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1

Heitfeld, Kevin A. "Hydroxypropyl Cellulose for Flavor Encapsulation." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1163785195.

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2

Heitfeld, Kevin A. "Smart Membranes: Hydroxypropyl Cellulose for Flavor Delivery." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1179357187.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Cincinnati, 2007.<br>Advisor: Dale Schaefer. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Apr. 2, 2009). Keywords: Flavor; Encapsulation; Smart Polymers; Responsive Polymers; Controlled Release; Spray Drying. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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3

Dore, Camilla. "Hydroxypropyl Cellulose as Enabling Material for the Nanofabrication of Photonic Architectures." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671940.

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La creixent preocupació per l’impacte mediambiental i la sostenibilitat de les activitats humanes ha comportat un renovat interès per l’ús de materials d’origen natural. En aquest marc, la cel·lulosa, el polímer més abundant del món, ha estat objecte d’una creixent atenció, ja que s’extrau de fonts econòmiques i renovables, essent un material extremadament versàtil ja àmpliament emprat en diferents sectors tecnològics. En aquesta tesi, s’han optimitzat els processos de nanofabricació industrialment escalables basats en tècniques de litografia suau per a la realització de estructures fotòniques
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4

Rusig, Isabelle. "Synthèse et caractérisation de polymères cristaux liquides cellulosiques dérivés de la 2-hydroxypropyl cellulose." Bordeaux 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR10605.

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Le theme principal developpe dans cette these est la modification progressive de la (2-hydroxypropyl)cellulose (hpc) par greffage d'une serie de substituants aliphatiques ou aromatiques non mesogenes, et l'etude de la variation des proprietes thermooptiques de ces derives. Ainsi les polymeres cristaux liquides, cholesteriques, thermotropes et lyotropes, esters de l'hpc ont ete synthetises et caracterises. La substitution molaire et le degre de substitution de l'hpc, ainsi que le degre de greffage de chaque ester, ont ete determines par rmn #1h, #1#3c et acidimetrie. La connaissance de ces para
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5

Caceres, Najarro Marleny. "Depolymèrization enzymatique d’Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) pour la conception des nouveaux copolymères à blocs." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENCM0027/document.

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Parmi les bio-polymères issus des ressources renouvelables, les polysaccharides fournissent une alternative intéressante aux polymères de synthèse. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de ce travail de thèse est basé sur la conception des copolymères amphiphiles pour la préparation de nouveaux biomatériaux. Ainsi, l’hydroxypropylméthylcellulose (HPMC) a été étudiée en raison de ses propriétés remarquables, dont la biocompatibilité, la biodégradabilité, la rétention d'eau et la gélification thermoréversible. Ces propriétés sont utiles pour de nombreuses applications telles que le relargage de médicamen
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6

Hardy, Ian James. "Plasticised high molecular weight hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) as a carrier for controlled release dosage forms." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364670.

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7

Lu, Aijing. "Amphiphilic and thermoresponsive block copolymers based on hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose as nano-carrier of hydrophobic drugs." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTS010.

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Des copolymères à blocs thermosensibles et amphiphiles contenant l'hydroxypropyl méthyl cellulose (HPMC) comme bloc hydrophile et l'un des trois blocs hydrophobes - polylactide, poly(ε-caprolactone) et JEFFAMINE ayant des groupements amine terminaux ont été synthétisés par amination réductrice de l'extrémité de chaîne hémiacétale de l’HPMC. Les copolymères résultants ont été caractérisés par RMN, DOSY-RMN, GPC et FT-IR. Ils sont capables de s'auto-assembler en micelles sphériques en milieu aqueux. La taille des micelles augmente avec l'augmentation de la longueur du bloc hydrophile, tandis que
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8

Maccagno, Marco. "Formulation of nanoemulsions stabilized by cellulose nanocrystals." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279319.

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Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are bio-based nanoparticles with the ability to stabilize oil and water emulsions thanks to their intermediate wettability and nanometric size. These and other types of particle-stabilized emulsions, commonly referred to as Pickering emulsions, are of great academic and industrial interest due to their superior stability against drop coalescence compared to classical surfactant-stabilized emulsions. In addition, the presence of a densely packed layer of particles at the oil-water interface is expected to impact the encapsulation ability of the emulsion droplets op
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9

Ernest, Terry. "Use of hypromellose and hydroxypropyl cellulose to develop an age appropriate platform technology for the administration of medicines to children." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2014. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4430/.

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There is a significant need for research and development into paediatric medicines. The absence of suitable medicines or critical safety and efficacy information, poses significant risks to a particularly vulnerable patient population. The paediatric population is made up of a wide range of individuals of substantially varied physical size, weight and stage of physiological development. Some commonly used excipients may be unsuitable for use in children; and some dosage forms may be undesirable to the paediatric population. There is a need for a dosage form platform that is designed to meet th
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10

Nau, Maximilian [Verfasser], Markus [Akademischer Betreuer] Biesalski, Annette [Akademischer Betreuer] Andrieu-Brunsen, and Steffen [Akademischer Betreuer] Fischer. "Functional surface coatings and novel materials derived from hydroxypropyl cellulose / Maximilian Nau ; Markus Biesalski, Annette Andrieu-Brunsen, Steffen Fischer." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1204200955/34.

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11

Jarke, Annica. "Effect of manufacturing conditions and polymer ratio on the permeability and film morphology of ethyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl cellulose free-films produced by using a novel spray method." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Pharmacy, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-121842.

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<p>This thesis considers the effect of manufacturing conditions and polymer ratio on water permeability and morphology of free-films. A novel spray method for producing ethyl cellulose (EC) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) free-films was developed where several process parameters was controlled. The process was optimised by pre-spraying solvent until the system reached a steady-state temperature. This minimised the variation of outlet air temperature to < 2.5 °C. Coating time was approximately 4 minutes excluding drying.</p><p>Free-films were produced using 94 wt% solvent (95 %-ethanol) and 6
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12

Zornjak, Jennifer Anne. "Characterizing Interfacial and Bulk Interactions Between Cellulose Ethers and Bile Salts: Impact on In Vitro Lipid Digestion." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99285.

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Elevated levels of lipids and LDL-cholesterol in the blood are significant risk factors associated with developing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). A potential strategy to combat these risk factors is decreasing lipid absorption by modulating the digestibility of lipids in the human intestinal tract. Since bile salts (BS) play key roles during this process, lipid digestion could be controlled ultimately by limiting the access of BS to the lipid surface. Cellulose ethers (CEs), surface-active dietary fibers and common food additives, might be promising ingredients to control lipid digestion eith
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13

Song, Cheng Qian. "A study of the shearing and crosslinking of hydroxypropyl cellulose, a liquid crystal polymer, and its permeability as a hydrogel membrane." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1055946641.

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14

Jones, Tanya. "Development of a Novel Implant for Drug Delivery." Thesis, Griffith University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367574.

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Background and aim: In situ gelling formulations are liquids that undergo a phase transition to form semi-solid gel structures within the physiological environment. Sustained release of drug products can therefore be delivered via injectable in situ gelling formulations where the gel formed in vivo acts as a drug reservoir, releasing drug via diffusion and/or degradation of the gel. Due to limitations of previously described in situ gelling formulations, the current research project aimed to address these issues and develop a biocompatible injectable in situ gelling formulation/s containing a
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15

Abouzeid, Ragab. "Advanced cellulose composites, preparation and properties." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00947624.

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L'accumulation de déchets agricoles tels que la bagasse et le développement d'alternatives aux polymères issus de la pétrochimie ont reçu une attention croissante au cours des deux dernières décennies, due à l'augmentation de la population et à la préoccupation croissante pour la préservation de l'environnement. Cette étude tente de résoudre ces problèmes à l'aide de deux approches principales.La première est liée à des composites à base de papier et de liant naturel et la seconde est associée à la préparation et à la caractérisation de dérivés cellulosiques présentant des propriétés cristaux
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16

Gorey, Colleen Michelle. "Grafting of Stimuli-Responsive Polymer Films to Ultrafiltration Membranes." Connect to full text in OhioLINK ETD Center, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=toledo1209667235.

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Thesis (M.S.Ch.E.)--University of Toledo, 2008.<br>Typescript. "Submitted as partial fulfillments of the requirements for the Master of Science in Chemical Engineering." "A thesis entitled"--at head of title. Bibliography: leaves 41-45.
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17

Zatta, Kelly Cristine. "Desenvolvimento de um sistema terapêutico micro-/nanoestruturado contendo 5-fluorouracil para administração pulmonar." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/149501.

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A inexistência de um agente terapêutico único satisfatório para o tratamento do melanoma metastático e a potencialidade do quimioterápico 5FU (5-fluorouracil) motivou esta pesquisa, a qual teve por objetivo o desenvolvimento tecnológico de sistemas carreadores micro-/ e nanoestruturados contendo 5FU a fim de aumentar sua eficácia terapêutica e reduzir a toxicidade por meio da administração pulmonar. Duas formulações pulverulentas foram desenvolvidas com polímeros naturais, sulfato de condroitina e hidroxipropil-metil-celulose, denominadas 5FU-MS e 5FU-NS, utilizando as técnicas de aspersão e a
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Zhang, Qing. "Role of Polymer Physicochemical Properties on in vitro Mucoadhesion." Scholarly Commons, 2020. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/3698.

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Polymers with mucoadhesive properties are universally used in the development of mucoadhesive drug delivery system. Their physicochemical properties as well as the mechanisms related to their adhesive actions draw great attention for the modification of mucoadhesive properties. In this study, relationships between physicochemical properties of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) compacts and mucoadhesive performance were investigated. Different commercial grades of HPMC (K3, E3, E5, E50, K4M, E4M and K15M) were prepared into compacts, and their surface hydrophilicity and hydration behavior
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19

Abdelki, Andreas. "Fused deposition modeling of API-loaded mesoporous magnesium carbonate." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nanoteknologi och funktionella material, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-417897.

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In this thesis, the incorporation of drug loaded mesoporous magnesium carbonate as an excipient for the additive manufacturing of oral tablets by fused deposition modeling was investigated. Cinnarizine, a BCS class II drug, was loaded into the pores of the mesoporous material via a soaking method, corresponding to a drug loading of 8.68 wt%. DSC measurements on the loaded material suggested that the drug was partially crystallized after incorporation, meanwhile the XRD diffractogram implied that the drug was in a state lacking long range order. The drug loaded material was combined with two ph
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20

Marani, Pedro Lazzarin. "Estudo da influência das características estruturais da hidroxipropil-metil-celulose (HPMC) nas propriedades de superfície de filmes poliméricos, na incorporação e liberação de nicotina." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46136/tde-29092015-124426/.

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A hidroxipropil-metil-celulose (HPMC) é um éter de celulose que possui estrutura variável dependendo da quantidade de grupos metila, apolares, e hidroxipropoxila, polares, inseridos na cadeia polimérica celulósica. A polaridade do polímero é controlada através da quantidade de grupos metila (DS) e de hidroxipropoxila (MS) e afeta as propriedades de filmes poliméricos finos e espessos, além de alterar as características de liberação controlada de princípios ativos (neste caso nicotina) incorporados em filmes de HPMC, reticulados através de uma reação de esterificação com ácido cítrico. Com exce
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21

Martins, Bianca Fernandes. "Aerogéis de hidroxipropil metilcelulose: síntese, caracterização e aplicação como adsorventes para 17α-etinilestradiol." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46136/tde-11042018-135443/.

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Aerogéis de hidroxipropil metilcelulose (HPMC) com diferentes graus de substituição por grupos metila (DS) e hidroxipropila (MS) foram preparados por liofilização utilizando diferentes ácidos como agentes de reticulação, a saber: ácido cítrico, ácido oxálico e ácido tereftálico. Nanocristais de celulose bacteriana (BCN) neutros e negativamente carregados foram utilizados como carga de reforço nas concentrações de 5% (m/m) e 15% (m/m) em relação à massa da matriz. Os resultados indicaram que HPMCs com menores valores de DS e maiores valores de MS resultam em aerogéis com maior eficiência na ret
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22

Isreb, Mohammad. "Thermal and rheological approaches for the systematic enhancement of pharmaceutical polymeric coating formulations : effects of additives on glass transition temperature, dynamic mechanical properties and coating performance in aqueous and solvent-free coating process using DSC, shear rheometry, dissolution, light profilometry and dynamic mechanical analysis." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5527.

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Additives, incorporated in film coating formulations, and their process parameters are generally selected using a trial-and-error approach. However, coating problems and defects, especially those associated with aqueous coating systems, indicate the necessity of embracing a quality-by-design approach to identify the optimum coating parameters. In this study, the feasibility of using thermal and rheological measurements to help evaluate and design novel coating formulations has been investigated. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), an enteric coating polymer, was used as t
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23

Nau, Maximilian. "Functional surface coatings and novel materials derived from hydroxypropyl cellulose." Phd thesis, 2020. https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/11345/1/Dissertation%20Maximilian%20Nau.pdf.

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The main focus of this work was to establish a good understanding of the reaction kinetics and behavior of hydroxypropyl cellulose during esterification with different acid chlorides, ranging from unsaturated 10-undenoic acid to stearic acid. Once this was well understood and controlled, the materials were used in an effort to crate tailored functional interfaces aiming for the discovery of possible applications and further utility. To this end both, classical surface coating techniques, including blending, additivities, and different application methods as well as photolithographic methods we
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Paradkar, Anant R., Adrian L. Kelly, Philip D. Coates, and Peter York. "Shear and extensional rheology of hydroxypropyl cellulose melt using capillary rheometry." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6121.

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No<br>With increasing interest in hot melt extrusion for preparing polymer-drug systems, knowledge of the shear and extensional rheology of polymers is required for the formulation and process design. Shear and extensional rheology of three commercial grades of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) was examined at 140, 145 and 150 degrees C using twin bore capillary rheometry at range of processing rates. The power law model fitted for shear flow behaviour up to shear strain rates of approximately 1000s(-1), above which measured shear viscosities deviated from the power law and surface instabilities w
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WANG, YI-MIN, and 王逸民. "Micronization of Hydroxypropyl Cellulose and Drug Encapsulation Using Supercritical Assisted-atomization Process." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77828959454855115628.

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碩士<br>明志科技大學<br>化學工程系碩士班<br>104<br>The hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and drug-carrier composite particles were prepared by a supercritical assisted-atomization (SAA) process, carbon dioxide as spraying medium and ethanol as solvent. The experimental results showed that the mean sizes of HPC particles decreased with decreasing the concentration of HPC solution, the optimal SAA parameters for smaller HPC particles were: saturator temperature of 353.2 K, saturator pressure of 8 MPa, precipitator temperature of 363.2 K, and the flow ratio of carbon dioxide to HPC solution of 0.8. The model drug in
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26

Hou, Ting-Hsun, and 侯婷薰. "Preparation and characterization of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/tannic acid/bacterial cellulose composite films." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75425699903130915671.

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27

Lyu, Mei-Sia, and 呂美霞. "3-D Phase Diagram and Rheological Properties of Hydroxypropyl Cellulose/Water/Phosphoric Acid." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/p27xw8.

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博士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>工程科技研究所<br>100<br>In this work, two topical subjects were investigated. The first topic was a 3-D phase diagram of the HPC/H2O/H3PO4 tertiary system that hydroxypropyl cellulose was dissolved in water and phosphoric acid. The second one focused on the rheological properties of the system. The first work was to find the temperature and concentration of liquid crystalline (LC) disappearance by using the temperature-controlled POM and to mark the temperature by means of a self-made Light transmission detector when LC separated in order to make a phase diagram of the HPC/H2O/H3PO
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Jheng, Meng-Fen, and 鄭孟芬. "Preparation and stability of paprika oleoresin complex in sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium hyaluronic acid, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, and cyclodextrin." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85223256308046019514.

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碩士<br>國立高雄應用科技大學<br>化學工程與材料工程系<br>99<br>Food colorants can be divided into synthetic and natural colorants. The synthetic colorants are found more dangerous and poisonous than natural colorants for human body. Therefore, the natural colorants have been rapidly developed for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry. Paprika oleoresin, the main component of chili, is a natural red colorant. This study firstly extracted capsaicin from chili fruits under alkaline conditions. Paprika pigments were dissolved in acetone from chili skin. The oil-soluble paprika pigments and water-soluble paprika pig
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Wu, Po-Shien, and 吳伯賢. "The Study of Sol/Gel Transition and Liquid Crystal in Hydroxypropyl Cellulose/Ionic Liquid." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/qmkkfg.

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碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>有機高分子研究所<br>95<br>Many biological polymers are insoluble in both water and general organic solvents. Recently, it was reported that biological polymers are soluble in the ionic liquids. Ionic liquid (IL) has gained industry attention, especially in green chemistry. Dissolution of cellulose with ionic liquids allows the comprehensive utilization of cellulose by combining two major green chemistry principles: using environmentally preferable solvents and bio-renewable feed-stocks. In this study, we have prepared ionic liquids(1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate) as solvents
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Huang, Hsin-Chiang, and 黃欣強. "The Study of Phase Transformation and Liquid Crystal in Hydroxypropyl Cellulose/Phosphoric Acid Solution." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8x6b9c.

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碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>有機高分子研究所<br>97<br>The natural cellulose exists widely in nature and it is the renewable organism. Its various applications has been used on structure materials, synthetic resins etc. The hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) forms stable hydrogen bonding structure with water and organic solvent and when the temperature rise, the intermolecular hydrogen bonding is broken. It will cause the hydration rate decrease and induce the phase separation. In this research, the phosphoric acid dissolves HPC as the solvent. The HPC has the lyotropic liquid crystal characteristic and can be contro
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Wu, Hua-Wen, and 巫華雯. "The influence of Xanthan Gum on 3-D Phase Diagram of Hydroxypropyl Cellulose/Water/Phosphoric Acid." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9wm3jf.

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碩士<br>國立臺北科技大學<br>有機高分子研究所<br>101<br>Xanthan gum, Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and water were mixed in various concentrations. The effect of xanthan gum to the formation of liquid crystal phase region in the HPC/xanthan gum / phosphoric acid system was investigated in this study. The phase change occurred as the temperature of different HPC concentrations solution was increased to 45℃. The phenomenon of lower critical solution temperature (LCST) was also observed. The addition of small amount of xanthan gum into the HPC solution would enhance the phase separation of HPC. Therefore the tempera
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Lee, Shing-Yi, and 李幸宜. "Physico-Chemical Properties of Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose-based Edible Films Modified by Fatty Acids or Waxes." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77136509480658694615.

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碩士<br>國立屏東科技大學<br>食品科學系<br>91<br>The objective of this study was aimed to develop edible films with satisfactory resistance for water vapor, through the addition of assorted fatty acids and waxes in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) films. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 was found to best suit the need as a plasticizer in cellulose-based edible films. Water vapor permeabilities (WVPs’) of the cast films were found to increase as the amounts of PEG 400 addition were raised, presumably owing to the hydrophilic nature of PEG. The plasticizer also reduced the tensile strength, yet to enhance t
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謝世賢. "A study of the polymer blends of the lyotropic liguid crystalline hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) in aqueous solutions." Thesis, 1987. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75417366878094343701.

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34

Freitas, Pedro Nuno de Jesus Francisco. "Conductive bridging RAM devices inspired on solid-state biopolymer electrolytes." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/19191.

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This work reports the design, fabrication and characterization of metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structures acting as conductive bridging random access memory (CBRAM) devices using biopolymer insulator. Chitosan and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) were deposited by spin coating in between evaporated Pt and Ag electrodes. CBRAM devices fabricated using chitosan as the insulating layer demonstrated retention times of up to 105 s with an on/off ratio of 102 as well as enduring several program/erase cycles. Devices fabricated with HPC showed retention times of up to 104 s with an on/off ratio of approx
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Sarri, Filippo, and Pierandrea Lo Nostro. "STUDY OF DYNAMIC AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX FLUIDS FOR GREEN APPLICATIONS: EFFECTS OF AMBIENT CONDITIONS AND NATURE OF SOLUTES STUDIO DELLE PROPRIETÀ DINAMICHE E STRUTTURALI DI FLUIDI COMPLESSI PER APPLICAZIONI ECOLOGICHE: EFFETTO DELLE CONDIZIONI AMBIENTALI E DELLA NATURA DEI SOLUTI." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1172209.

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This research project focused on the study of different complex fluid systems, formulated by using green chemical compounds and designed for potentially more environmental-sustainable applications. The study was performed mainly from a rheological and structural perspective because these are two strictly connected aspects in complex fluids systems. Moreover, rheology represents an important parameter in both many industrial processes and quality of final manufactured products. In the context of the wider subject of complex fluid, the present study mainly deals with polymer solutions, surfacta
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Chayed, Siwar. "Études des interactions entre la mucine et certains polymères bioadhésifs." Thèse, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15637.

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Piredda, Mariella. "Hydrophobically-modified hydroxypropyl celluloses : synthesis and self-assembly in water." Thèse, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/14424.

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