Relevant bibliographies by topics / Hygiene routine

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Hygiene routine'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Hygiene routine"

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Mensah, E. "Hand hygiene in routine glaucoma clinics." British Journal of Ophthalmology 89, no. 11 (2005): 1541–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2005.072538.

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Pham, Ba, та Thi Tuyet Tran. "Thực trạng tuân thủ vệ sinh tay thường quy của nhân viên y tế trung tâm y tế Cư Jút, Đắk Nông và một số yếu tố ảnh hưởng năm 2020". Journal of Health and Development Studies 05, № 01 (2021): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.38148/jhds.0501skpt20-118.

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Background: Hand hygiene is a great way to ensure safety for health staff and prevent infections in hospital. Objective: The study aimed to determine the rate of compliance with routine hand hygiene and to analyze some factors affecting hand hygiene compliance routine of medical staff. Method: A study that describes a cross-sectional study, a study that combines both quantitative and qualitative methods through the observation by a checklist of 92 health-care workers who perform a procedure on 368 hand-hygiene opportunities and gather information through burns. interviewed 92 medical staff, co
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Swenne, CL, and Katrin Alexandrén. "Surgical team members’ compliance with and knowledge of basic hand hygiene guidelines and intraoperative hygiene." Journal of Infection Prevention 13, no. 4 (2012): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757177412448407.

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The aim of the present study was to observe surgical team members’ compliance with basic hand hygiene and intraoperative hygiene guidelines during the anaesthetic and surgical procedure. A secondary aim was to investigate the team members’ knowledge and attitudes toward these guidelines. A structured observation schedule was designed to capture observational data on compliance with hygiene guidelines. A questionnaire was also designed to elicit written responses on attitudes, beliefs and knowledge about hygiene routines. The results showed that the clinical procedures for basic hand hygiene an
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Shamani, Saeed, and Leif Jansson. "Oral Hygiene Behaviour Change During the Nonsurgical Periodontal Treatment Phase." Open Dentistry Journal 6, no. 1 (2012): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601206010190.

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the frequency of smoking cessation and the use of proximal tooth cleaning routines after a nonsurgical periodontal treatment phase in a Specialist clinic of Periodontology and to evaluate if these behaviour changes had any influence on the periodontal healing results. The investigation was conducted as a retrospective longitudinal study on a randomly selected population of 100 patients referred for periodontal treatment. The variables were registered from the dental records and the radiographs. Forty-six individuals declared that they were sm
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Pessoa-Silva, Carmem Lúcia, Sasi Dharan, Stéphane Hugonnet, et al. "Dynamics of Bacterial Hand Contamination During Routine Neonatal Care." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 25, no. 3 (2004): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502376.

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AbstractObjective:To evaluate the dynamics of bacterial contamination of healthcare workers' (HCWs) hands during neonatal care.Setting:The 20-bed neonatal unit of a large acute care teaching hospital in Geneva, Switzerland.Methods:Structured observation sessions were conducted. A sequence of care began when the HCW performed hand hygiene and ended when the activity changed or hand hygiene was performed again. Alcohol-based handrub was the standard procedure for hand hygiene. An imprint of the five fingertips of the dominant hand was obtained before and after hand hygiene and at the end of a se
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Daniel, L. C., Y. Gross, L. Meltzer, C. Forrest, and L. Barakat. "0981 Sleep Practices In Pediatric Cancer—Does Sleep Hygiene Matter For Reducing Cancer Symptom Burden?" Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (2020): A372—A373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.977.

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Abstract Introduction Sleep disturbances are common during pediatric cancer treatment and recent evidence suggests a correlation between sleep and symptom burden. Improving nighttime sleep may impact patients’ ability to cope with symptoms. The current study tests the interaction between sleep hygiene and sleep disturbances in predicting cancer-related symptoms to determine if the relationship between sleep and symptoms is different for patients with better sleep hygiene. Methods 102 caregivers of children with cancer (ages 5-17, M=10.12, SD=4.02; 58% female) completed parent-proxy Pediatric S
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Gould, D. J., N. S. Drey, and S. Creedon. "Routine hand hygiene audit by direct observation: has nemesis arrived?" Journal of Hospital Infection 77, no. 4 (2011): 290–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2010.12.011.

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Cichońska, Małgorzata, and Dorota Maciąg. "Poziom wiedzy i nawyki personelu jako czynniki wpływające na poprawność realizacji higieny rąk w obszarze medycznym." Forum Zakażeń 11, no. 6 (2020): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15374/fz2020041.

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Hand hygiene continues to be the most important part of the strategy to combat healthcare associated infections and the first step in reducing them. Hand hygiene procedures are fully performed by less than half of healthcare workers and research confirms a low compliance coefficient for hygiene (at the level of 1.4–6). The list of factors influencing the adherence to hand hygiene routine protocols (as per WHO guidelines) includes factors related to poor hand hygiene practices, poor hand hygiene practices reported by staff and additional perceived obstacles to good hand hygiene. The following a
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Lloyd-Rees, Kimberley. "Take a closer look." Dental Nursing 17, no. 7 (2021): 334–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denn.2021.17.7.334.

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Tremblay, Guillaume, Nicole C. Rodrigues, and Sanjiv Gulati. "Mental Hygiene: What It Is, Implications, and Future Directions." Journal of Prevention and Health Promotion 2, no. 1 (2021): 3–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26320770211000376.

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Every day, people struggle with mental health challenges; one in five people will experience a mental illness in their lifetime. Innovative approaches to strengthen the public mental health strategy warrant careful deliberation. This article reintroduces and explores the conceptual framework of mental hygiene. The concept of mental hygiene was originally introduced in the early 20th century, with the aim of preventing and treating mental illness and milder mental disorders. The movement lost its momentum shortly thereafter and the concept went largely ignored since then. Mental hygiene is a fo
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Hygiene routine"

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Hamainza, Busiku. "Measurement of malaria transmission and impact of malaria control interventions using health facility and community-based routine reporting systems." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2014. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2006039/.

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Globally malaria still remains the most important parasitic disease of public health interest. In the recent past, most endemic countries have deployed and scaled up both preventive and curative interventions to reduce malaria transmission and, ideally, eliminate it. This has lead to global reductions in both mortality and incidence of malaria. These declines have been attributed to the reinvigoration of the global malaria control agenda by the explicit ambition of achieving elimination, which has lead to an increase in funding for national control programmes to increase coverage of preventive
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Isaksson, Sabina, and Maria Nordström. "Följsamhet till basala hygienrutiner på två mottagningar inom Akademiska sjukhuset i Uppsala : en jämförande kvantitativ observationsstudie." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-125582.

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<p><strong>Syfte.<em> </em></strong>Vårdrelaterade infektioner är ett stort problem inom hälso- och sjukvård. Dessa infektioner drabbar patienten och dess anhöriga samt bidrar till stora kostnader för samhället. Studier har visat att god följsamhet till de basala hygienrutinerna är ett effektivt sätt att minska förekomsten av vårdrelaterade infektioner. Syftet med denna studie var att studera två mottagningars följsamhet till basala hygienrutiner, varav den ena deltar i kvalitetsprojektet VRISS – Vårdrelaterade Infektioner Ska Stoppas. Syftet var även att jämföra mottagningen som deltar i VRIS
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Tavakolinia, Hansen Fanny. "THE IMPORTANCE OF HYGIENE ROUTINES AND PRACTICES. : AN INTERVIEW STUDY WITH NURSES IN BALI, INDONESIA." Thesis, Ersta Sköndal Bräcke högskola, Institutionen för vårdvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:esh:diva-6740.

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Hygiene routines and practices is an important part of healthcare. Without hygiene routines there might not be a functional health care system nor would the hospitals be a safe environment. Patient safety is one of our most important tasks as nurses and in order to achieve that, we need good education. Of the actively working nurses in Indonesia 29% have a diploma, 1% has a higher degree and the remaining 60% only obtains a high school level of knowledge and education. Although the country is in development there are currently still problems in the education of nursing. The aim was to describe
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Englund, Cecilia, and Elena Lindström. "Hur röntgenpersonal kan reducera spridningen av vårdrelaterade infektioner : En integrativ litteraturstudie." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-60595.

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Introduktion: I Sverige har vårdrelaterade infektioner blivit en av de vanligaste vårdskadorna och på avdelningar med stora patientflöden, som till exempel på röntgenavdelningar, finns en ökad risk för smittspridning. Patienters olika medicinska tillstånd och skiftande miljöer de kommer från bidrar till en varierad bakterieflora på röntgenavdelningar. Syfte: Syftet med denna integrativa litteraturstudie var att beskriva hur röntgensjuksköterskor tillsammans med övrig hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal kan arbeta för att minska spridningen av vårdrelaterade infektioner med hjälp av basala hygienrutin
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Garpenfeldt, Katarina, and Erika Sjöström. "HYGIENE ROUTINES FOR NURSES WHEN TAKING BLOOD SAMPLES IN HIGH RISK AREAS." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-24577.

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Bakgrund: Sjukvårdsrelaterade infektioner komplicerar vården av miljontals patienter varje år och är mer frekventa i utvecklings länder. Hur sjuksköterskor arbetar med hygienrutiner har ett stort inflytande över spridningen av dessa sjukdomar. Att ta ett blodprov är en invasiv procedur och trots att det för många sjuksköterskor är rutin så kan det vara förenat med risker för patient och sjuksköterska. Syfte: Att observera och beskriva hur sjuksköterskor utför hygien rutiner vid blodprovstagning i högrisk områden. Metod: En empiriskt strukturerad observationsstudie med en kvantitativ ansats, ge
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Dykiel, Jannika, and Katri Kääriä. "Personalens följsamhet av hygienrutiner vid allmän kirurgiskt ingrepp på operationssal : en observationsstudie." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för folkhälso- och vårdvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-223971.

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Bakgrund: : Vårdrelaterade infektioner är kostsamma för vården och orsakar lidande förpatienten. Operationspersonal har en viktig uppgift att förebygga smittspridning och följahygienrutiner. Dessa är bland andra att använda rätt arbetskläder, arbeta aseptiskt och enligtbasala hygienrutiner samt att bibehålla steriliteten. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att observeraföljsamheten till aseptik och basala hygienrutiner på operationssal vid allmänkirurgiskt ingreppvid två sjukhus i Mellansverige. Metod: Studien var en observationsstudie med kvantitativansats. Observationerna genomfördes utifrån ett
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Edling, Jeanette, and Sandra Lundin. "Sjuksköterskors kunskaper om MRSA och hygienrutiner på olika dialysavdelningar : - en enkätstudie." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Caring Sciences and Sociology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-3152.

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<p>Multiresistent Stafylokock aureus (MRSA) är en mycket smittsam bakterie som ökar på sjukhusen. En faktor till detta är att handhygien hos sjukvårdspersonal brister. Syftet med studien var att beskriva vilken kunskap sjuksköterskor hade om MRSA och hygienrutiner, samt att jämföra om sjuksköterskors kunskap skiljer sig åt beroende på vilket sjukhus de arbetar. Studien riktade sig till sjuksköterskor på fyra olika dialysavdelningar. Datainsamlingen gjordes via en enkät som delades ut till 141 sjuksköterskor, varav 86 besvarade enkäten. Sjuksköterskornas kompetens har grupperats i kategorier (l
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Hollertz, Aina. "Friskare förskola? : Förutsättningar för följsamhet till en hygienrutin." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för hälsa, medicin och vård, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-172750.

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Introduktion:Att basal hygien som att tvätta händerna är effektivt för att bryta smitta är väl grundat imedicinsk forskning. På vilka grunder tar människor till sig en sådan rutin? Vilka faktorerpåverkar om ett nytt beteende anammas? Syfte:Studien syftar till att undersöka förutsättningar för följsamhet till en ny hygienrutin iförskoleverksamhet utifrån uppfattningar bland vårdnadshavare och pedagoger. Studien syftaräven till att studera denna typ av preventiv insats utifrån olika perspektiv på hälsa, preventionoch hälsopromotion. Metod:Studien är utformad som en kvalitativ utvärdering av en i
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Nord, Johan, and Stefan Lindskog. "Hygiene Routines in the Students Clinic - Compliance, Attitude and the Student's View on Knowledge at Malmö University of Dentistry." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Odontologiska fakulteten (OD), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-19792.

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SAMMANFATTNINGInledning: Vårdrelaterade infektioner har under den senaste tiden fått stor uppmärksamhet inom vård och omsorg. Dessa infektioner kostar samhället miljontals kronor varje år och dessutom ökar användningen av antibiotika tillsammans med utvecklingen av antibiotikaresistens. Det bästa sättet att motverka resistensutveckling och vårdrelaterade infektioner är att vara noga med basala hygienrutiner och handdesinficering. Syfte: Undersöka följsamhet, attityd och studenternas syn på deras egen kunskap för hygienrutinerna vid Tandvårdshögskolan i Malmö.Material och Metod: Vi har undersök
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Jakobsson, Sandra. "Sjuksköterskors följsamhet av basala hygienrutiner : med fokus på handhygien." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-13296.

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Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskors följsamhet till handhygien är en förutsättning för att förhindra smittspridning.Varje år skadas 100 000 patienter i vårdrelaterade infektioner och var tionde inneliggande patient drabbas. Vårdtiden förlängs med 4 dagar och detta kostar samhället oerhörda resurser och kostnader. Kontaktsmitta via sjukvårdspersonals händer är den vanligaste orsaken. Detta skulle kunna förhindras om sjukvårdspersonalen utför korrekt handhygien enligt de rekommenderade riktlinjerna. Syfte Syftet med studien var att belysa faktorer som påverkar hur sjuksköterskor inom den slutna vården föl
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Books on the topic "Hygiene routine"

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Waldron, Gerry. Health and deprivation in Dumfries and Galloway: A review of routine health data. Dept. of Public Health Medicine, Dumfries and Galloway Health Board, 1995.

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North Carolina. State Center for Health Statistics. Health status and access to routine care--: North Carolina adults under age 50 by Medicaid status. Dept. of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, State Center for Health Statistics, 1996.

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Schaefer, Andrew. CAL-OSHA routine compliance inspections: Inspections of high hazard worksites : a Senate Industrial Relations Committee and Assembly Labor and Employment Committee oversight report. Senate Committee on Industrial Relations] Additional copies may be purchased from Joint Publications, 1986.

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Shannon, Joyce Brennfleck. Dental care and oral health sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about caring for the mouth and teeth, including facts about dental hygiene and routine care guidelines, fluoride, sealants, tooth whitening systems, cavities, root canals, extractions, implants, veneers, dentures, and orthodontic and orofacial procedures; along with information about periodontal (gum) disease, canker sores, dry mouth, temporomandibular joint and muscle disorders (TMJ), oral cancer, and other conditions that impact oral health ... 4th ed. Omnigraphics, 2012.

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Curtis, Glade B. Your pregnancy quick guide: Medical tests and procedures : what you need to know about routine and special tests and procedures during your pregnancy. De Capo Life Long, 2004.

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Préparation et entraînement du cycliste: Route, VTT, triathlon, cyclosport. Éd. Amphora, 1996.

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Hardy, Yves. La route des Andes: Médecins, agronomes, éducateurs face au défi de la malnutrition. Syros, 1993.

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Do routine skin exams: Get a handle on good health. National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 1994.

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Better Balance for Life: Banish the Fear of Falling with Simple Activities Added to Your Everyday Routine. The Experiment, 2018.

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Saving Newborn Lives (Save the Children (U.S.)), Management Sciences for Health (Firm), and Immunization and Other Child Health Project (Bangladesh), eds. Vaccination coverage survey of routine EPI and 2001 MNT campaign in the slums of Chittagong, Khulna & Rajshahi city corporations, September 2001. [S.n.], 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Hygiene routine"

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Roller, M., K. Kamino, and M. Rosenbruch. "Carcinogenicity Testing of Bladder Carcinogens and Other Organic Compounds by the Intraperitoneal and Intravesical Route." In Environmental Hygiene III. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77112-5_23.

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Patel, Smita. "Sleep Hygiene." In Integrative Sleep Medicine, edited by Valerie Cacho and Esther Lum. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190885403.003.0008.

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An important aspect of maintaining a healthy mental state and good quality of life is maintaining proper sleep hygiene. A lack of sleep, a disrupted sleeping pattern, or a disordered sleep routine can make a huge impact on well-being and daytime alertness. Inadequate sleep hygiene behaviors may precipitate an episode of insomnia and may perpetuate insomnia. When these behaviors are identified and addressed, it can positively impact sleep. Good sleep habits are behaviors and conditions that can be consciously changed to improve an individual’s quality and quantity of sleep. While sleep hygiene alone is not considered a primary therapy for chronic insomnia, it can be an important adjunctive measure to improve sleep quality along with cognitive behavioral therapy and therapeutics. Sleep is essential, and an improved quality of sleep achieved on a regular basis is optimal for all.
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Ashton, Kathleen, and Cheryl L. Thompson. "Did Cancer Kill My Sleep?" In Sleep Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190671099.003.0048.

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A two-time breast cancer survivor is troubled by worry of her cancer returning; along with poor sleep hygiene and lack of routine schedule, this leads to insomnia. After a negative polysomnogram, she is evaluated by a psychologist trained in sleep and integrated into the breast cancer clinic. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia is recommended. Insomnia is common among breast cancer patients and survivors and is likely due to a combination of factors, including anxiety over prognosis and treatment side effects, which are sometimes long-lasting. Treatment of insomnia in these patients has been shown to improve their quality of life. Short sleep duration and circadian rhythm disturbances are associated with cancer development, progression, and prognosis.
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Sandora, Thomas J. "Clostridioides difficile and Norovirus." In Handbook of Pediatric Infection Prevention and Control. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190697174.003.0005.

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Clostridioides difficile and norovirus are common causes of healthcare-associated gastroenteritis and both organisms cause outbreaks in pediatric healthcare settings. The spores are resistant to routine environmental cleaning with detergents and can survive in the environment for months. C. difficile can easily be transmitted on the hands of healthcare workers, either from direct patient care activities or through contact with a contaminated environment. Norovirus is highly contagious, with an estimated infectious dose as low as 18 viral particles. Transmission occurs either person-to-person or through ingestion of contaminated food and water. This chapter outlines strategies to prevent transmission of healthcare-associated C. difficile and norovirus infections. It includes recommendations for surveillance, isolation, hand hygiene, environmental cleaning and removal of isolation precautions. Diagnostic methods are reviewed, highlighting the challenge of distinguishing between colonization and clinically significant C. difficile infection in young children.
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Gillgrass, T. J., and A. J. Keightley. "The paedodontic–orthodontic interface." In Paediatric Dentistry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789277.003.0023.

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The long-term management of a child’s developing occlusion often benefits greatly from a good working relationship between the paediatric dentist and the orthodontist. Typical problems range from minimizing damage to the occlusion caused by enforced extraction of poor-quality teeth, through the management of specific local abnormalities such as impacted teeth, to referral for comprehensive treatment of all aspects of the malocclusion. This chapter discusses the principles underlying when to refer to a specialist colleague, and looks at some common clinical situations where collaboration is often needed. From the age of 8 years all children should be screened for the presence of malocclusion when they attend for a routine dental examination. Although orthodontic treatment is usually carried out in the late mixed and early permanent dentition, some conditions benefit from treatment at an earlier stage. The screening need only be a brief clinical assessment, but it should be carried out systematically to ensure that no important findings are overlooked. An outline of a basic orthodontic assessment is given in Table 15.1. With practice this can be carried out quite quickly to give an overall impression of the nature and severity of a malocclusion. In essence, it comprises assessments of the following elements: • the patient’s awareness of their malocclusion (the complaint, if any) • their general level of dental awareness • an extra-oral examination of facial form (skeletal pattern and soft tissues) • general oral condition—oral hygiene, periodontal health, caries risk, and tooth quality • the presence or absence of all teeth • the alignment and form of each arch • the teeth in occlusion. Radiographs are not routinely used when screening for the presence of malocclusion and should only be taken when there is a clinical indication. A panoramic radiograph gives a useful general scan of the dentition and indicates the presence or absence of teeth. Modern digital panoramic radiographs are generally of good enough quality to assess for the presence of any abnormalities or gross caries. Intra-oral views may be indicated if specifically indicated by the history/examination (e.g. dental trauma) or for further investigation of pathology found on a panoramic image. A radiographic assessment must always be made when considering any extractions.
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Cliff, A. D., M. R. Smallman-Raynor, P. Haggett, D. F. Stroup, and S. B. Thacker. "Technical Changes: Technology and Industry." In Infectious Diseases: A Geographical Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199244737.003.0015.

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In this chapter, we examine the second of the five overlapping drivers of disease emergence and re-emergence shown in Figure II.1—technology and industry. Technological developments have yielded immeasurable benefits to society. In the field of medicine, for example, improvements in sanitation and hygiene, along with the widespread use of vaccines and antimicrobial drugs, have served to control and prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Likewise, improvements in intensive care, surgical techniques, cancer therapy, and therapies for other conditions have led to prolonged survival and an enhanced quality of life for many millions of people. But negative effects, too, have sometimes resulted from technological developments. Not least, such developments can provide, occasionally unwittingly, supportive environments for the proliferation and spread of pathogenic micro-organisms. Following Breiman (1996), Figure 5.1 identifies several key areas to these developments. The impact of technology on food production, distribution, and processing has had a substantial effect on the spread of infectious diseases, with potential contamination occurring at all stages of production and processing. The centralization of production and the increased international sourcing of foodstuffs has also had an impact on foodborne disease activity. In addition, current methods of storing foods have resulted in the emergence of foodborne pathogens; an example is provided by outbreaks of Listeria monocytogenes. This bacterium has been found in a variety of raw foods, such as uncooked meats and vegetables, as well as in processed foods that become contaminated after processing, such as soft cheeses and cold cuts from delicatessens, in unpasteurized (raw) milk, and in foods made from unpasteurized milk. Listeria thrives in refrigerated environments and, in its presence, widespread contamination of stored refrigerated food products can occur. Legionnaires’ disease is the paradigmatic disease associated with technological innovation, with cooling towers, evaporative condensers, whirlpools, spas, and showers providing temperatures which promote the survival and proliferation of the causative bacterium, Legionella pneumophila. Municipal water systems are efficient conduits for the dissemination of pathogenic micro-organisms. While most water supplies in developed countries are effectively treated in municipal water treatment facilities, the treatment may occasionally be ineffective owing to faulty procedures or the development of resistance of an organism to routine procedures.
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Heasman, P. A., and P. J. Waterhouse. "Periodontal diseases in children." In Paediatric Dentistry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789277.003.0020.

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Periodontal diseases comprise a group of infections that affect the supporting structures of the teeth: marginal and attached gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. Acute gingival diseases—primarily herpetic gingivostomatitis and necrotizing gingivitis—are ulcerative conditions that result from specific viral and bacterial infection. Chronic gingivitis, however, is a non-specific inflammatory lesion of the marginal gingiva which reflects the bacterial challenge to the host when dental plaque accumulates in the gingival crevice. The development of chronic gingivitis is enhanced when routine oral hygiene practices are impaired. Chronic gingivitis is reversible if effective plaque control measures are introduced. If left untreated, the condition invariably converts to chronic periodontitis, which is characterized by resorption of the supporting connective tissue attachment and apical migration of the junctional epithelia. Slowly progressing, chronic periodontitis affects most of the adult population to a greater or lesser extent, although the early stages of the disease are detected in adolescents. Children are also susceptible to aggressive periodontal diseases that involve the primary and permanent dentitions, and present in localized or generalized forms. These conditions, which are distinct clinical entities affecting otherwise healthy children, must be differentiated from the extensive periodontal destruction that is associated with certain systemic diseases, degenerative disorders, and congenital syndromes. Periodontal tissues are also susceptible to changes that are not, primarily, of an infectious nature. Factitious stomatitis is characterized by self-inflicted trauma to oral soft tissues and the gingiva are invariably involved. Drug-induced gingival enlargement is becoming increasingly prevalent with the widespread use of organ transplant procedures and long-term immunosuppressant therapy. Localized enlargement may occur as a gingival complication of orthodontic treatment. A classification of periodontal diseases in children is given in Table 12.1. Marginal gingival tissues around the primary dentition are more highly vascular and contain fewer connective tissue fibres than tissues around the permanent teeth. The epithelia are thinner with a lesser degree of keratinization, giving an appearance of increased redness that may be interpreted as mild inflammation. Furthermore, the localized hyperaemia that accompanies eruption of the primary dentition can persist, leading to swollen and rounded interproximal papillae and a depth of gingival sulcus exceeding 3mm.
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8

Colbert, Dom. "Common Gastrointestinal Worms." In MCQs in Travel Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199664528.003.0008.

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Helminthiasis is rampant in poorer tropical countries, in fact one is surprised if a patient’s stool is clear of ova or parasites when working in such places. Travellers are also liable to acquire helminthiasis from contaminated food or water, as well as via the faeco-oral route. In the latter case it may be unfair to blame poor personal hygiene since washing and sanitation facilities are often below standard. Nonetheless, the helminth load in travellers is considerably less than that in indigenous people, so the ultimate ill-effects are usually less marked in the visitor.
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9

Watkins, Sharon M., and Jerry Fagliano. "Exposures and Conditions of Acute Environmental Origin." In The CDC Field Epidemiology Manual. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190933692.003.0020.

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Investigations of acute events with suspected environmental associations include unique decision points and action steps. Public health professionals should prepare to respond to these investigations by maintaining expertise in fields including toxicology, environmental epidemiology, environmental and occupational medicine, industrial hygiene, environmental risk assessment, and environmental monitoring. Notification of a disease cluster or of an acute exposure event is often the initial trigger for public health awareness of the situation. Setting case definitions and characterizing exposure can be challenging, and input might be needed from subject matter experts, responders, and partners outside of public health. Quantifying the magnitude and route of exposure, understanding the inherent toxicity and duration of exposure, and other factors are unique steps in environmental investigations. Effective risk communication to affected communities and involved partners is critical and should be carefully planned.
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