovskaya. "Investigation of spent hydrotreating catalysts." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 29, no. 8 (1993): 391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00730697.

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46

TAGLIABUE, M., F. BAZZANO, G. DELPIERO, N. PANARITI, and C. PEREGO. "Hydrotreating data interpretation by chemometrics." Catalysis Today 137, no. 1 (2008): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2008.02.023.

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47

Stohl, F. V. "Hydrotreating of coal-derived liquids." Fuel and Energy Abstracts 37, no. 3 (1996): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6701(96)88473-6.

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48

Occelli, M. L., and R. J. Rennard. "Hydrotreating catalysts containing pillared clays." Catalysis Today 2, no. 2-3 (1988): 309–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5861(88)85012-0.

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49

Breysse, M., J. L. Portefaix, and M. Vrinat. "Support effects on hydrotreating catalysts." Catalysis Today 10, no. 4 (1991): 489–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5861(91)80035-8.

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50

Landau, M. V., Yu K. Vail', A. A. Krichko, et al. "New generation of hydrotreating catalysts." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 27, no. 2 (1991): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00725058.

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