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1
Njingana, Sikhanyisele. "Role of water as a resource in hygiene and sanitation." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6810.
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Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS)Water supply and sanitation remain a huge problem in townships and rural areas of South Africa, in effect affecting the water supply, hygiene and health of marginalized communities. Following democracy in 1994, South Africa’s new government embarked on a program of eradicating backlogs in water supply and sanitation that had become endemic under apartheid in townships and rural areas. In addition, South Africa’s constitution categorically states that every citizen has a right to a minimum of basic water supply and sanitation. Internationally, access to basic water supply and sanitation are fundamental human rights. Thus the South African government aims is to ensure that all South Africans have access to basic water and sanitation services. This study investigated the quantity and quality of water and how these effect sanitation and hygiene of communities using Walmer Township in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality as a case study. The study used a multi-pronged methodological approach including structured interviews with a sample of households, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, observations and secondary information. Although the Walmer Community felt that they had access to sufficient quantity of water for their daily use and that the quality of the water was fine, the reality was that most households use less than the daily minimum amount of water per person as required in the constitution because of the distance where they have to fetch the water, which is too far to collect more water than they absolutely need. There is need for municipality to provide more stand pipes in order to reduce the distance that most households have to walk to fetch water. 80% of Walmer residents still use the bucket system, which is the issue that the community is more aggrieved about. One of the reasons the bucket system persists is the unplanned development of the Township and the type of dwellings (mostly shacks) that people still use. Also, the Township has grown and mushroomed organically as a result of the constant influx of people looking for better economic opportunities from rural areas or other urban areas. This makes it very difficult for the municipality to plan for and provide services and infrastructure as the Municipality is always playing catch-up. Worse still, the average number of people that use each bucket toilet (over 80) makes it extremely difficult to maintain the toilets clean and in functional and usable state at all times. Another problem is that the buckets, in particular those managed by the municipality, are not collected as scheduled resulting in spill-over of the toilets. Most of all, there are currently no clear arrangements around management and maintenance of the bucket toilets. Therefore the impact that the bucket system has on the residents’ health and hygiene, and the general Township environment is dire. The uncontrolled and continuing influx of people into Walmer Township has led to very high population density, with the average number of people per household up to ten. Most people of working age in these households are unemployed, which means that most households in the Township depend on social grants for survival. The high unemployment rate and dependency on social grants by most households in Walmer Township means that the community cannot afford to pay for services and therefore depend on amenities provided by the Municipality. The majority of the population of Walmer Township depends on basic services provided by the Municipality. These are provided as public amenities available to all Walmer residents, which makes them largely ‘open access’. This has resulted in poor management and poor maintenance of these amenities. The unhygienic state of most of the bucket toilets and the poor state of water stand taps is as a result of this current management arrangement. It would improve management of these public amenities if a system of locating stand taps and bucket toilets to specific households that could limit access and use to these defined groups of households was introduced. These households would then be responsible for maintaining and managing use of the specific and allocated amenities. The current management arrangements for these public amenities point to the fact that there is currently lack of participatory planning and management between the Municipality and the community. The Municipality takes top-down decisions resulting in disjuncture between the Municipality and the Community in terms of real community needs, provision of these needs, and how they should be serviced and managed.
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Tsang, Hing-kwan. "A review of indices for building hygiene and community cleanliness in Hong Kong /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B34737480.
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Heinemann, Céline [Verfasser]. "Hygiene management in farm animal housing : Assessment of hygiene indicators and critical points in sanitation / Nina Céline Heinemann." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1240761236/34.
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Steffen, Kelsey A. "Barriers to Implementation of a Health, Hygiene, & Sanitation Program: Chennai, India." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2015. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1457.
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In India poor sanitation accounts for 1,600 daily deaths of children under the age of five (Dasra, 2012). The societal and environmental conditions in India and many other developing countries have continuously stood as barriers to facilitating changes in sanitation behavior. Efforts made to improve hygiene have continuously faced opposing forces including major gaps between the supply and demand of sanitation. This paper will focus on one pilot program conducted in Chennai, India over the summer of 2014. This program was designed to teach school children safe sanitation and hygienic habits by providing a guiding tool to teachers. The study analyzed qualitative observational data collected over the seven-week pilot program period to identify the barriers to implementation experienced in this case study. The results indicate that the school administration was the greatest barrier to implementation in this case study. The results also highlight the contextual sensitivity of each of the barriers and their relationships to one another. The findings suggest that depending on the context of implementation of a health, hygiene, and sanitation program these barriers may be re-ordered in hierarchy to work towards achieving sustainable programs.
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Manase, Gift. "Cost recovery for sanitation services : the case of poor urban areas in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274072.
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Mpofu, Claudius. "Adopting a resilience lens in managing decentralized water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) systems." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-236974.
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Climate change and increased pressure on water resources through urban and peri-urban population growth present some major uncertainties to the sustainable provision of good quality water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services, particularly to small-scale decentralized systems which are considered more vulnerable compared to centralized systems. The concept of “resilience” could be useful when dealing with such uncertainties. It deals with planning for shocks and stressors which could help address long-term water security and sanitation challenges. The aim of this research is to explore the relevance of the concept of resilience in dealing with uncertainties for decentralized WASH systems. Through literature review, interviews (n=22) and group discussions (n=18), the relevance of the 7 resilience principles, developed by SRC, to WASH planning for decentralized systems was explored. WHO community water and sanitation planning guidelines were reviewed to determine how resilience could add useful aspects to management of decentralised WASH systems. Results showed that the resilience concept is important in planning and management of decentralized WASH systems, since, with the resilience principles as a basis, there is potential to involve different stakeholders to share knowledge, skills and resources across multiple scales. The three resilience principles considered most important from the 7 SRC resilience principles for decentralized WASH were identified as: 1) Broadening participation, 2) Maintenance of diversity and redundancy, and 3) Management of slow changing variables and feedbacks. Other important WASH aspects missing from the resilience principles were: 1) Contextuality, 2) Accountability, 3) Equity and human rights, 4) Monitoring and maintenance, 5) Resource capacity. Two case studies served as examples of how decentralized WASH systems are managed in a high-income country (Värmdö, Sweden) and a low/middle income country (MSETO, Kenya). In both cases, applied resilience principles were identified together with areas of improvement. With reference to resilience, Värmdö municipality showed strength in the flow of information (connectivity) between actors but lacked integrated WASH planning guidelines and diversity of water supplies. The MSETO project exhibited strength in overlapping responsibilities (polycentric governance) but lacked management of slow changing variables and feedbacks, linked to the lack of adequate re-sources. The analysis of WHO Water Safety Plans and sanitation safety planning guidelines through the resilience framework revealed that the WHO guidelines have a heavy focus on technical aspects and lack an integrated approach involving polycentric governance and complex adaptive system thinking. There is need for the revision of the guide-lines to incorporate community social aspects, strategies of improving water availability and consideration of complex adaptive systems thinking. Municipalities and practitioners are recommended to consider resilience principles as well as the identified missing aspects in WASH planning and interventions. Further research is needed investigating necessary conditions for the application of resilience principles and important trade-offs.
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Tshivhase, Ndiafhi Jeremiah. "Social factors that affect the acceptability of the enviro loo sanitation technology: a case of schools in Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1806.
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Thesis (M. Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2016The purpose of this study was to investigate the social factors that affect the acceptability of the Enviro Loo sanitation technology in schools. The study adopted the anti-positivism theory. Phenomenology school of thought was used as one of the three schools of thoughts as marked under Anti-positivism. The qualitative research method had its foothold in the fact that social factors, as a human activity, occurs in a particular natural and social environment. Utilising the qualitative research design, the researcher focused on describing and understanding the social factors that influence the acceptability of the Enviro Loo sanitation technology at schools. The study utilised an interview guide to collect data. The advantage of this is that it allowed the researcher to probe and ask for clarification of some answers as given by the respondents The population of this study comprised 35 secondary schools in Limpopo Province that benefited from the implementation of the Enviro Loo sanitation technology system during the 2010/11 financial years. Non-probability sampling was used. The method used to select the schools was convenience sampling as a non-probability sampling technique where subjects are selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher. This is because the researcher was bound by time, money and workforce and because of these limitations, it was almost impossible to randomly sample the entire population. Three sets of focus groups were used as sample, namely; the Provincial Sanitation Task Team (PSTT), School Governing Body (SGB) and Leaner’s Representative Council (LRC). All groups were gender balanced and members participated voluntarily. Nvivo was utilised to analyse data. The audio recordings from the digital voice recorder were transcribed, translated into English, typed into word and thematic analysis was used.
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Webster, James. "Culture's influence: towards understanding stakeholder interactions in rural water, sanitation and hygiene promotion projects." Thesis, Cranfield University, Cranfield University at Silsoe, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/1369.
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Variations frequently occur between the intended and actual outcomes of rural water,
sanitation and hygiene promotion projects, even projects that exhibit best practice. As a result, the intended impact of poverty reduction through sustained health improvements is diminished. This thesis establishes that inadequate consideration of culture in interactions between and within project stakeholders is a major reason for these unintended project outcomes.
Aspects of individual and group behaviour that are influenced by culture are examined,
and an initial conceptual framework of established cultural dimensions developed. This framework is then applied to a broad variety of stakeholder groups: seven end user
groups and two implementing agencies in Ethiopia and Uganda; national Governments
and international donor organisations.
As a result, two new cultural dimensions are proposed. Firstly, concern for public selfimage, defined as ‘the degree to which an individual expresses interest in how others perceive him/herself, and the manner in which the individual seeks to influence that perception’. Secondly, spirituality, defined as ‘the nature and degree of people’s beliefs and practices concerning the existence, nature, and worship of, and connectedness to God, a god, gods, or a greater spiritual whole, and involvement of the divine or greater spirit in the universe and human life’. Aspects of these dimensions that need to be measured are identified.
Hierarchies of cultural dimensions are identified where a certain combination of
individual or group orientations causes the suppression or even reversal of behaviour in
a dimension. Modifications to established cultural dimensions are recommended,
especially long-term orientation which the author proposes renaming to ‘resistance to
change’.
A multidisciplinary approach that reflects the complexities of group behaviour and
converges research findings is recommended, including utilising software that simulates
complex systems.
Recommendations are made for development practitioners, especially to enhance
participation, promote femininity and achieve lasting change through training.
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Nahalamba, Sarah Birungi. "Socioeconomic Status, Water, Sanitation, Hygiene, and Economic Cost of Childhood Diarrheal Diseases in Uganda." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7317.
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Worldwide, diarrhea is the second leading cause of death in children aged under 5, yet it is both preventable and treatable. Several studies have established the effects of exposure to inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) on diarrhea prevalence, but little was known on how the interactions of socioeconomic status and WASH influence the economic cost of treatment of diarrhea. This retrospective cross-sectional survey study was focused on assessing the correlation between socioeconomic status, WASH, and household cost of treatment of diarrhea among children aged under 5 in Uganda using the multiple exposure-multiple effect model. Secondary data from the 2015/16 Uganda National Panel Survey were used. At bivariate level of analysis, 5 of 6 independent variables (education level of mother, household expenditure, residence type, source of drinking water, and type of toilet facility) had statistically significant associations with household cost of treatment of diarrhea (p value < .05). The multivariate-hierarchical multiple linear regression indicated that only 3 of the 6 variables significantly predicated household cost of treatment of diarrhea. These were highest education level of mother (p = 0.001), source of drinking water (p = 0.022), and type of toilet facility (p = 0.012). At p value < .05, about 67% of the variation in the cost of treatment was explained by the independent variables. Households with a higher socioeconomic status incurred higher costs of treatment, although those with a lower status experienced the highest prevalence rates. Therefore, policy makers and practitioners could use these findings to employ multiple interventions to address the disease burden and cause behavior change.
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Webster, James. "Culture's influence : towards understanding stakeholder interactions in rural water, sanitation and hygiene promotion projects." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2007. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/1369.
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Variations frequently occur between the intended and actual outcomes of rural water, sanitation and hygiene promotion projects, even projects that exhibit best practice. As a result, the intended impact of poverty reduction through sustained health improvements is diminished. This thesis establishes that inadequate consideration of culture in interactions between and within project stakeholders is a major reason for these unintended project outcomes. Aspects of individual and group behaviour that are influenced by culture are examined, and an initial conceptual framework of established cultural dimensions developed. This framework is then applied to a broad variety of stakeholder groups: seven end user groups and two implementing agencies in Ethiopia and Uganda; national Governments and international donor organisations. As a result, two new cultural dimensions are proposed. Firstly, concern for public selfimage, defined as ‘the degree to which an individual expresses interest in how others perceive him/herself, and the manner in which the individual seeks to influence that perception’. Secondly, spirituality, defined as ‘the nature and degree of people’s beliefs and practices concerning the existence, nature, and worship of, and connectedness to God, a god, gods, or a greater spiritual whole, and involvement of the divine or greater spirit in the universe and human life’. Aspects of these dimensions that need to be measured are identified. Hierarchies of cultural dimensions are identified where a certain combination of individual or group orientations causes the suppression or even reversal of behaviour in a dimension. Modifications to established cultural dimensions are recommended, especially long-term orientation which the author proposes renaming to ‘resistance to change’. A multidisciplinary approach that reflects the complexities of group behaviour and converges research findings is recommended, including utilising software that simulates complex systems. Recommendations are made for development practitioners, especially to enhance participation, promote femininity and achieve lasting change through training.
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Pirani, Amirali Karim. "Cultural influences on the choice of rural sanitation technology in Islamic Countries." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55650.
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Booij, Dorrit, and Daniel Al-Ayoubi. "Hygiene and Sanitation Promotion towards Cholera Prevention on District Level in Mozambique : A Communication Analysis." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-44707.
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Cholera remains a threat to public health in many developing countries, including Mozambique. Although the disease is easily preventable by practices of hygiene and sanitation, cases are reported in the country every year, as for example in the Lago district in 2015. This qualitative research project set out to explore in what ways the promotion of hygiene and sanitation practices on district level in Mozambique is carried out. Therefore, actors, messages and channels involved in these communication processes were explored via a field study in Lago and a review of relevant literature. Subsequently, the results of the field study and literature review were analysed by applying the concepts of one-way and two-way communication which are part of public relations theory. This analytical framework allowed the researchers to fill a gap identified in the existing literature about hygiene and sanitation promotion, which did not seem to include communication theories linked to public relation practices when it came to hygiene and sanitation promotion in developing countries as a method to prevent cholera. It has been found that the one-way communication approach towards the public was successful in handling the recent cholera outbreak of 2015, however, the approach is not substantial and should be improved into a two-way communication approach, which would allow the local population to express their needs in hygiene and sanitation, as well as their capabilities to implement change in these matters. Simultaneously, a lack of resources within the district authorities involved in hygiene and sanitation promotion seems to encourage one-way communication towards the public from their side, as two-way communication would demand further resources for research into the above mentioned needs and capabilities of communities.
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Bostoen, Kristof. "Measuring access and practice : designing a survey methodology for the hygiene, sanitation and water sector." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2007. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/682235/.
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Access to safe water and sanitary means of excreta disposal are essential elements of human development and poverty alleviation. It is estimated that one in four people in the developing world lacks access to water while over half the population has no access to sanitation. From the Alma-Ata declaration in 1978 to the recent Millennium Development Goals, efforts to improve this situation have been hampered by the lack of meaningful indicators to measure hygiene, sanitation and water coverage and establish progress towards the goals and targets set out by the international community. This thesis aims to determine if measuring prevalence of access to water~ sanitation and the practice of hygienic behaviour in hous~hold surveys can be.improved. With no indicators available in current international' laws and targets, various aspects of access and practice were examined to design indicators for field-testing. By using - existing data sets, the research established that there is a high geographic clustering of the measures of interest, which results in large design effects (deff) and rates of homogeneity (roh) in cluster surveys. Based on the calculated roh optimum numbers ofcluster and sample size were calculated for the field trials. This requires introducing survey costs in the sample size calculations. The high clustering of water and sanitation indicator require large sample sizes, resulting in large amounts of data which organisations in the four field trials in Kosovo, South Africa, Kenya and Laos found difficult to handle. Practical problems in the implementation of the survey method resulted in non-sampling errors and could cause reluctance in adoption the methodology. The research improved water and sanitation indicators but found that for individual behaviour such as hygiene the household is not a suitable sampling unit. It also showed that observation among interviewers have to be better standardised to reduce the inter-surveyor.variation. Representative sampling is the current bottleneck in the development of such a survey method. Current method requires a good understanding of sampling theory as well as reliable sample frames, which are rarely available to implementing organisations. Alternative sampling methods are suggested, and recommendations are made for the further development ofthe survey method designed in this research, which to date may be too complex for widespread use.
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Kanyerere, Joyce Robertson Ng'oma. "Exploring factors that influence learners' use of sanitation facilities and personal hygiene practices in a girls' boarding school, Zomba District, Malawi." University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5591.
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Magister Public Health - MPHBackground: Millennium Development Goal 7 was to ensure environmental sustainability by aiming to halve the proportion of people without sustainable access to basic sanitation and safe drinking water by the year 2015. The 2015-MDG Report estimated that the use of improved sanitation rose from 54% to 68% globally, but the target of 77% was not met, and that implies slowing the progress in the health and education sectors. Although Malawi has made significant progress in increasing access to safe water and improved sanitation in comparison to other Sub-Saharan African countries, disparities in improved water supply and sanitation within Malawi remains a challenge. In Malawi, only about a quarter of all schools have improved latrines with a ratio of one latrine for every sixty learners. While the water and sanitation situation in primary schools of Malawi is reported to be making progress, such progress remains unreported in secondary schools. Aim: The purpose of this qualitative study was to provide insight on the water and sanitation situation in secondary schools by understanding factors that influence learners' use of the water and sanitation facilities and personal hygiene practices in a girls' boarding secondary school in Zomba District, Malawi. Methodology: This study employed a descriptive qualitative study design using individual interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs) and observations. A purposive sample consisting of 12 learners participated in two FGDs, while individual interviews were conducted with 6 prefects, 2 teachers responsible for sanitation at the school and 1 matron. The FGDs and individual interviews were targeted at exploring these participants' perceptions, experiences, challenges faced in the use of water and santation facilities and perceptions of appropriate interventions to improve hygiene practices and utilization of sanitation services. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Findings: The findings indicate that there were several factors that influenced learners' use of water and sanitation and their hygiene practices at the school. One of the main challenges was the irregular supply of safe water by the Southern Region Water Board which meant that alternate sources of water, which was not always potable, had to be used instead. Poor water and sanitation infrastructure and facilities including lack of privacy in shower cubicles and the poor condition of the incinerator that is meant for disposal of sanitary pads were other challenges facing the learners. There were also insufficient toilets and shower cubicles for the number of learners at the school. A good number of learners knew the importance of hand washing for their personal health at school, but limited accessibility to running water compromised their hand washing practices and personal hygiene including menstrual hygiene. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the challenging factors occur at the macro, meso and micro levels but more importantly that these levels are interrelated and impact on one another, emphasising the complexity of the water and sanitation situation in the study school, but could most likely also be the situation at other schools in Malawi. Therefore multi-level interventions will have to be put in place to address these challenges. Recommendations: The present study recommends that at macro level the Department of Education should provide an enabling environment and political will to facilitate development of a multi-sectoral approach that would complement the school operation rules to improve the adequacy of the water and sanitation facilities and hygiene practices. In addition, the Southern Region Water Board should ensure a reliable supply of safe water to the school and provide better infrastructure of piped water. At meso level (school organisational level), the school management should take more responsibility for maintaining the infratstructure. In addition, the school-board, the school management and parents'-teachers' association and learners should form a committee to discuss and implement strategies that would enhance the learner's use of water and sanitation facilities at the school and ensure their privacy and dignity. At micro level, the school, the communities including families and religious leaders should encourage personal hygiene practices repeatedly amongst everybody.
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Okyere, Charles Yaw [Verfasser]. "Water Quality in Multipurpose Water Systems, Sanitation, Hygiene and Health Outcomes in Ghana / Charles Yaw Okyere." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1161527087/34.
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Schiedek, Leonie. "Water Governance in the SDG Era - An Analysis of National Commitments to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-412137.
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The 21st century is marked by the forecast of a frightful set of crises caused by anthropogenic activities. Among them, an emerging water crisis threatens the existence of life on the planet. It is mainly triggered by a lack of good water governance. The concept of water governance refers to a range of different societal systems that are involved in the management of water resources, and the delivery of water services. However, these systems are threatened by several problems causing a mismanagement of water resources, involving corruption, deficits of democratization, or inequalities. This study examines commitments to improved water, sanitation, and hygiene provided by the Sanitation and Water for All partnership through a qualitative content analysis in order to allow an insight in current goal-setting for improved water governance. In this study, we show that even though stakeholders across geographical regions and constituencies aim at efficient governance measures, they neglect the importance of the procedural factors of good governance, for instance participation or adaptiveness. Instead they mostly focus on the outcome. Further, the study reveals that the commitments lack timely and measurable components and often do not include allocation of budgets. Although stakeholders show their intention to commit to action and work collaboratively, they often lack long-term thinking. Against the background of emerging global challenges in the water sector, most stakeholders are not yet prepared to work efficiently with new forms of governance in order to establish sustainable and resilient systems. Nevertheless, multi-stakeholder partnerships provide a basis to start a learning journey and can help to facilitate capacity development and future literacy. This thesis reveals starting points for improvement, gives practical recommendations for action and further research directions, that are necessary to explore the differences between regions and constituencies further and improve the goal-setting process in the following years.
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Yaw, Okyere Charles [Verfasser]. "Water Quality in Multipurpose Water Systems, Sanitation, Hygiene and Health Outcomes in Ghana / Charles Yaw Okyere." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-48542.
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Ritter, Rebecca Lyn. "Novel scale development to assess the role of sanitation access and use on household fecal contamination in Accra, Ghana." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2015. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3174.
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Diarrheal disease is one of the leading causes of mortality of children under 5 years of age. Despite this, diarrheal disease is easily preventable through adequate water, sanitation and hygiene. Sanitation access is currently classified as “improved” or “unimproved” based on level of latrine access. This does not account for differences in human behaviors, or differences in exposure risk. A sanitation score was built using behavioral and access data in order to better classify the sanitation environment of a household. Due to low levels of sanitation access and practice of open defecation in Ghana, households in four neighborhoods in Accra, Ghana were selected to participate in the data collection. Data was collected through a survey, environmental sanitary inspections and collection of hand rinse and environmental swab samples. These samples were then tested for fecal indicators, by measuring presence and concentration of E. coli and human Adenovirus. A novel sanitation score based on latrine access and use for each household was created. Hierarchical linear and logistic regression was used to compare the sanitation score to the environmental contamination as indicated by the E. coli and Adenovirus. Higher sanitation scores were significantly associated with increases in Adenovirus concentration (PR=1.6, 95%CI=1.1, 2.2). The sanitation score was not significantly associated with E. coli or presence of Adenovirus. Further development of a sanitation score variable could help to better understand sanitation environments.
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Hanyinda, Kelvin. "The availability and adequacy of water, sanitation and hygiene (wash) infrastructure in 13 mission hospitals in rural Zambia." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6939.
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Magister Public Health - MPHBackground and Rationale The World Health Organization (WHO) has shown that the provision of Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in Health Care Facilities (HCFs) of many low and middle-income countries is poor. This is compounded by the lack of national plans and consolidated data on WASH in HCFs. This study assessed the availability and adequacy of Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) infrastructure in 13 mission hospitals spanning 13 districts in Zambia. The objectives of this study were to identify the different kinds of WASH infrastructure available, and their adequacy, and factors influencing the status of WASH infrastructure and services in the selected hospitals. Methodology This study had a mixed methods design with semi-quantitative, descriptive and qualitative components. Assessments were conducted of the WASH infrastructure on the hospital property, and specifically in the male medical wards and outpatient facilities as two tracer areas, using a WHO checklist adapted and administered by the researcher. Checklist items were assigned scores (0=absent/bad to 2=on target/good) and total WASH scores for each facility compiled. For the qualitative component, individual semi-structured interviews using an interview guide were conducted, also by the researcher, with the facility managers and the head staff of the male medical wards. Results Overall coverage with an improved water source was reasonably good with 11 of the 13 hospitals reporting availability of improved water sources within the facilities. Hand washing basin coverage was similarly good. In contrast, coverage by well-functioning toilets was not as high, with 5 hospitals reporting toilets that were either broken, blocked, or having no running water and no toilet paper. Facility WASH scores varied from 22 (38%) to 57 (97%) out of a possible total of 58 points. Most of the Facility Managers indicated that the hospital WASH infrastructure was old, and with frequent breakdowns. This was worsened by lack of readily available spares and materials for repairing once there was a fault. Conclusion This study reveals an uneven coverage of WASH across facilities and elements, with poor sanitation a challenge across facilities. This is compounded by ongoing challenges in WASH infrastructure maintenance. Moving forward, there is need for government to develop a clear policy on WASH in HCFs. A national plan with resources and a monitoring framework need to be in place for streamlined support and tracking of progress by all stakeholders.
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Tsang, Hing-kwan, and 曾慶群. "A review of indices for building hygiene and community cleanliness in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45013263.
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Cantrell, Brittany L. "An Evaluation of a Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Program in Rural Communities Outside of Port-au-Prince, Haiti." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2013. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/286.
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Background: In 2010, a massive earthquake left the capitol Port-au-Prince in ruins and destroyed infrastructure providing electricity, piped clean water, and waste removal to the region. Water, sanitation, and hygiene intervention programs attempt to reduce the burden of water-related disease in earthquake-affected regions. However, there are few evaluations of these programs, especially following natural disasters.
Methods: Data provided by Samaritan’s Purse Canada’s WASH program were examined. The data set included a household (N=1198) and a latrine (N=167) survey that recorded household use of laundry pads, bath houses, hand-pumped drilled wells, health and hygiene education sessions, and latrines as well as demographic data. Data analysis was conducted in IBM SPSS Version 20.0. Descriptive statistics were computed, and statistical relationships were analyzed for 1.) Health and hygiene education session attendance and program outcomes and 2.) Household diarrheal disease and program interventions
Results: This study found that households attending any of four health and hygiene sessions were significantly more likely to use program-provided bath houses and hand-pumped wells (p<0.05). Attendance was also significantly associated with increased knowledge of diarrheal disease prevention and hand washing technique. Households using the program-provided hand pump reported lower rates of diarrhea in children under five years old.
Discussion: This study concluded that health and hygiene session attendance is positively associated with the utilization of program interventions. However, further improvements in data collection methodology are needed to fully understand the effects of this multi-intervention WASH program on target communities.
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Greene, Nicola. "Intra-annual variability in standards of water and sanitation in Upper Humla, Nepal : an investigation into the causes, importance and impact." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/16183.
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This study investigates the impact of seasonality on standards of water and sanitation in the mountainous district of Humla, Nepal. The research considers impact on two levels: community level access and service delivery. First of all, it examines annual variation in village level access to water and sanitation. Secondly, it looks at the wider picture of service delivery and considers how seasonal variations present opportunities and challenges for improvement in standards for water and sanitation. Three case studies from Humla are presented which illustrate village level access to water and sanitation over a calendar year. These case studies summarise the content of 45 semi-structured interviews, 9 focus group discussions and 9 months of observational work in the district. Variations in weather, village population, infrastructure functionality, and environmental conditions are found to influence the experienced levels of access to water and sanitation at any given time. The impact of seasonality on service delivery was investigated via 39 key informant interviews. Both climatic (e.g. weather) and non-climatic (e.g. budget timings) sources of seasonality are found to impact programme implementation. The mismatch of local seasonal calendars and those imposed by central hubs is found to cause particular difficultly in effective delivery of water and sanitation services. The findings of this research have theoretical, methodological and practical implications. Theoretically, it is suggested that a mountain community s level of access to water and sanitation varies considerably over the course of a calendar year to the point where it needs to be considered if on the ground standards are to be improved. Methodological guidance is provided detailing means of investigating seasonality and its impact on standards of water and sanitation in other scenarios. Practical suggestions focus on incorporating seasonality into assessments of access to water and sanitation and programme delivery in mountain communities.
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Meeks, Justin Vern. "Willingness-to-Pay for Maintenance and Improvements to Existing Sanitation Infrastructure: Assessing Community-Led Total Sanitation in Mopti, Mali." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4158.
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In recent years, much focus has been put on the sustainability of water and sanitation development projects. Experts in this field have found that many of the projects of the past have failed to achieve sustainability because of a lack of demand for water and sanitation interventions at a grassroots level. For years projects looked to create this demand through various subsidy schemes, with the "software" of behavior change and education taking a backseat to the "hardware" of infrastructure provision. Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) is a fairly new way of looking at the issues of increasing basic sanitation coverage, promoting good hygiene practices, and facilitating the change in behaviors that is necessary for a level of basic sanitation coverage to be sustained for any significant length of time. CLTS looks to get people to come to the realization that open defecation is dangerous, and that they have to power to stop this practice.
The purpose of this research study was to assess the water, sanitation, and hygiene situation on the ground in villages that through CLTS have achieved open defecation free (ODF) status in the Mopti region of Mali, West Africa. This assessment was done through a willingness-to-pay study, that showed how important sanitation infrastructure was in the daily lives of villagers in this region of Mali. This research study also examines any possible correlations between certain socioeconomic data and willingness-to-pay. A questionnaire was developed and completed with 95 household heads spread across 6 of the 21 ODF villages in the region.
The results of this research study show that the behavior change brought about by CLTS was sustained. Every household in the study had at least one latrine (total latrines = 186), or had access to a neighbor's latrine because theirs had recently collapsed. Of these latrines 82.3% were reported as meeting the Malian nation government requirements of basic sanitation. 89.3% of the observed latrines were built by the participant families themselves using predominately materials that could be found in or harvested from the local environment (e.g., mud, rocks, sticks). Fifty-three percent of the latrines were built completely free of cost, and of the 88 latrines that were paid for in part or in whole the average cost was about US $13.00. The majority of the participants (64.2%) in the research study reported making improvements and maintaining their latrines, clearly showing the importance of sanitation infrastructure in the 6 study villages. The average cost of this maintenance was about US $1.50.
Alongside of willingness-to-pay data, more qualitative data were collected on the relative importance of sanitation infrastructure in the daily lives of people in ODF villages in Mopti. This study found that on average throughout the 6 study villages, about 13% of discretionary funds are saved for or spent on maintenance and improvements to sanitation infrastructure on a monthly basis. When sanitation infrastructure investments were compared with other infrastructure and livelihood investments, on the average it was ranked 7th out of the possible 10. These data seem to indicate that future investment in sanitation infrastructure was not a high priority for the participants. This could be stem from the fact that many of the participants had not directly experienced the need for continued investments, because their original latrines were still functional.
The willingness-to-pay regression analysis produced very few statistically valid results. Only a few of the correlations found between willingness-to-pay data and socioeconomic characteristics of the sample were found to be statistically valid. For example, the correlation coefficient between willingness-to-pay for pit maintenance, including emptying when full or covering the pit with top soil, digging a new one, and reconstruction, and education level of the participants was about 1.2 and was statistically valid with a t-statistic of about 2.2. Indicating that the more educated a participant was, the more they would be willing to pay for pit maintenance. None of the overall regressions explained enough of the variability in willingness-to-pay data to be considered statistically valid. Regressions for two scenarios, constructing a cement slab as an improvement to an existing latrine and sealing/lining the pit on an existing latrine with cement, explained 10.3% and 10.4% of the variability in willingness-to-pay data respectively. However, this did not meet the minimum criteria of 15%. While the willingness-to-pay data would have been useful to study partners that are piloting a Sanitation Marketing program in Mali, the main research objective of assessing the CLTS intervention was still met.
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K, C. Sharda. "ROLE OF ECOLOGICAL SANITATION FOR IMPROVING LIVELIHOOD IN RURAL AREAS OF NEPAL." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/259761.
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Grimes, Jack Edwin Thomas. "An investigation into the roles of water, sanitation, and hygiene in the control of schistosomes and other helminths." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/44497.
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Schistosomes (primarily Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum) and soil-transmitted helminths (STHs: Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworms) are prevalent parasites in many tropical countries. Their life cycles suggest that water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) might reduce their transmission. However, this field has suffered from a lack of rigorous studies with sufficient statistical power. A systematic review and meta-analysis determined that people with access to safe water and adequate sanitation have significantly lower odds of schistosome infection, although there was a risk of socioeconomic confounding (that is, people of higher socioeconomic status having better WASH and being protected from infection for other reasons). A more qualitative review identified many sources of complexity and non-linearity between WASH exposures and schistosome infection outcomes. Next, in a survey in and around 30 schools in southern Ethiopia, children were tested for the parasites, and school-, household-, and child-level WASH facilities and practices were assessed. Child- and household-level sanitation risk factors were compared with hookworm infection (the other helminths being very rare), but no significant associations were found. Finally, a school-level WASH survey was integrated into an Ethiopian national mapping programme for schistosomes and STHs, and data were collected from 1,645 schools. School-level scores were constructed, reflecting exposure to potentially schistosome-infested water during the collection of water for school, and the adequacy of school sanitation and hygiene facilities. These were compared with school-level arithmetic mean infection intensities for S. mansoni and the STHs, using Kendall's τb. Statistically significant associations were found for water and S. mansoni, sanitation and A. lumbricoides, and hygiene and hookworm, suggesting that these are the WASH elements best suited to the control of the respective parasites.
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Cantrell, Brittany L. "An Evaluation of a Water, Sanitation, and Hygeine Program in Rural Communities Outside Port-Au-Prince, Haiti." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2013. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/260.
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Background: In 2010, a massive earthquake left the capitol Port-au-Prince in ruins and destroyed infrastructure providing electricity, piped clean water, and waste removal to the region. Water, sanitation, and hygiene intervention programs attempt to reduce the burden of water-related disease in earthquake-affected regions. However, there are few evaluations of these programs, especially following natural disasters.
Methods: Data provided by Samaritan’s Purse Canada’s WASH program were examined. The data set included a household (N=1198) and a latrine (N=167) survey that recorded household use of laundry pads, bath houses, hand-pumped drilled wells, health and hygiene education sessions, and latrines as well as demographic data. Data analysis was conducted in IBM SPSS Version 20.0. Descriptive statistics were computed, and statistical relationships were analyzed for 1.) Health and hygiene education session attendance and program outcomes and 2.) Household diarrheal disease and program interventions
Results:This study found that households attending any of four health and hygiene sessions were significantly more likely to use program-provided bath houses and hand-pumped wells (p
Discussion: This study concluded that health and hygiene session attendance is positively associated with the utilization of program interventions. However, further improvements in data collection methodology are needed to fully understand the effects of this multi-intervention WASH program on target communities.
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Mulondo, Michael. "Participatory action research approach to address the poor water, sanitation and hygiene conditions in an informal urban settlement in Windhoek, Namibia." University of Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7684.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDWater, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are fundamental to health and are regarded as a fundamental human right for survival, dignity, productivity, reproductive health and happiness. In low socio-economic communities and settings, especially those who are residing in informal urban settlements, where appropriate WASH interventions are not in place, the risks of mortality and morbidity from especially infectious disease are high. A participatory action research (PAR) study was conducted to address the poor WASH conditions in the Havana informal urban settlement in Windhoek, Namibia. The study comprises of four phases.
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Rosenberg, Anna Charlotta. "Overlooking Girls’ Wellbeing : The opportunity cost of education encountered by menstruating schoolgirls in Sub Saharan Africa." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-32254.
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Educating girls is advantageous for future livelihood security and socio economic development. Menstruating schoolgirls especially need to experience improved menstrual hygiene management (MHM) within schools in order to obtain quality education towards securing future as well as present wellbeing. This paper explores how menstruating schoolgirls’ opportunities are affected by insufficient water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities in schools within Sub-Saharan Africa. The required information has been gathered through a qualitative research method using scientifically based material on the situation of MHM in Sub-Saharan African schools as well as semi-structured questionnaires alongside my personal recollection of MHM. Focus has been given to the capabilities of menstruating schoolgirls under existing WASH facilities in schools analysed through the Capability Approach. Effects of poor MHM in schools are known to cause discomfort and poor constructive participation during lessons as well as decreased school attendance. A gender-based approach has also been examined which presents most schools as non-conducive towards girl’s education promotion.Utbildning är gynnsam för deras framtida försörjningsmöjligheter samt för socioekonomisk utveckling. Menstruerande skolflickor är mest utsatta under de otillräckliga sanitetsförhållanden som råder i flera skolor söder om Sahara. Den här rapporten utforskar skolflickors förmåga att sköta deras menshygien under skolvistelsen samt hur bristande sanitetsresurser påverkar flickornas framtida utsikter och akademiska kapacitet. Undersökningen är baserad på en kombination av kvalitativa metoder och material som vetenskapliga studier, en semistrukturerade enkätundersökning samt min egen erfarenhet av menshygien i skolor söder om Sahara. Fokus har tillägnats menstruerande skolflickors möjligheter att hantera deras mens i ohygieniska förhållanden genom att koppla detta till ”The Capability Approach”. Avsaknaden av fungerande sanitetsstrukturer försämrar skolflickors välmående vilket leder till nedsatt deltagande under lektioner samt minskad skolgång vid mens. En könsbaserad utgångspunkt har det också påvisat att skolorna är mindre anpassande för flickor.
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Hasan, Mohammad Monirul [Verfasser]. "Investment in health within the agriculture, water, sanitation and hygiene nexus for rural households in Bangladesh / Mohammad Monirul Hasan." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1160033870/34.
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Freeman, Matthew Charles. "The impact of a school-based water, sanitation and hygiene program on health and absenteeism of primary school children." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2011. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/682433/.
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This thesis describes research designed to quantify and describe the impact of improved access to school water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) access on pupils' helminth infection and diarrhoeal disease and absence from school. The research was undertaken as part of a five-year cluster-randomized trial in 185 public primary schools in Nyanza Province, Kenya that addressed school WASH impacts, knowledge diffusion, sustainability, and advocacy. One hundred eighty-five schools were randomly selected and assigned to five study arms to receive various water treatment, hygiene promotion, sanitation, and water supply improvements. All pupils at enrolled schools were dewormed at baseline and at two follow-up time pOints. A total of 11,458 pupils were interviewed over two years to compare rates of school absence, rates and intensity of reinfection with soil transmitted helminths, and risk of diarrhoeal disease. We found no overall impact of our school-based WASH intervention on pupil absence. However, a domain analysis revealed a substantial and significant reduction in absence for girls attending schools that received WASH improvements. Schools that received a hygiene promotion and water treatment (HP&WT) intervention showed statistically similar reductions to those that received HP&WT in addition to sanitation improvements. Gender-specific effects were also found for reduced reinfection of soiltransmitted helminth infection. Girls showed a significant decline in prevalence and intensity of infection with Ascaris lumbricoides, while boys showed reduced reinfection for Hookworm. Household WASH characteristics significantly modified the effect of the school-based intervention, revealing potential questions about exposure to fecal pathogens at home and at school. Schools that received HP&WT and those that received HP&WT plus sanitation improvements showed no reduction in diarrhoeal disease prevalence. However, schools allocated to the water "scarce" research group, which received water supply improvements in addition to HP&WT and sanitation, did show significant and substantial reductions in both prevalence and duration of diarrhoeal illness. While household-level WASH has been investigated extensively, this is the first comprehensive study to investigate the impact of improved WASH at schools. Overall, our results reveal the important role that school WASH can play in mitigating disease burden and lowering pupil absence. Additional research is necessary to fully explore these issues.
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Van, Wyk Renay. "A review of health and hygiene promotion as part of sanitation delivery programmes to informal settlements in the City of Cape Town." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/785.
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Thesis (MTech (Environmental Health))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2007Good sanitation includes appropriate health and hygiene promotion. This implies that proper health and hygiene promotion would have the desired effect as part of sanitation service delivery. However, lessons learnt worldwide show that in the promotion of health and hygiene, it is not enough simply to provide facilities, because if people do not use the available facilities properly, conditions do not improve or the system breaks down. The 1986 Ottawa Charter of the World Health Organisation suggests that effective health and hygiene promotion requires the following key elements: • the empowerment of local communities to take responsibility for promoting sanitation and environmental health • collaborative partnerships of role-players across departments • supportive policy environments. Against this background. the focus of this study is the extent to which health and hygiene promotion forms part of sanitation delivery programmes to informal settlements in the City of Cape Town. The investigation was confined to a comparative review of approaches to health and hygiene promotion in four case study sites (Khayelitsha, Joe Slovo, Kayamandi and Imizamu Yetho) in the context of the following criteria: • Community and household capacity to take responsibility for community-based health and hygiene promotion • Role-players and collaborative partnerships across departments • Implementation of health and hygiene promotion and alignment with national policy. Analysis of the case studies highlights the ineffectiveness of once-off awareness campaigns and the need for a more comprehensive approach to health and hygiene promotion in line with the Ottawa Charter. The push towards universal coverage of basic sanitation services will not bring the intended health benefits of delivery if, for instance, the provision of toilets is not complemented by appropriate health and hygiene promotion programmes.
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Siu, Wing-ho Joseph. "The privatization of food and environmental hygiene services in Hong Kong : an evaluation and future prospects /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23294930.
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Gleaton, Arlyn Nathalia. "Perceptions of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions in Select Communities in Central America. Recommendations to Explore the Issue of Sustainability." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/243.
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Background: Estimations from the Joint Monitoring program for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP, 2012) reveal that “less than five percent of water and sanitation interventions are revisited once they have been completed and less than one percent are monitored over the long term”. Since 2000, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) has been working with the American Red Cross (ARC) to evaluate the long-term sustainability of post-disaster water, sanitation and hygiene interventions (WASH) provided in Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador. Sustainability assessments were conducted in 2006, 2009 and most recently in 2012. In the 2012 evaluation, a qualitative approached was included to extent the results obtained from quantitative surveys through an exploration of individual perceptions and current practices. Methodology: Key-informant interviews were conducted with the heads of household in 15 communities purposively selected. All interviews were recorded, transcribed, coded and analyzed using the computer assisted qualitative data analysis software MAXQDA10
Results: Interviewees discussed issues related to the quality, safety and adequacy of the water and sanitation infrastructure and hygiene education sessions received. Issues of corruption in the water committees and delayed repair of damaged infrastructure resulting in erratic service were frequently reported. In addition, lack of financial support, community engagement, and equity were identified by heads of household as major limitations to sustain and improve WASH interventions.
Conclusions: This exploration provides valuable information to further examine the factors driving people’s adoption of hygienic practices and maintenance of water and sanitation facilities in the Central American region.
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Giné, Garriga Ricard. "Monitoring water, sanitation and hygiene services : developing tools and methods to measure sustainable acces and practice at the local level." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/334692.
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Water and sanitation improvements together with good hygiene (WaSH) have well-known positive impacts on human development and poverty alleviation. However, universal access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation remains a huge challenge in many low income countries, where vast numbers of people lack these basic services. To help end this appalling state of affairs, the Millennium Development Goals and other international initiatives have been launched to reduce the proportion of underserved people. These efforts, however, have been hampered by the lack of meaningful indicators to measure coverage and to establish progress towards the goals and targets set out by the international community. From an institutional viewpoint, the competences for many sector-related responsibilities have been delegated to lower administrative levels of government. It has come to be widely accepted that such decentralization process can help to reduce poverty because local governments are assumed to be more knowledgeable about and responsive to the needs of the poor. The sector also calls for greater transparency and accountability. In all, local decision-makers are being increasingly challenged by the need to take informed decisions and give an objective account of their actions, which rely crucially on adequate monitoring and reporting systems. Amongst others, available data may be employed to i) measure progress and performance; ii) improve transparency in budgetary procedures; and iii) allocate resources to deliver services where they are most needed. Today, reliable information on key WaSH-related variables at the local level is often missing, but even when it is available, the uptake and usage of such data by policymakers is, at best, challenging. Limited capacity of recipient governmental bodies, an inadequate monitoring and reporting framework, and lack of data updating mechanisms are common reasons that hamper an adequate appropriation and continued use of the data for planning and monitoring purposes.
In an effort to address the shortcomings cited above, this thesis discusses methodologies for routine data collection and develops tools and processes to support local planning. In doing so, it covers the monitoring cycle of data collection, data analysis and data dissemination. In Chapter 1, an improved approach for data collection is presented. It combines two different information sources: the water point and the household, and thus provides a more complete picture of the context in which the services are delivered. Chapter 2 reviews four different approaches that are commonly adopted for monitoring purposes: i) health impact indicators; ii) the Joint Monitoring Programme; iii) one multidimensional, water-focused composite indicator; and iv) easy-to-use planning indices designed locally on an ad hoc basis. From a policy-making perspective the usefulness of outcomes produced by each approach is discussed. Chapter 3 introduces a variety of policy tools that may be used to promote decision-making: i) composite indices; ii) a small set of simple thematic indicators; and iii) object oriented Bayesian networks (ooBn). Chapter 4 presents different alternatives to enhance data interpretation and disemination, which is crucial to promote evidence-based and equity-oriented planning. Overall, results indicate that accurate and comprehensive data, if adequately collected, exploited and visualized through simple instruments, can serve as the basis for effective targeting and prioritization, both central to sector planning. The actual application and implementation of the proposed monitoring and reporting tools and processes in the real world, however, is to a certain extent elusive; and this has been pointed out as a major weakness of this research. Two specific challenges that remain unaddressed, namely the upgrading of decision support systems, and the design of data updating mechanisms, suggest the way forward.Assegurar l'accés a l'aigua, promoure la higiene i facilitar l'accés al sanejament ajuda a prevenir la transmissió de malalties relacionades amb una deficient provisió d’aquests serveis i reduir el risc d'epidèmies. No obstant, l'accés universal a l'aigua potable i als serveis bàsics de sanejament segueix sent un enorme desafiament en molts països en vies de desenvolupament, on un gran nombre de persones continuen sense tenir cobertes unes necessitats bàsiques. En aquest context, el sector ha vist com es posaven en marxa vàries iniciatives, com els Objectius de Desenvolupament del Mil·lenni, per tal de reduir la proporció de persones desateses. Aquests esforços, però, s'han vist obstaculitzats per la falta d'indicadors fiables alhora d’avaluar el nivell de cobertura i de mesurar els avenços envers les metes i els objectius establerts per la comunitat internacional. En els darrers anys, les competències sectorials s'han delegat a les administracions locals, sota el supòsit de que els processos de descentralització ajudarien a reduir la pobresa en base a un millor coneixement, per part de les autoritats locals, sobre les necessitats reals de la població. Així mateix, també ha anat creixent la demanda de més transparència i una millor rendició de comptes. Per tots aquests motius, cada vegada s’ha anat qüestionant més el fet de que els processos de presa de decisió no es fonamentin en informació actualitzada i basada en evidències, i no depenguin per tant d’un marc adequat que permeti el correcte seguiment, avaluació i la presentació periòdica d'informes. Entre altres coses, la informació disponible s’hauria de poder utilitzar per i) mesurar els avenços i el progrés assolit; ii) millorar la transparència i el control pressupostari; i iii) assignar els recursos disponibles de manera equitativa. Dissortadament, la informació sobre el sector és generalment escassa, però fins i tot quan és accessible, el seu ús per part dels governants és limitat. Amb la voluntat d’abordar aquest accés i ús deficient de la informació, aquesta tesi desenvolupa eines i processos per donar suport a la planificació local dels servies d’aigua i sanejament. En síntesi, es pretén cobrir tot el cicle de la informació, que integra la recollida, l’anàlisi i la seva posterior difusió. En el capítol 1 es presenta una metodologia millorada per a la recopilació de dades. Aquesta combina dues fonts d'informació: el punt d'aigua i la llar; i en conseqüència proporciona una visió més completa del context en què es proveeixen els serveis. El Capítol 2 presenta quatre enfocaments diferents a l’hora d’avaluar el nivell de servei: i) indicadors d'impacte sobre la salut; ii) el Programa Conjunt de Seguiment de la OMS i UNICEF; iii) un indicador agregat multidimensional; i iv) una bateria d’índexs de planificació dissenyats ad hoc per respondre a les necessitats locals. Es discuteix la utilitat de cada alternativa i la seva pertinença des d’una òptica de política pública. El Capítol 3 introdueix varis instruments dissenyats per a promoure la presa de decisions: i) índexs agregats; ii) indicadors temàtics senzills; i iii) les xarxes bayesianes. El Capítol 4 presenta diferents alternatives per millorar la interpretació i disseminació de la informació, que esdevenen activitats necessàries per a promoure una planificació basada en l'evidència i orientada a l'equitat. Per concloure, els resultats indiquen que l’accés a la informació, si aquesta es compila correctament, s’explota i es visualitza a través d’instruments i processos senzills, pot revertir en una correcta priorització d’accions i de grups beneficiaris i, per tant, millorar la planificació sectorial. És cert, però, que l'aplicació real i la posada en pràctica d’aquestes eines i processos no és en cap cas trivial. Es plantegen, en aquest sentit, dos reptes que suggereixen el camí a seguir: la millora dels sistemes de suport a les decisions i el disseny de mecanismes adequats per a l'actualització de dades.
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Pear, Suzanne Marie 1948. "Nurses' self-report of universal precautions use and observed compliance." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277173.
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A descriptive correlational study was conducted to develop and test a Universal Precautions (UP) Scale designed to monitor nurses' compliance with the practice of universal precautions in the hospital setting. Subscales of the Universal Precautions Scale included barrier precautions usage, personal carefulness factors and handwashing. Nurses (n = 59) working in special care units completed the demographic survey, the UP scale, and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Concurrent validity was investigated by observing handwashing behavior of a subgroup (n = 34) of those nurses surveyed. Self-report of handwashing frequency did not correlate with observed handwashing frequency, although observed handwashing adequacy did relate with self-reported handwashing adequacy and personal carefulness factors. The UP scale, as constructed, was not related to the handwashing behavior, one behavioral indicator of use of universal precautions, but has demonstrated a potential for further refinement and testing.
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Abad, Tent Pau. "The use of video to communicate water, sanitation and hygiene in Haiti: A comparison between SAWBO, GHMP and UNESCO’s cholera prevention initiatives." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23457.
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Health communication campaigns in developing countries can take many different forms and make use of a wide range of communication tools. One of these tools are multimedia resources such as videos. Initiatives like the Scientific Animations Without Borders (SAWBO) or the Global Health Media Project (GHMP) have been created for the only purpose of developing videos adapted to different cultures and languages in order to tackle a variety of health issues relevant to developing countries. The present study pretends to focus on the use of such videos for water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) behavior in the context of cholera epidemic which hit Haiti in late 2010. By using comparative research procedures, three videos have been selected for content analysis from three different institutions: SAWBO, GHMP, and UNESCO Haiti. The results from this analysis served as guidelines for further survey analysis carried out through field questionnaires to a sample of the video’s target audience, that is, Haitian children aged from about 10 to 13 years old. The purpose of the study was to understand and compare the impact and effectiveness of these resources in transmitting disease prevention practices to the target audience. The results indicate that the videos usually coincided in the issues to inform about cholera, but differed in most of the features portrayed within the issues. Moreover, responses to the questionnaires reflected that the messages portrayed were only retained by an average half of the participants, with more or less success depending on the topic.
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Gore, Fiona. "Assessing the evidence for applying burden of disease methods, with a specific focus on unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene in developing countries." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2015. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/807440/.
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INTRODUCTION Health data in low- and middle-income countries are often inconsistent and of poor quality, or simply non-existent. This impedes the ability of countries themselves and the international community to arrive at a precise understanding of national burden of disease patterns. The sophisticated statistical modeling and projection methods used internationally to compensate for missing country data cannot provide more than ‘best estimates,’ with no possibility of verifying their outputs. The result is continuing unnecessary morbidity and mortality, often in children under five years of age, as data deficiency translates into insufficient information to guide policy and technical interventions, and to enable prioritization in resource dissemination. This research therefore aims to assess the quality and quantity of data available at country level for the purpose of estimating the burden of disease. It highlights the frequently weak and fragmented nature of what data is present, together with capacity deficiencies at both institutional and individual level to gather, analyse and interpret health and related data. A particular focus is placed on assessing the burden of disease attributable to environmental risk factors, specifically for unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene, together with those elements of malnutrition deriving directly from these factors. Combining these two sets of risk factors to derive estimates of their burden of disease at country level is a new approach and not yet undertaken by countries. METHODS Case-study is the central method used. Two country cases (Uganda and Mozambique) were selected by convenience sampling as WHO missions on related topics were taking place at this time. Detailed information on institutional and individual data understanding and capacity was obtained through semi-structured interviews. Extensive evaluation or assessment of existing data and internationally applied methodologies has also been carried out to demonstrate the extent and impact of the present data weakness and paucity that form the rationale for carrying out this work. Other cases have been used to demonstrate the synthesis of water, sanitation and hygiene statistics and methods with those of malnutrition. RESULTS Enabling a move from globally generated estimates based on limited national data in which country users have little confidence, to better quality and reliable statistics based on stronger national data is the root of this study. Having clarified the health impacts of data deficiency, its principal contribution is the development and testing of a tool to overcome these deficiencies, offering country users a way to radically improve their national data systems. A prototype National Burden of Disease (NBD) Toolkit had earlier been developed by WHO but had operational weaknesses and hence poor uptake by countries. Moving from problem analysis to problem solving, this study has devised a method of linking the various spreadsheets comprising the NBD, creating a logical, simplified, and systematic interface between its elements and thereby making it easier and more appealing to the user. The tool, with its user-friendly interface, can thus now become a suitable support to national-level burden of disease estimation work, and contribute to creating further awareness of the value of timely data and their role in health development. DISCUSSION The present scope of work with the tool and interface fills a pressing gap, yet is limited. Further testing in a wider range of countries in different geographic regions is needed. Nonetheless, the initial results and growing uptake give confidence that this and similar future approaches will fall on fertile ground. As country-level institutions become more accustomed to using tools of this kind to fill long-standing data gaps and quality issues, it can be anticipated that they will feel greater confidence in their own data, reduced reliance on internationally-generated estimates and projections that are frequently not well understood, and an increased sense of ownership over the national process. CONCLUSION Greater capacity and confidence in the domain of data management will feed directly into health research and improvements in health planning and interventions. Key among these are improvements in access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene – an area in which data are notoriously elusive. As the world now moves towards a revised global framework for development goals and targets after 2015, a stronger and more effective evidence base is more critical than ever.
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Sours, Patrick J. "Maji Marwa: Rainwater Harvesting Initiative." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1563367729255742.
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Manaka, Ngoanamoshala Maria. "How an eco-school sanitation community of practice fosters action competence for sanitation management in a rural school : the case of Ramashobohle High School Eco-Schools Community of Practice in Mankweng circuit Polokwane Municipality Capricorn district in Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007319.
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Providing adequate sanitation facilities for the poor remains one of the major challenges in all developing countries. In South Africa, an estimated 11,7% of the schools are without sanitation. The South African government has a constitutional responsibility to ensure that all South Africans have access to adequate sanitation. When sanitation systems fail, or are inadequate, the impact of the health of the community, on the health of others and the negative impact on the environment can be extremely serious. In rural South African schools, many Enviro-Ioo toilets are available today. They are designed to suit a variety of water scarce areas and where there is a high risk of contamination of ground water resources. It is important to realize that any Enviro-Ioo system programme requires an education programme to ensure that the principles of use and maintenance are clearly understood by the user group. Their maintenance requires more responsibility and commitment by users. This study is an interpretive case study that indicates how sanitation in a rural Ramashobohle High School in Polokwane municipality was managed through an EcoSchools Sanitation Community of Practice, and how this developed action competence for sanitation management in the school. The study established that the earlier practice and knowledge of the Ramashobohle Eco-Schools community of practice exercised in maintaining Enviro-Ioo systems was inadequate; unhealthy and unsafe according to the data generated through focus group interviews, observations, interviews, action plan, workshops and reflection interviews. The data generated also indicates that the Eco-Schools community of practice was not committed to maintaining sanitation in their school because they were not sharing sanitation knowledge; they were not communicating and not updating one another concerning Enviro-Ioo systems maintenance as they had no adequate knowledge as to how to maintain the facilities; and the school management was also not supportive and was not taking responsibility. The study shows how this situation was turned around as an Eco-Schools Sanitation Community of Practice focussed on developing action competence in the school community. It provides a case based example of how knowledge and action competence, supported by an Eco-Schools Community of Practice, can find and implement solutions to inadequate sanitation management practices in rural schools, and shows how members of the school community can be engaged in learning how to manage and maintain school sanitation systems through a participatory process that develops action competence. The study points to important dimensions of developing action competence, such as providing knowledge and demonstrations, inviting experts to the school, involving learners in observations and monitoring and in ensuring that adequate facilities are available. In particular, a workshop conducted by Enviro-Ioo consultants, organised and supported by the Eco-Schools Sanitation COP, together with a follow up action plan, provided the main impetus for changes in practice in the school and served to support action competence development. Finally the study provides research findings and recommendations for further research.
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Travers, Anyess R. "A Systematic Review Examining the Added Value of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Interventions for Preventive Chemotherapy Programs on Reducing the Prevalence of Trachoma." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/156.
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BACKGROUND: Trachoma is a leading cause of avoidable blindness. Currently, trachoma is endemic in 57 countries, infects approximately 84 million people globally, and continues to threaten over 10 % of the world’s population with the risk of blindness. Caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis, blindness due to trachoma is caused by repeated eye infection resulting in the inflammation of the upper eyelid eventually leading the upper lid to pull inward scratching and tearing the cornea causing it to become opaque resulting in loss of vision. The World Health Organization recommends eliminating trachoma as a public health problem using the SAFE strategy: Surgery, Antibiotic, Face washing and Environmental control.
OBJECTIVES: This review examined the benefits of the added value of water, sanitation, and hygiene education interventions on preventive mass drug administration for trachoma.
METHODS: Trials were identified from MEDLINE, PubMed, and LISTA EBSCO databases using a series of search terms. No restrictions were put on study date, location, design, or language of publication. The abstracts were examined from each of the searches, and any abstract describing risk factors, survey results of mass drug administration (MDA), or providing a general overview of trachoma were automatically discarded. Full text of papers including the combined use of key words including SAFE, WASH, intervention, impact, added value, MDA, azithromycin/ Zithromax® were obtained for review. Twelve full texts articles were retrieved all relevant information were placed in a standardized data extraction form.
MAIN RESULTS: Three studies met the complete criteria for inclusion. All studies found a significant change in reduction of active trachoma prevalence. One study focused on the added benefit of antibiotic and environmental components on hygiene education delivered by radio. Another trial compared two villages; the control community performed MDA and the surgery while the intervention village added the F and E components. The final study as well focused the added benefit of ‘F’ and ‘E’ on ‘A’. Two of the three studies found this reduction was from the added benefit of face washing ‘F’ and environmental control ‘E’ to antibiotic use.
CONCLUSIONS: In order to eliminate blinding trachoma as a public health problem, recurrence of the active form of the disease must be interrupted before repeated scarring leads to trichiasis. The antibiotic component of the SAFE strategy is a quick fix to the immediate problem. The ‘F’ and ‘E’ components are the more sustainable interventions, yet little research has been done on the actual amount of added value the individual ‘A’‘F’&’E’ components have to one another. After thorough review of the articles, articles were found which documented the ‘F’ and ‘E’ components provide significant value to the overall decrease of prevalence of active. However, the limited results of the search suggest more research can better elucidate the ability of the ‘F’ and ‘E’ components to reduce trachoma prevalence and ultimately impact blinding.
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Tayea, Alia A. "An integrated approach to assessing the public health impacts of NGO water, sanitation and hygiene programmes in rural communities : a case study from southern Malawi." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2010. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=13255.
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Gioia, Ismael. "Levantamento eco-parasitológico da população residente na fazenda Intervales, SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 1995. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6134/tde-01022018-172739/.
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Um levantamento parasitológico foi realizado na Fazenda Intervales e arredores, área de proteção ambiental de Mata Atlântica do Sul do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram realizados exames de fezes em 393 indivíduos (funcionários e familiares) e colhidas 92 amostras de solo de 73 de suas residências. Os exames revelaram 285 indivíduos portadores (72,5 por cento ) dos seguintes parasitas e comensais: 169 (59,3 por cento ) de T. trichiurus, 149 (52,3 por cento ) de A. lumbricoides, 94 (32,9 por cento ) de E. nana, 68 (23,9 por cento ) de E. histolytica, 64 (22,5 por cento ) de E. co/i, 49 (17,2 por cento ) de G. /amblia, 40 (14,0 por cento ) de Ancilostomídeos, 25 (8,8 por cento ) de S. stercoralis, 18 (6,3 por cento ) de/. biitschlii, 4 (1,4 por cento ) de E. t:ennicu/aris, 2 (0,7 por cento ) de C. mesnili e 1 (0,4 por cento ) de H. nana. O poliparasitismo foi freqüente, com média de 2,3 parasitas por indivíduo. O número de ovos por grama de fezes variou de 10,5 a 9.520,0 ovos de T. trichiums e entre 42,0 a 17.997 ovos de A. lumbricoides. O solo apresentou por grama, em média, 0,410 (0,053 - 1,048) ovos de A. lumbricoides, 0,375 (0,046 - 1,805) ovos de T. trichiums, 0,324 (0,029 - 1,333) ovos de Toxocara sp. e 0,495 (0,029- 1,805) ovos de helmintos de animais. Não se observou diferença significativa de parasitismo entre os sexos e a escolaridade dos parasitados. Os jovens entre 7 e 18 anos, de ambos os sexos, apresentaram maior positividade, que foi superior a 50 por cento em todas as faixas etárias. Os habitantes das regiões mais distantes da região da Sede, ao lado daqueles que habitavam regiões não pertencentes à Fazenda Intervales, mostraram estar significativamente mais parasitados, especialmente quando suas residências não possuíam energia elétrica, eram de madeira ou barro, depositavam fezes no mato, utilizavam-se de águas de rio contaminadas com águas servidas e enterravam ou jogavam o lixo doméstico nos rios. Os moradores das áreas urbanas e da Sede, com melhores condições sanitárias e qualidade de vída, apresentaram-se menos parasitados. A comunidade mostrou alguns conhecimentos, que necessitam revisão, sobre os parasitas e suas formas de contágio e profilaxia, e ainda respeita a benzedeira e a medicina caseira, ao mesmo tempo que visita o médico e posto de saúde. Os resultados parasitológicos observados concordam, em linhas gerais, com aqueles obtidos em outras áreas rurais brasileiras. Merecem, no entanto, atenção imediata, por terem sido verificados em área de proteção ambiental. Além do tratamento, a melhoria da qualidade de vida da comunidade, aliada à disseminação de conceitos corretos de saúde ambiental e higiene, contribuirão para á diminuição das prevalências.A parasitological survey has been developed in Fazenda Intervales and surroundings, an Atlantic Forest environmental protection area in South of São Paulo State, Brazil. Stool examination o f 393 individuais (farmworkers and families) and 92 soil samples of 73 houses were carried out. The faecal analysis showed 285 individuais (72,5 per cent ) with the following parasites and comensais: 169 (59,3 per cent ) of T. trichiurus, 149 (52,3 per cent ) of A. lumbricoides, 94 (32,9 per cent ) of E. nana, 68 (23,9 per cent ) of E. histolytica, 64 (22,5 per cent ) of E.coli, 49 (17,2 per cent ) ofG. lamblia, 40 (14,0 per cent ) of hookworm, 25 (8,8 per cent ) of S. stercoralis, 18 (6,3 per cent ) of /. biilschlii, 4 (1,4 per cent ) of E. vermicularis, 2 (0,7 per cent ) of C. mesnili and l (0,4 per cent ) of H. nana. The poliparasitism was common with average of 2.3 parasites per person. The number of eggs per gram of stool reachs 10,5 to 9.520,0 eggs of T. trichiums and 42,0 to 17.997 eggs of A. lumbricoides. The soil samples showed mean of 0,410 (0,053 - 1,048) eggs of A. lumbricoides, 0,315 (0,046 - 1,805) eggs of T. trichiums, 0,324 (0,029 - 1,333) eggs of Toxocara sp. and 0,495 (0,029 - 1,805) eggs of animal helminths. No significant parasitism between sexes and educationallevel was observed. Young between 7 and 18 years old, both sexes, were more parasitized and the positivity was greater than 50 per cent in all age groups. The inhabitants of the faraway regions from Sede, with the outside inhabitants nearest Sede, showed significantly greater parasitism, specially when their houses do not have electric power and were constructed with wood or clay, the people defaecate in forest, use contamined river waters and cover up or throw out domestic garbage. The inhabitants of the urban areas and from Sede, with better sanitary conditions and life quality, showed smaller parasitism. The community reveals some knowledge about the parasites, their contamination routes and profilaxy which needs revision, but yet considers faith healer and home made medicine at the same time that goes to doctor and health care house. The parasitological results are similar to that observed in other brazilian rural areas. However quick attention must be paid because the results were obtained in environmental proctetion area. The treatment must be followed by the increasing of community life quality and dissemination of environmental health and hygiene true concepts, which will contribute to the reduction ofthe prevalences.
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Manona, Wellman Wela. "Impact of health, water and sanitation services on improving the quality of life of poor communities." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49987.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Good health is a major imperative for social, economic and personal development, thus an important dimension of quality of life. Quality of life, in turn, is significantly influenced by access to the goods and services provided by the State. Access to infrastructure and services such as water and sanitation, has direct effects on health. Thus, the delivery of health, water and sanitation services should ensure improved access to basic needs, enhance the health profile of poor communities and their access to employment opportunities. Safe clean water supplies and adequate sanitation services therefore are among the major determinants of health. Health-related services such as water and sanitation should ensure a certain average life expectancy and eliminate mass disease and ill health. Mindful of the fact that there are many factors that determine the quality of life, the aim of the study was to investigate the impact of health, water and sanitation services in improving the quality of life among poor communities. To do this, this study adopted a comparative qualitative analysis approach between poorly serviced and adequately serviced areas. Subsequent to the findings, this study espouses constructive suggestions and recommendations that could act as guidance to community development agencies' strategies in amelioration of the quality of life among poverty-stricken communities. The research was based on a narrow model of services (health, water and sanitation services) that have impact on improving the quality of life among poor communities. The empirical findings of this study indicate these services to be insufficient to draw conclusive findings in other aspects of the survey. The research was conducted in a sample of 573 households in 6 communities in the Eastern Cape and Western Cape Provinces in South Africa. The sample comprised 3 communities in the category classified as poorly serviced with health, water and sanitation services, and 3 communities that were regarded as adequately provided with these services. The data was gathered by means of structured questionnaires, administered by the researcher with the assistance of a trained field worker. Additional, the data was gathered by means of a semi-structured, open-ended interview with a Sister-in-Charge of a clinic in the rural villages. The interaction between variables on the improvement of the quality of life were explored by means of basic statistics, which made it possible to assess the effects of independent and dependent variables. The results of data analysis provided support for the proposition contained in the premise of the study that although the provision of health, safe clean water and adequate sanitation services lead to improvement in the standard of living, their impact alone does not incorporate all the attributes that enhance quality of life as suggested by mainstream schools of thought in the health sector. Poverty-related factors also have to be taken into account. As such, the findings of this study have shown that poverty, combined with poor public health conditions, inadequate nutrition, overcrowded poor quality housing, lack of accessible drinking water and sanitation, renders communities vulnerable to ill health. Given the poor socio-economic conditions prevalent in the communities under investigation, it was not surprising that tuberculosis was most prevalent in all areas. In line with the premise of this study, there were instances that povertyrelated factors such as income, housing and nutrition had significant influences with regard to improvement in the quality of life. It became evident therefore that in certain instances, health, water, and sanitation services alone are not sufficient to make conclusive findings. Thus, the impact of povertyrelated factors such as income, housing and nutrition necessitate expansion of factors that impact on the quality of life to include their influence.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Goeie gesondheid is 'n belangrike vereiste vir sosiale, ekonomiese en persoonlike ontwikkeling, en dus ook 'n wesenlike aspek van 'n goeie lewensgehalte. Toegang tot goedere en dienste wat deur die staat voorsien word, het ook 'n beduidende invloed op lewensgehalte. Boonop het die toegang tot infrastruktuur en dienste soos water en sanitasie 'n direkte invloed op gesondheid. Die lewering van gesondheids, water- en sanitasiedienste verseker dus die bevrediging van basiese behoeftes, onderwyl arm gemeenskappe se gesondheidsprofiel en daarmee saam hul toegang tot werksgeleenthede verbeter word. Toegang tot veilige en skoon waterbronne en voldoende sanitasiedienste is gevolglik van die belangrikste gesondheidsbepalers. Gesondheidsverwante dienste soos water en sanitasie verseker 'n sekere gemiddelde lewensverwagting, en verminder die moontlikheid van wydverspreide siektetoestande. Met inagneming van die feit dat lewensgehalte deur talle faktore beïnvloed kan word, was die doel van hierdie studie om ondersoek in te stel na die invloed van gesondheids, water- en sanitasiedienste op die verbetering van lewensgehalte in arm gemeenskappe. Gevolglik is 'n vergelykende analise tussen areas met swak dienslewering en areas met bevredigende dienslewering uitgevoer. Op grond van die bevindinge word sekere voorstelle en aanbevelings gemaak wat kan dien as riglyne vir ontwikkelingsagentskappe ter bevordering van die lewensgehalte in arm gemeenskappe. Die navorsing was gegrond op 'n beperkte model van dienste (gesondheids, water- en sanitasiedienste) wat die verbetering van lewensgehalte in arm gemeenskappe beïnvloed. Die empiriese bevindinge van die studie toon aan dat hierdie dienste onvoldoende is om as basis te dien vir beslissende uitsprake oor ander aspekte van die opname. Die studie het 'n steekproef van 573 huishoudings in 6 gemeenskappe in die provinsies van die Oos-Kaap en Wes-Kaap in Suid-Afrika ingesluit. Die steekproef het bestaan uit 3 gemeenskappe met swak gesondheids, water en sanitasiedienste, en 3 gemeenskappe waar sulke dienste op 'n bevredigende vlak voorsien word. 'n Gestruktureerde vraelys is gebruik om die navorsingsinligting in te samel, wat deur die navorser en 'n opgeleide veldwerker toegedien is. Bykomende inligting is bekom deur 'n semigestruktureerde onderhoud met die verpleeghoof van 'n kliniek in 'n landelike gemeenskap. Die invloed van die verskillende veranderlikes op lewensgehalte is deur middel van basiese statistiese analise geëvalueer. Die resultate van die data-analise verleen 'n mate van steun vir die premis van die studie dat hoewel die voorsiening van gesondheid, veilige, skoon water en voldoende sanitasie tot 'n beter lewenstandaard kan lei, die uitwerking daarvan as sodanig nie alle vereistes insluit vir 'n beter lewenstaard nie, soos voorgestaan deur hoofstroom denkskole in die gesondheidsektor. Faktore wat met armoede verband hou moet ook in ag geneem word. Die studie se bevindinge dui dus daarop dat armoede, tesame met swak openbare gesondheidstoestande, onvoldoende voeding, gebrekkige behuising en swak water- en sanitasiegeriewe gemeenskappe meer kwesbaar maak. Weens die swak sosio-ekonomiese toestande in die gemeenskappe in die steekproef, is gevind dat tuberkulose wydverspreid voorkom. Alhoewel die studie se hipotese met betrekking tot verskeie aspekte bevestig is, was daar ook gevalle waar armoede-verwante faktore soos inkomste, behuising en voeding 'n beduidende rol gespeel het. Dit het dus geblyk dat gesondheids, water- en sanitasiedienste nie in alle gevalle voldoende is om swak lewensgehalte te verklaar nie. Dus sal die faktore wat op lewens kwaliteit 'n impak maak, uitgebrei moet word om vir die invloed van armoede-verwante faktore soos inkomste, behuising en voeding voorsiening te maak.
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Siu, Wing-ho Joseph, and 蕭永豪. "The privatization of food and environmental hygiene services in Hong Kong: an evaluation and future prospects." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31966640.
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Lombard-Latune, Rémi. "Innover pour les services d’assainissement en zone tropicale : approche technique par filtres plantés de végétaux et accompagnement par modélisation participative." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1035/document.
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Les Objectifs de Développement Durable visent d'ici 2030 un « accès pour tous à des services d'assainissement et d'hygiène adéquats, en mettant fin à la défécation à l'air libre ». Un service d'assainissement peut-être défini par ses composantes techniques et sociales, et leurs interactions. Dans l'optique de proposer des pistes d'améliorations des services d'assainissement en zone tropicale, les travaux de cette thèse ont porté à la fois sur des infrastructures de traitement et sur l'implication de l'ensemble des acteurs dans la définition du service. L'analyse croisée des contextes des départements d'outre-mer (DOM) français et du Sénégal a permis d'identifier des contraintes qui pèsent sur le secteur de l'assainissement en zone tropicale. Du point de vue des infrastructures de traitement, ces contraintes nous ont amenées à proposer des procédés issus de la famille des Filtres Plantés de Végétaux (FPV) comme solutions à priori pertinentes. Cette thèse présente leurs adaptations à la zone tropicale, en détaillant les choix retenus pour le dimensionnement, la conception des filtres et le choix des végétaux. Une centaine de campagnes de suivi ont été réalisées sur 7 stations pilotes en tailles réelles, à travers les 5 DOM. Les résultats montrent que malgré une plus grande compacité, le dimensionnement proposé permet de conserver des niveaux de traitement au moins comparables à ceux observés en climat tempéré. Compte tenu des contraintes climatiques et organisationnelles en milieu tropical, une analyse de leur résilience à des perturbations et de leur fiabilité de traitement a été réalisée par une étude statistique sur les données produites par l'autosurveillance réglementaire. Elle montre que les FPV sont également plus fiables que les procédés de traitement conventionnel les plus répandus pour les petites collectivités. Ce qui s'explique à la fois par la barrière physique que représente ces procédés de cultures fixées sur support fin ainsi que par des besoins en entretien plus réduits. Le deuxième axe de recherche part du constat d'un manque de concertation entre acteurs au moment de la planification de l'assainissement, étape qui préside à la construction du système d'assainissement. En particulier, les utilisateurs, leurs besoins et leurs contraintes sont très peu et mal pris en compte. La modélisation d'accompagnement pourrait permettre de créer à la fois un support (le modèle) permettant de discuter des choix techniques et de leurs conséquences, ainsi que le cadre dans lequel les différents acteurs pourraient échanger leurs points de vue et trouver un consensus soutenable. Un processus de modélisation d'accompagnement a été conçu et mis en place sur la planification de l'assainissement dans 2 zones (urbaine et rurale) du Sénégal. Il nécessitait, pour proposer des scénarios viables, d'intégrer une part non négligeable de connaissances expertes. Centré sur les populations, ce processus a permis la création d'un premier modèle générique sur l'accès à l'assainissement qui prend la forme d'un jeu de rôle. La pertinence de tels outils dans la caractérisation des besoins des usagers a été évaluée. Par ailleurs, l'attention a été portée sur l'acceptation par les usagers du service proposé et sa traduction en volonté de contributionSustainable Develoment Goals aim by 2030, to « achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation », by « using safely managed sanitation services ». Sanitation service can be defined by its technical and social components, and their interactions. This thesis focuses on both treatment infrastructures and involvement of all the stakeholders into service definition. Cross analysis of French Overseas Territories (FOT) and Senegal contexts, has identified common constraints that weigh on sanitation sector in tropical areas. From treatment infrastructure point of view, these constraints lead to suggest treatment wetlands systems and particularly French vertical-flow treatment wetland (FS-VFTW) to easier sludge managment, as a relevant solution. Their adaptation for tropical climate is the subjet of the first axis of our work. It aimed at defining their adaptation in terms of design, plant choices and defining the treatment wetlands type to implement according to outlet requirements. A hundred of 24h sampling campains were performed on 7 full scale demonstration plants, accross the 5 FOTs. Results show that despite more compacity, the proposed design allows maintaining performances at least similar to those observed in temperate climate. Due to climatic and organizational constraints inn tropical climate, a statistical analysis has been done to point out the resilience and reliability of the systems based on regulatory selfmonitoring data. It highlights the fact that FS-VFTWs are more reliable than most of the conventional treatment processes when applied for small size communities. Their physical barrier (filter) and their lower maintenance requirement explain this observation. The second axis of our research is based on an observed lack of consultation between stakeholders during the sanitation planning phase, which is responsible for the construction of the sanitation system. In particular, the users, their needs and their constraints are poorly and badly taken into account. Companion modeling approach could create both a support (the model) for discussing technical choices, as well as the framework within which the stakeholders could exchange points of view and find a sustainable consensus. Such a process has been developed and implemented for sanitation planning in 2 areas (urban and rural) of Senegal. Focused on household population, this process has led to create a generic model for sanitation access, embodied as a role playing game, which include a significant part of expert knowledge. The relevance of such tools in the characterization of user needs has been evaluated. In addition, attention was paid to users' acceptance of the proposed service and its translation into a willingness to contribute
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Rückert, Fabiano Quadros. "O saneamento e a politização da higiene no Rio Grande do Sul (1828-1930)." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2015. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/4990.
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Nesta pesquisa abordamos a historicidade das políticas de saneamento no Rio Grande do Sul, no período de 1828 a 1930. O recorte cronológico fixado contempla a experiência de modernização do abastecimento de água e as discussões a respeito do destino do esgoto nas principais cidades sul rio-grandenses. O foco da pesquisa está nas ações políticas voltadas para o saneamento, tanto no plano das municipalidades, quanto no plano do governo regional – exercido pela Província até 1889, e posteriormente, pelo Estado. Neste sentido, a busca pela compreensão das relações entre as municipalidades e o governo regional orientou a consulta nas fontes documentais. A pesquisa concedeu destaque para documentos produzidos pelo poder público e, ao mesmo tempo, explorou o envolvimento da sociedade nas discussões referentes ao saneamento no Rio Grande do Sul a partir da imprensa. Os projetos de saneamento elaborados para cidades sul rio-grandenses também foram considerados parte do corpus documental da pesquisa. Para compreender a expansão dos investimentos em saneamento ocorrida no Rio Grande do Sul no período entre 1828 e 1930, analisamos a história das empresas de abastecimento de água criadas no período imperial, a organização do serviço de Asseio Público e a construção das primeiras redes de esgoto; posteriormente, destacamos o trabalho da Comissão Estadual de Saneamento, criada em 1918 para promover a cooperação entre o Estado e as municipalidades. Partindo da premissa de que o saneamento ganhou importância por influenciar na salubridade urbana e na saúde pública, a Tese apresenta o conceito de politização da higiene para interpretar a crescente preocupação do poder público e da sociedade com o abastecimento de água e com o destino do esgoto.
In this research we address the historicity of sanitation policies in Rio Grande do Sul, in the period from 1828 to 1930. The chronological cut set includes the modernization experience of water supply and discussions about the fate of sewer in major cities southern Rio Grande. The focus of research is on political actions for sanitation, both at the level of municipalities, as the regional government's plan - exercised by the Province until 1889, and later by the state. In this sense, the quest for understanding the relationship between the municipalities and the regional government guided the consultation of documentary sources. The research gave emphasis on documents produced by the government and at the same time, explored the involvement of society in discussions on sanitation in Rio Grande do Sul from the press. Sanitation projects designed to Rio Grande Southern cities were also considered part of the documentary research corpus. To understand the expansion of sanitation investments occurred in Rio Grande do Sul in the period between 1828 and 1930, we analyze the history of water supply companies created in the imperial period, the organization of the Public tidiness service and the construction of the first sewers ; later, we highlight the work of the State Commission for Sanitation, created in 1918 to promote cooperation between the state and municipalities. Assuming that sanitation has gained importance for influence in urban sanitation and public health, the thesis introduces the concept of hygiene politicization to interpret the growing concern of government and society with the water and with the fate of sewer.
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Kappner, Kalle. "Water and the Micro-Geography of the Urban Mortality Transition: Essays on 19th Century Berlin." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/23257.
Full textAbstract:
Kap. 1 schätzt den Effekt sozial gemischten Wohnens auf Resilienz gegenüber epidemischen Schocks. Anhand von Gesundheitsberichten und Berufsdaten aus Stadtverzeichnissen assoziiere ich die Verbreitung der Cholera während der 1866er Epidemie mit einem Maß für soziale Diversität für ca. 12200 Häuser Berlins. Diversere Häuser erleben mit höherer Wahrscheinlichkeit mindestens einen Fall, sind aber auch erfolgreicher bei der Eindämmung weiterer Fälle. Zur kausalem Interpretation nutze ich exogene Variation, die sich aus den geometrischen Eigenschaften der Gebäude ergibt. Ich zeige, dass Exposition gegenüber Außenkontakten und gemeinsamer Zugang zu Leitungswasser in gemischten Mietergemeinschaften die Inzidenzeffekte teilweise erklären.
Kap. 2 evaluiert, ob die Cholera als Katalysator für städtische Was¬ser-infrastrukturreformen fungierte. In einer Fallstudie Berlins im 19. Jahrhundert zeige ich, dass die Interpretation der Cholera durch Miasma- und proto-epidemiologische Theorien der prä-bakteriologischen Ära ineffiziente, kontraproduktive Wasserwirtschaftsreformen inspirierten, was die Sterblichkeit für einige Zeit erhöhte. Das gängige Narrativ eines durch epidemische Schocks „erzwungenen“ sanitären Aufbruchs vermittelt ein irreführendes Bild der westlichen Volksgesundheitsgeschichte.
Kap. 3 zeigt, dass Leitungswassernetze ohne Kanalisation geringen gesundheitlichen Nutzen stiften. Mittels Wasserspülung schwemmen Individuen Krankheitserreger in Rinnsteine, Grundwasserleiter, Straßen und offene Gewässer. Entlang dieser Abwasserströme lebende Nachbarn werden zusätzlichen Gesundheitsrisiken ausgesetzt, die durch den Anschluss der Abfallverursacher an eine Kanalisation neutralisiert werden. Mittels eines Flussrichtungsmodells schätze ich die Abwasser-Exposition für alle Gebäude Berlins in 1875/1880. In einer Differenz-in-Differenzen-Regression zeige ich, dass die negativen externen Effekte der Leitungswassernutzung dessen direkte Vorteile im Aggregat teilweise aufheben.Chapter 1 estimates the causal effect of mixed-income housing on resilience to epidemic shocks. Using detailed health reports and occupational data from town directories, I relate cholera incidence to a social diversity measure at the level of Berlin’s roughly 12,200 buildings during the 1866 pandemic. Mixed tenant communities are more likely to experience an initial case, but also more successful in containing further in-house spread. To establish causality, I exploit exogenous variation from building lots’ geometric properties in an instrumental variable approach. I find that increased exposure to outside contacts and shared tap water access partly explain the effects. Chapter 2 evaluates whether cholera functioned as catalysts for the efficient reform of urban water infrastructure. Studying 19th century Berlin, I find that cholera’s conception through miasmatist frameworks and the proto-epidemiological tools of the pre-bacteriological era inspired inefficient and counterproductive approaches to water management and potentially deepened the mortality penalty for a certain time. This suggests that the popular interpretation of a sanitary awakening enforced by epidemic shocks paints a misleading picture of Western public health history. Chapter 3 tests a mechanism explaining why cities yield little health benefits from tap water if they do not simultaneously construct sewers. Individuals use the pressurized water supply to flush pathogens from their local environment, thus feeding additional waste to gutters, groundwater acquirers, streets and open water bodies. Neighbors living along the resulting waste flows bear indirect costs, only neutralized once waste emitters connect to sewers. Using a flow direction model based on Berlin’s elevation profile, I estimate waste flow trajectories and exposure for all buildings in Berlin in 1875/1880. In a difference-in- differences approach, I find that tap water’s negative external effects partly offset its direct benefits.
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Verzolla, Beatriz Lopes Porto. "Medicina, saúde e educação: o discurso médico-eugênico nas teses doutorais da Faculdade de Medicina e Cirurgia de São Paulo entre 1920 e 1939." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5137/tde-19062017-130339/.
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O presente estudo aborda o tema da eugenia - ciência que pregava a aplicação de práticas de melhoramento e aprimoramento da espécie humana - e suas influências nas pesquisas e práticas médicas no início do século XX. A eugenia consistiu em uma importante estratégia para enfrentamento da diversidade imposta nas cidades, contribuindo para a construção da ordem e civilidade, baseada no progresso e na superioridade moral e física dos indivíduos. Ao defender a reprodução humana controlada para obter uma raça pura, pregava a eliminação dos \"inferiores\" e \"degenerados\" por meio de práticas de saneamento, exclusão social, isolamento compulsório, controle de casamentos e, em alguns casos, esterilização involuntária. A transição dos séculos XIX e XX marcou o período de ascensão do movimento eugenista, onde os médicos ganharam posição de destaque como representantes da ciência, exercendo influência sobre diferentes esferas da sociedade, com o objetivo de sanear o meio e oferecer condições para a elevação da raça. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar a influência da eugenia nos estudos e práticas médicas entre 1920 e 1939, a partir da produção das teses doutorais da antiga Faculdade de Medicina e Cirurgia de São Paulo (atual Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo), especificando os elementos relacionados às práticas eugênicas lamarckistas (positivas) e mendelistas (negativas). Para a realização do estudo, foram realizados levantamento e análise de 45 teses doutorais, analisadas sob os referenciais metodológicos pautados no conceito da lógica histórica (Thompson, 1981), do paradigma indiciário (Ginzburg, 1989) e das leituras como representações (Chartier, 1991). A pesquisa encontra subsídios nos estudos em Saúde Coletiva, buscando fornecer elementos no sentido de compreender os princípios do discurso médico-eugênico nas práticas médicas e educacionais do período, contribuindo para a análise de processos de rupturas e permanências históricas nas práticas em saúde. As teses doutorais podem ser consideradas representativas na apresentação das temáticas médico-eugênicas, que estavam presentes, de alguma forma, na estrutura de ensino da faculdade, reforçando a importância atribuída à eugenia no meio científico da épocaThis study addresses the theme of eugenics - science that proclaimed the application of practices for improvement and enhancement of human species - and its influences on medical practices and research in the early 20th century. Eugenics consisted of an important strategy for coping with the diversity imposed in cities, contributing to the foundation of order and civility, based on progress and moral and physical superiority of individuals. By supporting the idea of controlled human reproduction to obtain a pure race, it preached the elimination of the \"inferior\" and \"degenerate\" by means of sanitation practices, social exclusion, compulsory isolation, marriage control, and, in some cases, involuntary sterilization. The transition of the 19th and 20th centuries has marked the period of ascension of the eugenic movement, in which doctors have gained prominent position as science representatives, exerting its influence on diverse spheres of society, aiming to sanitize the environment and offering conditions for the rise of the race. The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of eugenics on medical studies and practices between 1920 and 1939, from the production of doctoral theses of the former Medicine and Surgery College of São Paulo [Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo] (currently Medicine College of São Paulo University [Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo]), specifying elements related to lamarckist (positive) and mendelist (negative) eugenic practices. In order to fulfil the study, 45 doctoral theses were surveyed and analyzed according to the methodological guidelines based on the concept of historical logic (Thompson, 1981), the indiciary paradigm (Ginzburg, 1989) and the readings as representations (Chartier, 1991). The research finds subsidies in Collective Health studies, seeking to provide elements to understand the principles of medical-eugenic discourse in the medical and educational practices of the period, contributing to the analysis of processes of historical rupture and maintenance in health practices. The doctoral theses can be considered representative in the presentation of the medical-eugenic themes that were present, in some way, in the teaching structure of the college, reinforcing the importance attributed to eugenics in the scientific environment of the time
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Medgyesi, Danielle Nicolle. "Where children play: young child exposure to environmental hazards during play in public areas in a transitioning internally displaced persons community in Haiti." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6206.
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Globally, gastrointestinal (GI) infections by enteric pathogens are the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children under the age of five (≤5). While GI pathogen exposure in households has been rigorously examined, there is little data about young children’s exposure in public domains. Public areas in low-income settings are often used for waste disposal practices beyond human feces disposal, including trash dumping in open drainage canals and unused lots. If young children play in public domains unattended, they might be exposed to interrelated and highly concentrated microbial, chemical, and physical hazards. This study performed structured observations at 36 public areas in a transitioning internally displaced persons community in Haiti, to document how often young children play in public areas and to quantify behaviors that might lead to illness and injury. Children ≤5 yrs played at all public sites, including toddlers (92%/sites) and infants (44%/sites). Children touched and mouthed trash (metal, glass, plastic), food and other objects from the ground, ate soil (geophagia), drank surface water; as well as touched latrines, animals, animal feces, and open drainage canals. Hand-to-mouth contact was frequent and significantly different among developmental stages (infants: 18/hr, toddlers: 11/hr, and young children: 9/hr), providing evidence that children could ingest trace amounts of GI pathogens and other contaminants on hands. These findings demonstrate that water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions need to consider the unique risks posed by public domains that contribute to GI infection in young children. Furthermore, this highlights the need for waste related interventions to address the broader set of civil conditions that create unsafe, toxic, and contaminated public environments where young children play.
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O'Connell, Bethesda. "Biosand Water Filter Evaluation: Meta-Evaluation and Pilot Study of Field Use Indicators." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3059.
Full textAbstract:
Diarrheal diseases are a global public health burden, killing 1.8 million people annually. Diarrhea disproportionately affects children and those in poverty. Most diarrheal cases can be prevented through safe drinking water, basic hygiene and/or sanitation measures, with drinking water interventions having the most impact on reducing diarrheal disease. A meta-evaluation was completed of studies evaluating a specific household water treatment method, the biosand water filter. Results from the meta-evaluation illustrate that biosand water filters improve drinking water quality and reduce diarrheal disease. However, there is no generally agreed upon field method for determining biosand water filter effectiveness that is useable in low-resource communities. A pilot study was conducted of potential field use indicators, including the Colilert coliform Presence/ Absence test, hydrogen sulfide, alkalinity, hardness, pH, and fluorescently-labeled latex microspheres. The study included both laboratory and field testing. The Colilert Presence/ Absence test had the highest correlation to the United States Environmental Protection Agency standard method (IDEXX Quantitrays), but more data is needed before making a recommendation. This study adds to understanding about evaluation of biosand water filters and provides preliminary data to address the need for a field use indicator for biosand water filters.